^> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


l^|28     |2.5 

1^  1^  IIIIIM 


miUK 

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Photographic 

Sdences 
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13  WESt  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  US80 

(716)  872  4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIV/IH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  mey  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


D 


n 


n 


D 


Couverture  endommagee 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le 


titre  de  couverture  manque 


r~7|    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  emitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Cummentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'Irstitut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
pornt  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


0 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


0    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu^es 


Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materic 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


rri    Showthrough/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  ed  tion  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t(b  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

1 

/ 

12X                             16X                             20X                              24X                             28X                             32X 

! 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of; 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  l<eeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film6  /ut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  endir<g  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  appara?t^  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


1 

2 

3 

% 


Frontispiece. 


^'^. 


HEAD  OF  A  TYPICAL  ROOKERY  BULL. 
Dmwii  I'i'niii  iiiiliMv  liy  lii'isliuv  Ailiiiiis. 


>r 


t, 


T  11  E 


FUR  SEALS  AND  FUR-SEAL  ISLANDS 


1)1'    TlIK 


NORTH  PACII^IC  UCIiAN. 


BY 


DAVID  STARR  JORDAN, 

President  of  Lr/ainf  SUvifoni  Jr.  Uuiversily, 


COMMISSIONER    IN    CHARGE   OK    FUR-SEAL  IN 


VESTIOATIONS    OK    1806-97. 


WITH    THE   FOLLOWING   OFFICIAL   ASSOCIATES: 

LEONHARD    STEJNEGER    and    FREDERIC    A.   LUCAS 

Of    tlie    tl.    S.    X-otiorK.l     M,,«o,i,>,. 


Ill  Co 


JEFFERSON  F.  MOSER, 

I.ieut,'Ha>il-Cniiiina>u1i'i\  f.  S.  A', 
I..  >,.   M«i,  «.,.„, ,,iil„«|,„,  i^to..,,,^.-  .\ll,,,t,-<. 

CHARLES    H.    TOWNSEND, 

or    the    II.     S.     I.-i«li    Co,„,^il««,o'„. 

GEORGE    A.    CLARK, 

St'cretary    and    Stenoirrraphe.-. 

JOSEPH    MURRAY, 
^nv-'c-iiii   ^\m^-iit. 

WITH    SPECIAL    PAPERS   BY   OTHER    CONTRIBUTORS. 


PART   3. 


I 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT   I'KINTINC;   OI.KICK. 
1899. 


I 


CONTRIHUTORS   OV    I'Al'ERS  ON   Sl'KCIAl.   SUBJECTS. 


WILLIAM    H.    AS4H1V1KA1). 
NATHAN    ISANKS, 
O.    KITLLEW    CCKJK, 
DANIEL    W^    COQITILLET, 
WILLIAM    H.    DALL, 
WILLIAM    !-{.    lli:i)LEY, 
HAKKISf'N    I..    UVAW, 
ELMER    E.    KAKMEW, 
r»lEl<RE    A.    FISH, 
CHARLES    H.    GILHERT, 
ALHERT    HAWS=>ALL, 
MARTIN    LINNELL, 
JAIVIES    M.    MACOL'N, 


JENNIE    C.    MILLER, 
WALTER    IVIILLER, 
NVILLIAM    CALMER, 
MARY    J.    RATIIUUN, 
WILLIAM    IC.    RITTER, 
JOSEPH    N.    ROSE, 
EIJOENE    A.    SCHWARZ, 
W.  A.  SETCHELL, 
RORERT  B.  SNOnORASS, 
\VILLIAM    A.  SNOW, 
CHARLES    W.  STILJ2S, 
NVILBtIR   W.  THOlllRN, 

kredericr:  w.  true. 


523(14 


'f 


HART     III. 


SPECIAL  PAPERS 


REI.ATINCi  Ti. 


THE  FUR  SEAL  AND  TO  THE  NATURAL  HISTORY 
OF  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS. 


Ill 


%. 


Stanford  University, 
rn.  ^      ,  .  Cali/oniia,  August  ;iO,  IS'JS. 

The  present  vohime  consists  <.f  a  series  <,f  papers  by  ditterent  antl.ors  relutins 
o  tl.e  natural  history  and  resources  (,f  the  fur  seal  islands  in  Bering  Sea.     Ft  has 
been  <;oinpiled  under  the  editorial  supervision  of  Mr.  Frederic  A.  Lucas. 

Haviu  Starr  Jordan, 
Oomminsioncr  in  Clumje  of  Fur  i^eul  TnresUautionH 
Hon.   IjYMAN  .1.   (IagE, 

Hecrcturi/ofthe  Trmsiin/,  ]Vn8hin(itOH,J).  a. 


J 


I 


I 


T.\  IJLK    ( )F    ('( ).\"IM':\'rs. 


I 


I.— TrtK    I'HIIIIUH'    IIU   SKAI l'»Ki'. 

I'lic  KioiiiiH  i.C  pinrii;.',ls      • 

Tlid  spcias  „f  ,1,,,  y-o,,,,^  Ciillorliiiiim  '.....' ^ 

ViiiiMtidfis  in  Hi/oiiii.l...,l<)ioCtlu>I'nl.iloffM.HraI " 

11.- 1  hi:  ANATOMY  oi-  iiii:  I'liiim.oi'  iiiit  si:ai ' 

l>i'iititiiiii !) 

Miis<l<,8,  Mo.mI  vossoIn,  (uhI  viscera             " 

Iti.iiii 11 

in.-MmoKr.iN.j  iiAiuTH  ...■  nir  l'imMf.oi''nK  skal '^ ^1 

I\.— K.X.l.  OK  Tin;  NoliTIIKHX   lli{  SIIAI.S   '•' 

v.— MkNIAI.  TISAITS   OI-   TIM.;    PlillULOl'    KUli    SKAI ^" 

VI-Ca.sKS   «„■    MOKTAMTV    AMOX.i    T.IK    I'HM.II.Ok' KHU    SKa'.^S  ^ '"' 

\       .-    NTKItXA,.   l-AliASllKS   .„.•   TIIK    I  ■lai.U.or    KlU   SKAI.                   ""' 

\III.-KAItl.V    IIISTOUV   OK  TIMC   XoKTIIKUN    VM  SKVIS         "' "" 

.Stcllcr's  Hoa  liensts 17!» 

Tho  iniiiiator  (K'ytina) 17!> 

'I'lio  8<!ii  liear 1K2 

Tlio  soa  lion -*" 

'I'Ik^  sea  otter '20H 

Vouiaiiiiiiofs  account  of  t lie  sea  bear      ^"^ 

I-\.— rULAdlC  SKAI.IXC 218 

Vessels,  boats,  and  niethodB                          ^23 

Vessels  lost 227 

Iliiiilinir  ffroiiii'ls '-^'^^ 

Insitertiou  of  Heal  skins— excess  of  frniales! -''^ 

Weather  (■()n<li I ion.s  on  the  seal in!,^  jrromids...^. "'*''' 

Wastefulness  of  indiscriminate  .seaiinn... ...''" ^^^ 

Loj;  records  of  sealing,'  vessels  . .           '^           -'"''' 

V      r V  J''"  ''"■  *""'''  f  """•'"'"?".  ""■  <i^ilapa;ios'and  i.idios  "isianiis f!' 

\.— EXPKDITIOX    TO    OUADAI.ri'K                                                                               ■'■•■""N Ofk) 

\I    .-!•  .  U   SKAI.    in  XTI.X.^    ,X   TIIK    Sot  TIIKKX    Hk.MISPIIKUF        -                           -'^" 

.\ni.-llIK    HOOKKKV    MAI'S   OK   TIIK    I'BIHII.OK    Isl.ANI.S                     " ■^"' 

XIV.-l.,ucncA.,  KXPKH.MKXTS  IX  HKAxi.ixa  AND  UKnuli^; 'y^n  -^^^i;, 321 

I'Jectricai  experiments  in  lirandin-f '"^ 

Kxporimciits  in  Iprandinjr  and  lierding  in  im.. '^^'^ 

Mraiidinjr  on  St.  (ieor>;e ■■  ^36 

-W.-TlIK    Ill.UE    KOX    OK    TIIK    PlMlllI.OK    IsI.A.Vds ^'^ 

XVr.— MaMAIALS  OK  TIIK    Pitlllll.OK    ISLAXDS 3H9 

315 

MI 


.# 


VIII 


TAIILK    OF    t'ONTKNTS. 


XVII. 


XVIII. 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 

XXII. 
XXIII. 


XXI\. 


-TrtK  ,\\  ti-Ai  NA  ui   Tin;  I'uiiiii.oi.  Isi,am>h—  '^''•• 

Check  liMt  of  tlif  Hpecit'H 

Til.'  tc)|.n«rui.li,voC  the  IhIuikIm  ..rnlllK.loKi.ull.v  .oimiileicil .'"".'!!!!.'"'. '{[57 

.•^piMJiw  ii.l,U„l  to  tlio  N„rtli  .Siiu'iiciin  liiiiim  from  llio  jfroup "" -((ji 

(Jeogiapliical  diHtiilmtion  of  I'ribildf  lilriU !„..j 

.MiKnitloii  of  tlio  I'riliilof  birds ""....".......... •),•() 

Aniiotuteil  iJHt  of  species !,.'„ 

-Tin;  I  rsiiK.s  oy  iti.;ni.N(i  ska ji'i 

Mstof  llHheH  »1. tallied  in  (lie  Wiitern  of  Arctic  AIuhUii .|i)3 

-A   .•O.NTlt.m  T1..N    1.,   T.IK    K.NoWI.K.uiK   OV   TI.K   T.'NKIATK.^   OK   TIIK   I'luV.I  I.ni."  I.SI.A'Nn.s!  .^11 

-liii;   MdM.isK    lAi'.NA   (II-  Tin:   Piiiiui.ok    I.kI.ANKS    ...    r,.,,, 

-I.IHT   OK   l.NSKCT.S    llnilKKTO    K.NoW.V    KliO.M    TIIK    I'Ulllll.oK  lx\'\SW^.[.  ..[... 'r\^ 

-List  ok  ciii-stacka  known  to  occnu  on  a.sd  nkaii  tiik  I'kimii.ok  Isi.ani.s r,r, 

A  LIST  OK  TiiK  Plants  ..k  tiik  I'liiiiii.oK  Is,.ani..s,  with  notks  o.n  tiikiu  i.isTnii.f- 

rio.N 

.-,^(1 

'liM'iio;;aiiiH .  , . 

,,       .                                            iilij 

Musci 

,,        ..                          5((> 

""•I'lltK^"'  run 

,.  ,                                                         rtni) 

l.lclicim 

-,              ,.      ,    ..       ,         " oKO 

t.eoKriipliiciil  ilislriliiitioii  of  j.liieiiofinms  inid  vnmuliir  cryptoyiinm r,M 

AntliorilicH  "                                   1'^ 

Ai.o.1:  OK  Tin:  I'uiiiii.oK  I.si.ANiis.. 

ilO'J 


i^lST  OF   PLATK'S    AM)    ma|>s 


I 

II. 
Ill 

IV 
V. 

\  I. 

VI  [. 

Vill, 

IX. 


rcriiiilo  fur  hciiI, 


XI. 
XII. 

XIII.- 

XIV.- 
XV.- 

XVI.- 
XVII.- 
XVIIl.- 

XIX,- 

XX. 
XXI. 


Kr<mti8|il.Me.     Hou.l  of  a  typiiNil  io„k„,y  1m.11. 

Drinvii  IToin  iK.tiin*  l,y  llrl.stow  A.Imimh 
l'>o«,c.Hsiv..  NMK..H  ill  tl>„  a.Mtitlonof  tli..  Vu„„,r  ai.-l 
Drinviil.y  Dr.  .J.  c.  M<!t'oiin,.ll. 
.-l'.o«ro.sHivo  sfa^rcs  i„  tlu,  .lontiti....  „f  tl...  n.al.,  fur  Hral 

Hi  awn  I.y  Dr.  J.  c.  M.Coiincll. 
•— Mvciof  yoiiiiM;  fill-  Hi'al. 

'    Itiiuvn  I.y  Chloo  hcsli,,  Starks. 
— incniH  of  fur  Heal. 

Drawn  I.y  ]{.  K.  SiiodgrasH. 

—  Mrain  ..f  IiuhciI. 
^'^ I'liotofirapliH  by  I'i.>m«A.  I'isJi. 

—  liraiii  <.f  liairsisal,  J'hoci  viliiVimi. 
Fioiii  l.liotogr.apiis  and  .Irawinj's  l,v  Pi.-  v  A    Kisi, 

—  I!rains..f  scalmuulbcarH.  ' 
Troni  pliotofrraplis  liv  Tier  ,  \   v\^i 

1  ion    .l.,..„j.ra,.l,8  of  .  asts  „f  th„  ,.ra„i„l  ravitioH 
-A  tyiM..al  liar..,,,  on  (Jorl.at.h  Kook.  :-y,  known  as  baivn,  -, 

Fio„,  a  i.liotojjrapli  I.y  II.  ],.  ChiohcHter. 
-I  torus  and  ..varies  of  fur  si'ai. 
-'i'l.e  northern  s,,ni,|,  domilua  umu„,,». 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Ihown. 
The  Alaskan  pollock,  Thira.ira  rhahogmmma 

Drawn  by  A.  II.  lialdwin. 
■I  ho  Hilvfr  salnion,  (hioorlujnchua  limilch.    . 

Drawn  by  K.  L.  Todd. 
N'-rthern  lampiey,  Eniosplunua  h-Uhntatu!, 

Draw,,  I.y  A.M.  lialdwin. 
-1  >oad  pnp.s  on  Tolstoi  in  lSi)2.     Sliowin..-  ,  l.«  <■„>.«,„ 

Fro.,,  a  photo«..apn  takon  -y  tirHH^i;!!^  ^ ,  2:  "'  ''"^'"'"•"'' 
-Doad  p„p8  on  Tol.stoi  in  IHilG.  ""ssioners. 

From  a  i)hotoKraph  by  C.  II.  Townsond 
-Starved  j.up,  and  j.np  dea.l  from  r„ciuuna 

From  a  i.l.otograph  I.y  (MI.  Townse.id 
-A  w..,drow  of  pnps  on  Tolstoi. 

Th.'se  pups  w.To  washed  fro,,,  the  lower  i,ortio„  ,.f 'r  ,  *  •  ,       , 
189(!,  and  had  been  lo.,g  dea.l.  '  ^  "'"*"'  ''>'  *'"'  «■•"«  -""  AuKUst  17, 

From  a  photograph  by  .J.  JI.  Macoui, 
-Part  Of  skeleton  of  youn,  „,a,o  n.r  sea.  killed  on  Zoltoi,  probably  i,,nred  by  bite  of  a 


killer,  Orca  orcn. 
-The  killer,  Orca  orca. 

From  11  lifrnro  by  I.iitkei,. 


IX 


[,IST    OP    PLATK8    AND    MAPS. 


I 


XXir. — Part  of  HonliiiK  tloet  in  Victoria  liiirbor,  Octolior,  18!>t. 

From  a  plintograpb  by  C.  H.  'I'owiisond. 
XXIII. — Ofticers  and  Iniliau  hunters  of  tlio  (.'anadlan  scliooniu'  Favoriie,  18!)4. 

i''ro7n  a  i)ln)tograph  !>>•  Miller  and  'I'ownsi'iid. 
XXIV. — Sealing  canoes  at  Neah  Ua,v,  Northwest  coast. 

From  (:  photograph  by  Miller  and  Townsend. 
.\X  V. — Sealing  ciiiioe. 

From  a  photogrnph  by  Miller  and  To\vn.scnd. 
XXVI. — Outfit  of  sealing  eanoe,  showing  double-pointed  sjiear  polo,  detachable  spear  jioints, 
killing  club,  paddle,  and  bailer. 
From  a  ]>hotograpb  by  \.  It.  Miller. 
XX\'1I. — Hoisting  aboard  canoe.s. 

From  a  photograph  by  A.  H.  Alexander. 
XXVIII. — American  schooner  Columhia,  with  eanoes  in  tow.     Moring  Sea,  18it3. 
l'"rom  a  photograph  by  N,  H.  Miller, 
XXIX. — «  Canoe  leaving  schooner. 
h  Canoe  returning, 
p  Canoe  under  sail. 

From  photographs  by  ('.  II.  Townsend. 
XXX. — Part  of  the  sealing  fleet  at  I'nalaska,  .luly,  18!K). 

From  a  ])liotograpli  by  ('.  II.  Townsend. 
XX.XI. — Landing  at  A'illagc  Cove,  St.  Paul,  looking  toward  the  entrance  to  the  Salt  Lagoon. 
Warehouse  on  the  point;   bidarkas  or  skin  lighters  In  the   tbregroiind;    the  end  of 
Lagoon  Kookery  on  thi'  lelt. 

From  a  photograph  by  C.  II.  Townsend. 
X.XXII.— The  village  of  St.  Paul,  Pribilof  Islands,  looking  toward  Zoltoi  Sands. 

From  a  photograph  by  C.  II.  Townsend. 
XX.XIII. — Di'serted  village  at  the  south<'ast  ciul  of  (Juadalupe  Island.     In  the  background  caves 
formerly  occupied  by  fur  seals. 
From  a  photograidi  by  ('.  II.  Townsend. 
XX.\n'. — The  California  sea  elephant,  Macrorhiniis  luiijusiiroHiris,  showing   the  usual  position  of 
the  ](roboscis  and  the  manner  of  arching  the  body  In  progressuui. 
Drawn  by  A.  H.  Baldwin  from  sketches  and  measurements  by  C.  II.  Townsend, 
XXX\'.^l{ookery  of  tlie  southern   fur  seal,  .(rr/ocf/i/ia/MS  dim/rrt/is,  on    Lobos   Island,  nu)Uth    of 
the  l.a  Plata  K'iver. 
From  a  photogniph  ])urel]a8ed  in  M(uitevideo. 
XXXVI. — Hr.inding  seals  on  Tjikanin  Kookery. 

From  a  photograph  by  Dr.  Otto  Voss. 
.\.\X\'Ifl. — A  branded  seal  skin. 

This  skin  was  taken  from  a  fenuilo  seal  killed  in  the  harbor  at  Aknn,  Aleutian 
Islands,  in  November,  \XWi,  and  turned  over  to  the  Commission  by  Mr.  A.  (iray,  of 
ITualaska.  In  the  process  of  tanning  a  portion  of  the  skl;i  buriu'd  by  the  iron  has 
fallen  out,  showing  the  ell'ectiveuess  of  branding  as  a  mean.s  of  dtipreciating  the 
value  of  ))elagic  skins. 
XXXVII. — Horded  seals  in  the  Salt  Lagoon. 

Drawn  from  nature  by  Hristow  .\dams. 
XX.WIII. — ^'iew8  on  Walrus  Island. 

From  photographs  by  William  Palmer. 
XXXIX. — Fggs  of  the  Pacilic  niurre,  I'ria  lomria  arm,  showing  variation  in  nuirkings. 
XL. — Stages  in  the  development  of  feathers. 
XLI.-  -Stages  in  the  development  of  feathers. 
.XLII. — .trgyroaumits  alaacaiiiin,  (type)  Point  Hope,  Alaska. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Hrown. 
XLIII. — Salnw  itii/kisii,  Kalakhtyrka  liiver,  Kamchatka. 

Drawn  by  .\nna  L.  lUown. 
XLIV. — Siilrclinuii  malma,  I'nalaska. 

Drawn  by  Anua  L.  Hrown. 


LIST   OP    PLATKS   AND   MAPS. 


XI 


oiiitH, 


Ill  of 


>n  of 


ll    of 


iti.'in 

y,  <>f 

has 
the 


XI.V. 

XLVI. 

XLVll. 

XLviir. 

XMX. 
K.- 
M.- 
I-II.- 
IJII.- 
MV.- 
I-V.- 
LVI.- 
LVII.- 
LVIII.- 
MX. 
1-X. 
lAI.- 
LXII. 
LXIII.- 
LXIVn. 
I.XIVfc 
lAV. 
LXVI. 
LXVlIn. 
I.XVIIfc. 
I-XVIII. 
LXIX. 
LXX.- 


-Salreliniiskimlscha,  Tareinsky  Bay,  Kamchatka. 

Drawn  by  Annii  I..  Brown. 
-08„,eru,  ulnbatrosm,  (type)  Sholikof  Straits,  ne.ar  Karlnk 

Drawn  by  Cliloo  Lesley  Starks. 
-TherobiomiiH  callorliini  (type),  x  3.1. 

I^rawn  by  F.  A.  Lucas  f.o.n  specimens  found  in  stoma.-h  of  fur  seal 
-M.a^to,lex  a1e„t,anns  (typo).     OH'  Karluk,  Ka.liak  IsIan.L 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-Sehaslodea  caiiriniis.    Sitka,  Alaska. 

Drawn  by  AnnaL.  Brown. 
-Uexugrammoa  octoi/rammua.     IJualaska. 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
-Ilexwimmmos  lagocephalita.     Robben  Island. 

Drawn  by  Cliloc  Lesley  Starks. 
-Ilexaurammo^  lagovephahix.     Petropaulski,  Kaiu.hatka 

Drawn  by  A.  H.  Baldwin. 
-ArMHlesplumariHS  (typo).     Ushishir  Island,  Kuril  j;roni) 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
■Stchjlstnm  stei,>eu»-i  (typo).     Albatross  Sh'.tion  ^mr.,  otY  Robben  Island 

Drawn  by  Cliloe  Lesley  Starks. 
I'UiophniH  clmujei:     Oft'  Kobbrn  Island. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
CeratorotluH  dieeraiix.     Hercndern  Bay,  Alaska. 
Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-Ceratocollua  huaxl  (type).     Near  St.  Paul  Island. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-aumnocnthuapixliUiyer.     Pe(ro,.anlski  Harbor,  Kamchatka 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks 
-f'ymnocunthus  yaleatua  (very  youn^).    Salt  Lagoon,  St.  Panl  Island. 

Drawn  by  Chloe  i.esley  Starks. 
-.imirocoUHS  zander-,.     Shana  Bay,  Iturup  Island.  Kurils 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
-MiloxocephaUis  nirosiia.     Iturnp  Island.  Kur.ls 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
-MyoToeephaUia  nh-osua.     Iti'irui.  Island,  Kurils 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
-Myoxocephaliis  poliiacaiilhocepliahis.     Unalaska. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-MjioxorephahiH  atellen.     Petropaulski,  Kamchatka 

Drawn  by  A.  IL  Baldwin. 
—Miioxocmjlialiis  medniiis.     Copper  Island. 

Drawn  by  A.  H.  Baldwin. 
-MiloxoviphaUiH  niger.     St.  Panl  Island. 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
-.Uyoxocei>h„l„s  vervucoam.     Albatross  Station  :J2:t2,  Berinir  Sea 

1  'raw.,  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks.  *' 

-Mnoxocciihiibia  axillaris.     Herendeeu  Bav,  Alaska 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-I'orovoUiia  ijmulrauia.     Berinjr  Island. 

Drawn  by  A.  II.  Bahlwin. 
-OncocoUua  hcxacornia.     Her.schel  Island,  Arctic 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-Xa,<lian,>,pribilori„a  (type).     OllZapadni  .Mvs,  St.  Pa.il 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 

-lirachjopaia  roalraliia.     Yeso,  .Japan. 

Drawn  by  A.  11.  Baldwin. 


■"^■?«fwj-'.-?!f»jqrt^'  "■ 


=3!S^!!?.5?!ff! 


XII 

LXXI. 

LXXII 

LXXIII. 

LXXIV.- 

LXXV. 

LXXVI. 

LXXVII. 

I-XXVIII. 

LXXIX. 

LXXX«. 

h. 

LXXXI. 

LXXXII.- 

LXXXIII. 

LXXXIV. 

LXXXV. 

LXXXVI.- 

LXXXVII.- 

T.XXXVllI. 

LXXXIX.- 

X(!.- 

XCI.- 

XCII.- 

XCIII.- 

XOIV.- 

xcv.- 


LIST   OP   PLATK8  AND   MAPS. 

rodotheeiis  hamlini  (typo).    Albatross  Station  3fi53,  Kuril  Islnnds. 
Dra-wn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
—Podothfoiia  ihompsoni  (type).    Station  3653,  Knrll  Islands.  <• 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Urown. 
—Liparii  cyclostiijma  (from  a  pbotograpliof  the  type).    AlbatroMs  Station  3252,  ottTiialaHka. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Urown. 
—Liparis  herschehnus  (typo).     Herschel  Island,  Arctic. 
Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 

Ofl'  Povorotnaya,  Kamchatka. 


Off  Zapadni  Mys,  St.  Paul  Island. 


CvyaialliohihyH  mirabilis  (typo). 

Drawn  by  W.  S.  AtkinHon. 
— Crystallichthys  mirabilis  (young 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-Prognmus  cypavlurus  (typo).     Off  Bogoslot'  Island. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-JSathymaster  aignatits.    Sitka,  Alaska. 

Drawn  by  AnnaL.  Brown. 
-Opiathocentrus  orellatun.     Pctropanlski  Harbor,  Kanu^hatka. 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
-Pholin pictiiH.    Shana  Bay,  Itiiriip  Island,  Kurils. 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
-Enedriaanehuloms.    Hakodate,  Japan. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-Lumpenua  mediiis.     Off  Aviiteha  Bay,  Kamchatka. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L,  Brown. 
-Macronriis  aerolepaia.    Off  Bognslof  Island. 

Drawn  by  Anna  L.  Brown. 
-lioijoslovitia  clarki  (type).     Bogosh)!"  Island. 

Drawn  by  Chhie  Lesley  Starks. 
-HippoglossoidcK  hamiltoni  (type).     Albatross  Station  3641,  Avatclia  Bay,  Kanirhatka 

Drawn  by  (,'hloe  Lesley  Stiirks. 
I'erasper  moaeri  {tyjte).    Shana  Bay,  Itnrup  Island,  Knrils. 

Drawn  by  Chloe  Lesley  Starks. 
•Dovolopraent  of  Synoicum  irregiilare. 

Drawn  by  W.  K.  Hitter. 
■An  Upland  Meadow  of  St,  Paul, 

From  a  photograph  by  .1.  M.  Macoun. 
-Papaver  maeoiiiiii  Greene. 

Drawn  by  Theo.  Holm. 
•Fruiting  Specimen  of  Nraodraba  grandia  (Langsd.)  Greene. 

Drawn  by  Theo.  Holm. 
('ardamine  umbeUata  fireene. 

Drawn  by  Theo.  Holm. 
■Chryaoaplenium  beringianiim  Rose. 

Drawn  by  F.  A.  Walpole. 
■Primula  eriiiiia  (ireene. 

Drawn  liy  Theo.  Holm. 
Primula  maoounii  Greene. 

Drawn  by  Theo.  Holm. 
Polygonum  macoitnii  Small, 

Drawn  by  'I'heo.  Holm. 
Laminaria  longipea. 

Clump  of  plants  and  cross  section  through  a  blade. 


Map  showing  the  distribution  and  migrations  of  the  Northern  fur  seals.    To  face  page  234, 
Map  of  Guadalupe  Island,  showing  explorations  of  C.  H.  Townseud     To  face  page  271. 
Map  of  Guadalupe  Island,  showing  explorations  of  W.  \V.  Thobnrn.    To  face  page  284. 
Map  showing  summer  and  winter  limit  of  pack  ice.    To  face  page  554. 


I.-THE  PRIBILOF  FUR  SEAL. 


THE  MAIN  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  PINNIPEDIA. 
»y  Frkdkukj  a.  LvvAti. 

The  lines  of  descent  of  the  Pinnipeilia  are  very  imperfectlv  known   nn,l  lifHn 
be  saul  save  that  both  eared  and  earless  seals  Iku  e  <les  e  S  h-  >     t   " '^^^        Z 

cm-,™t  »«ing  „„,t],»ar,l  al„„g  tlic  coast  „f  S,mtl,  A,„erL      *  '^  ""  ""' 

a,.ot  ,er  the,,.  .in.e™n»,  bei„g  ,«cor,Ied  ,„echic  value  by  jTrdn  "'" 

walmse,  bj,,„g  ,et  apart  „,  a  .ec„„„  ,„„„?fa„,,y  iJ^Uir     '^  '  "°'"""«"  "■« 

With  better  ijiaterial  at  hand  than  wm  ill  Df   aii....v,  •       ■    . 

OTARIOIDEA. 


6974~PT  3 1 


'  History  of  North  Americau  Piuuipeds,  pp.  3,  4. 


_-f^,:-~f^*pf 


ipi 


2  THK    FUR   SEALS   OF   THE   PRIBILOP    ISLANDS. 

Cuboid  articulating  with  ('alcmiLMiin  only.  First  metatarsal  articulating  only  with 
entocuneiform.  A  trochanter  minor  present  on  femur.  Auditorial  bulla*  small  and 
irregular  in  form. 

PIIOCOIDEA. 

Neck  short.  Hind  feet  incapable  of  being  turned  forward,  (rrinders  with  complex 
roots  and  raulticuspidate  crowns.  Mastoid  swollen,  but  not  salient.  Tentorium 
moderate  or  small.  No  alisphenoid  canal.  Auditorial  bullae  usually  very  large, 
pyriform  in  shape.  Posterior  end  of  nasals  wedged  in  between  frontals.  Anterior 
digits  all  bearing  claws,  and  claws  present  (usually)  on  all  digits  of  hind  feet.  No 
cartilaginous  Haps  to  any  of  the  digits.  Astragalus  equaling  calcaneum  in  length. 
Cuboid  articulating  with  both  calcaneum  an<l  astragalus  (save  in  MoiiiuOius  and 
Macrorhiniis).  First  metatarsal  articulating  with  entocuneiform  and  with  second 
metatarsal  as  well.     Femur  with  no  tro(;hanter  minor. 


f 


\ 


THE  SPECIES  OF  CALLORHINUS  OR  NORTHERN  FUR  SEAL. 
By  David  Staiju  .Jordan  and  GEOKfiK  A.  Clark. 

The  fur-seal  herds  resorting  to  the  islands  of  Bering  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk 
b/Blong  to  the  genus  Callorhinus;  while  those,  resorting  to  the  islands  of  the  Tropics 
and  the  antarctic  regions  belong  to  a  different  group,  called  ArctocephaluH. 

The  fur  seal  of  the  North  was  (irst  made  known  by  Steller,  who,  in  1741,  inspected 
the  South  or  I'oludionnoyc  rookery  of  Bering  Island,  and  wrote  an  account  of  his 
observations.  On  Steller's  description  of  the  "Sea  Bear"  of  liering  Island  Linnaeus 
based  his  classification  of  Plioca  umina,  or  "bear  like"  seal.  From  the  Liniiii-an 
name  the  fur  seal  of  the  North  came  to  be  called  CallorhinuH  urHinitu,  and  the  type  of 
the  species  is,  of  course,  the  Commander  Islands  herd. 

The  fact  that  the  members  of  the  Pribilof  herd  dili'er  from  those  of  the  Com- 
manders in  color,  in  form,  and  in  character  of  the  fur  has  long  been  recogni/.ed. 
These  ditt'erences,  though  slight,  are  permanent  and  constant.  No  intermediate  form." 
are  known,  and,  as  the  life  courses  of  the  herds  are  wholly  distinct,  apparently  nu 
intermediate  forms  can  exist.  We  may  therefore  hold  the  Pribilof  herd  to  be  a 
species  of  fur  seal  distin<;t  from  that  of  the  Commander  Islands.  This  spe(;ies  may 
be  called  Vallorliinua  alaseanus  .lordan  and  Clark. 

The  species  alascdnus  may  be  known  by  the  stouter,  broader  head,  by  the  thicker 
neck,  by  the  prevalence  of  warm  brown  shades  in  the  coloration  of  the  female  and 
the  young  males,  by  the  more  silvery  color  of  the  gray  pui)s,  which  lack  the  distinct 
whitish  patches  on  tlie  rumps  seen  in  ursinun,  and,  in  general,  by  the  lack  of  sharp 
contrasts  between  the  coloration  of  the  sides  and  belly.  The  fur  in  alascanus  is  also 
of  suiierior  quality,  and  exhibits  sufficient  difference  to  make  it  possible  for  dealers 
to  distinguish  by  this  means  alone  whether  the  skins  come  from  the  Commander  or 
Pribilof  herds.  In  the  Pribilof  seals  the  claws  on  the  fore  flippers  are  undeveloped, 
being  represented  by  a  pit  in  the  skins. 

The  true  Callorhinus  ursiniis  has  the  head  and  neck  slenderer;  the  females  and 
young  males  are  sooty,  rather  than  brown,  the  light  and  dark  shades  being  for  the 
most  part  equally  without  ochraceous  tints;  the  belly  is  usually  rather  sharply  i)aler 


; 


\ 


X 


rAI.LOKHlNrS    (  TKILKNSIS.  B 

than  tlie  ba«:k;  tlu^  jiiay  pup  is  more  browuisli  and  less  yray  than  in  the  Pribilof 
animal,  iiaving-  a  pale  patc^h  on  i'a«!h  side  of  the  rump.  The  tore  feet  have  two  or 
three  nidinientary  » laws. 

Tl»e  seals  of  Hobben  Island  and  the  Kurds  differ  from  both  of  the  foregoing  in 
the  whitish  color  of  the  under  fur.  This  is  rusty  brown  in  ursinus  and  alaseanus, 
The  head  is  said  to  be  broader  again  than  in  ursinus,  and  photographs  show  a  dusky 
coloration  similar  to  this  species.  The  fur  of  the  llobben  Island  herd  is  ditt'erenr  from 
either  of  the  others.  It  was  looked  upon  at  tirst  as  distinctly  inferior  in  ([uality, 
though  a  change  in  process  in  the  removal  of  the  water  hair,  which  is  accomplished 
with  much  greater  dilliculty,  has  removed  the  discrepancy  in  value  of  the  fur.  The 
fact  remains,  however,  that  the.se  skins  must  be  treated  by  a  separate  process. 

The  data  regarding  this  third  form  of  the  Northern  fur  seal  is  inadecjuate  to  defi- 
nitely (iharaciterize  it,  but  such  information  as  is  at  hand  points  to  the  probability  of 
its  being  also  a  new  species.  It  may  be  provisionally  regarded  as  such  under  the  nauie 
of  (killorhinus  cHrilcmii  .Jcudau  and  Clark,  taking  the  .seals  of  llobben  Island  as 
typical. 

Th(!  following  is  a  table  showing  (comparative  measurements  of  typical  examples 
of  ('.  iirniniin  and  (!.  (ilascuni(.s: 


CoiHimratire  meaxKremiiilx  (in  millimeterii)  of  tijpival  Kpecimcns  nf  fur  seals  from  lite  Commander  and 

I'rihilof   herds. 


lii'l 


Tiital  liii«ili 

NciHi'  to  nid  of  oiilstt'ftclHHl  liind  I 

Nortt-  In  iirmjiil 

N'nsf  1(1  f_vr 

Nnsn  111  car 

Distaitco  tictwrcii  t'ves 

UisliiiH'c  botwi'cii  cars 

Li'iifxtli  of  oar 

Lcii^lli  of  tall 

Loii^f'st  III  list  ar  I II'  Iiristlr 

l.i'ii^tli  111'  lori'liiiili 

Widili  of  fiiiiliiot 

J.uii^lli  lit'  IiIihI  font 

Wirttli  at  tai'HiiH 

Width  at  I'lid  nf  toes 

•Avrriii;!'  Icn^itli  of  tnt'tlans 

Uistaui'K  Imtwoon  tips  nl  oiitstiutcliiMl  fondimlis  . 
lilrth- 

Of  iiL(  k  licliiud  lars 

Over  slioii idol's 

I!t'liiiid  fini'liinlis 

Bvioi'c  liiiiilliiiilia 


Adult  miiln. 

Adult 

Com- 
iiiaiidor. 

rmalo. 
Pribilof. 

Bachelor. 

Colli- 
mniidcr. 

Vi'iliilof. 

Com- 
luniider. 

I'riliilof. 

i,»;iu 

1,887 

1,283 

1,282 

1,285 

1,224 

'J,  J.'iO 

2.  ;)97 

1,050 

1.645 

1.0,55 

1.811 

ilSO 

l.tLW 

iiri5 

701 

06(1 

714 

iw 

115 

«7 

89 

80 

70 

•J  11) 

211! 

108 

IHI 

158 

160 

1U4 

127 

70 

89 

71 

83 

it:) 

:iiiu 

i;i8 

204 

138 

217 

r.2 

64 

45 

04 

47 

51 

5U 

51 

53 

37 

47 

57 

113 

101 

125 

102 

105 

102 

."■ao 

548 

345 

4112 

395 

333 

a'-';i 

210 

123 

127 

125 

139 

507 

548 

415 

4118 

420 

327 

i^ri 

1116 

95 

102 

85 

11)2 

2H;-| 

191 

170 

115 

177 

102 

2;ni 

a44 

102 

255 

IBl 

2'i5 

1,74U 

1,798 

1,205 

1,198 

1,085 

1,237 

rm 

B37 

405 

446 

405 

.522 

i,2(iri 

1.415 

750 

829 

820 

619 

i.i.'iii 

1,530 

780 

739 

740 

791 

480 

807 

280 

510 

295 

469 

''i'lii' iiivasniiiiu'iils  nf  Cninniaiulci'  islands  sials  wore  lal«i'n  liy  Dr.  Sto|iicg«i'  nii  Noitli  roiilinry  nf  lioriii;;  Island  in 
Aujiust,  1883;  liiiKso  fur  tlin  I'riliilof  ,<i>ai»  wiTn  \ukvu  by  Mr.  Clark  on  St.  riiullnlanil  In  Octobor,  1896. 

The  bovly  measurement  of  these  animals  can  not  be  relied  upon  to  show  permanent 
conditions,  as  they  necessarily  vary  according  to  the  physical  condition  of  the  animals. 
Tims,  the  measurements  of  the  bull  taken  on  August  L'O  probably  represents  the 
unimiil  after  its  long  fast  during  the  breeding  season.  The  measaremeuts  of  the  Pribilof 
bull  taken  in  Octolier  represented  an  animal  which  had  been  feeding  and  was  well 
supplied  with  blubber.  Similar  differences  might  easily  arise  in  counectiou  with  the 
other  meii^ureuieiits  of  the  body. 


4  THE    FUU    SKALS    OF   THK   PRllJILOF    ISLANDS. 

IJut  witli  the  head  it  should  hiy  ditt'eieiit.  11"  \v<i  take  out  the  ineasuremeiits  wlii;;!! 
have  to  do  with  this  featuie  we  find  tliflt  there  is  a  marked  ditl'eionct;  conespoii'liMi^- 
to  the  general  iiupressioii  made  by  comparative  observations  on  the  two  herds.  These 
inoasurements  reduced  to  j)ercentagc  of  the  total  length  are  as  follows,  the  resulis 
being  all  the  more  striking  becau8(^  in  each  case  the  Pribilof  animal  shows  a  smaller 
total  length  : 

MeuHuremvnix  {in  milUmeterH),  sliowiny  diffrrencen  ui  the  hiad  of  li/piral  Commander  and  I'rihilof  xrah,  taken 

from  the  lulile  jUHt  (jiveu. 


Adult  iimlu. 


Total  loiiffth 

DiHtillKM-  iH'tWtM'll  ryt'H. 

l'«r  vi-iit  III'  total  li'iifitli 
DislHiicu  betwucii  wuh. 
Per  <'i!nt  Id  total  li'ii^tli 
Diatuiice  iioHc  to  oyc  . . . 
IVr  cent  in  total  length 
l)iatjiii('i)  iio.su  lo  vnr  . . . 
I'ur  ui'ut  iu  tutal  lungtli 


I,!I30 
104 

r>.:i 

170 

D.  1 

U8 

5 

•Jill 

11 


1.8X7 
1'.'7 

(i.7 
30(1 
1«.  2 

iir> 

(I 
21« 
11.4 


Adult  I'mimlu. 


..:i;Sr."'H'>"<-'- 


1,283 
70 

.5.4 

i:w 

10. 7 
(17 
,'1.2 
11)8 
13.1 


1,202 

80 

7 

204 

10.1 

80 

7 

181 

14.3 


llaulioiur. 
inaml'er     ''^""'"f 


1,285 

71 

5.5 

138 

l((.  7 

80 

(i.2 
l.W 
12.  3 


,224 
83 
5,7 
217 

r 

0.2 
lOG 
13  5 


!f 


VARIATIONS  IN  SIZE  AND  COLOR  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  FUR  SEAL. 
Uy  KuKDKHic  A.   Liu;a8. 

While  the  Pribilof  fur  seal  varies  in  size,  (jolor,  and  proportions  to  such  an 
extent  that  were  but  a  few  individuals  known,  they  might  be  held  as  belonging  to 
two  distinct  species;  part  of  this,  particularly  the  variation  in  color,  is  due  to  age. 
The  young  pups  are  black  above,  with  a  few  gray  hairs  on  the  head  and  neck;  the 
side  of  the  ncc^k  is  slightly  tinged  with  gray  and  the  greater  part  of  the  under  surface 
is  dusky  brownish  gray.  There  is  a  spot  of  yellowish-brown  at  the  axilla  and  the 
region  anmnd  the  mouth  is  of  the  same  color. 

Between  the  middle  of  Seiitember  and  the  middle  of  October  the  majority  of 
pu])s  have  shed  their  black  coats  and  assumed  the  silvery  gray  and  w  iiite  of  the 
»•  gray-pup"  stage.  Up  to  the  age  of  two  years  the  young  of  both  sexes  are  of  a 
beautiful  steel  gray  above,  with  the  throat  and  belly  white,  the  central  portion  of  the 
latter  being  suffused  with  chestnut.  On  the  breaU,  at  the  base  of  each  tlijiiier  is  a 
convex  patch  of  gi'ay  which  nearly  meets  its  fellow  of  the  opposite  side,  thus  reducing 
the  white  c  this  place  to  a  narrow  isthmus,  connecting  the  throat  with  the  under  parts. 
There  is  a  dark  spot  at  the  anterior  edge  of  the  Hipper  a  id  a  light  spot  on  the  axil, 
this  being  retained  for  some  time  in  the  female.  The  white  throat  is  very  conspicuous 
even  at  a  distance,  and  indicates  that  the  animals  have  not  reached  a  killable  age. 

The  coloration  deepens  with  age,  the  gray  encroaching  upon  the  white  of  the 
throat  and  the  chestnut  deepening  in  intensity  on  the  under  side  until  it  becomes  ricli 
and  dark,  while  the  patches  below  the  Hippers  unite  to  form  a  band  across  the  chest, 
the  dark  spots  on  the  anterior  edge  of  tlie  dippers  becoming  a  dull  chestnut. 

Still  later  the  chestnut  under  side  gives  place  to  gray  with  a  slight  chestnut 
tinge,  the  old  females  being  dark  gray  above  and  lighter  gray  below ;  this  la.st  with  a 
tinge  of  chestnut.  There  is  a  light  patch  on  the  center  of  the  throat  and  a  dark  baud 
ruuuiug  across  the  breast  from  Hipper  to  tlipper. 


COLOK    VAlilATlONS    IN   THE    FUK    SKAU 


l,2'i4 

8:i 

6.7 
217 

r 

It.  2 
IGG 

IS  r> 


Tlie  tliroiifc  of  tlie  iiiiilt^  becoinos  yriiy  iit  an  t'dilier  a^jc — 4  or  5  y«>iirs — than  does 
tliatof  tlio  t'lMiiale,  and  at  the  same  time  tlio  i)elly  becomes  asliy,  the  jiiiietioii  of  the 
hack  pela^^e  witli  that  of  the  iiudui*  side  beiii^'  marked  by  a  lighter  ehestniit-tiiiged 
line. 

At  the  aj^e  of  (>  or  7  years  the  males  are  an  almost  uniform  dark  gray,  with  the 
hairs  of  the  top  of  the  head  and  neck  considerably  longer  than  that  of  the  rest  of  the 
body. 

There  seems  to  be  some  variation  in  the  color  of  the  older  rookery  bulls — those 
7  years  old  and  upward— some  animals  being  of  a  rich  seal  brown,  wasluid  with  yel 
k)wisli-white  on  the  nock  and  shoulders;  others  with  a  distinct  reddisli  or  yellowish 
cast. 

(Jlose  examination,  however,  shows  that  even  the  darkest  animals  are  more  or 
less  gri/./led,  and  the  reddish  coloration  is  undoubtedly  largely  due  to  the  length  of 
time  that  tin  animal  has  been  on  laud  and  uudergono  the  bleaching  eti'ect  of  light  and 
l)artial  drying. 

This  change  of  color — due  to  oxpo.sure,  and  in  a  measure  to  dirt — is  most  notice- 
able among  the  females,  those  which  have  been  longest  out  of  water  liaving  a  brown, 
suid)urned  appearance.  The  amount  of  dirt  naturally  varies  according  to  the  rookery, 
and  is  in  some  (tases  very  noticeable  when  a  female  plunges  into  the  wash  of  the  surf, 
leaving  a  trail  of  muddy  water  behind.  Still  this  explanation  is  not  wholly  satis, 
fac^tory,  and  there  is  a  (lertain  amount  of  color  variation  which  seems  to  be  individual 
and  not  to  be  accounted  for  on  tlie  score  of  age. 

The  gray  bulls  seen  hero  and  there  on  the  breeding  grouiuls  are  either  comi)ara- 
lively  young  animals  which  have  been  able  to  take  and  hold  a  place  on  the  rookery, 
or  cases  where  the  assumption  of  tie  dark  color  (»f  tluf  adult  has  be  'U  delayed,  or  for 
some  cause  failed  to  take  i)lace.  It  is  probable  that  the  lightest  colored  males  are 
those  in  this  last  condition,  in  which  age  manifests  itself  by  a  general  lightening  in 
the  color  of  the  coat. 

As  among  birds,  some  seals  undergo  their  color  changes  nuich  more  rapidly  than 
others,  and  this  results  in  occasionally  linding  a  young  female  with  the  colors  of  old 
age,  or  old  females  with  the  light  gray  and  white  of  the  fresh  2-year-olds;  these 
females  are  very  noticeable  among  the  other  darker-colored  feundes.  As  is  only 
natural  where  individuals  are  so  numerous,  cases  of  albinism  are  occasionally  noted, 
some  being  tpiite  complete  and  otiiers  only  jtartial.  One  or  two  pups  liave  been  taken 
of  a  yellowish  color,  witli  pink  eyes  and  pale  Hippers,  but  no  adult  albino  has  been 
noted,  the  nearest  approach  to  it  being  a  cow  of  a  yellowish  cast  seen  on  Lukanin, 
and  another  niottled  with  yellowisii  seen  on  Tolstoi. 

The  accomi)anying  tables  of  measurements  and  weights  may  be  considered  as 
rei)resenting  good  average  specimens  of  their  respective  classes.  The  weights  of  the 
two  fetal  specimens  of  April  22  were  taken  from  nearly  dry  alcoholics,  which  were  by 
no  means  so  heavy  as  the  fresh  siiecimuus  would  have  been,  so  that  lih  and  ih  pounds 
would  be  well  within  the  mark.  The  fetus  at  term  is  one  of  several  obtained  from 
dead  cows  on  St.  I'aul  and  is  a  good  average  example,  for  while  now  and  then  a  pup 
is  seen  noti«'eably  below  the  others  in  size,  none  was  measured  less  than  22  inches 
long.  The  measurements  and  weights  of  newly  born  pups  given  by  Elliott  are 
worthless.  Save  for  his  brown  color,  the  young  fetal  seal  is  much  like  the  adult, 
being  well  formerl  and  well  proportioned,  the  head  not  having  the  disx)roportiouate 


6 


THE    FUK   HEALS    OF   THE    PRIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


size  usually  uoeii  in  mainnials.  Youujjf  pu|)s  ini>a.sni'c<I  between  August  8  and  August 
liO  were  from  2.1  to  2.s  inches  long,  the  inali's  being  as  a  rule  the  larger.  It  will  be 
noticed  tiiati8(»ine  ot'tiie  measurements,  as  well  as  the  weight  of  the  gray  pup,  exceed 
those  of  the  yearling,  and  it  has  already  been  pointed  out  by  Elliott  that  the  young 
gain  little  or  nothing  in  weight  between  the  time  they  leave  in  the  fall  and  return  in 
the  following  summer. 

Except  in  length  the  -l-year-old  female  may  be  considered  as  a  good  average 
example  of  a  full-sized  cow;  the  majority  of  females  obtained  from  the  sealers  were 
slightly  under  4  feet  in  length,  two  or  tliret;  s|)ecimens  which  seemed  to  be  far  above 
the  average  proving,  when  measuretl,  to  l)e  only  4  feet  1  inch  long  from  tip  of  nose  to 
root  of  tail.  The  very  hifgest  female  taken  was  ol  intihes  long,  :V,i  inches  around  the 
shoulders,  and  weighed  73  pounds,  so  that  80  pounds  n)ay  be  looked  upon  as  an 
exceptional  weight  for  a  cow. 

The  males  from  1  to  i>  years  old  are  good  examples  of  their  respective  ages,  the 
measurements  of  the  .'J-year  old  specimen  coinciding  with  those  of  a  similar  animal 
selected  by  Mr.  Kedpath  as  a  typical  specimen  for  the  United  States  National 
Museum. 

The  7  or  (i  year-old  male  is  a  good  example  of  the  males  Just  below  the  grade  of 
rookery  bulls,  being  full  grown,  in  some  particulars,  but  lacking  just  a  little  of  the 
muscular  development  necessary  to  enable  him  to  enter  the  rookery  and  hold  his  own 
against  the  older  animals.  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  girth  the  younger  male  exceeds 
the  others,  but  this  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  old  bulls  having  passed  two  months  in 
fasting  and  fighting  had,  in  consequence,  htst  nuu;h  of  their  fat  and  some  of  their 
llesh.  The  fore  Hipper  of  this  young  bull  was  exceptionally  short,  the  Hippers  of  that 
class  measuring  ordinarily  20  to  21  inches  iu  length.  As  a  rule,  the  size  of  the  fore 
Hipper  is  a  fairly  good  indication  of  the  age  of  the  aninial  since  it  increases  in  length 
with  age  in  a  fairly  regular  manner,  the  Hippers  of  the  males  also  exceeding  those  of 
the  femalt  s  in  size. 

The  larger  of  the  two  bulls  was  one  selected  for  the  United  States  National 
Museum,  on  account  of  its  size,  being  the  largest  of  forty  killed,  and  80  to  82  inches 
may  be  held  as  representing  the  extreme  length  attained  by  the  bulls,  the  average 
being  72.  As  these  bulls  had  recently  come  off  the  rookeries,  they  were  lean,  and  their 
girth  was  by  no  means  what  it  would  have  been  at  the  time  of  their  arrival  in  May  or 
June.  Their  measurements  indicate  to  some  extent  the  variations  in  size  and  propor- 
tions found  among  seals  since  the  older  bull  was  the  shorter  of  the  two,  although  in 
other  ways  nearly  as  bulky  as  the  younger  animal,  while  the  Hipi)er  of  the  shorter 
specimen  was  an  inch  and  a  half  longer  than  that  of  the  other.  It  was  not  possible 
to  weigh  the  large  bulls,  but  in  their  lean  condition  they  certainly  did  not  weigh  over 
250  pounds,  and  it  is  doubtful  if,  even  at  his  best,  the  bull  weighs  more  than  400 
pounds. 

Dr.  Stejueger  has  spoken  of  the  difliculty  of  drawing  any  line  between  the  seals 
of  various  ages,  stating  that  no  one  on  the  killing  grounds  of  the  Connnamler  Islands 
was  able  to  point  out  the  dirterences  between  them.  While  this  difliculty  does  exist, 
yet  there  are,  aside  from  mere  size,  distinction  between  the  teeth,  length  of  Hippers, 
color  of  mustache  bristles,  and  length  of  wig  of  the  seals  of  various  ages  wiiich  are  very 
perceptible  to  any  one  who  has  noted  them  long  and  carefully.  Personally,  I  am 
unable  to  ditt'erentiate  the  seals  to  any  great  extent,  although  the  difficulty  was  less 


fll  -., 


MEASUREMKXIS    AM)    WKKiHTS    oF    SKALS.  7 

to  M..  J.  L  Kcdpath  lor  ciilln.fj  ,„y  attention  to  vuiions  distinguisl.ing  features  The 
opuuon  o  the  natives  is  of  littJe  value,  and  witl.  then,  tht  quesdon  mZia blv 
resolves  itself  ,„to  a  mental  sorting  of  ti.e  killable  seals  into  var  cTs  ehZs  IW 
;le  in.to  age  characters  do  exist  is  fairly  well  shown  by  the  agree  ,  me  .rren^ents 

bet^veen  sea  s  seleete<l  at  ditterent  ti.nes  by  Mr.  itedpath  and  mysel    a^^a  H  vea^ 
ol  Is    the  selection  ,n  n.y  own  .-ase  being  based  on  the  condi  ion  of  th^  nuune 
whiskers,  and  wig.    Of  coui'se,  there  is  an  overlapping  of  seils  fro.    the  iZ  7  h 
sn.all  4  yea,.,lds,  ,br  example,  will  be  of  the  same  s'^.H     ^^^  S^  ^^  d       ^'l 

Table  Hiving  measuremenlB  and  weight/,  of  ,eals  of  rarioug  ages. 


Leuctli,ti|iiirnoHntoro<itot'lail..incli«fi 
•  lirth    iii'diiidI    smalli'st  purl   of   iiiick, 


inrluw 

(iirtharoiiiiil  xlHiiiIilRrg .". .'. . incliuH 

•  iirtli  Imck  iif  llinpers  do 

(iirtli  ni'iiiiiiil  liipa do!! 

LciiKth  of  fiiio  Hipper,  tip  to  iirin  niV 

imhcs  '     ' 


WeigUl .V.pouniis;! 


LfinBtb,  tip  of  nose  to  root  of  tnil . .  inches, 
(iirtlj    around    HniallcHt   part  of   ncok 

Indies 

Oirlli  iiniiiiid  slioulders. . .'.'.'...     iiu'lics" 

Oirtli  l)ii<l(  of  llippors do 

•  iirtli  aniiind  liip.H  '   i  do    " 

I-oiij;tli  of  fore   flipper,  tip'to'am  pit' 

iijcheH '    ' 

■^^"'s'" .'.".".■.■.■.'-■.".  ."imumis; ; 


aMeasiirod  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Clark 


ftMcasured  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Kcdpatli. 


^ 


f 

in 


% 


II-THE  ANATOMY  OF  THE  FUR  SEAL. 


THE  DENTITION  OF  THE  FUR  SEAL. 
I'.y  Fbeoubu;  A.  LroAs. 

Th<^  ilontition  of  Mir  iidiilt  I'lir  sc:il  is  i.,  .!,  c,  {,  pin.,  |,  in.,  ]',  tliu  roiiiual  pteindliirH 
uimI  molars  aU  liaviii^  siniiilu  roots,  a  woH-di'veloptul  cinguhiiii  on  tlio  iniiur  side,  and 
a  small  a(r(;cssory  cM-sp  on  tliu  aiitrri«>r  face. 

Ill  a  t'etiiH  taUiMi  April  Jl^.tbe  milk  dentition  is  uomplcte,  consiHtin;;'  of  i.,  !!,  <■.,  |, 
nu,  i|.  'Mic  incisors  arc  very  minute,  itartitui'arly  the  inner  ui»per  ineisor,  and  tlieio  is 
no  trace  ol'  a  tliird  lower  incisor,  altl.oii^li  proper  microscopic  examination  ot°  a  yoiiii^ci' 
fetus  iiiiglit  reveal  it.  So  far  as  lias  come  under  my  observation  (live  specimens  at 
full  term),  the  milk  incisors  are  shed  before  birth,  and  this  is  doubtless  often  or  usually 
the  case  with  the  milk  molars  and  lower  milk  canines.  In  a  full-;;rowii  fetus  the  lower 
canines  were  simply  liangiiit;  to  the  {^um,  as  were  also  the  minute  second  and  third 
lo\^>r  milk  molars;  but  in  other  fetal  spe«-imeiis  and  in  some  recently  born  animals 
the  lower  milk  canines  and  lower  and  upper  third  (last)  milk  molars  were  still  iii  place, 
as  shown  iu  IM.  I,  11};'.  1.  These  last  are  situated  directly  ov»'r  the  fourth  premolars, 
so  that  in  Callorhiniix  the  third  milk  molars  have  vertical  su(!cc8sors.  The  lirst  and 
second  milk  molars  of  the  fetus  are  sometimes  more  spicules  loosely  attached  to  tlu^ 
gum.  In  other  instances  they  are  well  formed  though  small  teeth  lying  external  to  the 
second  and  tliird  premolars.  The  order  of  appearance  of  the  periiianeut  npi)cr  teeth 
is  as  Ibllows:  iiuMsors  1,  2, .'},  premolar  I,  premolar  li  and  molar  1  (although  sometimes 
the  molar  is  slightly  in  advance  of  the  premolar),  ])rouiolar  3,  premolar  4,  molar  2. 

In  the  lower  Jaw  the  incisors  appear  first  and  the  premolars  and  molars  in  regular 
order  ftom  before  backwards,  the  tirst  and  second  premolars  appearing  almost 
simultaneously  and  sli;;litly  before  the  corresjionding  upi»er  premolars.  The  canines 
appear  at  about  the  same  time  as  the  second  true  molar,  but  not  until  premolars  1 
and  li  are  well  through.  There  is,  however,  considerable  irregularity  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  teeth,  for  in  .simie  individuals  the  last  milk  mo)ar  and  lower  milk  canines 
are  retained  for  a  tbrtnight  or  more  after  birth. 

The  teeth  mature  more  rapidly  in  the  female  than  m  the  male,  for  while  the  entire 
tooth  row,  including  the  canines,  are  fully  developed  in  the  2-year  old  female,  the 
canines  do  not  attain  their  maximum  size  in  the  males  until  the  age  of  4  or  5  years, 
at  which  time,  or  possibly  a  little  later,  the  true  molars  have  already  begun  to  show 
some  slight  signs  of  absorption.  There  is  also  a  decided  increase  in  the  length  of  the 
tooth  row  of  the  males  between  the  ages  of  1  and  0  of  from  five-sixteenths  to  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch,  with  the  natural  result  that  in  old  animals  the  teeth  are  farther 
apart  than  in  the  young.  (Compare  llgs.  1,2, 3.)  The  changes  in  the  jaw  itself  are 
much  more  marked  than  in  the  teeth,  for  this  continues  to  increase  in  size  and  weight 
after  the  tifth  year,  this  change  being  one  of  the  important  factors  iu  the  fighting 

abilities  of  the  adult  males. 

8 


10 


TIIK    ITK    SKAI.S    OK    Till.    l'UIIIlL<t|-    ISLANDS. 


TIk^  coiiditioii  of  the  last,  or  triut  iiioliii'.>4  i.s  of  valiit',  piiitii'iilai'ly  in  tlir  t'(>iiial«>,  in 
<lot(M'niinin);  tlii^  .\m^  *>l'  a  |j;ivcn  animal,  tor  wliilu  it  can  not  hv  .said  liow  many  years  a 
particular  seal  may  liav<>  livod,  yot  it  i.s  possildu  to  toll  from  thu  appearanru  of  tlio 
molars  whetluT  t lie  animal  is  adult,  middle  af;t>d,or)dd.  (Snotlie  various  ll);iir<>H on  PI.  I.) 
As  Dr.  Allen  lias  aln'ady  not«d,' irr(!)rularitioH  in  (huitition  are  not  infreipient  in 
tliu  fur  seal  throu(;li  the  failure  of  «mi(^  or  more  of  the  grinders  to  develop.  A  ;;ood 
instuiice  of  this  is  shown   in  tlie  skulls  of  two  pups,  a  male  and  female,  which  were 


! 


|i 


ft 


(  1 


« 


iTftWH  cit'  niiilo  fiir-nt'iilH,  throo,  four,  and  over  Hevun  yoarH  itl  n^v,  tlirco-foiirtht  iititiiral  nl/,o. 

eollected  (tn  the  same  day  and  in  the  same  locality,  aud,  curiously  enough,  possessed  a 
similarly  abnormal  dentition  through  the  absence  of  the  last  molar  in  each  side  of 
each  jaw. 

Helievers  in  the  coalescence  theory  of  the  development  of  teeth  may  find  a  crumb 
of  comfort  in  the  fa<!t  that  in  both  cases  the  last  tooth  in  the  row  was  sliglitly  wider 
than  usual,  and  a  little  more  deeply  grooved  vertically.  On  the  otlmr  hand,  Mr. 
Andrew  llalkett^  has  noted  a  case  in  which  three  upper  molars  were  present. 


'History  ol'  North  Amuricuu  Piuuipeds, p.329, 


2  MSS.  report. 


ii 


I  rcinulc,  ill 
ii.y  years  u 
n('«  of  Mi« 
liSOII  I'l.  I.) 
n-i|iioiit  ill 
I.  A  «:oo(l 
'liicli  wen! 


ANVTK.MV    ol-    TIM-;    Fl  1(    8KAI.. 


11 


2) 


isessed  a 
li  side  of 

11  crumb 
ly  wider 
lid,  Mr. 


TiM.  UM'th  .ic.M.ionMl  ;,M  (Hoy  px.inide  liu.n  tl,,..  g«in,  tlio  brown  rolor  u.meariiiu' 
(irstiittlieliiMiiid  w()rkiiiy,l„„.„w,i,,|.  "loior  uppeimiitf 

IMiA'I'K  [.     All  lijjiiKw  iiiitiirul  iii/*i. 
FiK.l.  Ke...,ntly  I,.,,,.  „,alo  vsi.l,  ,„ilk  ..„i.i,..H  u.ul  (onrtl.  n.ilU  i.ioh.r  h,  „l«o.. 
-.  Mill.)  with  II, ,,„.!•  milk  caniiii'N  Htill  In  pliMo. 
:t.   Mill,,  with  lust  upper  tn.o  iiiular  not  jrt  tliroiiKli  tho  Kum. 

5    M 'm,'Ih  ',     ;•'.'  ""■"'  ',","'"""  "'"'  ""  '"'"  '"''  "'•'""•  ■""'"■•  ^""  'l«vl..pe.l. 

t!:  i!:;;;;.  •"""""•'"'""  "'"""•• '  "■•  ^'  ^""^ ■•  '•'  ^^"'""  ^""  "'-•..) -■  the  ...^  .,...„„« 

7.   I>..iititi.m  „(■  ol.l  l„,imlo  with  i.lm.,rpti..ii  of  ,„„h,iH  udviiiniea. 

H.   Keiititioi.  of  oiliest  IWiihI-  ol.taiiie.l,  showing  the  true  inolarH  of  l.ofh   i„ws  worn    .wiu   ..n.I 
tthm.rl.iMl  luid  nil  feoth iiiisheil  in  size.  ■"  ,|i"ws  worn  .iwii.v   i.n.l 

I'LA'I'K  II.     All  ligiiniM  iiiitiiral  Ni/,e. 
Vin.  1.  Doiititioii  of  yeiirliiiK  niiile. 
2-  JJeiiliti f  Ijeai-old  malr. 

'■  ""uilim".::!::!""  ""'"'  '  "'  '^  ^'""-^  '""-  "'"'"'"«  «'"-'t--.i-  wea..iii«  ,.•  antonor  face  of 


NOTES  ON  THE  ANATOMY  OF  THE  FUR  SEAL. 

Hy  HoilKlfl    K,    SNni.oKnSS. 
TIIK   AMMENTABY   CANAL   A.Vl)    MVKll. 

„  I.hm'm  'T'"'"'!'.*'!"^  "'"  ?'  """"*"'' '"  ^«"*  "!•""  ^'-^^  '^"t«"«r  ^''r'acc  Of  tl.o  cardiac.     In 
a  bull  til.  l.„,.tl.  iron,  tlu,  ..irdia..  e,„l  to  the  evtreme  right  portion  i.s  about  18  ii.;he8! 


Km,  1.— stonmcli  nf  m'al  pup,  uiicliaU'  natural  size. 


roni  h.re  to  the  pyloris  8  inches.  The  small  intestine  is  extremely  slender.  In  a 
LI  TT"  ;'•',  '"'"'  '  ""''  "'•'■■ '"'  '''' '  ■■"  '^  •'«^^'  ^«t^««"  50  and  «0  feet.  The 
In  a  pu  22  ii.e lie.s  loii^  the  small  intestine  is  about  28  feet  and  the  large  10  inches. 
Hence  the  intestine  iiu-reases  in  length  proportionately  as  the  animal  matures  The 
cm.«,u  IS  short  and  blunt.    F.om  the  pyloris  the  small  intestine  goes  backTrd  and 


BB 


12 


TlIK    FUK    SEALS   OK    THK    I'KIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


: 


hi 


makes  ji  curve  to  the  right,  thou  turns  dorsally  ami  haekwanl  t»»  the  posterior  end  of 
the  rijjflit  kidney.  From  here  it  again  goes  forward  and  is  disposed  in  iiMiunierable 
coils,  ending  in  the  large  intestine  Just  back  of  the  pyloris.  The  large  intestine  runs 
tirst  backward  to  the  posterior  end  of  the  right  kidney,  makes  a  bend  to  the  left  and 
forward,  then  turns  back,  doubles  upon  itself  ventrally,  turns  inward  and  posterioi-ly 
to  the  niiddlo  lino  of  the  body,  and  finally  goes  straight  to  the  anus. 

The  stomavli  is  large,  elongate,  and  capable  of  great  distension.  It  lies  on  the 
left  side,  and  the  pyloric  end  is  bent  upon  the  anterior  surfa(;e  of  the  cardiac.  In  an 
adult  male  the  length  from  the  cardiac  end  to  the  extreme  right  portioi  is  about  18 
inches,  and  from  here  to  the  pyloric  8  inches,  the  large  part  with  more  or  less  longi 
tudinal,  deep  ruga-.  The  small  reflexed,  pyloric  portion  is  slightly  striated,  and  in 
this  lodge  the  fish  bones,  etc.,  which  are  subsequently  regurgitated. 

The  Urer  consists  of  two  left  lobes  and  three  right  lobes.  The  tiaUbladder  is 
pt!ar-shaped  and  situated  between  the  anterior  and  middle  right  hepatic  lobes.  The 
cystic  duct  is  long  and,  near  the  posterior  lobe  of  the  liver,  is  J(»ined  by  a  hepatic  thief 
formed  by  the  union  of  three  smaller  ducts  from  ditterent  parts  of  the  liver.  The 
common  duct  f(»rmed  by  the  «',ystic  and  hepatic  ducts  enters  the  duodenum  about  2 
inches  below  the  pyloric. 

The  heart. — The  anterior  end  of  the  heart  lies  between  the  third  and  fourth  ribs. 
The  ventricular  part  is  soinewhiit  ovate,  the  longest  transverse  diameter  being  in  front 
of  the  middle,  and  the  posterior  i)art  tapering  and  bluntly  termimited.  The  auricular 
lobes  are  rather  small.  In  an  adult  bull  the  rentricnlar  septum  is  very  thick,  and  is 
convex  to  the  right.  Its  long  axis  is  almost  anteroposterior,  but  it  Joins  the  outer 
wall  to  the  right  of  the  ai)ex  of  the  heart,  so  that  the  right  ventricle  is  smaller  than 
the  left  by  niore  than  the  thickness  of  the  septum.  A  line  Joining  any  two  extreme 
left  points  in  the  right  ventricle  does  not  pass  through  tiie  left  ventricle,  so  that, 
although  the  right  ventricle  is  crescent-shaped  in  transverse  section,  it  does  not  at  all 
surround  the  left  ventricle. 

In  the  posterior  half  of  the  left  ventricle  are  two  large  longitudinal  masses  of 
muscle.  One  projects  into  the  cavity  from  the  left  ventral  aspect  of  the  interior  wall 
as  a  nniss  flattened  perpendicularly  to  the  part  of  the  ventricular  wall  from  which  it 
arises;  the  other  projects  from  the  left  dorsal  aspect  of  the  same  as  a  mass  flattened 
in  a  line  i)arallel  to  the  part  of  the  wall  from  which  it  arises.  About  two  thirds  of  its 
length  forward  from  its  posterior  end  the  dorsal  mass  becomes  decreased  to  half  its 
diameter  by  an  abrupt  contraction.  The  transverse  surface  thus  formed  is  ventral  to 
the  remaining  longitudinal  part  and  gives  origin  to  two  sets  of  chordw,  one  ventral 
the  other  dorsal.  The  former  consists  of  two  large  tendons,  the  latter  of  two  large 
and  two  small,  the  small  ones  between  the  others.  The  remainder  of  this  papillary 
muscle  runs  forward  and  bifurcates  into  a  right  and  a  left  mass,  both  of  which  become 
lost  in  the  wall  of  the  ventricle  back  of  the  right  valve,  l""rom  near  their  anterior 
ends  small  fibers  arise  that  are  inserted  upon  the  valve  near  its  base.  The  ventral 
papillary  nuiscle  runs  f'orwaid  entire  farther  than  tlie  other,  be(;omes  suddenly  con- 
tracted, h'aving  a  transverse  surface  on  the  dorsal  side,  from  which  arise  two  sets  of 
chorda-  of  two  each.  The  remaimle>'  runs  forward,  indistinctly  bifurcates,  and  becomes 
lost  in  the  walls  of  the  ventriiile  after  giving  off  a  few  fibers  to  the  base  of  the  left 
valve.    The  left  mitral  calve  is  much  the  smaller  of  the  two. 


i:'i 


\ 


THE    IIKAHT. 


ly 


left     TK^l  ^    .r"*'"'  '  "'^  '''''l""*''^  '""'^'•'•'^  *'■«  ^'«'y  •««'^re"t  iio...  tlK.se  =,.  tl.e 

ef       1  here  are  tl.ree  pnucipal  nuiHcles.    Two  arise  in  the  posterior  end  o    U.e  ve^^ 

tucle,  one  run.  -.«•  lorwurd  along  the  septum  and  the  other  along  the  'mter  ventral 

I'HE   CIKCULATURY   OK&ANS. 


Klij.a.  Hnnif. ol'si'iil  |)ii|),  iiiitiinilHizu. 
I'd.  Caiotiil  luliiiy. 
virt.  Vi'i'tfliral  iirlory. 

til.  Tliyroid  hxIh. 
win.  Internal  iiiaiiiiiinry  artery. 
He,  Siilnlavian  arli^ry'. 
(III.  DiiotiiH  Ilotalli. 

wall.    The  inner  one  bifurcates  a  short  distance  from  its  origin,  and  each  arm  extends 
forward  a  little  more  than  half  this  length,  when  it  terminates,  giving  oil'  three  chorda". 


n 


\'i 


n 


14 


THE    FUR   "^EALS   OK   THE    I'RIHILOF   ISLANDS. 


Tbe  right  muscle  runs  forward  about  twice  the  distance  of  the  inner,  and  divides  into 
an  outer  and  an  inner  branch.  The  latter  beconnvs  lost  upon  the  ventral  wall  of  the 
ventricle,  while  the  other  bears  six  chordii'  tendinis.  Tlie  third  papillary  muscle  is 
very  short.  It  projects  forward  and  to  the  right,  into  the  cavity  of  tlie  ventricle,  from 
the  septum  near  its  ventral  border,  just  back  of  the  right  auriculo  ventricular  valve. 
The  pulmonary  venaeln.—The  ducUis  Botalli  persists  throu<;hout  life  as  a  hollow 

vessel,  closed  at  each  end  by  a  membrane.  It 
is  proportionately  larger  in  a  pup  than  in  an 
old  animal,  but  even  in  tlie  latter  it  is  well 
developed. 

There  are  four  jmhnonary  reins.  On  the  left 
side  one  large  one  comes  from  the  anterior  lobe 
of  the  corresponding  lung  and  enters  the  lel't 
auricle  at  its  anterior  left  aspect.  From  the 
posterior  lobe  on  the  same  side  three  veins, 
decreasing  in  si/e  from  before  backward,  con- 
verge toward  the  posterior  outer  aspecit  of  the 
left  auricle  and  unite  near  it,  forming  a  single 
trunk  less  than  half  an  inch  long.  On  the 
right  side  a  very  large  trunk  comes  from  the 
most  ])08terior  lobe  of  the  right  lung  and  is 
joined  by  a  smsiller  vein  from  the  middle  lobe. 
The  common  trunk  thus  formed  is  very  shoi-t, 
resembling  the  one  on  the  left.  These  two 
empty  very  close  together  into  the  posterior 
l)art  of  the  left  auricle.  Tiie  anterior  vein  on 
the  right  side  is  formed  by  the  union  of  numer- 
ous bran(;lies  from  the  anterior  and  middle 
lobes  of  the  lung,  of  which  branches  the  most 
l)osterior  is  the  largest,  and  goes  backward 
and  inward  dorsad  to  the  right  auricle  and 
base  of  anterior  vena  cava,  to  the  anterior 
right  aspect  of  the  l»>ft  auricle. 

The  systemic  orteries, — The  aortic  arch  gives 
oft'  two  main  trunks,  the  hrachioccphalic  and 
left  suhclarian.  The  brachiocephalic  is  very 
short  and  gives  oft"  close  together,  first  the  left 
common  eaxotid  and  th«'n  the  riijht  common 
carotid.  The  remainder  of  the  trunk  continues 
outward  and  forward  as  the  riyht  suhclarian. 
Where  tiie  latter  leaves  the  th«»racic  cavity  it 
gives  oft"  three  |>rinci|)al  trunks,  the  internal 
mammary,  the  rertehral,  and  the  thyroid  axis. 

The  internal  mammary  runs  inward  and  bacikward  along  the  dorsal  side  of  the 
costal  cartilages  just  external  to  the  sternum. 

The  vertebral  artery  arises  from  the  subclavian  a  little  internal  to  the  origin  of 
the  internal  mammary.    It  runs  forward  and  iuward,  entering  the  canal  of  the  verte- 


Fio.  3.— Posterior  arterial  system. 
ab.  a.  A Itdomiiial  liorta. 
tr.  il,  Gxteriiul  iliac. 
•  II.  i7.  Internal  iliiic. 
al.  Alliintuir  vessels. 
ep.  Epigaslrli-  artery. 


..        \ 


riRCrhATORY    ORGANS. 


15 


0  of  the 

)ri^iii  of 
c  verte- 


bral foraininii  at  tlie  sixth  vertebra.  It  passes  through  the  transverse  foramen  in  the 
atlas,  turns  dorsally  anil  runs  along  the  groove  between  the  transverse  process  and 
the  anterior  expansion  bearing  the  facet  for  articulation  with  the  condyloid  |)roces8, 
and  then  goes  through  the  foramen  in  the  dorsal  part  of  this  to  enter  the  cranial 
cavity  by  the  foramen  magnum.  After  leaving  the  transverse  foramen  of  the  atlas  it 
gives  off  a  branch  backward  to  the  muscles 
of  the  back  of  the  head  and  to  the  deep 
muscles  of  tiie  dorsolateral  aspect  of  the 
neck.  The  two  aiteries  run  forward  along 
the  ventrolateral  aspciits  of  the  medulla  ob- 
longata, but  toward  its  anterior  end  they 
converge  and  unite.  The  single  niedian 
trunk  thus  formed  just  back  of  the  jjons 
Varolii  gives  oft"  a  branch  on  each  side  to 
the  cerebelhun.  The  remainder  goes  for- 
ward to  the  infuudibulnra,  where  it  breaks 
up  into  a  number  of  branches,  one  on  each 
side  to  the  anterior  surface  of  the  cerebellum 
and  the  others  to  the  thalamencephalon  and 
prosen(;ephaIon. 

The  thyroid  axis  is  distributed  to  the 
muscles  of  the  neck  and  shoulder.  Its  first 
branch  is  one  given  off  outward,  and  curves 
over  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  shoulder,  and 
then  goes  posteriorly  to  the  muscles  on  the 
dorsal  aspeiit  of  the  same.  In  front  of  this 
a  second  branch  is  given  off  inwardly.  This 
goes  forward  a  short  distance  and  then  di- 
vides into  two  vessels,  both  of  which  curve 
over  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  shoulder  to 
tiie  superior  muscles  of  the  same.  The  main 
trunk  turns  dorsad  and  then  backward,  soon 
to  divide  into  numerous  small  vessels  to  the 
deei)  muscles  of  the  ne<-,k  and  shoulder. 

Each  common  carotid  at  the  base  of  the 
skull  divides  into  an  exiernul  and  an  internal 
carotid,  the  latter  entering  the  cranium  by 
the  carotid  (;anal. 

The  ahdominal  aorta  gives  oft"  a  voeiiac 
axis,  upper  and  lower  menenteri(;  renal  and 
lieuital  vessels,  and  then  divides  into  an  ex- 
ternal and  internal  Hide  artery  on  each  side. 
In  some  cases  the  proximal  ends  of  the  in- 
ternal iliacs  form  a  short,  conmion  trunk.  The  external  iliac  gives  off  in  the  abdominal 
cavity  an  eiufiastrio  artery,  which  runs  forward  on  the  ventral  wall  of  the  abdomen, 
beint;'  distributed  to  the  same,  and  then  leaves  the  abdominal  cavity  and  becomes  the 
femoral,    Tiie  intetnal  iliac  runs  backward  laterally  into  the  pelvic  cavity.     It  gives 


Flo.  4.— RiKht  niiterlor  voiiima  svNteiu. 
I',  ill.  right  iiiniiiiiiiiati'. 
iiit.j.  JiitRriinl  iuKnliir. 
fx.j.  extHiniil  jiiKiiliir. 
vt'rt.  viTteliriii  vein. 
(l^.  1I7..VKII8  vein. 
ma.  iuliirnal  loiinimiirv  vein. 


/^ 


ifrT 


1^ 


I 


IG 


TIIK    FUR   SKALS    OK    THK    I'laiUI-OF    ISLANDS. 


;! 


oil  an  ttHantoir  vessel  a  sliort  distaiico  buck  of  its  origin,  which  runs  veiitriilly  and 
forwiml  iiloDg  the  side  of  the  luiiiaiy  bladder  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  same,  where 
the  right  and  left  vessels  fuse  with  the  urachis.  Tliey  are  hollow  trunks  in  the  adult 
and  contain  blood.  Back  of  the  head  of  the  ilium  the  internal  iliac  artery  gives  oft"  a 
small  sciatic  branch.    Other  branches  are  given  oft"  to  the  pelvic  organs. 

Tlie  systemic  veins.— The  vena  cava  anterior  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  ri{)ht 


Fid.  fi,- Veins  of  I'ori'  lliiili  of  pup,  oiiolialf  iiutiinil  size. 

and  left  innnminute  trunks.  These  run  transversely  across  the  anterior  part  of  the 
thoracic;  cavity,  and  hence  with  the  vena  cava  anterior  they  make  a  T.shaped  vessel. 
A  short  distance  in  front  of  the  auricle  the  vena  cava  receives  the  nzygos  rein,  which 
is  joined  neai  its  termination  by  two  smaller  veins  from  the  neighboring  muscles. 
Just  a  little  back  of  its  anterior  end  it  receives  ventrally  the  iiiterml  nianimarff  rein. 
This  is  tbriued  by  the  union  of  four  vessels,  two  large  inner  ones  and  two  smaller 


\ 


SY8TEMR"    VKINS. 


17 


outer  ones.  Tlieso  run  tbrwiird  aloiijjf  tlie  costal  cartilafies  with  the  internal  nianiinary 
artery  between  the  two  of  each  hiteral  pair.  The  coniinon  trunk  tbruied  by  the  uniou 
is  very  short. 

Each  innominate  divides  into  three  trunlis,  the 
fcrtihnil,  common  jidjidar,  and  siiholKridn.  The 
vertebral  goes  to  tlie  head  throngli  the  vertebral 
canal.  The  «'onunon  Jugular  is  very  short  and  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  an  c.iienuil  and  intrnitti 
juijular.  The  external  lies  laterally  along  the 
neck.  It  is  formed  at  the  base  of  the  skull  by  the 
union  of  veins  from  the  exterior  of  the  head  and 
lower  jaw.  A  short  distance  back  of  its  anterior 
end  it  is  joined  by  a  vein  running  tbrward  from 
the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  shoulder  and  neck. 
About  half  way  down  two  smaller  ones  unite 
with  it  that  come  from  the  dorsal  surface  of  the 
neck.  Near  its  lower  end,  tinally,  a  large  branch 
curves  over  the  anterior  aspect  of  the  shoulder 
from  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  same  and  unites 
with  it  just  in  front  of  the  shoulder.  The  mus- 
cles of  the  neck  and  shoulder  are  hence  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  both  arteries  and  veins;  the 
veins  of  this  region  emi>tying  into  the  external 
jugular  correspoiuling  in  size  and  numbers  with 
the  branches  of  the  thyroid  axis.  The  internal 
jugular  is  formed  at  the  base  of  the  skull  by  the 
union  of  numerous  branches  from  the  exterior 
and  interior  of  the  head.  The  most  important 
of  these  are:  Two  veins  curving  around  the  pos- 
terior ends  of  the  lower  jaw  from  the  muscles 
laterad  of  this  and  from  the  posterior  lateral 
asi»ect  of  the  head;  a  vein  from  the  interior  of 
the  cranium  which  leaves  the  same  by  a  snnill 
foramen  in  the  anterior  i)art  of  the  ear  capsule 
and  which  then  goes  backward  and  downward 
along  the  lesser  cornu  of  the  hyoid  and  receives 
a  branch  from  the  tongue;  a  vein  fiom  the  base 
of  the  head  and  the  soft  palate,  and  the  main 
trunk  from  the  jugular  foramen  in  the  skull. 
The  internal  jugular  is  much  larger  than  the  ex- 
ternal. It  receives  no  important  additions  along 
the  neck. 

The  subclavian  vein  is  formed  by  the  union  of 
numerous  veins  from  the  fore  limb. 

The  inferior  renu  vara  is  formed  at  a  variable 
point  either  between  or  bat^k  of  the  kidneys  by  the  union  of  the  converging  eommon 
iliac  veins.    Each  of  these  is  formed  fartht'i'  back  by  the  union  of  the  external  and 
5971— PT  3 ii 


-PoatiTior  venous  By»t<>ni  of  loft  side. 
1).  I'. ;).  Venn  oava  poBtt^ior. 

i:.il.  Cimiinon  iliiio  win. 
ex.  il.  external  iliac  vein. 
III.  t(.  internal  iliac  Tuiu. 
Jim.  fonioral  vein. 

V.  vein  Iroui  plantar  surface  of  liinil  tliiipcr. 
c.  n.  median  vanilal  anil  sacral  vein. 


MP 


\\ 


18 


IIIK    FIJH    SEALS    (IF   THK    PKIHILOF    ISLANDS. 


ft 


intenial  iliac  veim.  The  former  is  coiiipoMed  of  the  finioral  rein  fiom  the  liiiitl  limb, 
where  it  is  formed  by  the  union  of  numerous  truulvs,  of  wliidi  tlie  /«>«//  sitplivnoiis  is 
the  hir^est,  and  of  another  vein  be{!;inninjr  on  the  plantar  surface  of  the  hind  Hipper 
and  tnen  runnin;]^  forward  superficially  alonj^  the  inside  «if  the  tibia  and  across  the 
upper  end  of  the  thigh  into  the  abdominal  cavity.  Wliere  tlu*  latter  vein  pier<!es  the 
peritoneum  it  receives  the  two  critinxtrie  reins  of  the  same  side.  These  lie  one  on 
each  side  of  the  epigastric  arljry.  The  external  iliac  receives  a  vein  from  the 
dorsal  wall  of  the  abdominal  cavity.  The  internal  iliac  is  lormed  at  the  posteriiu- 
end  of  the  pelvic  cavity  by  the  union  of  veins  in  that  region.  It  in<rrease8  as  it 
passes  forward  along  the  dorsal  wall  of  the  pelvis  by  recnnving  veins  along  its  course. 
In  the  jwsterior  part  ot  the  abdominal  cavity  the  two  internal  iliacs  are  united  by  a 
transverse  commissure,  into  which  a  small  median  caudal  and  sa<rral  vein  empties. 
Beyond  this  the  internal  iliac  veins  diverge  and  each  unites  Avith  the  corresponding 
external  iliac.  The  external  and  internal  iliac  veins  are  connected  also  by  a  com- 
missure, joining  the  latter  just  back  of  that  between  it  and  its  fellow  and  the  former 
a  short  distance  back  of  its  anterior  enil.  A  lateral  vein  from  the  pelvic  organs 
empties  into  this  commissure  near  its  inner  end. 

The  veins  of  the  rei)roductive  glands  join  the  veua  cava  just  back  of  the  renal 
veins. 

The  portal  rein. — The  ])ortal  rein  remains  throughout  life  connected  with  the 
umbilicus  by  a  hollow  ritellinc  rein,  and  with  the  vena  cava  inferior  just  where  this 
vessel  pierces  the  diaphragm  by  a  likewise  hollow  dncfn.s  renosiis.  Both  of  these  unite 
with  the  portal  vein  between  its  two  branches,  going  to  the  anterior  right  and  left 
lobes  of  the  liver. 

THE   UKl'UOOUCTIVE   OUOANS. 

The  male  organs. — The  testis  is  elongatedl  oval,  with  the  dorsal  border  a  little 
concave.  The  epididymis  begins  at  the  anterior  end,  goes  backward  along  the  (loncave 
side,  enlarging  at  the  same  time,  ami  then  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  testis  turns 
forward  on  the  inner  side  of  the  first  part.  It  then  again  decreases  in  size  and 
becomes  the  but  slightly  convoluted  ras  deferens. 

The  serotum  is  very  long,  but  is  entirely  shut  of!"  from  the  abdominal  cavity.  By 
means  of  the  extremely  elongated  eremaster  mnseles,  however,  each  pouch  can  be 
drawn  up  far  under  the  skin  and  fat  of  the  pelvic  region  of  the  body  close  to  the 
ventral  pelvic  muscles.  Each  eremaster  arises  from  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
vertebra,  just  back  of  the  posterior  border  of  the  kidneys,  and  is  inserted  along 
the  entire  length  of  the  corresponding  scrotal  sac. 

The  upper  part  of  the  urethra  is  enlarged  and  its  walls  are  greatly  thickened  and 
glandular.  The  vasa  deferentia  unite  into  a  common  tube  a  short  distance  back  of 
the  neck  of  the  bladder,  which  immediately  enters  the  glandular  part  of  the  urethra 
and  open  within  on  a  flabby  papilla. 

The  spermatic  veins  join  the  vena  cava  just  back  of  the  renal  vessjls.  Kacli 
is  formed  by  numerous  veins  near  the  surface  of  the  testis,  which  converge  and  unite 
at  its  anterior  end.  Except  near  the  vena  cava  the  spermatic  veins  are  very  much 
convoluted,  and  each  is  surrounded  by  an  inner  layer  of  spongy  tissue  and  by  an 
outer  membranous  sheath. 

The  penis  is  composed  of  two  large  corpora  careinosa  having  their  distal  hal»re8 
ossified,  and  of  a  membranous  corpus  spowjiosum  and  ijlans.    The  penis  of  a  bull  is  from 


KKArAI.K    OKOANS. 


19 


Mh>  liiiul  limb, 
I//  s(ii>hnii)iis  is 
lie  hind  Hipper 
iiiul  across  the 
eiii  pierces  the 
lese  lie  one  on 
v»'in  from  tlie 
t  the  posterior 
increases  as  it 
loii}^  its  ccmrse. 
ire  niiited  by  a 
1  vein  empties, 
eorrespondiii};' 
also  by  a  com- 
!ind  the  former 
I  pelvic  organs 

ck  of  the  renal 

ected  with  the 
just  where  this 
h  of  these  unite 
r  right  and  left 


I  border  a  little 
njj  thetroncave 
he  testis  turns 
,es  in  size  and 

al  cavity.  l'>y 
pou«;li  can  bo 
dy  close  to  the 
surface  of  the 
inserted  along 

thickened  and 
(Stance  back  of 
I  of  the  urethra 

i^essjls.     Hacli 

jrge  and  unite 

[are  very  much 

lue  aiul  by  au 

distal  hiiWes 
'  a  bull  is  from 


10  to  11  inches  Ion;*.  The  corpora  cavernosa  are  united,  the  linesof  their  unum  being 
represented  by  a  dense  vertical  jdate.  lU'tween  the  two  ventrally  is  a  groove,  the 
sitlcnn  lurtlualis,  the  lloor  of  which  is  formed  by  the  membranous  corpus  spongiosum. 
The  distal  half  of  the  penis  is  composed  mostly  of  a  bi>nc.  club-shaped  proximally  and 
exi>andcd  vertically  at  its  distal  end.  Transverse  sections  of  the  penis  show  that  this 
bone  consists  of  the  united  and  ossitied  terminal  halves  of  the  corpora  cavernosa. 
The  posterior  end  of  the  corpus  spongiosum  forms  no  ditVerentlated  glans,  but  covers 
the  end  of  the  bone  simply  as  a  thin  membrane.  The  urethra  enters  the  peuis  at  about 
its  middle,  and  ojiens  to  the  exterior  below  the  distal  end.  The  penis  is  ordinarily 
bent  into  a  V-shaped  position,  the  angle  being  at  the  anterior  end  of  the  bone.  The 
proximal  iinossitied  hall' projects  backward  and  the  distal  half  forward  below  the  other. 
The  female  orijanx. — ICach  oranj  is  shaped  somewhat  like  a  spherical  wedge  with 
the  edge  lying  longitudinally  and  turned  dorsally.  It  is  also  slightly  notched  so  that 
the  ovary  is  kidney-shaped  in  dorso-ventral  proiile.  It  is  conne(!ted  with  the  llya- 
mentum  latum  at  the  notch  and  near  it  ou  the  inner  surface  with  the  anterior  inner 
aspect  of  the  hoin  of  the  uterus 
on  the  same  side,  the  exterior  of 
the  latter  being  directly  continu- 
ous with  the  ligamentum  latum 
in  front.  l<]ach  ovary  is  iinilosed 
in  a  recurved  fold  of  the  suspend- 
ing ligament  Ibrming  a  pouch 
almost  closed,  a  small  opening 
being  left  on  the  inner  side  near 
the  dorsal  edge.  The  ratjiua  is 
wide  and  expands  anteriorly. 
Below  the  widened  part  it  re 
ceives  the  urethra  on  its  ventral 
surface.  The  uterus  is  double; 
the  two  horns  diverge  in  front, 
but  their  approximated  posterior         ^'''"- 7-'i'«''ti«""J sp^nimtic  voiu uiyouug  wuie.  utttumi »!/,«. 

en<ls  are  coalesced  for  some  distance.  The  distal  end  of  each  horn  is  rounded  and 
lies  close  to  the  o\  ary  of  the  same  side.  The  very  much  convoluted  Fallopian  tube 
enters  very  near  the  extremity  on  the  anterior  dorsal  aspect.  It  runs  forward  to 
the  anterior  end  of  the  ovary,  going  ventral  to  it,  and  then  runs  backward  again  ou 
the  inner  side  to  near  the  posterior  end.  Here  it  opens  on  the  inside  of  the  ovarian 
sac  by  a  slightly  enlarged  mouth  with  plicated  edges.  The  ovaries  are  supplied  with 
blood  by  vessels  from  the  inferior  vena  cava  and  the  abdominal  aorta.  The  vagina 
and  uterus  receive  their  blood  from  branches  of  the  pelvic  vessels. 

About  -'  inches  forwiud  from  the  posterior  opening  of  the  vagina  its  inner  walls 
present  a  large  backward-projecting  fold.  The  free  margin  of  this  fold  is  very 
irregular  and  above  ami  below  it  is  extended  in  two  wide  conical  Haps.  The  free  ei^d 
of  the  lower  one  is  slit  transversely  and  this  tissure  forms  the  vaginal  oi)cniiig  of  the 
urethra.  This  fold  separates  a  lower  vestibular  region  of  the  vagina  from  the  vagina 
proper.  The  elitoris  lies  along  the  lloor  of  the  former.  About  half  way  forward  to 
the  point  of  divergence  of  the  uterine  horns  is  a  second  internal  fold  in  the  walls  of 
the  vagiiui.    The  dorsal  part  of  this  foUl  forms  a  thick  pad  like  thickening  ou  the 


i 


|; 


r 


\  l\ 


!t 


20 


THK    VVR   SKALS    Ol'    THE    I'lUBILOF    ISLANDS. 


vaginal  wiill.  The  tVeo  border  is  elsewhere  produced  into  pa])illie.  The  Inmon  iibovo 
this  fold  is  ntueh  Hinaller  than  below  and  in  hood  divided  by  a  vertieal  partition.  Tliia 
marks  the  begiuuiug  of  the  horns  of  the  uteruts,  aud  the  free  lower  eud  of  the  neptuiu 


Fio.  8.— UniK'Uilal  mgiins  of  I'iiiimIo,  iichii'iil. 
00.  Ddi'.sal  iioila. 
v.i:p.  INidlrrhir  vena  cava. 
at.  I).  Allaiitoiu  veins. 
«r.  UraeliiH,  tlit-  ovarian  (^apHiile  of  tlir  li^sauuMitun)  ! 
lig.  LiKanit'Ut  attachiUK  ovuiy  to  li|{unit.'Utuiu  luttuii. 
K.  Kiilnc  y 
iiv.  Ovary. 
fal.  Fallc>|iian  tuhv. 


nil  iH  round. 


is  terminated  by  a  small  papilla-like  valve  that  may  close  either  opening.  In  the 
uongravid  uterus  the  luniina  in  the  fused  parts  are  considerably  narrower  than  in  the 
divergent  parts  of  the  horns. 


BHAIN    Ol'    Fl'U    SKAL. 


21 


lunioii  iibovo 
tition.  This 
)t'  thu  HCptUlU 


Tlie  mammary  f/hniih  are  two  in  number.  I'iiich  is  loiifj  and  triangnlar,  reaching 
from  the  foro  limb  to  tlit^  i)osterior  end  ol"  tiie  body.  Tiie  two  are  divergent  in  front, 
but  posteriorly  are  closely  ai»proxiinated  l)nt  not  united,  l-iach  is  provided  with  two 
very  small  abdominal  trats.  In  a  very  old  cow  the  manunary  glands  become  absorbed 
and  mostly  replaced  by  fat. 

THE    riMNAUV   OKOANS. 

The  lidiiei/s  are  oval,  with  the  inner  border  slightly  concave,  and  are  a  little 
llattened  dorsoventrally.  In  a  bull  they  are  about  4.75  inches  long.  The  lulus  is 
small.  The  pelvis  of  each  divides  ultinuitely  into  a  large  number  of  small  tubules, 
ending  each  in  a  cah/.v.  The  papilhr  opening  into  these  calices  have  no  regular 
arrangement,  since  they  are  turned  in  all  directions  either  toward  or  away  from  the 
hilus.  The  urhmrji  hlailder  is  small,  about  2,'}  inches  in  a  bull,  and  is  pear-shaped, 
Tiie  urachis  is  large  and  remains  so  throughout  life. 


king.     In  the 
kr  than  in  the 


THE  BRAIN  OF  THE  FUR  SEAL,  CALLORHINUS  URSINUS; 

WITH  A  OOMPAUATIVK  l)KSf!KII'TI<>N  (•!"    I'llO.Si:  ol'  /AhOI'IIUS  CALIKOUNIANIIS,  PIIOC'A 
VITULINA,  i;USUS  AMKHICANt'S,  AND  MONACIII'S  TKOl'ICALI.S. 

|{y  I'lKHRi';  A.  Fish,  1>.  .Sc,  D.  V.  S,, 
New  yorii-  Slati'  \'i:Urinav;i  Colhijc,  Ithtwn,  X.  V, 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  specimen  was  from  a  young  male  pup  25  inches  in  length,  weighing  about  12 
pounds.  The  brain  was  still  incased  in  the  dura,  and  on  tlie  basal  surface  portions  of 
the  cranial  bones  were  left  adherent  to  this  membrane.  An  occasional  cut  through 
the  dura  caused  a  protrusion  or  hernia  of  the  cerebral  substanc^e. 

The  weight  of  the  brain  in  the  fresh  condition,  as  reported  by  Mr.  Lucas,  was  10 
ounces  and  240  grains.    This  included  the  dura  with  the  attached  cranial  fiagments. 

The  specimen  was  i)re8erved  in  a  "rather  strong  solution  of  formalin,'' and,  except 
for  some  swelling  of  the  tissue  and  softening  of  the  interior,  was  in  a  very  good  condi- 
tion. The  bloating  was  indicated  by  the  increased  weight,  which,  immedi.ately  after 
the  receipt  of  the  specimen,  December  12,  was  found  to  be  13  ounces,  a  gain  of  about 
3  ounces;  the  closure  of  the  fissures  and  the  cerebral  In^rnias.  The  weight  without 
dura  and  attached  fragments  of  cranial  bones  after  preservation  from  September  1  to 
December  12  was  9.V  ounces  and  80  grains  (avoirdupois).  The  lateral  girth  was  2(5 
centimeters.  The  longitudinal  girth  with  the  oblongata  <nit  off  at  an  even  level  with 
the  caudal  surface  of  the  cerebellum  was  24  centimeters,  being  slightly  less  than  the 
former.  This  may,  perhaps,  be  accounted  for  to  some  extent  by  the  tape  resting 
slightly  in  the  intercerebral  cleft,  and  to  the  bloating,  as  this  would  affect  the  lateral 
rather  than  the  longitudinal  circumference. 

The  brain,  as  indicated  by  the  girth  measurements,  was  of  a  subglobular  form, 
slightly  tapering  at  the  ends,  and  its  outer  substance,  though  firm,  was  not  unyielding. 
Twenty-four  hours'  immersion  in  95  per  cent  alcohol  served  to  contract  the  nervous 
tissue  sufUcieutly  to  opeu  the  fissures,  and  yet  to  retain  enough  flexibility  of  their 


22 


TUF,    KlIK   SKALS   OF   THE    I'llIUILOF    ISLANDS. 


wallH  to  permit  of  an  easy  cxaininatioii  of  tliuir  doptliH.  In  order  to  obtain  tlie  desired 
roHiiIts,  after  plioto^frapliing  tlio  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces  of  the  entire  brain  it  wan 
cut  nitroHH  and  the  <'riira  eer4fl>i'i  or  nies(>neephalon  and  Die  eerelteliiini  and  ol)1on- 
pita  Ne])arated.  Tlie  cereliriini  was  tlien  divi<lt>d  by  n  sei^tion  alon)^  tlie  median  line, 
Beparatin^  it  iiH  nearly  as'po8Hib!(4  into  two  e<|uul  halves. 

KKMONAI.  <>l'    Dl'KA. 

Tliefalx  showed  an  interesting  development;  its  frontal  portion,  cspeeially  in  the 
region  of  the  olfactory  bnlbs,  being  of  eonsiderabl(>  depth,  then  becoming  very  shallow 
along  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  eerebrnm  and  becoming  very  deep  again  in  the 
intercerebr.al  <'left  in  the  caudal  region  of  the  (cerebrum.  A  distinct  longitudinal 
venous  sinus  as  iu  the  human  brain  is  not  present;  but  in  ])lace  of  it  is  a  vein  of 
some  size  lying  to  the  right  of  the  intercerebral  cleft  and  receiving  the  contents  of 
the  dorsal  cerebral  veins.  In  connection  with  the  w(«ik  devidopment  of  the  falx 
iilong  the  middle  of  its  length,  there  was  noticed  an  interdigitiition  of  the  gyres  of 
the  mesal  surface  of  the  hemicerebrums  in  this  region.  Tiiis  intimate  overlapping 
of  the  gyres  on  the  mesal  surfaces  of  th(^  two  hemi«'erebrums  is  possibly  comilated 
with  the  deliciency  of  growth  of  the  falx  here,  and  may  serve  in  a  measun*  to 
increase  the  tirmness  of  the  union  of  this  region  and  prevent  any  undue  strain  ujwn 
the  callosuni,  which  lies  some  little  distances  fntm  the  dorsal  surface  of  tim  cerebrum. 

This  interdigitation  of  tlie  mesal  gyres  is  also  ]uesent  iu  the  sheep,  where  the 
falx  is  also  deficiently  developed.  If  the  hemicerebrums  be  divided  with  a  sharp 
knife  without  first  separating  the  pial  adhesion  of  the  gyres,  tin*  gyres  will  be  cut. 
An  artifact  of  tliis  nature  has,  indeed,  been  mistaken  by  oiu^  writer,  in  an  article  on 
riiora,  for  the  cut  surface  of  a  bundle  of  fibers  dorsal  to  and  larger  than  the  caHosum, 
and  designated  by  him  as  the  commissura  suprema. 

The  tentorium  in  Cullorhinus  is  very  strongly  developed,  ai»itarently  extending  the 
whole  dejtth  of  the  transverse  archlike  cleft  between  the  «(ercbrum  and  cerel)ellunj. 
The  tough,  tibrous  tissue  of  the  teiitorinm  is,  moreover,  very  noticeably  reenforced  by 
the  presence  of  osseous  tissue.  Where  the  falx. joins  the  tentorium  there  is  an  exten- 
sion of  this  osseous  tissue  in  a  vertical  direction  into  the  falx — a  (sircumstance  which 
certainly  is  not  common  in  the  majority  of  othcM-  animals,  but  has  been  noted  by 
Turner  in  Macrorhinus. 

TF.ItMINOI.oOV. 

With  the  existing  uncertainty  relating  to  the  homology  of  the  fissures  of  the  brains 
of  the  carnivora  and  that  of  the  human  species,  nnudi  confusion  has  resulted  in  the 
present  nomenclatan!.  Some  have  nuide  a  direct  homology,  others  have  proposed  a 
iissural  type  solely  and  only  for  the  lower  forms,  while  still  others  have  blended  the  two, 
and  some  have  utilized  a  system  of  names  devised  by  themselves.  On  the  lateral 
surfacteof  the  various  fissured  brain  types  there  is  at  least  one  fissure — the  Sylvian — 
which  is  <piite  constantly  present  and  on  the  mesal  surface  the  hi])pocam])al  fissure. 

In  the  matter  of  nomenclature  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  follow  the  law  of 
priority;  but  those  Iissural  names,  whether  of  old  or  recent  date,  which  seemed  most 
appropriate  concerning  position  and  relation  have  been  adopted,  and,  with  perhaps 
but  one  or  two  exceptions,  no  new  Tiiimes  have  been  introduced.  It  has  been  the 
purpose  to  use  an  intrinsic  terminology  and  to  substitute  for  the  sometimes  indefinite 


nitAIN    OK    KiTR    SRAL. 


'>*{ 
jyi.1 


in  tlie  desired 
1  brain  it  Wiis 
111  and  oblon- 
t  median  line, 


>e«ially  in  the 
jf  very  Hhallow 
l>  a^iiin  in  tlie 
}  longitudinal 
it  is  a  vein  of 
le  contents  of 
it  of  tlie  falx 
r  the  gyres  of 
e  overlapping 
hly  correlated 
a  nieasnn^  to 
lie  strain  upon 
the  cerebrum, 
■ep,  where  the 

with  a  sharp 
's  will  be  «"Ut. 
II  an  article  on 

the  callosnm, 

extending  the 
ul  (cerebellum, 
reeii  (breed  by 
re  ia  an  exten- 
staiKHi  which 
jeen  noted  by 


sof  the  brains 

suited  in  the 

c  proposed  a 

Biided  the  two, 

)n  the  lateral 

the  Sylvian — 

iil)al  lissure. 

ow  the  law  of 

seemed  most 

with  perhaps 

has  been  the 

mes  indetinite 


terms,  "anterior,"  "posterior,"  "sniMirior,"  and  "inl'erior,"  terms  of  more  universal 
applicability — "eepliali(!,"  "caudal,''  "dorsal,"  and  "ventral."  For  "cephalic"  and 
"caudal"  Professor  Wilder  has  recently  suggested  "praeal"  and  "postal"  as  eqiiiva- 
lents;  and  for  "cephalad"  and  "caudad,"  "praead,"'  and  "postad." 

Where  certain  of  the  tissiircs  or  gynis  have  been  siibimuged  for  a  portion  or  the 
whole  of  their  course,  they  have  been  designated  as  siuch,  or  the  equivalent  terms, 
"siiblissiire"  or  "subgyre,"  proposed  by  Wilder,  have  been  used. 

In  the  study  of  the  llssures  mere  surface  aiipearances  are  not  acce[)ted  as  liiial. 
A  flsHural  entity  is  not  always  easy  to  detine.  The  best  apparent  guide  is  the  relative 
depth  throughout  the  course  of  the  lissure.  We  may  commonly  assume  that  the 
greatt'st  depth  is  at  about  the  middle  of  its  length,  and  that  it  becomes  gradually 
shallow  toward  each  end  until  it  reaches  llie  surface.  Such  a  simple  (condition, 
however,  does  not  usually  exist.  One  lissure  may  Join  the  end  of  another,  giving 
the  ap])earance  at  the  siirfa(;e  of  a  long,  continuous  lissure.  My  separating  its  walls 
or  "sounding"  its  depth  the  true  state  of  affairs  is  easily  perceived.  The  prescmce 
of  a  shallow,  whether  it  be  near  or  at  a  distanci^  from  the  end  of  a  lissure,  would 
s(;em  to  indicate  that  at  some  time  during  develo|>ment  this  shalhiw  has  been  or  will 
b(c  represented  at  the  surface  and  8(U've  to  separate  two  indept^nd(!nt  lissures. 

OALLORIIINUS   HBSINl'S. 

Vrnn'ml  ncrrrs. — The  cranial  nerve  roots  of  Ctillorhinns  are  well  developed  and  need 
no  sjiecial  coiiiiiient.  In  the  case  of  the  optic  nerves  we  do  not  liiid  the  X-shaped 
cliiasma,  as  in  I'lioca,  bnt  the  nerves  run  |iarallei  to  each  other  for  a  short  distance 
from  tilt!  chiasma  before  diverging  toward  the  eyes. 

The  third  pair  or  ociUomotor  nerves  have  a  straight  lateral  direction  fnun  their 
apparent  origins,  but  at  tluc  lateral  border  of  the  hypophysis  they  bend  abruptly  ui)on 
themselves  and  proceed  cephalad.  forming  a  very  distinct  right  angle. 

The  olfactory  lobes  are  fairly  well  developed. 

Fissures. — No  special  mention  will  be  made  of  the  gyres  (convolutions).  These 
are  naturally  formed  from  the  iiivolutious  of  the  lissures,  and  it  is  believed  that  a 
careful  descrijition  of  these  furrows  will  by  implication  include  that  of  the  gyres 
sulliciently  for  our  present  purpose. 

The  olfactory  lissure  is  completely  hidden  by  the  olfactory  cms  and  bulb;  when 
these  are  removed  a  shallow  lissure  is  apparent,  which  becomes  deeper  toward  the 
base  of  the  lobe. 

Forming  the  lateral  boundary  of  the  olfactory  lobe  is  the  rhinal  lissure,  which 
passes  in  a  caudo-lateral  direction  to  the  Sylvian.  An  apparent  continuation  of  the 
rhinal  from  the  Sylvian  is  known  as  the  postrhinal  lissure.  It  extends  in  a  meso- 
caudal  direction  for  a  centimeter  and  a  half,  stoiiping  just  short  of  the  cleft  between 
the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum.  A  (careful  examination  of  the  postrhinal  shows  that  it 
has  no  connection  whatever  with  the  rhinal,  but  is  continuous,  superficially  at  least, 
with  the  subfissure  (postica)  lying  in  the  caudal  wall  of  the  Sylvian.  This  condition 
also  obtains  in  the  adult  specimen  examined. 

I.ATKUAI.   ASI'ECT. 

The  Sylvian  is  a  convenient  lissure  to  begin  with.  There  is  usually  some  evidence 
of  it  if  the  brain  is  at  all  lissured,  and,  in  the  lower  animals  at  least,  it  forms  a  (center 
around  which  the  other  lissures  are  more  or  less  regularly  arranged.    In  (JullorhinuH 


I'! 


24  tin:  vvu  skals  ok  tin:  i'Riiiiia)1'  isi.anii8. 

thu  Sylvian  uxtciids  in  a  dorno  caiiiliil  tliieittioii,  iiicliiiin;;  Hoincwliiit  toward  tliv  vorti- 
cal. A])iiari'ntl,v  it  toriiiinatt's  in  a  fork,  but  wiien  tliu  walls  ot  tiit;  iissiiri!  an'  divari 
«;ated  it  is  holmi  that  tluMH^pliali*' or  antiTior  hraiicli  is  really  anothiM' llssnrc,  which, 
alter  itH  HUperticiul  anion  with  the  HyUian,  bot-onit's  a  siibmcr^red  lissan^  lying  JuHt 
IxMieath  the  HnrlUco  in  its  fe])halie  wall  and  running  parallel  with  it  to  the  base  of  the 
brain,  bnt  not  acii'iilly  eunnectin;;  either  with  the  Hylvian  or  with  the  rhiiial.  The 
Hylvian.on  aecount  orth«>  subtissural  coinplieation,  ajtpears  to  be  a  larger  llHsnre  than 
it  really  is. 

In  a  tbrinerpa|)er'  attention  was  called  to  the  fact  that  this  vorticral  llssnre  (super- 
Hcial  vertical  branch  of  the  Sylvian)  had  been  mistaken  for  the  true  Sylvian.  Hoth 
liHHuros  are  well  marked  and  can  not  be  ignored;  but  it  is  an  unusual  <Mrcunistanco  for 
the  Sylvian  to  assume  a  strictly  vertical  position  in  the  adult,  and  then^  woulil,  more- 
over, remain  a  fissure  in  the  usual  situation  of  the  Sylvian  iinaceounted  for.  In  my 
fonner  paper  I  designated  this  vertical  fissure  as  the  anterior  of  the  /<'(■//(/«■,  ami  found 
at  a  later  date,  while  (consulting  Krueg's  article,-  that  ho  qucstioningly  represents  a 
similar  fissure  by  the  same  name  in  I'lioca  ritiilimi.  ('(illnrliiiixs,  whiU'  showing  this 
fissure  similarly  situated,  instead  of  elucidating  the  C(»niplieations  seems  rather  to  sxld 
to  them  and  to  suggest  a  probable  doubt  as  to  tin*  (correctness  of  tluc  homology  with  the 
anterior  fissure.  Indeed,  the  couditituis  are  strongly  suggestive  of  its  being  nothing 
more  than  tliC:  frontal  |)ortion  of  the  snpersylvian  fissure.  An  (examination  of  the 
brains  of  certain  bears  tends  to  illuminate  this  view.  In  the  family  I'lsithr,  as  in  the 
(Jaiiida;  the  snpersylvian  forms  a  comphcte  arch,  the  caudal  p(»rtioii  being  known  as 
the  posterior  sui)ersylvian  (Kriieg),  or  postsylvian  (Owen).  The  frontal  porti(»n  of 
this  arch  varies  in  its  distance  from  the  Sylvian.  Occasionally  the  frontal  and  caudal 
portions  are  about  e([ually  distant,  bnt  when  there  is  any  difT'erencce  in  tliis  distance 
it  appears  that  the  frontal  jmrtion  approa(;hcs  more  closely  to  the  Sylvian  than  docs 
the  caudal.  In  IJrsus  arvtos,  or  the  brown  bear,  Krueg  figures  the  frontal  porti(m 
of  the  snpersylvian  as  approximating  very  (closely  to  the  Sylvian.  The  condition  in 
Vullorhinus  might  be  considered  as  a  stage  just  beyond  this.  In  the  brown  bear  the 
frontal  portion  of  the  supersylvian  is  still  visible  upon  the  lateral  surface  close  to 
the  Sylvian.  In  the  case  of  the  seal  it  has  passed  over  the  brink,  so  to  speak,  and 
is  no  longer  visible  its  entire  length  on  th(c  lateral  surface.  The  following  diagrams 
will  illustrate  the  conditions  more  clearlv: 


^Wiff 


Hcnr. 


Scnl. 


A  iliiiKrmiiiiiiitic  iriiri'Bcntatloii  of  llii'  ri'liiliou  at  tiic  ■Jylviiiii  .iml  Hiiiirrsvlvinn  llssiiiiH  in  (lie  linir  anil  Riiil,  im  If  Hccii  in 

Hcctioii.     I'rHH.,  ])ri"»iiii'  rsvi\ian:  Sjl.,  Sylvian  liHHnic. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  Sylvian  fissuio  lies  the  insula,  ]ueaenting  but  a  slight  degree 
of  development.    There  is  a  suggesti(m  of  a  circumiusular  fissure,  but  in  other  respects 

'  ISJHi,  P.  A.  Fisli:  A  iiDte  on  tlio  Cerobriil  Fissuration  of  tlio  .Seal  (I'hoca  viliiliiia),  .Four.  Coiiip. 
Noiirol.,  VI,  15-19. 

•  tSSO,  .1.  KriiG^r;  llebrr  die  f'^iirchcn  afif  dcr  (irossliiriiriiHli?  diT  /oiioplaiMHit.'iIeii  SiiiiKfit.liiero. 
Zeit.  f.  wiHH.  /.oolofriu,  XXXIII,  ri!)5-<>72,  .5  i)liitfs. 


I' 


I     i'! 


I 


UHAIN    OK    Kill    SKAI,. 


86 


lal,  iiH  if  Hi'on  in 


Sliii}r«Miiero. 


t\ui  HiirtUco  JM  (Mitiroly  smootli.  In  tlio  raiulnl  wall  of  tliu  Sylvian  i.s  a  well  marked 
NiibllsHiir<>.  It  Hcpiuatcs  a  portion  ol  tin-  conccalod  coitox,  Coiniin;,'  a  subffyre,  which 
IVoni  its  si/u  ami  position  nii^lit  lu'  easily  iniHtaiicn  for  the  iiisiila.  Thu  appearunceH 
would  Hnt;i,r(!st  llial  tlic  snlilissuK^  is  the  postica  and  the  siihj^yrc  a  rumnant  of  tho 
Sylvian  jjyif. 

'V\\i>i  Hiipcisi/lritiii  lissutc  shows  some  variation  on  the  (wo  sidcH.  It  presentH  the 
iiHiial  arrani;en)ent  on  the  li^iit  hemieerehrum,  forming,  sn|ierlieial!y  at  least,  a  (^nn- 
plete  areh  around  the  Sylvian.  The  jncsenee  of  a  shallow  and  a  slight  bifurcation 
near  the  level  of  the  free  end  of  the  Sylvian  indieates  the  separation  of  a  postsuper 
sylvian  lissure — postsylvian  of  otiior  writers.  ( I'l.  I.,  tig.  4.)  The  supersylvian  enrvos 
around  tho  free  end  of  the  Sylvian  at  rather  a  sharp  angle  and  soon  apparently  enters 
the  Sylvian,  but  in  reality  is  submerged  in  its  cephali<!  wall.  A  very  short  eephalie 
branch  is  given  olf  toward  the  ansate  lissuri^  before  tln^  supersylvian  enters  the 
Sylvian.  On  the  left  hemicerebrum  there  are  three  distinct  portions;  the  |M)st8uper- 
sylvian  has  a  slightly  more  oblique  dorsocaudal  course,  the  supersylvian  proper  is 
quite  branching  and  nn>re  inclined  to  a  vertical  than  horizontal  eourse.  One  of  itH 
l)ranches  appears  to  enter  the  Sylvian  from  behind,  but  a  shallow  shuts  oil"  any  deep 
<;ouncction.  The  frontal  portion  a])i)ears  as  a  surface  fissure  for  only  one-third  of  its 
course,  then,  as  on  tlu?  other  side,  it  lieconu^s  submerged  in  the  Sylvian.  As  this 
portion  bears  nuich  the  same  relation  to  the  supiMsylvian  as  the  postsupcrsylvian 
whether  they  be  disconmu'ted  ov  iH)t,  tho  frontal  portion  will  be  designated  as  the 
presupersylvian  lissure.  In  a  second  specimen  of  the  brain  of  an  adidt  (Uilloyliinns, 
kindly  h>  uied  me  by  ISlr.  True,  the  executive  curator  of  the  United  States  National 
Museum,  l)oth  hemicerebrums  showed  a  distinct  separation  of  the  postsupcrsylvian, 
mor«^  pronounced  than  on  the  right  hemicerebrum  of  the  pup;  but  there  was  no  sepa- 
ration nor  distinct  appearancre  of  a  shallow  iiulicating  an  inde|)endent  presupersylvian 
as  in  the  left  hemicenibrum  of  the  pup.  In  the  adult,  as  in  the  jui]),  each  supersylvian 
gav(^  otV  a  short  ceidnvlic  branch  before  entering  the  Sylvian. 

The  lateral  ^fissure,  on  a(!count  of  tho  breadth  of  the  brain,  does  not  show  in  its 
entirety  ujmn  the  lateral  aapetit.  It  is  12  centimeters  long,  by  far  the  h)ugest  (Issure, 
and  is  seen  for  a  short  portion  of  its  course  ui)oii  tho  ventral  aspect,  extending,  on  the 
left  henucerebrum,  to  within  o  millimeters  of  the  ventral  portion  of  the  postsuper- 
sylvian.  It  lies  in  this  region  just  in  advance  of  the  margin  of  the  cleft  between  the 
cerebrum  and  (icrobellum.  It  then  arches  caudo-dorsally  approximately  parallel  with 
the  homicerebral  margiii,  but  reticdiug  from  it  until  it  fully  reaches  the  dorsal  surface, 
then  approaching  to  within  8  or  f>  millimeters  tif  the  intercerebral  cleft,  it  continues 
its  arched  course  in  a>  cei)halo-ventral  direction,  approaching  to  within  ."•  millimeters  of 
the  presupersylvian  lissure  at  about  the  level  where  the  latter  becomes  submerged  into 
the  sylvian. 

The  lateral  is  a  deep  fissure,  and  no  distinct  evidence  of  shallows  could  be  detected 
along  its  course,  although  in  certain  places  the  presence  of  submerged  buttresses 
interfered  to  some  extent  with  the  soundings,  the  average  depth  being  from  10  to  13 
millimeters.  The  cephalic  extremity  of  the  lissure  terminates  in  a  fork,  more  marked 
upon  tho  left  hemicerebrum  than  on  the  right.  Does  this  widely  forked  terminus 
represent  the  ansate  fissure'?  It  has  the  same  appearance  and  relation  to  the  lateral 
as  seen  in  the  cat,  and,  provisionally,  it  is  here  so  designated. 


li 


i 


W 


26 


THE    FUR   SEALS   OP   THE    PRHULOF   ISLANDS. 


The  gyre,  bounded  by  the  hiteral  and  snuersylvian  fissures  and  tlieir  ])ai'ts,  is 
indented  by  numerous  branches  ori},'inatinf!:  from  the  above- named  lissures.  There 
are  also  o<^casionally  independent  minor  fissures  present  in  tliis  gyre. 

The  ectolaterd  finsurc. — Tlie  ectolateral  on  tiie  riglit  iiemieerebruni  is  a  distinct 
fissure.  It  is  prescMit  on  tlie  ventral  surfaces  near  the  termination  of  tlie  jwstrhinal. 
It  then  proceeds  dorso  caudally,  parallel  with  the  postsupersylvian  an<l  for  about  the 
same  distaiuie.  On  the  left  side  it  is  a  sh(»rter  fissure  and  superficially  is  continuous 
with  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  postsupersylvian,  but  a  shallow  scjparates  a  deeper 
connection.  In  the  iwlult  Valhrliinus  the  lissure  is  as  on  the  right  hemicerebrum  of 
the  pup. 

The  coronal  Jissin-r  is  about  .'J  centimeters  in  length  and  extends,  except  for  a 
slight  caudal  convexity,  in  an  almost  vertical  (dorso  caiulal)  direction.  Its  greatest 
depth  is  8  millimeters.  On  the  left  hemicerebrum  it  gives  off  a  slight  S[iar,  pointing 
toward  the  Sylvian.  In  Vallorhiinoi  it  represents,  perliajts,  the  least  com]tlicated 
fissure  in  the  brain. 

The  enieiatc  fissure  is  not  at  all  reiuesentod  upon  the  mesal  surface  of  the  brain. 
It  is  seen  best  from  a  dorsal  view.  It  arises  at  the  margin  ol'  the  interccrebral  cleft. 
It  arches  in  an  obliquely  cephalo  lateral  direction.  Fnmi  the  ceidalic  extremity  of 
the  cruciate,  at  a  depth  of  io  millimeters,  there  |)asses  off  anot.!e»  fissure,  which 
Krneg  has  rei)resented  as  the  precruciate  in  certain  (rarnivt)ra,  nt^arly  to  the  mesal 
margin,  just  dorsal  to  th(^  olfactory  bulb.  The  dei)th  of  these  fissures  at  their 
junction  is  from  12  to  15  millimeters,  r.etwecn  these  lissures  and  the  iiitercerebral 
cleft  there  is  a  triangulr.r  shaped  area,  to  which  Mivart  has  applied  the  name  of 
"ursine  lozenge"  (Turner),  thought  by  Mivart  to  be  of  (unisiderable  significance. 
•lust  caudal  to  the  criiciate  fissure  is  a  small  fissure  corn-sponding  U^  the  postcruciate 
of  Krneg.    On  the  left  hemicerebrum  it  is  triradiate;  on  the  right  it  is  straight. 

The  superorhUnl  fissure  has  no  connection  with  the  rhinal.  Its  length  is  25 
millimeters  and  its  depth  S  to  10  niillinieters.  It  has  a  slight  lateral  convexity,  but 
has  no  branches. 

TIte  medilateral  fssure. — The  name  of  this  fissure  is  i)ar(icularly  a])propriate  in 
GaUorhinvs.  Not  only  is  it  on  the  mesal  side  of  tlie  lateral,  but  for  a  ]>ortioii  of  its 
course  is  acjtually  on  the  mesal  aspect  of  the  brain.  It  curves  around  the  caudal 
margin  of  the  hemicerebrum  just  on  the  verge  of  the  margin.  Between  the  lateral 
aiul  medilateral  fissures  thtue  is  a  gyre  averaging  about  15  millimeters  in  width,  in 
whieK  there  are  two  or  three  siniondary  lissures,  which  would  seem  to  indicate  an 
attempt  at  the  division  of  this  gyre  into  two. 


m 


MF.SAI.  ASPECT. 


The  caUosal  fissure  presents  no  marked  peculiarity  except  u])on  the  left  hemi- 
cerebrum, where,  instead  of  c(mtinuing  around  the  genu  of  the  caUosum,  it  i)roceeds 
toward  the  dorsal  margin,  or  is  continuous,  with  a  fissure  coming  from  this  margin. 
On  neither  hemicerebrum  is  there  any  appearance  of  a  fissure  immediately  surround- 
ing the  genu.  The  hippocampal  fissure  occui)ies  its  usual  position,  arching  from  the 
splenium  around  the  optic  thalamus  to  the  lij)  of  the  i>yritbrm  or  temporal  lobe. 

Tlie  splenial  fissure. — On  the  right  luMuicerebrum  this  fissun^,  if  proionget!  ipon 
the  dorsal  aspect,  wcmid  be  continuous  with  the  <'ruciate.  It  is  separated  liy  a  gyre 
4  millimeters  in  width.    The  lissure  passes  veiitro-caudally  and  a  little  beyond  the 


f      M 


^^.1*1^ 


•^'.j*' 


nUAIN    OF    HAIK    SEAL, 


27 


lir  ])aits,  is 
res.    There 

■!  a  distinct 
j)ostiiiiii}il. 
r  about  the. 
continuons 
!s  a  (lee|)er 
cerebrum  of 

scc'pt  for  a 
ts  fjreatest 
v,  i»oiiitiii{j 
<»!ni)licated 

'  the  bi-aiii. 
•'bral  cleft, 
itreiiiity  of 
lire,  which 
tlie  iiiesal 
s  at  tlieir 
tercerebral 
e  name  of 
pfnificance. 
)stc,ruciate 
iKht. 

igth   is  25 
exity,  bnt 

fipriate  in 

ion  of  its 

e  caudal 

hitcral 

width,  in 

icate  an 


eft  l;emi- 

l)rocee<ls 

niarj^in, 

irround- 

from  the 

1)0. 

et.'  ipon 
,\  a  liyre 
ond  the 


splenium  on  tlie  ventral  asi)ect,  and  it  apparently  terminates  in  a  wide  fork  or  else 
enters  a  fissure  passing  at  right  angles  to  its  own  course.  Sounding  the  fissure  at 
this  point  gives  some  indication  of  a  siiallow  separating  the  dorsal  branch  of  the 
folk.  Following  the  appearances  designated  by  Krueg  in  his  diagrams  of  tlie  condi- 
tions found  in  some  of  the  (larnivora,  the  splenial  i>roi»er  includes  the  ventral  branch 
of  tlie  fork,  while  the  dorsal  branch  ni'  v  represent  what  iie  (tails  the  postsplcnial. 
On  the  left  heinicerebrum  the  si)lcnial  fissure  jienetrates  the  hemicerebral  nnirgin  and 
appears  for  a  short  distance  on  the  dorsal  surface.  A  smaller  but  well-defined  fissure 
lies  in  front  of  the  splenial.  On  the  left  side  it  cuts  the  dorsal  margin.  For  the 
present  we  may  designate  it  as  the  presplenial  fissure.  It  corresjjonds  very  well  with 
the  fissure  which  Kiikcnthal  has  called  lissnra  sublimica  auter'or. 

The  marginal  or  supersplenial  just  passes  the  mesoventral  m<argin  of  the  hemi- 
cerebrum  about  10  millimeters  caudad  of  the  splenial.  It  extends  approximately 
parallel  with  it  to  the  dorsal  margin,  which  it  cuts,  and  on  the  right  hemicerebrua 
extends  on  the  dorsal  surface  for  about  1.1  millimeters.  On  the  left  hemicerebrum 
the  fissure  branches  Just  at  the  margin.  The  main  |>ortion,  however,  continues 
latero  c('i)haliul  for  about  UO  millimeters.  In  the  gyre  between  the  splenial  and 
nuirginal  fissures  a  well  represented  sec<tndary  fissure  is  seen. 

A  well-defined  but  unnamed  fissure  lies  on  the  meso  ventral  surface.  It  arises  at 
the  caudal  margin  and  proceeds  in  an  angular  course  toward  the  ventral  end  of  the 
splenial;  it  then  swerves  latero  cephalad  and  terminates  not  far  from  the  po.strhinal. 
Its  position  corresimnds  approximately  to  tlie  <>ollateriil  fissure  in  the  human  brain. 
This  tentorial  surface  of  the  cerebrum  has  numerous  se(;ondary  fissures  and 
bnincMngs,  some  of  which  seem  large  enough  to  merit  special  mention.  One  such 
inconstant  fissrre,  lying  parallel  with  the  ])ostsplenial,  suggests  a.  similarity  to  the 
occipital.  It  cuts  the  hemicerebral  margin  slightly,  and  the  relation  of  the  lateral 
fissure  at  this  point  suggests  in  a  way  the  paroci.ipital  of  man.  This  jceurs  on  the 
left  hemicerebrum.     On  the  right  the  postsplcnial  has  much  the  same  .  i/pearance. 

At  the  c('i»iialic  end  of  the  mesal  surface  beyond  the  genu  of  the  callosum  there 
are  two  pretty  well  nmrkcd  fissures.  The  one  nearest  the  callosum  corresponds  to 
the  genualis  of  Krueg;  part  of  falcial.  Owen;  or  falcial,  Wilder.  On  each 
hemicerebrum  this  fissure  cuts  the  dorsal  margin  slightly.  The  other  and  more 
slightly  developed  fissuie  lies  nearer  to  the  olfiUitory  bulb.  It  does  not  reach  the 
dorsal  margin,  but  extends  farther  in  the  ventral  direction.  This  fissure  corresponds 
to  tiie  rostralis  of  Krueg;  part  of  falcial,  Owen;  or  subfalcial,  VVihler. 

PIIOCA  VITULINA. 

The  fron*^:»l  portion  of  the  cerebrum  is  mor<'  foreshortened  than  in  OaUorhinus, 
and  there  is  tluneforc  a  slightly  diflcrent  arrangement  of  corresponding  li.-fiures 
in  that  region.  One  of  the  most  striking  differences  is  the  olfactory  portion  of  the 
brain,  lu  (Jallorhiiiiis  it  is  the  i.irger,  the  olfactory  bulb  is  of  considerables  size,  the 
cms  is  corresi'ondingly  wide  anil  lies  flush  with  tlu^  mesal  surface.  In  I'lioca  the  bulb 
is  relatively  smaller  and  the  cms  has  atro|)hied  to  scarcely  more  than  a  j)edicle;  it  lies 
deeply  imlMMldcd  in  the  olfactory  fissure;  it  is  removed  (I  to  S  millimeters  from  the 
mesal  surface  by  a  pcMtion  of  the  (cortex  which  projects  fully  .~)  millimeters  l)eyond 
the  cms. 

The  precribrum  (anterior  perforated  spa<;e)  is  well  developed  and  shows  with 
greater  distinctness  than  in  ('alloi-hiiiiis. 


^ 


28 


TIIK    FUK    SF.ALS    OP    TlIK    PRIBILOK    I.SLANDS. 


The  rhinnl  fissiiio  is  upinuoiitly  continuous  with  the  Sylviiin,l»ut  upon  liiisinfj  the 
overhippinn'  portion  of  the  frontal  lol»e  it  is  seen  to  maintain  its  continuily  and  to 
apiiear  ajjain  caudal  to  the  Sylvian  as  a  true  postrhinal,  dillerontiating'  a  larger 
pyriform  lobe  than  in  the  ease  of  Ciillorhiinis.  There  is  no  eoinuM^tion  between  the 
postrhinal  aiul  the  subfissure  in  the  caudal  wall  of  the  Sylvian  as  in  VallorhiHUs. 

I.ATKKAI.   ASI'ECT. 

The  Si/lrian  Jissvre  pursues  a  nni(di  more  obli(|U»>ly  dorsocaudal  course  than  in 
CallorlihiiiN  and  presents  the  same  amount  of  complexity  with  relation  to  the  surround- 
ing Assures.  In  its  caudal  wall  lies  a  subtissure  (postica?)  and  the  intervening  Sylvian 
gyre.  J5oth  are  relatively  better  developed  than  in  VnUorltiniis.  The  supersylvian 
has  nincli  the  same  relation  to  the  Sylvian  as  in  Vnllorliiiins.  It  is  not  distincitly  sep- 
arated from  the  postsupersylvian,  although  the  interlocking  of  some  of  the  subgyral 
buttresses  suggests  the  ])08sibility  of  an  attempt  at  separation.  On  each  hemieei'ebrum 
there  is  a  continuation  of  the  postsui)ersylvian  di»rso-caudad  beyon<l  the  supersylvian. 

The  frontal  end  of  the  supersylvian  apjtarently  forks,  one  branch  bending  toward 
the  Sylvian,  the  other  continuing  cephalad.  The  ventral  branch  has  a  superficial 
union  with  the  vertical  fissure  whi(!h  has  been  mistaken  for  the  Sylvian.  In  my  titrmer 
paper'  I  designated  this  lissure  as  the  anterior.     Krueg  also  had  taken  the  same  view. 


Km.  3.  Vui.  I. 

FliJ.  :i.  A  crnsH  .soi'tiiin  of  a  liHsiiro  sliowin;:  tlii'  ohliqnity  nt'  iU  walls. 

Km.  4.  A  ilia^rani  to  hIiow  thtMlinVi-em't' in  tin-  ('(»inH««  nt' a  li.'*siiri^  ;il  iiM  mirt'at'r  anil  ili-ptli.  Tin*  lirav  \  lim-s  t-rjiri' 
sent 'ibiWlHHiii-nl  walU  at  tlii>  siirla^'r.  'I'lir  tlnitnl  liiiiw  ami  arrow  ri'pM-si'nl  Ilir  Inittri'fts  (1<)  Imiimli'il  liy  llii'  ilci-p  foiii'M' 
of  till'  Ahhuio. 

From  the  conditions  already  described  in  ('nllnyhiiius,  it  seems  to  me  that  this  tissnre 
is,  after  all,  a  disconnected  i)ortion  of  the  sup«>rsylvian  and  that  i)resui)ersylvian  would 
in  stnne  ways  b((  i(  suitable  name  for  it.  It  is  submerged  in  the  tu^phalic  wall  of  the 
Sylvian  for  the  ventral  tiiiid  of  its  course.  In  Cnlloi-hinuN  the  ventral  two-thirds  of 
the  corres|)onding  lissure  becomes  submerged. 

The  laternl  Ji><sii)r,:if^  in  the  ease  of  Cnllorhinns,  is  the  longest  fissure  in  the  brain. 
In  Plioca,  however,  it  is  conliiied  entirely  to  the  dorsal  aspect  of  the  cerebrum,  and  at 
its  caudal  end  it  apjiears  to  terntinate  in  a  witlely  tliverging  fork  or  perhai)s  a  small 
transverse  fUssure.  possibly  corresponding  to  the  lunate  (Wilder)  of  the  cat.  Its  course 
is  approximately  ])arallel  witlt  the  intercerebral  cleft  and  is  somewhat  tortuous,  j\<^ 
its  cephalic  entl  it  ajjpears  to  eomnmnicatt^  with  the  cephalic  branch  of  the  sujjersyl 
vian.  This  appearan(!e  will  be  discussed  more  fully  under  the  description  of  the 
ansate  lissure. 

The  cvtitlnternJ  Jhnnre  occui)ies  a  relatively  higher  or  nuue  dorsal  and  caudal 
position  than  in  (Uillorhiiiiis;  It  is  of  a  more  secondary  character  ai>dconr.se8  ani)roxi- 
mately  parallel  with  the  postsupersylvian. 


'I, 


I'it. 


HRAiN  OF  Hair  SKAL. 


29 


it  A 


The  cruciate,  unlike  tliat  of  CdUorhiniis,  is  reprosented  upon  both  the  inesal  and 
dorsal  aspects.  On  the  left  lieniicerobruni  a  sliallow  is  present  in  the  dorsal  portion 
not  far  from  the  r>argiii.  No  distinct  "ursine  htzenfie"  is  present  here  as  in  Callor- 
liiiius.  The  foreshortened  condition  of  this  region  may  have  something  to  do  v/ith  its 
absence. 

A  well  detined  j>f>»^'/'Kcm/(;  fissxrc  is  present  on  the  left  side.  It  presents  a  zygal 
(VVilder)or  quadriradiate  form,  A  slight  secondary  fissure  near  the  olfactory  bulb  may 
represent  a  rudimentary  precruciate  lissure. 

The  superorhital  ^fissure  shows  a  better  development  than  in  CnllorhinuH  and, 
similarly,  has  no  connecticm  with  tiie  rliinal.  lUit  the  opposite  end,  dissinularly, 
extends  farther  and  is  overlappvul  by  the  ollactory  bulb. 

The  vuilHatcral  is  not  present  in  I'lioca  as  a  distinct  lissure.  Its  location  is 
occupied  by  a  series  of  short,  disconnected  (issures. 

The  coronal  Jissmr  is  a  relatively  longer  lissure  than  in  Callorhinus,  but  is  not  so 
entirely  discouMocted  from  adjacent  fissures.  Its  dorsal  end  lies  caudal  to  the  cruci- 
ate. On  the  left  hemicerebrum  it  is  scparatca  by  a  shallow  from  an  apparant  con- 
nection with  a  continuation  of  the  cephalic  branch  of  the  supersylvian.  On  the  right 
hemicerebrum  the  shallow  is  suggested  by  the  interlocking  at  this  point  of  two  sub- 
merged buttresses. 

The  (iiixatc  JisKurr,  while  not  distinctly  represented  as  an  indei)endcnt  fissure, 
would,  it  seems  to  me,  be  indicated  by  the  lissure  extending  from  the  coronal  to  the 
cephalic  br.inch  of  th<',  supersylvian,  where,  on  each  hemicerebrum,  the  interlocking 
o.  submerj'cd  buttresses  would  again  suggest  a  shallow  shutting  it  otf  from  the  branch 
oftlK'  supersyi.'iii.  •md  then  continuing  to  the  lateral  lissure,  where  a  slight  spur 
iminting  toward  the  inicr'''".';l»ral  might  imlicate  its  separation  from  the  lateral. 
Owen  in  his  ligureofthe  hemicerebrum  of  I'lioca  represents  a  corresponding  lissure  as 
the  coronal. 

MKSAI.    ASI'KCl'. 

There  is  a  slight  appearance  of  the  lalloxal  Jixsurc  in  the  splenial  half  of  the  cal- 
losum,  but  none  at  all  for  the  remaining  half. 

The  liippocamixil  Jissinc  is  well  developed  and  needs  no  special  comment. 

The  splenial  Jinsiirc  is  well  developed  and  in  general  is  as  described  for  Callorhinus, 
except  that  its  position  is  farther  removed  from  the  frontal  ])ortion  of  the  cerebrum 
and  that  its  ce])halic  end  cuts  the  margin  and  is  shown  u]»on  the  dorsal  surface.  The 
postsplenial  has  alumt  the  sanui  reflations  as  in  (Jallorhinus. 

The  sHhIiinica  Jissunt  of  Kiikenthal'  is  jioorly  represented  in  my  specimen  of 
I'lioca,  and  is  somewhat  confused  with  smaller  branches  and  secondary  fissures.  It 
lies  between  the  splenial  and  the  callosum.  Kiikenthal  finds  this  fissure  also  present 
in  Plioca  iiranlandica,  Plioca  harbata,  Macrorhinns  Iconinus,  and  Otaria  jubata.  In 
Callorhinus  there  was  no  appearance  of  this  lissure  whatever.  The  lissura  sublimica 
anterior  of  the  sane  author  is  more  clearly  represented.  In  my  former  paper,  on 
accimnt  of  its  ])o^ition  dorsal  to  the  callosum,  I  designated  it  (piestioningly  as  the 
supercallosal.  On  the  left  hemicerebrum  it  is  well  developed  and  connects  with  the 
cruciate.  On  the  right  side,  however,  the  llssiiie  is  indei)endent  and  much  smaller. 
In  adtlition  to  this  lissure,  on  each  hemicerebrum,  there  is  another  dorsal  to  it  and  in 
front  of  the  splenial.     In  Callorhinus  I  lia\e  called  it  the  presjtleuial. 


'UntL'raucliuiigt'ii  an  Waltliioi'oii,  188U. 


ft 


30 


THK    FUR    SKALS    OK    THE    PUIIUI-OF    ISLANnS. 


1  ! 


The  UKirriinol  or  miiHrsplfnial  i»  well  shown  in  I'lioca  iis  in  (lullorhiniis,  but  iit's 
nearer  to  tlio  (lorKo-caiidal  ui!ir$j;'in,  iipproxiiniitely  itarallel  with  tlie  Hplenial.  In  the 
intervenint;  gyre  tliere  are  a  few  secondary  fissnn's. 

On  the  meso  ventral  surface  a  fissure  corresponding'  to  tlie  colhiteral  is  also 
present,  but,  unlike  VdHorkintix,  it  has  connection  witii  the  postrhinal.  Between  the 
collateral  and  the  ]>ostsplcnial  there  is  another  well-.narked  but  unnamed  fissure  which 
is  parallel  to  the  former.  It  correspoiuls,  i)erhap.'.,  to  tlie  fissure  in  OaUorhhiUH  which 
I  have  spoken  of  tentatively  in  connection  with  \iw  lUH-ipital. 

The  gennalu  and  rostralis  are  represented,  but  tlie  latter  dill'ers  iVom  that  in 
Oallorhiniix  in  being  much  less  developed  and  occupying  a  more  ventral  positiou  at  a 
mure  or  less  acute  angle  to  th'j  genualis. 

UKSt'S  AMKUIOANI'S. 

This  brain,  while  fairly  well  lueserved,  had  been  considerably  mutilated  in  removal, 
so  that  for  purposes  of  illustration  and  reference,  a  specimen  Irom  llr,sits  tliihrtianus, 
kindly  loaned  by  I'rof.  ii.  G.  Wilder,  was  utilized;  so  that  while  thd  figures  of  the 
lateral  and  mesal  aspects  are  from  the  latter  s])ecimen,  the  <lcs(U'iptioi>  is  based  almost 
entirely  uixiu  the  i.  '"Mer.  The  general  arrangement  of  the  iissures  is  similar,  and  the 
minor  details  need     •  i  misapprehension.    The  fissural  plan  of  the  brain  is  much 

like  that  of  the  cauii.« .         as  the  first  circumsylvian  arch. 

The  olfactory  bulbs  ..id  crura  are  far  siqierior  in  size  to  those  of  either  of  the 
seals.    The  olfactory  fissure  is  likewise  well  marked. 

The  rliinal  fissure  passes  into  tiie  Sylvian  and  continues,  after  foriiiiiig  an  angle 
delimiting  a  well-developed  pyriform  lobe,  as  the  postrhinal,  and  ending  freely. 

The  subfissiire  (luistica?)  in  the  caudal  wall  of  the  Sylvian  extends  to  and  on  one 
side  actually  appeared  to  communicate  with  the  postrhinal. 

I.ATKUAL  ASI'KCI. 

The  Sjilviiiii  is  directed  in  the  usual  dorso  caudal  direction  at  the  bottom  of  whic:i 
is  a  small  and  simple  area  representing  the  insula.  There  is  no  appearance  of  i 
transinsnlar  fissure,  although  the  presence  of  a  siibgyre  and  subfissiire  (postica?)  in 
the  cau<lal  wall  of  the  Sylvian  might  superfitaally  indicate  it. 

The  Hupcrsylrmn  fissure  forms  a  complete  arch  around  the  Sylvian.  There  is  no 
indication  of  a  separation  of  a  post  siii>er.sylvian  except  near  the  free  end  of  the  Syl- 
vian, where  a  branch  from  the  supersylvian  extends  into  the  adjacent  gyre. 

The  lateral  fixsHrc  forms  a  (airve  approximately  parallel  with  the  supersylvian. 
As  compared  with  I'luwa  and  Cnlhrhinns  it  is  much  sliortcr.  If  the  conception  of 
the  ectolateral  is  correct,  the  latter  is  continuous  caudally  with  the  lateral,  a  slight 
spur  indicating  the  place  of  probable  separation.  The  ectolateral  extends  parallel 
with  the  i)ostsupersylvian,  but  its  ventral  end  does  not  reach  so  far  in  UrsHu  ameri- 
canus,  while  in  the  Thibet  bear  the  reverse  is  the  case. 

The  aufiaie  Jissiire  is  a  cephalo  ventral  continuation  of  the  lateral,  a  small  spur 
of  the  latter  indicating  a  jjoint  of  separation.  The  ansate  describes  a  curve,  the  con- 
vexity pointing  toward  the  Sylviau. 

The  coronal  fissure  continues  from  the  ansate  and  ends  freely  near  the  8U|)eror- 
bital.  The  convexity  of  its  curve  like  that  of  the  ansate  points  toward  the  Sylvian. 
The  i)oiut  of  its  separation  from  the  ansate  is  indicated  by  a  spur  more  marked  thau 
that  between  the  ansate  and  the  lateral. 


Y 


BHAIN    OF    CALIFOKMA    SKA    MON. 


31 


Tlio  sitprforhit<tl,  unlikit  Phova  iiiu]  (Jallorliinus,  lias  a  very  diKtinct  (^nniiection  with 
the  rliiiial  lissure  at  about  lialf  of  tlie  distance  from  tiie  Sylvian  fissure  to  the  oliac- 
tory  bail).     It  eurves  vephalo doiHad  witii  its  convexity  ))oiDtinj;  eophalad. 

Tlio  cnivhitc  lissure  is  more  iiij;iily  developed  than  in  either  of  the  seals.  It 
appears  slightly  upon  the  niesal  aspect  and  on  the  dorsal  surface  extends  obliquely 
cephalo-laterad.  Around  its  free  end  the  c(»ronal  (Issure  demarcates  a  wellfoiined 
sigmoid  ;;'yre.  The  appearances  found  in  I'lumt  ai)pro\imate  the  conditions  regarding 
the  gyre  more  than  in  Vdllorliiitiis. 

Betweei!  the  cruciate  and  ansaie  lies  tlit^  postcruciate  lissure.  On  the  left  heini- 
cerebrum  it  is  well  marked;  on  the  right  it  is  smaller  and  supertieially  connected  with 
a  minor  lissure.  i 

On  the  right  hemicerebrum  a  branch  is  given  oil'  from  the  cruciate  extending 
cephalo-mesad.  It  is  the  precrueiate  lissure.  On  tins  left  hemicerebrum  it  is  an  inde- 
pendent fissure.  In  neither  case  does  it  reach  the  mesal  surface.  The  precrueiate 
with  the  (!ruciate  forms  a  well  delined  triangular  area — the  ''  ursine  lozenge"  of  Mivart. 
On  the  dorsal  surfaite  between  the  lateral  lissure  and  the  intercerebral  cleft  it  is  well 
marked,  but  is  not  as  deep  as  the  other  lissures.  It  is  the  conttnis.  On  the  right 
hemicerebrum  a  short  lissure  connects  it  with  the  lateral. 

The  mediUttcral  Jissitre  arises  at  the  caudal  end  of  the  cerebrum  near  the  mesal 
margin,  in  nuich  the  same  position  as  in  Vallothinux,  and  coutiuues  down  the  voutral 
aspect  close  to  the  caudal  nuirgin. 


ticaT)  in 

re  is  no 
he  Syl- 


The  uplenitil  fissiar  dot's  not  reach  the  dorsal  margin  as  in  the  case  of  Pliora  and 
as  on  onc!  side  in  ('(lUorh.htiis.  Its  cephalic  end  is  also  nearer  the  caudal  end  of  the 
cerebrum  than  in  either  of  the  other  two  forms.  In  this  respect  the  lissure  occupies 
an  intermediate  position  in  Plioni.  It  arches  around  the  splenium  of  the  callosum  and 
courses  along  the  tentorial  surface  of  the  cerebrum  as  far  as  the  caudo-lateral  margin, 
ending  eight  millimeters  from  the  free  end  of  the  postsupersylviau.  Two  or  three 
short  branches  aie  given  oil  along  its  (!ourse.  Ueyond  the  presence  of  a  slight  spur, 
there  is  no  evidence  of  a  [)ostspleniaI  lissure,  nor  of  a  supersplenial  («■  marginal,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  seals.  A  W(dl  developed  presplenial  or  lissura  sublimica  anterior  ot 
Kiikenthal  is  present,  resend)ling  that  of /'/totvr more  than  CaUorhinm.  No  distinct 
tissura  sublimica  was  present,  except  in  the  case  of  the  Thibet  bear,  where  a  small 
minor  lissure  held  the  proper  jmsition. 

The  (jcnual  and  wstial  Jissnrcs  were  present,  and  occupied  the  sanui  general 
relations  to  the  c(;]>halic  cud  of  the  callosum  as  in  CallorluHus.  The  callosal  and 
kipi)ocamj)al  Jissures  have  the  same  general  relations  as  in  other  forms. 


ZALorilUS    <^!A1.1F<»UNIANUSI. 

Through  the  kind  i»crnussion  of  Professor  Wilder  I  was  permitted  to  remove  the 
brain  from  this  young  sea  lion.  Its  mother  came  originally  from  the  Ptici tic  coast,  and 
the  present  specimen  was  found  dead  in  the  cage  with  her  while  in  transit  to  the  East, 
and  was  i)resumably  not  far  from  "term."  It  measured  43  centimeters  long,  and  has 
been  in  the  ( lornell  Museum  of  N'ertebrate  Zoology  for  some  years. 

The  brain  was  in  a  fairly  good  state  of  ])reservation,  and  was  photographed  soon 
after  its  removal.     It  was  too  delicate  to  permit  of  much  manipulation,  and  some  of 


^ 


82 


THK    FUR    SEALS    OF    THE    PUIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


if     I 


the  fissures  wore  not  soiiiided  as  thoroiifjlily  as  in  tin!  other  8i)i'(!iiiu'iis.  Tlie  «',erel)ruiii 
of  this  specimen  does  not  show  tlie  same  dejjree  of  complexity  relative  to  the  tissiira- 
tiou  as  indicated  byMuric'  in  (Harin  jvJmta.  A  direct  comparison  of  tlie  fissures, 
however,  is  not  easy,  as  tlio  latter  author  attempts  to  hoinolo^nse  them  with  those  of 
the  human  ceiebruni. 

The  olfactory  apparatus  is  well  developed.     Not  as  largely  as  inthe  bear,  however, 
but  greater  thau  in  either  of  the  seals.     The  rhinal  fissure,  as  in  the  otluu-  forms,  is 
well  marked,  and  passes  caudad  ii.to  the  mouth  of  the  Sylvian  fissure.    The  i»ost 
rhiual  is  formed  from  the  subtissure  (postica?)  and  has  no  connection  whatever  with 
either  the  rhinal  or  Sylvian. 

I.AIKKAI,   ASPKir. 

The  kSi/lHim  is  prominent  and  occui)ies  its  usual  position.  In  its  caudal  wall  is  a 
subtissure  (p»»stica?)  and  subjjyre,  which,  as  in  Callorltiniis,  is  coutiinious  on  the 
ventral  aspect  with  the  pyriforni  or  temporal  lobe. 

The  supernyli''wn,  with  its  cephalic  and  caudal  i»ortioiis,  the  pre-  and  postsuper- 
sylvian,  is  more  nearly  in  accord  with  the  conditions  found  in  the  bear  than  in  either 
of  the  seals.  It  represents  an  intermediate  (tondition  between  the  two.  The  presuper- 
sylvian  lies  very  close  to  the  Sylvian,  but  does  not  actually  enter  it,  as  in  the  seals. 
Its  average  distance  from  it  is  about  4  millimeters,  while  the  distance  from  the  Sylvian 
to  the  postsui)ersylvian  is  four  times  as  great,  or  10  millimeters.  There  is  no  sign  of 
disc(mnection  between  either  the  supersylvian  an«l  tlie  postsnpersylvian,  or  the  snpcr- 
sylvian  and  the  presupersylvian.  The  supersylvian  tbrks  or  sends  out  a  branch 
eephalad  connecting  with  the  ansate  fissure  exactly  as  in  I'lioca. 

The  lateral  Jisxurt  is,  relatively  to  the  length  of  the  cerebrum,  shorter  thau  in  any 
of  the  other  forms.  Its  cephalic  end  and  its  relation  to  the  ansate  iis  again  exactly  the 
same  as  in  J'lioca,  ( )n  the  left  hemicerebrum  the  lateral  is  disconnected  at  a  little  more 
than  half  of  its  length  by  a  narrow  isthuuis. 

The  coronal  Jissure  corresponds  with  that  of  I'hnca,  connecting,  superll«'ially  at 
least,  with  the  ansate,  and  thus,  indirectly,  with  the  cephalic  branch  of  the  supersylvian 
and  the  lateral. 

The  ansate  Jisnurc,  as  has  already  been  intimated,  like  that  of  J'lioca,  is  irregular 
in  its  form  and  connects  with  the  fissures  above  mentioned. 

Thti  I'ctolaferal  Jisstire  is  quite  well  down  toward  the  ventral  portion  of  the  cere- 
brum and,  as  in  CallorhiniDi,  ajtpears  upon  tiie  ventral  as[»ect. 

The  mcdilatcral  Jissure  is  scarcely  perceptible  on  the  lateral  aspect;  it  lies  exactly 
along  the  caudal  margin  of  the  hemicerebrum,  as  in  Callorhinus,  and  is  better  seen  in 
a  mesal  view. 

The  cruciate  accords,  in  position  and  relation,  more  closely  with  the  coiulitions 
found  in  the  bear  ami  ('allorhiiins;  but  while  it  reaches  to  the  mesal  surface  of  the 
hemicerebrum  it  does  not  cut  it  as  far  as  in  the  bear  and  Plioca. 

Thapreeriteiate  and  tiie  postcruciato  fissures  are  likewise  present  and  have  exactly 
the  same  relations  as  in  the  bear  and  t'allorhinun. 


MKSAI.   ASI'KCT. 


The  callosal  Jismire  is  well  developed.    On  the  right  hemicerebrum  it  does  not 
contiune  around  the  genu,  as  in  the  left. 

'  1874,  TraiiaactidiiB  of  the  Zuol(i>;ical  Society  of  Loudon. 


BRAIN    OK   CAI.LORIIINUS. 


88 


L\iu;tly 


js  not 


Tlio  splenial  Jissmr  does  not  extend  as  far  eepliulad  as  in  Callorhiniitt,  nor  as  far 
dorsadasin  Phoca.  Itis  situated  moreclosely  to  tiiespleniul  lialf  of  tlie  rallusnui  than 
ill  either  of  the  precediiifj  or  in  tlio  bear.  A  braneh  is  given  otV  in  tli(>  rejiioii  of  Mie 
apleninni  proper  which  seems  comparable  to  the  postsplenial  in  tlie  seals.  A  sligiit 
spur  in  this  re}>'iou  in  the  bear  may  indieate  an  aiudogy. 

The  i>n'Ki)leninl  is  not  represented  as  a  disMiiet  hssuro  on  tiie  left  lieiuieerebnim, 
tlic  only  p()ssil)le  siij.'f'estion  of  it  being  a  forki.ig  at  the  eephalie  end  of  the  splenial. 
i)\\  tlie  right  hemicerebruni  a  small  but  distinet  fissure  lying  ceiihalad  of  tiie  splenial 
may  represent  the  presi)lenial. 

The  iiDiriiiiKil  Jistiinc  is  well  represented,  and  on  both  hemicierebrums  cuts  the  dorsal 
surface,  as  in  Ctillorliiiivs,  In  Vhocti,  although  relatively  long,  it  does  not  reach  the 
dorsal  margin  at  all.     In  the  bear  the  marginal  lissure  is  not  represented. 

Thv,  (/I'll i((il  and  rostral  lissures  are  but  slightly  <leveloped  in  this  specimen  and 
bear  the  same  relations  as  in  other  forms. 

The  criicialc  (Issure  shows  slightly  on  tlu*  mesal  aspect,  and  in  its  relations  to  the 
other  parts  resembles  that  of  the  bear  more  than  any  of  the  others. 

FISSUBAL    INTKUl'UKTATIONS   OV  OTIIKB   WUITKRS. 

The  Sylvian  tissure,  in  /V/om,  at  least,  has  been  lot^ated  as  a  vertical  lissure  (pre- 
sui>ersylviaii)  whiidi  has,  for  a  ])()rtiou,  only,  of  its  length,  been  submerged  in  the 
cephalic  wall  of  the  true  Sylvian.    Numerous  writers  have  also  descrilted  this  coiidi 
tion  as  the  anterior  and  posterior  branches  of  the  Sylvian.    The  two  lissures  inorpho 
logi(!ally  are  entirely  distinct.     In  Iliirar  Krueg  does  not  represent  any  indication  of 
a  Sylvian  ilssure  whatever. 

The  supersylvian  is  very  commonly  called  the  suprasylvian.  Leuret  and  Gratiolet 
have  confused  this  tissure  with  the  lateral  in  Pluwa. 

Following  Krueg,  the  lissure  which  is  designated  as  the  postsupersylvian  is 
commonly  known  as  the  postsylvian  of  Owen.  What  1  have  designated  as  the  pre- 
supersylvian,  and  which  is  only  exceptionally  iiulependent,  is  usually  described  as 
th<'  anterior  or  frontal  )>ortion  of  the  supersylvian. 

A  fissure  corresponding  to  the  coronal  is  represented  by  Krm^g  as  the  presylvian 
in  I'hoca.  Kiikenthal  makes  a  sindlar  representation.  Turner,  in  Macrorkiiiiis, 
represents  a  corresponding  tissure  as  the  presylvian  and  a  branch  conne(;ting  with  it 
as  the  coronal.  In  (hlobanus  (walrus)  he  figures  as  the  presylvian  an  apparent 
continuation  of  the  lateral,  and  represents  as  the  coronal  an  apparent  continuation  ot 
a  third  arched  tissure,  designated  by  him  as  the  medilateral. 

The  superorbital  lissure  in  carnivora  generally  is  dcsigiuited  as  the  presylvian  by 
many  writers. 

The  cruciate  fissure  is  shown  by  Krueg,  in  Pliom,  as  existing  only  on  the  mesal 
aspect,  occupying  the  itosition  of  the  prcspleuial,  or  anterior  sublimica  of  Kiikenthal. 
Leuret  and  (iratiolet  represent  the  lissure  as  seen  on  the  v«'nti'al  aspect  at  the 
cephalic  end.  Other  writers  jvlace  it  as  usually  seen  in  carnivora  at  the  cephali*!  end 
of  the  dorsal  aspect,  where  it  may  or  may  not  reach  the  mesal  surface. 

TUE  liATEKAL  VENTRICLE   (PARACOELE). 

On  removing  the  dorsal  portion  of  the  hemicerebruni  Just  dorsal  to  the  callosuni 
the  lateral  ventricle  is  revealed.     In  the  bear  the  cavity  bends  cephaloventrad  to 
5974— PT  3 3 


34 


THK    FUR    SEALS   OF   THE    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


form  the  precoma  iind  caudulutero-veutrud  to  form  the  niedicoriiu.  The  strhituni  iu 
u  well-deHiied  bo<Iy  forming  a  portion  of  the  floor  of  the  ventricle  in  the  cephalic 
region.  Parallel  with  the  obli<ine  margin  of  the  striatum  is  the  tlmbriiil  margin  of 
the  hippocamp.  Between  these  two  margins — the  rima  (great  transverse  llssure),  the 
choroid  (para)  plexus^a  continuation  of  the  veliun  enters  the  Hoor  of  the  cavity. 
The  hippocamp  pursues  its  usual  curved  direction  in  the  medicornu. 

In  Phuca  the  lateral  ventricle  is  relatively  very  much  larger  than  in  the  bear,  and 
the  parts  present  quite  different  relations  to  each  other.  Tlie  striatum  is  the  sanie 
as  in  the  bear;  along  its  margin  is  a  well-developed  plexus,  but  between  this  and  the 
fimbrial  edge  of  the  hippocamp  there  is  an  area  equally  as  large  as  tlie  striatum ;  this  is 
the  optic  thalamus,  but  that  portion  of  it  represented  in  the  floor  of  the  cavity  presents 
the  same  general  appearance  as  to  its  surface  (endynial)  as  do  the  (»ther  i)arts.  Tiio 
supposed  delicate  endymal  membrane  extending  from  the  plexus  to  the  fimbria  has  been 
designated  as  the  paratela  by  Wilder.  The  hippocamp,  tlien,  is  removed  some  little 
distance  from  the  striatum  and  arches  around  the  surface  of  the  thalamus  in  a  ventral 
direction.  Caudal  to  the  hippocamp,  the  cavity  is  about  as  largely  represented,  and  in 
size  forms  a  disproportionately  large  postcornu.  Along  the  mesal  wall  Just  caudal  to 
the  hippocamp  is  an.  ental  ridge  correlated  with  an  ectal  depression — the  splenial 
fissure.  This  is  comparable  to  the  calcar  or  hippocampus  minor  of  the  auth.ropoid  and 
human  brains.  It  is  larger  in  proportion  than  in  either  of  the  above.  The  splenial 
in  this  case,  for  a  part  of  its  course,  at  least,  is  therefore  a  total  (Wilder)  oi-  complete 
(Ounningham)  fissure,  since  the  whole  thickness  of  the  parietes  is  involved,  the  ental 
elevation  being  correlated  with  the  fissural  depression.  In  this  specimen  of  I'liovu, 
then,  we  have  two  total  fissures — the  hippocampal  (always)  and  a  i)ortiou  of  the 
splenial. 

The  conditions  Just  described  might  naturally  suggest  a  homology  with  the  ape 
and  human  calcar,  and  that  the  splenial  fissure,  in  this  seal  possessing  a  postcornu, 
might  be  homologi/.ed  with  the  occipital  or  calcarine  fissure  in  man.  A  question  might 
properly  arise  here  as  to  which  fissure  it  might  be  homologized  with.  In  the  human 
fd'tus  the  occipital  is  a  total  fissure,  but  loses  its  totality  (ental  elevation)  in  the  adult. 
Its  position  might  favor  its  homology  with  the  splenial,  for  if  the  latter  were  rotated 
farther  caudad  it  would  come  to  occupy  approximately  the  same  position  as  the 
oc(;ipital.  To  homologize  with  the  calcarine  we  would  have  to  imagine  a  still  farther 
rotation  of  the  splenial.  The  calcarine  is  a  total  fissure  throughout  life,  and  is  the 
correlative  of  the  calcar.  Some  doubt  may,  therefore,  be  expressed,  assuming  the 
homology  to  be  reasonable,  whether  this  hippocampus  minor  represents  the  occipital 
eminence— a  firtal  condition  in  the  human  brain — or  the  calcar,  a  structure  i>ersistcnt 
in  the  adult. 

The  relative  disproportion  in  the  growth  of  the  caudal  or  occipital  portion  of  the 
cerebrum  may  have  some  bearing  in  accounting  for  the  presence  of  the  iiostcornu. 
Tiedemann,  in  his  figure  of  the  lateral  ventricle  of  Plioca,  gives  no  indication  whatever 
of  a  postcornu. 

In  CaUorhinm  the  conditions  resemble  n<ore  closely  those  in  the  bear;  the  rima  is 
narrow  and  the  thalamus  does  not  appear  at  all  in  the  floor  of  tlie  ventricle.  A 
si  ^ht  caudal  spur  of  the  cavity  at  the  medicornu  represents  the  postcornu.  The 
splenial  fissure,  so  to  speak,  just  escapes  the  cavity,  lying  immediately  caudal  to  it. 


BRAIN   OF    MONArilUS. 


35 


u.  Tlio  striatum  is 
cle  in  till!  ciiphalic 
I  (linbi'ial  iiiiirgiii  of 
iiHverse  flHBure),  tho 
floor  of  tlie  cavity, 
a. 

inu  in  the  bear,  and 
:riatuni  is  tlie  sanio 
ttwcen  til  is  anil  tliu 
he  Hti'iatuni;  tliisis 
"the  cavity  presents 
0  other  parts.  The 
the  fimbria  has  been 
removed  some  little 
lalamiis  in  a  ventral 

represented,  and  in 

wall  jnst  caudal  to 
ission — tlie  splenial 

the  anthropoid  and 
bove.  The  splenial 
Wilder)  or  complete 

involved,  the  ental 
specimen  of  I'lioca, 
d  a  portion  of  the 

lology  with  the  ape 

iessiny  a  postcornn, 

A  (piestion  mi^ht 

itli.    In  the  human 

iration)  ill  the  adult. 

tter  were  rotated 

lie  position  as  the 

ngine  a  still  farther 

)ut  life,  and  is  the 

ised,  assuming  the 

Bseiits  the  occipital 

tructure  jiersistent 

)ital  portion  of  the 
of  the  postcornn. 
;idication  whatever 

bear;  therima  is 
the  ventricle.    A 
postcornu.    The 
i3ly  caudal  to  it. 


• 


In  the  walrus,  Turner '  represents  a  dissection  of  this  cavity,  bnt  sliows  no  indi- 
cation of  a  postcornn;  but  in  the  text  he  states:  "  Where  the  cavity  of  tiie  ventricle 
curved  downward  and  outward  into  the  horn,  an  indication  of  a  recess  was  seen  in  its 
posterior  horn,  but  it  did  not  amount  to  a  cornu,  and  thi-ie  was  no  elevation  which 
could  be  called  a  hipjiocampus  minor. " 

Miirie,-oii  the  form  and  strnctnro  of  the  manatee,  (Ignies  a  well  develojied 
postcornu.  He  states  that  "there  is  an  undoubted  posterior  coriiu,  a  fully  developed 
hipiMicainpus  minor,  and  an  eminence  I  am  inclined  to  reco};iii/e  as  eniinentia  collat- 
eralis.''  The  siiiiie  author,  on  the  anatomy  of  the  sea  lion  (ttarhi  iiihnta  figures  a  more 
extensive  postcmimtlian  is  represented  in  the  manatee,  and  describes  it  as  •'stretching 
backward  and  outward  with  a  very  regular  sweeping  arch,  and  goes  well  back  into  the 
occipital  lobe,  terminating  in  a  shallow,  tapering  extremity.  The  eniinentia  collat- 
eralis  is  not  distinctly  delined,  Imt  what  appears  to  rwpresent  the  outwardly  bulging 
liippo(!ampus  minor  has  a  length  of  0.7  of  an  inch,  and  at  widest  is  0..'J  to  OA  broad." 

Wilder,  in  the  Anatomical  Technology,  in  indicating  the  lines  of  in(iniry  likely  to 
be  most  productive  of  results  in  the  homology  of  the  lininan  an<l  feline  fissures,  states 
that  "between  the  ordinary  carnivora  and  the  monkeys  are  two  groups  whose  brains 
.slionhl  be  studied  with  especial  care;  the  seals  have  a  rudimentary  postcornn  and 
occiipital  lobe,  and  these  parts  are  said  to  be  developed  in  the  Lemurs,  which  have 
aflinities  with  both  the  carnivora  and  the  primates." 

In  iioiH!  of  the  accounts  have  1  seen  any  direct  mention  of  the  correlation  of  tln^ 
siilenial  fissure  with  tho  calcar  in  these  a<|uatic  forms.  This  fact,  even  if  it  be  of  no 
direct  use  for  homology,  is  at  least  interesting. 

MONACHUS  TKOPICALIS. 

In  August,  1897,  I  was  fortunate  to  obtain,  through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  A.  II. 
Hassall,  Washington,  1).  C,  two  brains  from  male  and  female  specimens  of  the  West 
Indian  seal  {Monachns  tropiealis).  They  arrived  at  an  exceedingly  opportune  time  for 
comparison  with  the  other  brains  dealt  with  in  this  article.  A  study  of  their  form 
and  iissural  relations  throws  much  light  on  some  of  the  ]ioints  which  seemed  quite 
aberrant  in  Phoca  when  compared  with  Cnllorhinm  alone. 

The  general  form  of  the  brain  would  suggest  a  position  intermediate  between  the 
fur  seal  and  Plioca,  particularly  In  the  frontal  region  which  is  somewhat  foreshort(!ued 
and  broader  than  in  Callorhinus.  The  caudal  portion  of  the  cerebrum  is  inncli 
elongated,  noticed  parti(!ularly  upon  the  iiiesal  aspect  when  measured  from  the 
spleniuin  of  the  callosum,  as  if,  perhaps,  to  coin|)eusate  for  the  foreshortened  frontal 
region.  The  cerebrum  also  shows  a  slightly  greater  overlapping  of  the  cerebellum. 
The  olfactory  bulb  and  crus  resemble  the  corresponding  parts  in  I'lioea,  but  show  a 
slightly  greater  development. 

FISSURES. 

Postica. — In  all  four  hemicerebrums,  this  fissure  sends  a  branch  to  the  surface, 
thus  appearing  superficially  as  a  branch  of  the  Sylvian.  The  posti(;a  is  less 
easily  distinguished  in  iMonarlius  than  in  any  of  the  other  forms,  as  it  is  submerged 
practically  to  the  bottom  of  the  Sylvian  fissure.     In  CallorhiiuiH  tlier«>  is  a  branch 

188S,  'Turner,  report  on  tbe  Boals  collecttitl  during  tlie  voyage  of  11.  M.  8,  l'haUvn<jer  iu  tho  yours 
1873-187«. 
'Loo.  cit. 


[ 


36 


TIIK    FUR    8KALS   OP   THE    PRIBII-OF    ISLANDS. 


corrcspondiiit;  to  that  of  Momwhun,  but  it  doeH  not  extend  deeply  enough  to  conncirt 
with  the  poHtit^a, 

'Y\\fi  poHtyhinal  appears  an  the  merest  tnu;e  of  a  liHSurc,  and  Ini8  a  very  Huperlieial 
connection  witli  the  postit-a. 

Tlie  Sj/lrian  lissnre.  It  is  in  the  Sylvian  region  that  we  get  nnniero,  •.  clews  to 
the  in  termed  iat:e  position  of  Monavliun.  In  tlie  brain  of  the  fenuvle,  tlie  Sylvian  has 
l)racti(;ally  the  same  direction  as  in  Vallorhinux.  In  the  male,  the  true  Sylvian  really 
hranehes  (rephalad,  although  there  is  a  snperllcial  extension  in  the  usual  dorsocaudal 
direction.  Ap|)arently  some  unusual  eonditiouH  exist  here,  which  may  perhaps  he 
accounted  for  by  the  nearly  complete  disappearance  of  the  jtostica. 

The  prtKiiiHrsi/lrian  resembles  the  corresponding  fissure  in  I'hocit  regarding  its 
extreme  vertical  position  and  apparent  uni(»n  with  the  Sylvian  for  only  the  ventral 
third  of  its  course.  It  differs  from  I'hova  in  not  being  disconnected  from  the 
Huperaylvian. 

The  siipersjflvian  fissure  resembles  that  of  Pltoca  in  (extending  a  branch  of  good 
size  to  conne(!t  with  the  ansate. 

I'oHtsHpcrsy'.vian, — In  the  two  homi(;ercbrums  of  the  male  there  was  a  connection 
l>etwcon  the  supersjlvian  sjid  the  postsnpersylvian,  niuirli  as  in  I'liom.  In  the 
hernicerebrums  of  the  fenniJe  there  was  an  entire  di-seonnu^tion  of  these  fissures. 

The  cruciate  iissure  more  than  in  any  of  tlui  others  resembled  that  of  the  I'hocu. 
It  forms  a  good  intermediate  stage  between  CaUorhinm  and  I'lioca.  As  with  I'luwa 
the  fissure  is  represented  on  the  mesal  surface  as  nmch,  if  not  more  than,  n))on  the 
dorsal.  In  the  left  hemicerebrums  of  both  brains  the  cruciate  is  apparently  trontinuous 
with  the  splenial.     I'pon  the  right  hemicerebrums  there  is  no  such  connection. 

I'recruciate. — In  all  four  hemicerebrums  the  i)recruciate  extends  over  ujMtn  the 
mesal  surface  for  some  little  distance.  It  is  more  largely  represented  u|)on  the  dorsal 
surface,  and  its  lateral  end  makes  a  very  decided  curve  toward  the  coronal  fissure. 
There  is  almost  a  superficial  connection  between  the  crutiiate  and  pre(;rn«;iate.  The 
conditions  in  I'lioca  indicate  that  such  a  connection  has  occurred  even  to  the  extent 
of  their  almost  complete  mergence  into  each  other. 

"  Ursine  lozenije.'''' — This  area  is,  with  the  ex(;eption  of  Phoea,  where  it  is  undistin- 
guishable,  smaller  than  in  any  of  the  other  forms.  It  is  nothing  more  than  a  narrow 
gyre,  situated  at  a  slightly  lower  level  than  the  adjacent  gyres,  suggesting  a  probable 
preparation  of  its  loss  of  identity  in  I'hoca. 

PoHtcruciate. — In  Monaclius  this  fissure  was  the  least  satisfactorily  represented 
than  in  any  of  the  other  forms.  In  the  two  hemicerebrums  it  does  not  seem  to  be 
represented  at  all,  unless  we  interpret  a  slight  branch  from  the  (iruciato  as  represent- 
i;ig  it.     In  the  right  hemicerebrums  the  tissure  is  distinctly  present,  but  is  very  small. 

The  Splenial  accords  more  closely  with  Phoca  in  its  position,  reaching  the  mid- 
dorsal  region  instead  of  extending  farther  cephalad,  as  in  Vallorhimus.  It  sends  off  a 
braiK-h  corresponding  to  the  postsplenial  as  in  the  other  brains. 

The  Prespleninl  is  well  represented  in  the  two  right  hemicerebrums,  but  in  the 
two  left  it  appears  to  connect  the  true  splenial  with  the  cruciate.  The  iuter'r/cfcing  of 
submerged  buttresses  at  the  proper  points  indicates  a  superficial  connection  merely. 

The  Marijinal  fissure  is  more  poorly  developed  than  in  any  of  the  other  forms, 
except  the  bear.    A  series  of  short  or  interrupted  Assures  take  its  place. 


OKNKItAL   < ONSIDKUATIONS. 


37 


inongli  to  coiiiicitt 

ti  very  HnportUtial 

uinoro;  1  clews  to 
;,  tlie  Hylviiiii  lias 
•u«  Sylvian  really 
siial  tloi'Hocaiidal 
may  jterhaps  be 

orn  regard  i  II  {?  its 

«nily  tlio,  ventral 

iiieeteil    IVoiii   the 

a  hraiH^li  of  ^(mmI 

was  a  connection 
II  Phiwu.  In  tlie 
lese  lissures. 
;liat  of  the  I'Imu. 
.  As  with  Vhwii 
ire  than,  upon  the 
ireiitlyeoiitiiuious 
MJiinection. 
Is  over  upon  the 
(I  upon  the  dorsal 
e  coronal  fissure, 
[ireeriieiate.    The 

veil  to  the  extent 

e  it  is  undistiii- 
e  than  a  narrow 
listing  a  probable 

)rily  represented 
not  soeni  to  be 
ite  as  represent- 
Mit  is  very  small, 
aching  the  mid- 
It  sends  otf  a 

uins,  but  in  the 
e  inter'oclving  of 
ection  merely, 
the  other  forms, 
uje. 


A  wellinarked  (hdliiternl  llssure  is  present  and  resembles  the  corresponding 
tissiire  in  CnllofliinxH  very  closely. 

I'oHteovnu. — Perhaps  the  most  important  point  in  connecting  Mnnachns  with 
I'hoea  is  a  very  well  developed  postcornu.  (Uiltorliinits  shows  the  merest  tracre  of  one 
and  in  the  bears  it  is  absent.  In  Monavhun  it  does  not  go  so  far  as  in  Vhova,  a  greater 
portion  of  the  caudal  wall  being  solid.  The  Hoor  of  the  postcornu  in  MonuehtiH  is 
<|uite  distinctly  convex.  This  convexity  of  the  internal  surface  is  found  to  be  cor- 
related with  an  external  depression,  the  lower  or  ventral  iiortion  of  thesplenial  fissure. 
At  the  more  vertiiral  portion  of  the  llssuro,  namely,  opposite  the  caudal  end  of  the 
callosiim,  the  splenial  Hssiirc  loses  its  totality  and  becomes  an  ordinary  fissure  for  the 
remainder  of  its  upward  course.  The  post(!ornu  stops  at  the  level  of  the  depth  of  the 
splenial  fissure  in  the  callosal  region.  We  have  not,  therefore,  as  in  I'lioen,  a  well- 
developed  cnh-iir  (I lippoeaminiH  minor).  The  internal  convex  surface  already  spoken 
of  in  connection  with  the  ventral  portion  of  the  splenial  fissure  offers  a  suggestion  as 
to  the  inception  of  the  calcar  which  finds  its  fulfillment  in  Vhom. 

(IKNKBAL   CONSIDERATIONS. 

The  average  canine  brain,  as  a  matter  of  convenience,  may  be  acctepted  as  a  simple 
typo  of  a  carnivore  brain.  The  fissures  are  clearly  demarcated,  and  there  is  an  absence 
of  much  brandling  or  secondary  tissuration. 

Around  t\w  Sylvian  there  are  tiiree  arched  fissures  separating  thecortiinil  substance 
into  four  distinct  folds  or  gyres.  In  the  brain  of  cats,  and  occasionally  in  dogs,  we 
find  that  the  arched  fissure  nearest  the  Sylvian  is  not  a  complete  one;  that  oiity  the 
pillars  are  represented,  the  keystone  being  absent. 

In  Ityvtm  and  I'rotelix  the  frontal  portion  of  this  arch  is  wanting  (Krueg),  but  the 
caudal  portion,  fissura  postica,  is  well  represented. 

In  certain  others  of  the  carnivora  no  trace  of  the  first  arch  or  Sylvian  gyre,  with 
its  limiting  fissure  (anteriorpostica),  is  at  all  present.  The  first  arch  with  its  fissure 
has  disappeared,  apparently  swallowed  up  by  the  Sylvian.  Tiiere  are  represented, 
then,  oil  the  lateral  aspect  only  two  arched  fissures,  the  supersylvian  and  lateral  and 
the  three  gyros  which  they  separate.  In  those  forms  in  which  only  the  two  arched 
fissures  are  present,  if  the  distance  from  the  frontal  portion  of  the  supersylvian  to  the 
Sylvian  be  compared  with  the  distance  from  the  latter  to  the  postsiipersylvian,  it  will 
generally  be  found  to  be  less  in  the  former,  and  this  becomes  iimcli  iiioie  eiiiphasi/ed 
in  the  case  of  some  of  the  bears,  where  the  frontal  portion  of  an  undoubted  super- 
sylvian almost  enters  the  Sylvian  fissure. 

In  his  description  of  the  brain  of  the  polar  bear,  Urntis  maritimHs,  Turner'  says: 

On  opuiiing  n\>  the  Sylvian  lisHuro  I  fuiiiul  to  my  HiirpviNo  tbiit  a  (MUiHn  art'licd  convolution  wuh 
completely  coni'OiiltMl  within  it.  It  was  Hcpiirated  from  the  convolnlion  whirli  IximihIimI  the  Sylvian 
flsHnri)  by  a  ile<4>  liHsure,  whi(^h  wasalHo  concealed.  ItN  anterior  lini<<  not  <|nit«  ho  bulky  aH  the  ]ioHt('rior, 
was  continued  into  the  Hupraorbital  area  iunncdiately  external  '.  i  <^U  rhiiial  tis.sun^  and  to  the  outer 
root  o!'  the  olfactory  peduncle.  Its  po8terit>r  limb  reached  the  ^  .  u  i  hinal  liHSuro  and  the  lohim  hiiijio- 
viimin.  I  Rouhl  not  but  think  that  we  had  hero,  more  completely  than  either  in  tl.u  walrus  or  Heals,  a 
sinkin)^  into  the  Sylvian  fissure  of  the  convolution  which  ought  to  have  bounded  it,  so  that  both  the 
Sylvian  convolution,  properly  so  called,  and  the  suprasylvian  Mssuro  were  concealed  within  il.  If 
this  be  a  proper  explanation  of  the  arrangement,  then  the  three  convolutions  on  the  cranial  aspect 
would  bo  sagittal,  mediolatcral,  and  suprasylvian,  while  thu  two  complete  curved  lissures  between 
them  would  be  the  mediolateral  and  lateral. 


'  Loc.  cit. 


Si 

lit 

11" 


88 


TMK    FUR    HKAI<8  OF   THK    IMUHir.OF    I8I,AM)8. 


Tlio  qiiuHtioii  iiriHOH  it'  tlio  llHHiiro  coiiceulud  in  tho  Sylvian  may  not  bo  tlifl  cqiiivaliMit 
of  tho  antui'iur  poatii^a  of  Kruog,  and  tlie  two  roniaininf?  viHiblu  on  tlio  cranial  Hiirfaco 
tlio  HnporHylvian  and  latural. 

Tim  nmdiolatural  of  otlior  autliorH  doo8  not  attain  tlieHi/.u  norcontinuod  len{];th  in 
tlic  frontal  dirt'ittion  as  ascribfd  to  tlie  nicdiolatcral  l)y  Tinner. 

In  a  spocinion  of  Urxiis  amcrieanuM,  I  had  tlio  good  fortiiiiu  todiscovor  a  stago  oiio 
step  boyoiid  tliat  iIoHoribod  by  I'rofosHor  Turiior.  On  oiioniiiK  tliu  Hylviiiii  liHsitvo  1 
loiiiid  ill  its  caudal  wall  a  coinpletuly  subinorgod  liHHiiro,  witli  a  roiiiiiaiil  of  tho8yl- 
vi:in  gyro,  wliicli  niiglit  poHHibly  bo  miHtalien  for  tlio  insula.  A  trno  insula,  altlioiigli 
Hiiiall,  is  presoiit.  This  Hubinorgod  tlssiire  I  tako  to  bo  tliu  disappearing  vestige  (»f  the 
entosylvian  (Owen)  or  aiiteriorpostica  (Kruog). 

It  would  seem,  then,  that  tho  condition  thus  dcHcribed  in  the  polar  bear  and 
AnuMican  bear  would  represent  the  method  of  disappearaiuu*,  rather  tliaii  the  uppear- 
aiit'o,  of  tho  lirst  (;ircumsylvian  arch,  and  prepare  us  for  the  eondit!  ins  that  we  tind  in 
the  sea  lion  (Zulopbun)  and  the  seals  (I'lioca  and  CnUorhinnx), 

In  tlie  sea  lion  the  conditions  regarding  tho  frontal  portion  of  Mio  Bylvian  gyre 
are  interiiiediato  botweoii  the  bears  and  seals.  The  presnpersylvian  fissure  approa«^lies 
very  closely  to  the  Hylvian  flssiiro,  and  the  intervening  portion  of  tlu^  Sylvian  gyie, 
lu'sides  bt'ing  narrower  than  in  the  bears,  has  also  sunk  slightly  lower  than  tlie  adja- 
cent surfaces,  as  if  prophesying  tho  conditions  found  in  the  seals. 

Ill  the  seals  there  appears  to  bo  some  eviilence,  if  the  interpretation  as  to  the 
frontal  portion  of  tho  supersylvian  Hsaure  be  correct,  thai  after  breaking  up  into 
branches,  with,  perhaps,  some  disconnection  of  its  purts,  it  shows  a  tendency  lo  follow 
the  example  of  the  a!iterior-|>ostica  tissure,  because  in  I'liora,  at  least,  the  supersyl- 
viaii  bifiintatcs  a  little  beyond  the  free  end  of  the  Sylvian,  one  Vuanch  H  'litig  a  well- 
delined  arch  aroiiiu!  it,  the  other  branch  passing  on  in  tliti  fioiiti  'ion.    The 

branch,  however,  which  fora:s  the  arch  is  not  a  long  one,  but  it  extent  id  super- 

ficially connects  with  a  vertical  tissure  which,  for  half  its  distance,  is  submerged  in 
tho  frontal  wall  of  the  Sylvian,  and  crops  out  again  (»n  the  ventral  aspect  of  the  liiain. 
This  condition  holds  for  both  hemic.erebrunis  of  I'liova.  (.'((Ilorhiinis  throws  a  litllo 
light  on  tliis  matter.  In  the  right  hemicerebnim  the  sui»ei'sylvian  is  cilearly  continu- 
ous with  the  vertical  fissure  submerged  in  the  frontal  wall  of  tlie  Sylvian,  Imt  gives  off 
a  very  short  frontal  branch.  Superficially  it  is  continuous  witli  the  postsuocrsylvian, 
but  a  shallow  at  this  point  indicates  a  partial  separation.  The  direct  continuity  in  the 
depth  of  the  sui)ersylviaii  with  tho  vertical  fissure  would  seem  to  jioint  to  the  fact  that 
the  latter,  after  all,  was  nothing  more  than  the  frontul  iiortion  of  tlio  siipersylvian, 
namely,  the  ])resupersylvian. 

In  the  left  heinicerebrum  the  i)art8  are  a  little  more  conipli  lated.  The  postsupcr- 
sylvian  is  entirely  separated,  the  siipersylvian  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  frontal 
portion,  and  is  (piite  irregular  and  branching  '  i  its  course,  but  mainly  vertical  in  its 
direction. 

Thus,  taking  the  canine  brain  as  exem])lifying  a  simiile  fissiiral  pattern,  and  pass- 
ing through  the  Fclidw  and  Ursidw  and  sea  lion  to  tho  seals,  vhero  the  fissures  are 
more  numerous  and  complicated  by  the  presence  of  branches  of  considerable  size,  and 
more  or  less  disconnection  of  some  of  the  prininpal  fissures,  wf  may  arrive  at  some 
iiiubu'standing  of  the  relationship  and  changes  etl'octed  in  parsing  from  simple  to 
complex  conditions. 


OHNKIiAI.   C'ONSIDKKATIONS. 


39 


coiitiiiiK'il  luii(;th  ill 


III  tlio  Ki'»()r>il  form  of  the  braiiiH  tliiit  of  tlio  Hva  lion  scenu'il  to  licar  ii  closer 
roHOinbliiiH't;  to  tluit  of  tliu  boar  than  either  (lallorhinuH  or  Vlwva — thn  hitter  the  least 
of  all.  The  elon^atci]  and  narrowed  frontal  portion  of  the  braiu  us  sucn  in  the  beai- 
IH  represented  in  Phoca  by  a  foreshortened  and  broadened  region,  less  marked  in 
CallorliiuHH  and  8till  less  in  ZalophuH, 

The  developineiit  of  the  olfactory  lobes  iH  also  interesting'.  They  attain  their 
highest  growth  in  the  bear,  next  in  ZnlopliuH,  then  CnHothinuH  and  least,  in  I'hocti. 

The  ti'iangiiliir  area  on  each  hemieerebriim  located  between  the  cruciate  and  pre 
enieiale  lissiires  and  the  intereerebral  cleft,  designated  by  Mivart  as  the  iirsitie 
io/eiige  and  believed  by  him  to  be  of  ctmsiderable  importance  in  iiidh'ating  a  phylo- 
genetic  relationship  between  the  IMiiuipedia  and  the  ursine  group  of  earnivora,  was 
developed  ecpially  well  in  Zalophus  and  CaUorhinuH.  In  Phom  it  was  not  observable, 
although  Turner  states  that  in  this  form  it  is  present  but  riidinientary  and  concealed 
in  the  mesal  fissure  of  the  cerebrum. 

The  length  of  the  lateral  Assure  in  CnllorhinuH  is  somewhat  unexpected,  and  in 
relation  resembles  the  continuous  lateral  and  ectolateral  of  the  bear.  In  the  sea  lion 
and  Phom,  the  lateral  is  a  relatively  short  fissure.  In  all  but  the  bear  there  is  an 
independent  ectolateral  fissure,  but  it  is  not  so  satisfactorily  developed  in  Phovn. 

The  postrhinal  fissure  shows  an  interesting  variation  in  the  difl'erent  f'urnis.  In 
CiillorliinHs  and  Zaloplnis  it  has  no  connection  with  the  rliinal  or  Sylvian,  but  is  a 
dire(^t  continuation  of  the  subfissuie — postica.  In  I'miis  thesubtissure  may  occasion 
ally  reach  to  it,  but  as  a  rule  it  is  distinct  and  the  postrhinal  continues  as  an  elonga- 
tion of  the  rhiiial.  In  Phoca  the  sei)an)tioii  of  the  subfissure  and  the  postrhinal  is 
still  more  marked,  so  that  the  rliinal  and  postrhinal  are  practically  difl'erent  parts  of 
one  and  the  same  fissure,  differentiated  from  each  other  by  the  presence  of  the 
Sylvian. 

The  presujiersylvian  fissure  is  directly  continuous  with  the  supersylvian  in  Ursits; 
it  is  likewise  (continuous  in  Zalophux  and  in  VallorhintiH  except  upon  the  left  hemicere- 
brum  of  the  pup.     In  Phoca  the  two  fissures  are  distinctly  separated. 

The  postsupersylvian  is  continuous  with  the  supersylvian  in  Urmin  and  Znlophun^ 
but  separated  in  CallorhinuH.  They  are  aiiparently  continuous  in  Phoca,  but  a  dorso- 
caudal  branch  and  the  presence  of  submerged  buttresses  at  this  point  of  Junction 
would  indicate  that  there  was  some  attempt  at  separation. 

In  the  bear  there  is  no  elongation  of  the  paracoele  to  form  a  postcornu;  in  the 
sea  lion  Murie  finds  a  distinct  postcornu  present;  in  Callorhiiivs  it  is  (luite  rudimen- 
tary; in  P/tow  Tiedemann  represents  the  paracoele  with  no  appearance  whatever  of 
a  postcornu.  My  own  specimen,  which,  so  far  as  1  know,  is  normal,  shows  a  post- 
cornu relatively  as  large  or  larger  than  in  the  primate  brain,  with  a  distinct  calcar  or 
hippocampus  minor  in  which  a  portion  of  the  splenial  appears  as  a  total  fissure. 

With  the  exception  of  the  bear,  concerning  which  I  have  no  data,  and  the  addi- 
tional brain  from  an  adult  Callorhinus  and  Monuchus,  all  of  my  material  was  from 
specimens  not  more  than  one  year  of  age.  It  is  believed,  Judging  from  a  comparison 
of  the  brain  of  the  young  with  that  of  the  adult  Callorhinm  as  to  bu!k  and  complexity 
of  fissuration,  that  comparatively  little  or  no  change  occurs,  especially  in  the  latter 
respect. 

Mr.' Luc  IS,  who  has  had  casts  of  the  cranial  cavities  prepared  from  the  male  and 
female  fur  seals,  finds  but  slight  difference  in  the  size  of  the  cavities  (see  his  figures 


TniTiiiiiiiiiiiiln Mill  I  Miiii  iw  m 


!^ 


i 


40 


THE    FUR   BEAKS   OF   THK   PRIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


of  casts),  notwithstanding  the  fact  tiiat  diG  bulk  of  the  body  of  the  male  is  about  four 
times  as  gtnat  as  that  of  tlie  female. 

Of  the  representatives  of  the  four  groups  examined,  the  brain  of  Vallorliinus 
shows  a  greater  number  of  minor  fissures  and  a  more  intrici^o  arrangement  and 
branching  of  the  larger  fissures. 

Witli  regard  to  the  ground  plan  of  the  fundamental  fissures,  and  allowing  for 
the  ditt'erence  in  the  shape  of  the  brains,  that  of  the  eared  seals — CallorliiuKs  and 
ZalopliUN — approximate  in  general  more  cloMly  to  that  of  the  ursine  cariiivora  tlian 
docs  I'lioca,  The  latter,  or  earless  seal,  in  some  respects  appears  abcrriint.  The 
arrangement  of  the  cruciate  and  postrhinal  fissures  would  seem  to  link  it  with  the 
canine  and  feline  carnivora,  while  the  peculiar  development  of  the  occipital  region 
and  the  large  development  of  the  postcornu  with  its  calear  point  toward  primate 
conditions.  The  group  of  lemurs  is  also  said  to  })08sess  a  postcornu  and  to  have 
afiinities  with  both  tlie  carnivora  and  the  ])riniate8. 

As  a  matter  of  convenience,  a  table  of  the  more  interesting  regions  in  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  dittierent  groups  examined  is  herewith  appended : 


Itogion. 

TJrgUB. 

ZalophuH, 

OalloTbiiiiiH. 

MoiiacliUH. 

rhoca. 

1.  Siibfljiftuni  poM- 

I'rcsiMit 

Pri'snit 

Pri>sri,t 

Not  vory  diHtiiict    . . 

I'n'HOtil. 

ti.'ii. 

2.  I'ostrliiuiil 

C'ontiiiiialinn     ol' 

L'oiitiiiiiatioii    of 

(,'iiiiliniiatiou     o( 

A  iiinrt'  tiarc,  vrrv 

Coiilinuatioii  ol'rhi 

r  liiiial .  Pxrup- 

posUcc 

poHtica. 

Htipi'rtltial     (Mill- 

iial. 

tinnally  ut'  pus- 

iKu;tioii  with  poH- 

tica. 

tica. 

3.  I*  r  0  H  u  |i  c  r  ■ 

Contiiiuims    with 

(Joiitiiiiiniia    with 

Oo  Ipll  hi'iiiicoic 

ComiiTli'd  witli  811 

Uiscoiiin'i'lcd. 

s.vlviBn. 

Bupoisylvian. 

8Uii«r»ylviaii. 

hriiiii  of    piip, 
iliHConiifH-trd, 
hut  iiHiiullycoii- 
tiiMiuiia. 

piTaylviau. 

4.  P  o  8 1  H  u  )i «  r  ' 

<lo..   

CuntinuuiiH 

UiBconnuctrd 

In    lour   lumicorc- 

Coiit  iitiioua,  hti  t 

sylviuii. 

h  r  11  III  i* ;     t  w  it 
Hhowrd  a  foniMT- 
tioii  and  till' otliir 
two  a  disconni'C' 
tioii. 

with    iiidiealiuiiH 
ol  Hlmllows. 

r».  PrtTruciiitc 

Mostly  dorsal 

Dorani 

Onrital 

Mt'sal  and  dorHiil    . . 

Not  rli-arlv  hIiowm, 

fi.  Crm-mtr 

DorHal,  JMHt    ciit- 
lliif;  iiii'sal  mar 

<Io 

do 

OorHiil  and  iiii-huI  - . . 

UorMil  and  niesal. 

7.  roMtcruriatt'  . .. 

I'i'cMrllt  

Presi'iit  

Pri'si'iit 

UtidinK'ntary 

Pli'!*!'!!!. 

8.  MiiiortiHHurcB.. 

Karc 

Not  iiiunv 

NiimiToUH 

(jiiitc  iiiiiiii'roiiH 

Viiiti'  iiiiniiM'Oii!!. 

a.  "  V,  rsiiu^  Loz- 

I'n'Miit 

I'nsiiit 

Priwnt 

Small 

Ahsrnt. 

.•ns-'. 

10.  I'ostrurnii Ahscnt 

1 1 .  ( 'aliar    do 

12.  Mi'dilati'ialliH      I'ir.si'iit 

HUru.  I 

Kl.  Maruiiiallia    :  Aliurnt 

»iin'.  I 

14.  Cotlalcral    lis     cio 

Hiirc.  I 

15.  InimKi SliK'it 


Small . .. 
Ahunit  . 
I'lDscnt. 


..do. 


Small ... 
Ahwiit . 
PruHcul. 


I.arm'  

liidiHtiiK-l  .. 
I'rr.srnt 


....do.. 


Vi  rv  larnf. 
ViMv  diittincl. 
A    .siTifrt    of    small 
di.sfoiiiii-('t«-d     lis. 

HIlll'S. 

I'risunt. 


Kudlmuntary  . 


SliKht 


do  . 

SIlKht  . 


A    si-rii'M    of   short 
iiitcrrnptt-d      lia- 

HUri'H. 

J'reHiiil l'ris<wit,  i.iil    con 

nrvtH   with     poHt 
'      rhinal. 
Slight  Slight. 

I 


[ 


! 


i 


, 


I 


H 


GENEKAL    CONSIDERATIONS. 


41 


JieJ'ereiiiw  tellers. 


ans iHiHiito. 

l> )lllt(.l'<lSH. 

cal ciillosiiiM. 

calc (fiilcar. 

cf (;onrniiH. 

"1 ciilloHiil  (iHsiiro. 

col ••i)llat«riil. 

<'<)r vordutil. 

or ordciatc. 

ol cctoliiki'al. 

f titnlniii. 

g ;;<Miiial. 

Ii'l" liip]i(><iaiiipus. 

1 liitcial. 

niar;j; iiiarf,'iiial. 

>ii<i iiMiiIicoriiii. 

ml inedilatisral. 

F<' postconiii'. 


pw poHtui'iiciato. 

pi pIl'XIIH. 

!>"•  — -..prccoriiii. 
pwsr  ....prociriH'iate. 

prli pustrliiiial. 

ptHp..  ..prosplrnial. 

pisH pri'Hiipui'svlvian. 

psp poHtsploinml. 

PN« p<iHt8nper>vKmii. 

r roatral. 

rli rliinal. 

NO 8iipoi'<>rliit.al. 

«P Hpleiiial. 

Htr Htriatnni. 

Syl Sylvian. 

N8 Niipor.sylviaii. 

til tbalainim. 

"ir iirBiiio  lo/.Diigo. 


EXPIiANATION  OF  PLATE  V. 

EiK.  ].  Th.  ventr.d  asp«,.,,ol-f,l,..  l.rain  oHIi.,  fur  seal,  Calhrl,.,,,,.  ,n-sl„„>,,  .\unying  i„  ad.litum  to  the 
hss.nvs  tl„.  cranial  norv...  an.l  the  .erHmlhun.     (»n  .-aH.  side  of  M,o  latter  i,s  a  d.-presshm 
into  wJiM-h  lits  thi'  potnmal  portion  of  the  temporal  hon.i 
2.  Thn  .1,,,-sal  aspcH  of  the  hrain,  showing  iho  crcl.ellum  largely  .■on.ealod  l.y  the  cerohnnn. 
.i.    I  111'  lilt  lataral  aspect  ot  tlic  ccrobniiii. 

4.  TIk^  ri^lit  lateral  aspci't  of  the  ccrcbniiii. 

5.  The  mc.'sal  a.spoi^  of  the  rii^lit  liciiiicorehviim. 

6.  The  iiiesal  aspect  of  the  ieft  heiiiicerebruni. 


I'ii 


EXPLANATION  OE  PLATE  VI. 

'■   '"'ll'nmnriurr''*  ''"^  ^''"  '"""'  "'  *''^  •""•''"'"''  '''"""  '"""»"'  «"«l't'y  .nodihe.l  from  Tie<le. 

2    The  dorsal  .ispeet  of  the  eeiel.riiiii  of  I'hom  ritulina,  after  Tiodoiiiauii. 
;>.    Ihe  loft  lateral  aspect  of  the  cerohruia. 
I.  The  ri{;bi,  lateral  aspect  of  the  eereliniiii. 
5.  The  I'iesal  aspect  .>f  Ihe  rif;ht  heniiccreliruiii. 
H.  Tlu  mcsal  aspect  >)f  the  left  lii'niicerehniiii. 


V\ 


E.M'LANATION  OE  PLATE  VII. 

The  left  hileial  aspect  ,.f  the  ocrehnini  of  the  sea  lion,  Xahphnx  calijornianua. 

/he  rijrlit  lateral  aspecl  of  the  cerehruni  o( /aloi>liua. 

The  inesal  asj t  of  the  rij{ht  lieinicerebriiiu. 

The  iiicsal  aspecl  of  the  left  heniicereliriini. 

The  led  lateral  aspect  of  the  (■.•lel.riini  of  Ursiin  Ihihelianux. 

'I'he  mesa  I  aspect  of  the  ri^'lit  heinicerehniiii  of  rrmm. 

Missoctiouef  the  left  heiniccrohrun.  of  r,u,rhinu»,  showing  the  lateral  ventricle  with  a  very 

riidi iitar.v  postcornu.  •' 

I.issec.i.Mi  ,,f  the  left  lieniiceichr.un  .  ■   r,,o,-n  vH„Hna,  showing  the  presence  of  the  oalcar  and 
lai^e  postcornu  in  the  lateral  ventricle. 


f 


I 


i 


Plate  I. 


^.  ^ 


%«..  7 


DENTITION  OF  FUR  SEAL    NATURAL  SIZE. 
1-4.  plips.  .')  H,  ft'limll'S. 


1^' 


Plate  II. 


DENTITION  OF  FUR  SEAL,  NATURAL  SIZE 
Mali's. 


'i 


Plate  IV. 


UTERUS  AND  VAQINA  OPENED  FROM  THE  DORSAL  SIDE,  NATURAL  SIZE. 


L!i 


Plate  V. 


BRAIN  OF  FUR  SEAL    f-i/d.Wiiiiiw  i(i;/iihk.  REDUCED. 
rorr\|ilillialii>ll  sir  |ia;;<'  II. 


fl' 


I' I 
'Hi 


L 


V 


Jl 


Plate  VI. 


BRAIN  OF  HAIR  SEAL    /./„„.„  ntuhna.  REDUCED 
For  ex|>laiuiti(.ii  we  imgi-  n. 


I 


!'i    'i 


ii 


Plate.  VII. 


• 


BRAINS  OF  SEALS  AND  BEARS,  REDUCED. 
KorcxiiluiiuliiiM  .s<i>  imiii'  II. 


^ 


n  li. 


;  ^ii 


Plate  VIII. 


CASTS  OF  CRANIAL  CAVITIES  OF  FUR  SEAL,  NATURAL  SIZE. 
1.  Youug  pup.  'i.  Adult  fenialt),,  8.  Old  male. 


'■   I: 


,  i< 


III.-THE  BREEDING  HABITS  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  FUR  SEAL. 


Hy  Fkk.iikiiic  A.  LrcAs 


The  inoro,  evident  features  in  the  breeding  of  the  seals  have  been  so  often  described 
that,  save  for  the  sake  of  completeness,  it  )iiight  seem  unnecessary  to  repeat  them 
here.  The  truth,  however,  ha*  of  late  years  been  so  overlaid  and  interwoven  with 
errors  and  falsehoods  that  it  is  practically  impossible  for  one  who  has  not  made  a 
special  study  of  the  sid)ject  to  separate  tlio  one  from  the  other.  So  far  back  as  1839 
liishop  Veniaminof  published  a  very  good  description  of  the  habits  of  the  seals  on 
their  breeding  grounds,  aud  that  account,  after  the  elimination  of  one  or  two  very 
excusable  errors,  is  as  true  today  as  when  it  was  written.  In  ISSU  Klliott  well 
tlescribed  the  breeding  habits  of  the  seals,  but  about  the  sanu;  time  the  publi(;ation  ot 
Allen's  w«u'k  on  North  American  IMpnipeds  gave  wide  circidation  to  the  many  errors 
contained  in  the  account  of  ('aptain  liryant. 

Shortly  alter  the  ice  has  left  the  islands,  late  in  April  or  early  in  May,  the  first 
bulls  make  their  appearance,  and  after  loitering  about  the  rookeries  haul  out  and  take 
their  stations  for  the  season.  The  bulk  of  the  males,  however,  do  not  put  in  an  appear- 
ance until  later,  but  by  the  Ist  of  June  the  majority  have  taken  positions  on  the 
breeding  grounds,  although  their  numbers  gradually  increase  for  some  time  longer 
through  the  entry  of  bulls  which  force  their  way  in  and  establish  harems.  The  bulls 
appear  to  take  up  the  phuies  occnipied  the  previous  year,  for  in  many  cases  bulls  weie 
seen  in  18(»7  in  localities  where  they  "nad  been  noted  in  1890,  though  there  are,  of 
course,  many  exceptions  to  this  rule.  There  is  nnich  less  tightiug  at  this  time  than 
we  had  been  led  to  expect,  and  the  Ukales  pass  much  of  their  time  i?i  sleeping  while 
awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  cows.  These  begin  to  straggle  in  early  in  June,  and 
although  the  majority  of  cows  have  come  «^n  land  and  brought  forth  their  young  by 
the  10th  of  .luly,  j'et  they  continue  to  arrive  up  to  the  middle  of  August,  or  even 
later,  a  newly  born  pup  having  been  seen  on  August  27, 1800.' 

>  Tho  ex:ict  iliitett  on  wbioh  these  vtirious  occnrrencoH  took  placo  in  \SiHi  aru  as  followH: 

First  bnli  iirrived Apr.  IS 

First  killtililu  nvnU  anivi'd May  U 

First  cow  Hooii  on  Nortli  r(iiik«!ry,  iSt.  Oi'orgf I  unit  S 

First  POWH,  five,  Hticn  on  rt'rf June  12 

First  pups  senn  mi  n-rf lunu  14 

Ni'wly  born  pup  on  Norili  rookciy,  St. <icorge Aug.  16 

Lnut  newly  liorn  pup  soim  "U  St .  I'anl Ang.  27 

Apparently  (jraviil  row  seen  mi  Staraya  Artfil Aug.  17 

Last  copulatiou,  lietwomi  ymiiig  bull  anil  L'-year-old  cow,  Tolstoi Aug.  27 

43 


\J 


44 


TMK    VVn    SI0AL8   OP   THK    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


I 


From  July  t  to  tluly  15  or  L'O  may  bo  niillcd  tlio  ]iciglit  of  the  rookery  Hesisoii, 
wbun  thu  liaroriis  are  at  tlieir  fiillust  and  tlio  bulls  arc  most  a(;tive  in  keeping  the 
cows  within  bonntls.  During  this  time  there  is  little  visible  dian'ge,  and  even  a  count 
of  the  cows  may  show  little  or  no  dilVereneo  between  two  <lays,  altliough  a  systematic 
count  made  day  after  day  will  show  tluctuations.'  That  there  is  a  steady  though 
imperceptible  going  and  coming  of  (-ows  is  revealed  by  the  fact  that  a  (;ount  of  the 
))nps  shows  them  to  lie  twice  as  numerous  as  the  cows  that  are  on  the  rookery 
grounds  at  any  one  tinu',  altliough  f(»r  a  while  the  arrivals  about  balaiu;e  the 
departures,  giving  the  rookeries  an  aii|)earance  of  stability  tliat  they  n-ally  do  not 
possess. 

About  the  1st  of  August  comes  the  period  of  r«M>kery  e\|)ansion,  when  the  rigid 
distupline  <d'  the  harems  is  relaxed.  The  cows,  now  nearly  all  impregnatetl,  are  allowed 
to  come  and  go  as  they  please,  aiul  the  entire  mass  of  seals  draws  ba(;k  from  the 
waterV  edge,  making  it  possibhi  to  pass  between  the  seals  and  the  water  without 
creating  miu^h  disturbance.  This  spreading  of  the  rookery  linuts  is  apparently  due 
to  the  nu)vements  of  the  young,  who  work  out  of  the  harems  and  assemble  in  baiuls 
back  of  the  breeding  places,  ])odding,  as  it  is  termed.  The  nursing  cows  returning 
from  the  sva  naturally  seek  for  their  pups,  and  this  in  turn  brings  the  cows  back  of 
their  originil  positions,  the  whole  body  of  seals  being  thus  brought  fnun  50  to  2(M) 
yards,  or  evt  ii  more,  inland.  A  certain  amount  of  this  expansion  is  also  due  t(»  the 
intluN  of  li-yearold  cows  which  make  their  appearance  in  the  main  after  the  1st  of 
August  and  are  eageiiy  appropriated  by  the  bulls,  |»articularly  by  the  waiting  bulls. 

i*'ighting  among  the  bulls  cimtinues  throughout  the  rookery  seasiui,  not  only 
between  the  proprietors  of  adjacent  harems,  but  more  particularly  between  the  bulls 
with  cows  and  those  without,  and  among  the  idle  bulls.  The  fur  seal  is  ever  ready  to 
construe  any  movement  on  the  part  of  a  neighbor  as  a  threatened  attack,  and  quite 
as  ready  to  meet  him  halt  way,  although  there  is  much  threatening  that  results  in 
nothing  and  numy  brief  encounters  that  end  in  a  vicious  bite  or  two,  serious  (>Mough, 
in  fact,  but  of  comparatively  little  moment  to  a  bull  seal.  Two  bidls  will  rush  sav- 
agely at  one  anotiier,  and  Just  before  meeting  throw  themselves  tiat  on  their  breasts 
and  simply  puff  two  or  three  times  at  each  other  like  small  locomotives.  Tim  most 
severe  combats  take  place  while  the  harems  are  forming,  or  later  on,  as  Just  stated, 
between  the  lord  of  a  harem  and  some  idle  bull  who  has  made  up  his  mind  to  dis- 
possess his  fortunate  relative.  These  fights  are  sometinu's  long  protracted  and  the 
bulls  get  badly  bitten  about  the  back,  shoulders,  and  fore  flippers,  the  back  of  the 
arm  being  a  favorite  place  of  attack.  The  several  fights  which  wen*  brought  to  a 
flidsli  were  ccmi-luded  by  the  bulls  coming  up  to  each  other,  i^hest  to  chest,  and  push- 
ing with  all  their  might,  tin;  bull  which  was  f(»rced  backward  yielding  and  rushing 
for  the  water,  to  the  great  disturbance  of  that  section  of  his  rookery. 

While,  as  previously  stated,  the  main  features  in  the  life  of  the  fur  seals  have 
been  long  known,  of  late  years  many  ([uestions,  oncte  looked  uiton  as  of  purely  scientific 
interest,  have  become  of  great  priu'tical  importance,  rendering  a  more  detailed  and 
exact  knowledge  of  the  life  history  of  the  fur  seal  not  (udy  desirable,  but  necessary. 

'.InilKin^  from  Mr. StejnnKer'H  remiirkH,  tlit-  woiitlutr seeiiiH  to  Imvct  iiincli  \vnn  iiiMiiuii<'<'  on  tliitHeula 
on  tlio  I'riliilots  tbun  it  does  on  tlieConiinaiiili-r  InIiiiiiIh,  lor  noHiirh  guiioral  (U-plftion  of  tlio  rookorioH 
takoa  place  on  a  bright,  witrm  day  ou  the  Ibrautr  island!)  as  hii  noticett  Muvoral  timed  on  the  CouiiuuuderH. 


VIHIMTY   OF   YOUNG   UULL8. 


45 


Among  sncli  questions  are  the  ages  at  which  the  males  and  females  begin  and  cease 
to  breed,  the  frequency  of  birtlis,  the  alleged  fre(|uent  occurrence  of  "  barren  cows," 
the  necessary  ])roi>ortion  of  the  two  sexes,  and  their  natural  proportions  at  birth. 
Mncii  of  this  information,  and  ]iarti(;ularly  that  which  depenils  on  the  study  of  the 
reproductive  system,  could  not  have  been  securetl  in  the  better  days  of  the  Pribilofs 
without  killing  many  females  and  creating  great  disturbance  on  the  rookeries.  The 
great  destruction  of  the  females  at  sea  and  the  consequent  thinning  out  of  the  rook- 
(M'ies  has  rendered  it  itossible  to  get  about  the  breeding  grounds  more  readily  than 
formerly,  while  by  obtaining  from  pelagic  sealers  the  bodies  of  skinned  seals  extensive 
series  of  females  of  all  ages  were  secured  for  examination.' 

Mr.  (J.  II.  Townsend,  to  whom  belongs  the  credit  of  having  inangnrat4>d  this 
importiint  line  of  work,' with  its  incontrovertible  evidence,  collected  aiul  exan.-iie<l 
the  ovaries  of  10(>  seals  in  I8S).'),  and  <lnring  the  present  season  (18U0)  we  procured  Tft 
more,  while  these  were  supplemented  by  otlnu's  obtaine<l  from  pups  and  females  «)f 
various  ages  killed  for  examination.  From  this  material  data  were  obtained  which 
rcn«lered  it  possible  to  substitute  fa<;ts  for  probabilities  and  to  refute  some  of  the  wild 
assertions  that  had  found  their  way  into  print. 

As  .stated  by  Klliott,  the  testes  of  the  young  male  are  inguinal,  descending  into 
the  scrotum  toward  the  end  of  the  second  or  coinmemrement  of  the  third  year; '  and 
INIr.  Andrew  lialkett  has  found  living  spennato/oa  in  a  •'^year-old  male.  The  unties 
are  thus  otu-.asionally  capable  of  procreation  at  the  age  of  .'{,  but  they  are  rarely  able 
to  enter  the  rookeries  before  the  age  of  0,  while  the  nnijority  «>f  bulls  on  the  breeding 
grounds  are  7  years  old  and  upward.  The  failure  of  the  young  bulls  in  enter  the 
rookeries  is  not  due  to  any  lack  of  desire,  but  simply  because  tlwy  have  not  attained 
their  full  growth  and  are  not  large  and  strong  enough  to  light  their  way  in;  and  here 
again  "natural  selection''  works  to  the  advantage  of  the  fur-seal  race  by  permitting 
only  the  full  grown,  vigonms  males  to  possess  harems.  Many  of  the  younger  bulls 
obtain  cows  and  get  their  first  exi>eriences  in  the  art  of  running  a  harem  after  the 
rookeries  have  expanded  and  the  young  fenuiles  have  nnide  their  appearance,  and  it 
is  very  amusing  to  see  th(>se  youngsters  endeavoring  to  assume  tin;  airs  and  manners 
of  veterans.  At  this  time,  too,  the  idle  bnlKs,  which  were  unalde  to  obtain  cows  earlier 
in  the  season,  .secure  a  cow  or  two,  either  young  or  old,  and  establish  small  ami  tem- 
porary harems— temporary  becau.se  there  are  no  young  t^)  cause  the  cow  to  return  after 
she  has  again  taken  to  the  water.     , 

'  III  tliiH  riiiinttctioii  I  would  like  to  oxprusM  iii.v  oWliKiilioiis  to  ('a|il.  \V.  II.  KobertH,  us  wnll  uh  to 
the  olVicoiH  itC  thr  Itiinli,  for  the  conlinl  aHsiHtancn  viMiihtriMl  in  NiM'tiriii};  iiinterial  iiiiil  for  thi;  iiitercHt 
takt^i  in  thit  work.  It  in  not  a  {iluaNaiit.  ami  ol't'ii  no  i-aHv,  task  to  Iransfbr  Hovoral  boat  loailH  of 
Ki'i-as,v,  bh'etliiiK  si'ul  narcitHHes  from  the  ilvckH  o!  a  Biialin^r  scliooncr  to  tlui  rovKUiie  cutter,  but  the 
work  was  niimt  rlii'itrriill.v  (luno,  and  tho  material  thus  HrcnriMl  was  invaluable. 

-  Mr.  TowuHund  made  a  connnonurnieiit  of  tbiN  work  in  IKV2,  but  it  was  not  proHuoi' ted  vigorously 

until  mr.. 

'■A  (MirioMH  feattire  in  the  Ncals  is  the  voluntary  or  involuntary  withdrawal  of  the  test^H  from  the 
Horotuni.  From  tht^  Hliid.v  of  a  few  individuals  it  seemed  |irobablu  that,  as  in  Hi|uirr«ls  and  many 
othiT  anini.'ds,  the  testes  were  I'ompleti'ly  rctriirtcd  at  the  end  of  the  season;  but  more  extended 
observations  by  Mr.  <'lark  and  myHelf  showed  that  while  this  was  to  some  extent  triu%  mueh  depended 
on  the  position  of  the  animal,  an<l  also  that  they  seemed  to  be  under  the  uninial's  control.  When  a 
Heal  lies  (Ml  his  baek.  tlie  tentesare  pressed  backward  ami  appear;  when  he  rolls  over  anil  Htart.-<  to  walk 
away,  they  are  wholly  or  partially  withdrawn,  thus  furnishing;  a  saleguard  against  injury  when  the 
aniuuil  is  running  about  over  rocky  ground.     Sue  also  page  IS. 


^■^ 


4(i 


THE    FUlt    SEALS   OF    THE    I'KIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


The  yoaug  females  come  mi  the  rookeries  for  the  tlrst  tiiiio  ufter  tlio  harems  of 
adultH  have  broken  up,  aiid  there  is  more  or  less  admixture  of  seals  of  all  ages.  They 
are  not  in  the  harems  in  June  or  early  in  July,  and  in  18!MJ  they  were  tlrst  seen  on 
8t.  I'aul  July  27.  and  on  8t.  George  July  'M,  their  appearance  on  the  two  islands 
being  thus  practically  sinuiltancous.  As  to  the  age  of  these  <;o\vs  and  the  fact  that 
this  was  their  first  appearance  on  the  rookeries  there  can  bo  no  <|uesti(>n ;  the  yearlings 
and  L'-year-oIds  are  readily  known  by  their  si/e,  while  to  settle  the  point  beyond 
dispute,  two  young  cows  were  shot  and  examined  on  July  l.'<s,  both  proving  to  be 
L'yenr-old  virgin  females.  From  the  last  of  .luly  until  about  the  end  of  August  these 
2yearold  cows  were  numerous. 

The  congested  coiulition  of  the  blood  vessels  and  tlu^  presence  in  both  ovaries  of 
(iraalian  follicles  in  various  stages  of  development  show  that  in  young  females  c(m)ing 
to  the  rookery  for  the  tlrst  time  both  branehes  of  the  uterus  are  functioual,  and 
impregnation  may  occur  in  either.  The  young  are  borne  alternately  on  either  side, 
and  if,  for  example,  the  first  ]>up  is  developed  in  the  right  branch  of  tlu^  ute:'us,  the 
second  will  be  Ixune  in  the  left,  first  one  ovary  then  the  other  being  fun(;tional.  Tiie 
reason  for  this  alternation  is  that  the  time  between  delivery  and  coming  in  heat  is  so 
short  that  there  is  not  sutficient  time  tor  that  branch  of  the  uterus  in  which  the  young 
Avas  developed  to  resume  its  normal  contlition,  this  operation  probably  re(|uiring  six 
weeks.  All  this  was  very  well  demonstrated  by  Mr.  Townsend  in  his  report  for  18!)"), 
and  his  statements  have  been  corroborated  in  every  partituilar.  The  (inference  in 
size  between  the  ovaries,  and  particularly  between  the  branches  of  the  uterus,  is 
usually  penreptible,  not  only  to  the  eye,  but  to  the  touch,  until  late  in  August  or 
early  in  8eptend)or,  although  by  that  time  specimens  will  i)e  met  with  in  which  the 
impregmited  branch  has  commencecl  to  swell  while  the  other  has  nearly  or  (piite 
resumed  its  normal  size.  After  the  maturing  and  impregmition  of  an  ovum  the  other 
Graafian  follicles  appear  to  be  absorbed,  since  in  ovaries  examined  in  ISeptember 
where  the  coi-pus  luteum  was  well  advanced  the  (iraafian  follicles  were  small. 

There  is  not  the  slightest  evidence  to  support  the  theory  advanced  by  l>r.  Sluiiin 
that  the  seal  breeds  biennially,  for  all  evidemte  tends  to  show  that  from  tin;  third  year 
onward  througluMit  life  the  female  brings  forth  a  pup  annually. 

It  is  commonly  stated  that  the  females  come  in  heal  witliin  liS  hours  and  that  the 
]>eriod  of  gestation  is  about  3(i(l  days,  but  more  aeimrate  information  is  needed  on 
these  points,  and  I  am  inclined  to  doubt  the  corre(rtness  of  the  abov«'  statements, 
or  at  least  am  unwilling  to  accept  them  as  a  general  law.  From  data  obtained  in 
1S!)7,  given  in  full  at  the  eiul  of  this  chapter,  it  would  seem  that  from  three  to  six 
days  elapse  between  the  birth  of  the  pup  and  the  corning  in  heat  of  the  cow.  In 
18!>5,  the  season  being  late,  Mr.  Townsend  made  the  following  observations  on  the 
condition  of  the  harems  .Tune  2')  and  2(» :  ''The  harems  in  course  of  formation  along 
the  beaches  were  as  yet  very  small,  the  average  number  of  females  in  each  being 
five.  About  one-fourth  of  the  females  were  nursing  newborn  pups,  the  others  being 
conspuiuously  gravid.  Some  sections  of  rocky  ground  were  still  covered  with  snow, 
and  a  number  of  now  born  young  with  the  red  placenta-  still  attached  were  lying  upon 
the  snow.  Occasional  females  were  noticed  arriving  from  the  sea,  but  none  were  seen 
leaving.  There  were  no  signs  of  any  then  coming  into  heat.''  If  die  interval  between 
delivery  and  coming  in  heat  is  so  short  as  generally  supposed,  it  would  seem  that  some 
of  these  females  should  have  evinced  s«)me  signs  of  desire.    Moreover,  if  the  period  of 


PKRIOD    OF    (iKSTATION. 


47 


gestation  were  uniformly  .'J0(>  or  oven  ."JoO  days,  since  the  S-yeivr-old  females  do  not 
make  tlieir  appearance  on  tlic  ro(»keries  until  tiie  last  part  of  'July,  it  would  tinally 
come  to  pass  that  all  the  youii^  would  be  born  late  in  July,  wliicii  is  not  tiie  case. 
The  known  facts  are  that  the  majority  of  pups  are  born  between  .Inly  1  and  .luly  15, 
but  quite  a  number  of  births  take  phKie  after  that  date,  o(;casionaI  births  occurring  up 
to  tSeptember  1.  A  small,  black  pup  was,  however,  killed  on  Kitovi,  on  Ot^tober  10, 
which  was  in  good  condition  and  weighed  only  1 U  pounds.  This  could,  at  the  nu>st, 
have  been  only  a  luonth  old,  very  likely  not  even  that,  and  must  have  been  born  in 
Hoptember.  A  large  number  of  these  snuill,  late  pups  were  seen  on  the  various  rook- 
eries in  October,  so  that  scattering  births  certainly  occur  as  late  as  the  tirst  week  in 
iS('|)tember.  On  account  «)f  these  late  births,  and  the  date  ut  which  the  2  year  old 
virgin  «'ows  make  their  appearance  on  the  rookeries,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  tint 
liist  period  of  gestation  is  shorter  than  the  succeeding  ones.  Were  this  not  so  we 
woidd  lind  a  larger  percentage  of  births  late  in  the  season,  ami  it  would  be  impossible 
to  account  for  the  retrogresshtu  of  births  toward  the  early  part  of  .luni!  and  .Inly.  Mr. 
Clark,  who  has  devoted  some  time  to  this  (juestion,  writes  as  follows  : 

Tliu  height  of  thu  huusiiii  fulls  abuiit  thu  10th  or  l.'ith  of  July,  iiiul  it  is  reaHonalili'  to  siippoBO  that 
llio  niiinluM'  of  cows  then  viHihhi  and  the  increuHed  nuiiilx'i'  of  hirtliH  about  that  time  uro  tluit  to  thu 
inllux  of  the  ;t-year>old  cowh  whii'h  cuniu  to  hrin);  forth  their  fiiHt  yoiin<;.  Thrue  K-yeiir-old  cowh  wito 
inipi'oguatcd  about  August  1  of  the  )>i'e('i-dlnt;  ycai'.  If  we  HuppoNt;  that  tlie  lirNt  period  of  gi'station  ia 
351)  days,  this  would  bring  thi!  time  of  delivery  about  .July  15.  If  tho  interval  bi-tween  delivery  and 
luipregnatioii  in  about  live  dayH,  thu  period  of  gestation  renuiiuing  the  same,  the  second  birth  would 
fall  about  .luly  5,  the  third  .luue  25,  thu  fourth  .luuu  15,  the  tiftli  .Juno  5,  which  is  inipossiblu,  or  at 
le.ist  a  sixth  would  be,  for  no  births  are  recorded  before  .Juiiu  10. 

If,  however,  we  consider  the  second  and  succeeding  periods  of  gestation  to  be  about  355  days,  the 
interval  between  birth  anti  impregnation  remaining  thu  same,  the  births  would  fall  as  follows:  Second, 
July  10;  third,  .Inly  5;  fourtli,  July  1;  tifth,  June  1.'5,  etc.,  the  eighth  falling  on  June  10.  The  cow 
would  then  bo  10  years  old,  )irobably  still  in  bearing  condition ;  but  there  is  every  reason  to  suppose 
that  the  period  of  interval  between  delivery  and  ini|iregnatiou  is  less  than  live  days.  This  tigure,  as 
well  as  the  one  representing  the  period  of  gestation,  has  simply  been  taken  arbitrarily  for  purposes  of 
illustration.  With  shorter  intervals,  say  of  throe  or  even  two  days,  the  number  of  births  necessary  to 
cover  the  interval  In  which  births  can  occur  would  be  increased. 

Tills  is  purely  a  theoretical  discussion  of  this  matter.  Thu  data  rugardiug  the  period  of  gestation 
ami  the  interval  between  delivery  and  impregnation  are  wanting,  and  it  would  lecjuiru  several 
seasons  of  painstaking  obsorvatiuus  to  supply  them.  Kut  wo  have  di'tinlte  information  regarding  the 
time  at  which  thu  virgins  are  lirst  servetl.  We  also  know  that  the  groat  mass  of  pups  are  born  before 
or  abiuit  the  middle  of  .luly,  and  we  know  that  pups  are  born  as  early  as  June  111  to  IL'.  That  a 
cow  which  was  originally  impregnated  about  August  1  can  eventually  bring  forth  a  i)u|>  In  early  .luue 
can  only  be  accounted  for  by  supposing  a  retrogression  of  thu  tinio  of  birth,  lor  It  nnist  be  the  oldest 
cows  that  bear  their  imps  in  early  .lune. 

In  order  to  definitely  settle  the  matter  careful  observations  of  the  younger  cows 
are  needed,  although  the  investigation  is  fraught  with  much  difficulty. 
Mr.  Clark,  who  witnessed  the  birth  of  several  pups,  writes: 

In  bringing  forth  her  young  the  cow  seems  to  take  no  thought  as  to  her  place.  One  pnj)  was 
observed  to  be  born  on  a  slanting  rock  down  which  it  slii))>ed  as  soon  as  releastul.  Thu  mother 
reached  down  and  lifted  it  up  to  her  side  (mly  to  have  it  slide  down  again.  She  repeatedly  lifted  the 
pup  iiack,  aiul  tinally  changed  her  positicm.  Another  cow  was  seen  with  her  new-lioru  pup  on  a 
narrow  shelf  which  was  si'arcely  large  enough  for  herself,  and  from  which  the  pair  weii)  in  constant 
danger  of  falling  oil'.     The  pup  must  have  been  born  there,  but  how  is  a  mystery. 

The  pup  Is  born  with  the  head  lirst,  though  one  birth  was  this  scikson  witnessed  on  St.  I'unl 
where  the  hind  tlippers  came  lirst.  Delivery  seems  easy.  The  cow  shows  hut  little  evidence  of  pain, 
though  before  delivery  she  shows  more  or  less  uneasiness,  chaugiug  hur  position  freijueutly,  getting 


' 


I 


48 


THE    KUIt    SKALH    OP   TIIK    PKIBILOK    ISLANDS. 


up  ttii<l  lyiiiK  ddwii  itH  Hlieep  do.  In  tlio  caoe  of  three  Itirtlm  witiinsMud  i\  cnpiotm  (Uscliurtje  of  wator 
preoeilfd  delivery,  The  eow  hIiowh  no  diHpoHition  to  liek  or  olherwim^  lir^'  liur  |in|i.  sht<  I'oiidleH  and 
enllN  over  it,  HUiullln);  of  it,  mid  will  lift  it  out  of  the  wuy  of  dimmer'  tnl;iii(r  it  lt,v  the  Hkin  of  tlie  linek 
iiH  a  eiit  would  h»r  kitten.  Hoon  after  delivery  the  mother  ilriiwH  tlie  iiiip  toward  Iter  hreiiNt  itH  if  to 
huvii  it  Huuk,  and  it  is  not  lon^  liofore  the  pup  Im  uhle  to  do  ho.  In  the  eiine  of  one  liirth  witneHKud  the 
<!OW  by  Hwiufring  about  iinniudiately  Nepanited  Ihu  pup  from  tliti  ])liieuiita,  which  wiih  not  duliverud 
within  half  lui  hour  after  thu  birth  of  the  pup.  Tliut  there  in  dillioiilty  in  liroakiuK  the  uiiiliilieal  uord 
ill  Hoiiio  caHeg  iH  uvideneed  by  the  faet  that  one  pup  was  I'ound  imprisoned  in  the  roekH  attaehod  by  an 
niiiHUally  thiek  I'ord  to  a  rotting  placenta.  The  pup,  though  a  week  or  more  old,  had  not  moved 
from  ilH  place;  its  llippers  were  white  and  it  wiih  iinajile  to  iibu  them  when  releaNod.  It  hud  |)i'ob- 
ably  not  moved  I'roni  itH  place  Hince  birth.  Another  pu|i,  Hliiing  and  healthy,  was  seen  wnlkiiiK  about 
with  tlie  dried  piai-enta  attached  to  it  liy  a  very  thick  eoni  which  greatly  impeded  itH  movenientii. 

Wliilu  the  ttMiialu  is  Hvxiially  mature  iit  the  ii^e  of  2,  the  utcriiH  iiiid  ovaiios  do 
not  iittiiin  tlidr  fnll  development  until  some  time  later,  the  tlitlerent^e  in  si/e  between 
the  ovaries  of  the  2-year-old8  anti  those  of  the  older  funmle.s,  though  sli^^lit,  beiii^; 
(|uite  noticeable.  Tht^e  is,  however,  a  coiisitlerabie  amount  of  individual  variation 
in  the  si/e  of  those  or^jans  not  dependent  on  agti,  ami  it  sometimes  lia|)peiis  that  th«> 
ovaries  of  a  breeding  female  are  smaller  than  those  of  a  2  year-old.  The  followino; 
measurements,  taken  from  carefully  preserved  aleoholic  s])e(;imens,  may  be  talven  ii.s 
giving  the  average  size  of  the  ovaries:  Two  months,  10  by  l.'J  nnn.;  one  year,  I'l  by  17 
mm.;  two  years,  22  by  25  mm.;  adults,  23  by  25  anti  25  by  2S  mm. 

As  the  development  of  the  fetus  is  extremely  slow  whih^  the  eow  is  nursing,  the 
embryo  is  consetpiently  so  ndnute  during  August  ami  September  as  to  eH(;ape  tletce- 
tioii,  uidess  carefully  looketl  for  under  favorable  cireumstaiu!«^s  and  with  the  most 
approved  appliances.  The  question  as  to  whether  or  not  a  female  has  been  impreg- 
nated therefore  depends  cm  the«-omlition  of  the  ovary,  .tnd  it  might  naturally  be  asked 
what  reason  there  is  to  suppose  that  it  sear  on  the  ovary  is  not  merely  due  to  the 
ru])ture  of  a  Graafian  follicle.  In  answer  to  this  it  may  be  said  that  of  the  lit*  ovaries 
of  adult  nursing  females,  examined  by  Mr.  Townsend  ami  my-«elf,  all  bore  a  single  old 
scar  on  the  ovary  corresjmnding  to  that  branch  of  the  uterus  in  which  delivery  had 
last  taken  place.  In  78  sjiecimens  examined  by  Mr.  Townsend  in  1S95  there  was  an 
untptestiouably  fresh  scar  on  (i8,  tind  on  reexamination  7  of  the  10  doubtful  cases 
proved  to  have  been  iin])regiuited.  The  exact  ctuidition  of  the  renniining  li  will  never 
be  known,  as  they  were  not  preserved,  but  they,  too,  nniy  have  been  impregnated. 
The  (»8  specimens  collected  in  1890,  with  one  exception,  bore  a  recent  scar  on  tlie  ovary 
functional  for  the  season,  alth«>ugh  in  these  instances  the  fiwi  was  not  apparent  on  a 
first  examination.'  In  specimens  obtsiined  early  in  September,  the  corpus  hiteiim  aid 
corresponding  branch  of  the  uterus  had  increased  in  si/e,  showing  trlearly  that 
impregnation  had  taken  place,  and  since  in  no  case  did  an  ovary  bear  more  thtin  one 
scar  it  is  not  assuming  too  nuich  to  say  that  in  the  fur  seal  ovulation  is  practically 
synonymous  with  impregnation.  That  this  should  be  so  is  not  surprising  when  it  is 
considered  that  a  female,  after  entering  a  harem,  is  held  there  by  the  bull  until  he  is 
satisfied  that  she  may  i)roperly  be  allowed  to  leave;  that  ba<!k  of  the  harem  and  along 
the  water  front  are  idle  bulls  waiting  for  stray  females,  and  that  finally  when  the 
harem  system  is  relaxed  there  is  an  iuHux  of  young  bulls  who  before  this  time  (>ould 
not  enter  the  lookeries,  and  who  would  be  likely  to  discover  if  any  fcnnile  were  still 
unimpregnated.  in  the  possible  event  of  a  female  escaping  impregnation  when  the 
first  (iraafian  follicle  reached  maturity  the  next  advanced  follicle  would  ripen,  and  as 


■In  all  doubtful  cosea  the  speciineii  wan  preserved  aud  subHO(|uently  examiuud  iu  company  with 
Dr.  William  Uray,  of  the  Army  Medical  MiiHeum. 

/ 


I 

t 


I 


•■*1 


■    .     ■ 


SEARCH    roi!    HAKKI'.N   (  n\Vs. 


40 


4 


lie 

IS 

th 


no  less  Hum  »'ij,'lit  to  twenty  folliclos  in  viiri«'iisstii>;<'s  of  lU'vi'lupiiH'iit  me  to  be  toiiinl 
ill  an  oviiiy  tlie  tlnuif"  of  ii  reiiiiile  nlfiinately  leaviii;;  tiie  rookery  iiiiiin|>ri>Knated  is 
very  small.  Itisevitlenl  also  troni  tiie  actions  of  I  lie  olil  hulls,  a  «-ei-taiii  pei'<'eiita(;u 
of  wlioMi  return  in  Se|ilemlter  to  their  places  on  the  breediii;;  {^rouiitls  after  feediiijy, 
that  shoiiiil  any  cow  tail  to  he  served  in  June,  .Inly,  or  Aiifriisl  slie  \Mndd  lind  service 
even  in  September.  Mieroseopie  examinations  niide  by  Dr.  .1.  .1.  ('arroll  put,  this 
beyond  doubt.  Sections  made  from  the  testes  of  a  bull  kiUed  Au{;iist  L'(>,  which  hail 
recently  witlidri'Mi  from  the  rookery,  eoiilained  no  s|ic:'mato/.oa,  wiiile  setttions  nia(b-, 
from  bull  kilhil  <K'tober  17,  contained  speriiiato/.ua  in  {;reat  numbers,  in  tiie  old 
bulls  I  ne  testes  are  mure  or  less  witliilruwii  from  tlie  surotnin  at  the  close  of  the  breed 
iii^  season,  siniiiltaneously  with  the  withdraw;il  of  tlie  bull  from  the  rookery,  and  his 
demeanor  is  eompielely  c.haii},'ed.  From  beiiiy  alert  ami  a^;;res.sive  he  becomes  quiet 
and  timid.  Instead  of  ))erpetiially  (piarrelin^  with  his  nei^r|il)ors,  btillyiiij;  the  baclic 
lors  and  savaf^ely  resenting  the  intrusion  of  man.  e  lies  down  to  sleep  witli  seals  of 
all  ages,  and  tiees  preeijatately  from  the  sight  or  smell  of  a  man. 

Tliat  such  belated  serviit;  sometimes  oeeiiis  is  borne  out  by  the  fact  tiiat  several 
liundred  small  l)lack  pups  were  iioteil  in  ()<'tulier  on  the  rookeries  (»t  St.  Paul.  One 
of  these,  killed  on  October  !><.  was  found  in  },'ood  conditinn  and  with  stomach  full  of 
milk.  It  weifjhed  IIA  pounds.  An  unborn  fetus,  taken  from  a  cow  on  Zapadni  Keef 
Aufjuat  U,  weijjlied  11  pounds,  and  the  experiineiital  pup,  taken  fV(tin  Tolstoi  rookery 
on  .\n;r»st  1,  supposed  to  be  about  a  iiiontli  old,  wei;ilied  lli  pounds.  A  jrray  |)iip, 
killed  at  the  same  time  as  the  small  black  one,  \\ci;;hcd  2!>  pounds,  anil  two  weeks 
before  a  similar  pu|)  liad  been  killed  on  the  same  rookery  which  weijjlieii  .'(.'tlj  pounds. 
Tlie  little  piip  eniild  not  have  been  much  over  a  month  old,  and  therefore  must  have 
been  born  in  Sei»tember. 

As  a  result  of  the  examination  of  110  ovaries  of  adult  cows  it  can  .safely  be  said 
that  there  is  nothinj,' whatever  to  corroborate  Dr.  Sliiiiin's  statement  that  it  is  possible 
to  determine  from  the  aJ<pearaiiceof  the  ovaries  liow  niany  yoiin;.;  have  been  borne  by 
a  cow.  In  mi  case  werc^  two  scars  i»resent  on  an  ovary,  to  say  nothintr  of  tlieie  beiiifj 
a  jjreater  number,  and  while  in  a  siiij-le  instance  there  seemed  to  he  two  scars  on  one 
ovary  a  section  showed  that  the  ai)pearance  was  merely  siiperticial  and  not  due  to  tlie 
rupture  of  an  ovum.  The  scar  of  impregnation,  corpus  luteum,  devidops  very  shiwiy 
and  .slowly  disiiitpears,  a  cross  section  of  the  ovary  revealing  its  presenco  long  after 
all  traces  have  disajipeared  from  tlie  surface.  Dr.  Sluiiin,  it  is  stated,  examined  the 
ovaries  in  alcohol,  and  he  jirobably  mistook  the  slight  depressions  caused  by  the 
shrinkage  of  tlie  (iraatian  follicles  tor  sears.  A  section  of  the  nonfuiuttional  ovary 
shows  it  to  be  a  tine  grained,  homogeneous  mass  with  no  developing  follicle,  while 
the  ovary  which  is  for  the  season  functional  may  have  as  many  as  eight  liraalian 
follicles  in  various  stages  of  devehipment. 

Careful  search  was  made  for  "barren  cows;"  .'5  females  found  with  the  bachelors 
were  killed  foi'  examination,  and  the  ovaries  of  all  females  taken  during  I.SIKJ,  82  in 
number,  young  and  old,  were  carefully  studied,  but  in  every  case  save  one  the  females 
were  found  to  be  fertile,  and  in  the  majority  of  cases  jjregnant.  Tlie  single  exception 
was  an  adult  cow,  probably  T)  years  old,  in  which  the  geiiito-urinary  system  had 
failed  to  develop,  the  ovaries  and  uterus  being  no  larger  than  in  a  yearling.'    'I'he 

■This  iiiiimiil  wiim  liillctl  mi  .St.  raul  wliilo  I  wns  abttt^nt  on  St.  (iuorfjc,  itud  woh  exuiuiuod  liy  Dr. 
Otto  VoMB,  tho  roHiilciit  pliyiiiitiaii,  iiuil  l>y  IJr.  .luitlioi. 

5974— PT  3 i 


i 

y 


? 


60 


rilK    FIU    SEALS   OK   TMK    I'lMIIII.oF    I8I-ANI18. 


i' 


riglit  ovary  cotitiiiiuMl  u  Hiiif;lo  .small  (iraat)aii  lollicli^  but  tlior*^  was  no  Nj;rii  of  iinpro);- 
nation  or  ot'caiiarity  lor  iinpn^ttiiatioii,  iivitli(*r  «>vary  hIiowjiik  any  1 1  accH  of  11  scar  or 
ol'  tlu^  prvsi'iiue  ol'u  corpus  luteuiu.  The  ru.sultH  ut'  this  cxauiiuution  are  rucordod  us 
I'ollowH  in  tliu  diary: 

On  Aiiuimt  I  14  liiiri'rii  row  wan  IoimkI  Im  it  poil  of  Ihk'IioIoi'h  on  tli«<  pio'itili-  KroiiiKl  mi  Uim'T  rookery, 
l-'niiii  an  nxiiniiuittioii  of  lint  Ici'tii  ami  Hkiill  hIio  wum  IoioiiI  10  In-  iin  ailiilt  cow,  proliulily  iilioiil  .'1  ,vi>iom 
of  li^K.  Slin  wiiM  uliiivit  iiii'iliiMii  IrliKtIi  l>*it  Nlttntlrr,  tuiil  til'  riillior  Iusn  tliiiii  ni<Mliiiiii  hi'I);IiI.  'I'jit* 
tliroul  wiiN  very  iliirk  lirowit  in  coloi,  rii^<ty  lirlow  im  well  as  iiliovc  Slio  w.m  killutl  lor  |iiir|ioHi's  of 
■tiidy.  On  (ixiiniiniitioii  llio  niiiinuiM'  wcrr  foiniil  to  lie  t'liirly  lur^i'  iinil  to  luivo  nnilrrKonc  |>utli(ilof;ici(l 
I'atty  ilufti'tioriiMon.  Tlio  Kliimlniur  Ntrntttnrc  wam  oltliti'iatiil.  'I'ho  uvarii'H  were  lonnil  to  Im  Nnmll, 
aliont  ontvluiirlli  tliii  nI/k  of  tlinHu  of  tlio  vir){lii  If-yxar  old  cowh  rrrcntlN  i'\aniini<il.  The  rallo|iiiin 
tnlii'Haiiil  iititrnM  wttru  NOnilarly  alro|>)iie(l.  Tlio  ri^lit  ovary  contaitu'il  n  Nniall  (iraalian  follii'lti  iinil 
tViH-  'I'liB  K<'rnilnal  H|iot  wiih  viHililc  in  tli«  t'nn  ami  not  ini|iro);iial<'tl.  Tlu're  wiih  <n  iilrnt  no  Hi;;ii  of 
inipri-unallon  orolrupai'lly  for  iinpri<Knati(>n.  No  Hlt;nM<if  rorpnH  liitrnni  or  HcarH  of  prmjonH  hiipro);- 
nulioHH  \v«ri'  viHililc.  'I'liu  opunin^  of  tlio  lilaililcr  wax  ho  Nniall  an  tu  ri<i|iiiru  u  prolix  to  lluil  it.  'I'livro 
WOM  nutraco  of  liypiTH'niiit,  tbu  tiHMiiuH  beln^  palu  and  1>Ioo<II<>hn. 

This  is  thu  solo  ruuorilcd  instance  of  a  cow  positivHy  known  to  lu*  barren.  That 
IViiiah)  stalls  should  otTasioiially  bo  barrun  is  not  surprising;,  but  that  any  inunbor  ant 
habitually  so,  *>itht>r  froin  la«'k  of  bulls  or  any  other  <;aust>,  is  wholly  iiiisupportod  by 
any  cvidcnco  ami  diroutly  opposcil  to  all  known  tarts.  That  cows  not  in  milk  may  bo 
taken  at  soa  or  el.sowhoro  is  solt'ovidont  from  the  fuot  that  ll,(KK)doad  imps  wtMo 
found  before  August  1  ~>,  but  that  the.so  cows  or  any  |>art  of  them  are  barren  or  iinim- 
pre}i;nated  can  ttnly  be  detcrinined  by  an  examination  of  tlu:  ovaries,  while,  from  the 
number  of  re<;ortled  ob.scrvations,  the;  presumption  is  ihat  althou^'h  dry  they  are 
pregnant.  Therefore  statements  that  have  been  made  to  the  etVeet  that  the  females 
tak(!n  at  sea,  when  over  li  years  of  aye,  were  largely  barren  cows  or  nonbreediiif; 
females  are  either  ileliberato  falsehoods  or  the  result  of  crass  ij^norauco  <»f  evident 
facts.  Not  only  arc  these  statements  wholly  unsupported  by  facts,  but  a  most  aston- 
ishiii);  feature  about  them  is  that  they  have  been  made  by  men  wh«>  wore  not  only 
incapable  of  ttdliii^'  from  examination  whether  or  not  a  female  was  barren,  but  who 
actually  never  made  a  sin^rle  exandnation  to  ascertain  the  truth  of  their  as.sortions. 

When  the  power  of  procreation  ceases  is  unknown,  but  tlioro  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  ordinarily  it  lasts  thnui^lioiit  life.  N(»  bulls  wore  seen  so  ohi  that  th^y 
did  not  possess  or  strive  to  possess  harems,  while  the  very  oldest  female  tibtained  was 
nursinn;  and,  but  for  a  pela;;ic  sealer,  woidd  have  borne  a  pup  in  1H!I7.  Hero  we  have 
only  the  unsatisfactory  corroborative  evidence  to  bo  derived  from  domesticated  ani- 
mals, but  we  know  that  many  of  those  breed  throu{j:hout  life,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
as  they  live  under  artiticial  conditions  they  attain  a  much  (greater  a^e  than  they  woidd 
in  a  state  of  nature,  whore  the  old  and  feeble  are  soon  eliminated.  So  if  an  animal 
breeds  during;  its  entire  lifetime  in  a  state  of  tlomostication,  it  is  pretty  .safe  to  allirm 
that  it  would  do  so  in  a  state  of  natun^  while  from  the  rarity  of  unpaired  males  or 
females  amoiij;  wild  animals  during  the  breeding;  season  it  is  a  pretty  safe  inferenco 
that  they  breed  throughout  life.  Many  horses  breed  as  long  as  they  live,  and  while 
mares  often  cease  to  bear  at  the  ago  of  -2,  the  celebnited  mare  Primrose  bore  her 
twentieth  foal  ut  the  ago  of  28.  The  supposition  that  the  female  fur  seal  bears 
throughout  life  receives  strong  support  from  the  exaniiiuition  of  a  female  sea  lion 
(KunictopiuN)  killed  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining,  if  po.ssible,  related  evidence  on  this 
point.  The  animal,  as  shown  l.y  the  condition  of  the  sikull  and  the  skeleton  generally, 
wus  extremely  old,  and  yet,  like  the  fur  seal  previously  mentioned,  had  borne  a  pup 


I 


I 


AOK    ATTAINKI)    HY    8K.\I,H. 


M 


ill  llift  Hpriiif;  and  was  |M<'|iiit'uil  tu  liuur  iiiiotlitti'  in  tiit-  Hpriiit;  nf  I8U7.  An  old  iiiiir 
Hual,  /'/«'('((  liiifiliii,  tak*Mi  iit  Mai'iiniriu'ii,  waH  also  U'ltilu,  and  it  may  i»v  said  tliat  m> 
I'ar  no  I't'inalt;  st-al  so  old  that  .hIio  lias  cfasud  to  l>ru(Ml  bas  Iiuimi  takuii. 

The  a^c  to  which  till' soals  ill  tain  is  still  piolthtinatit-al,  and  until  carttl'nl  ex|H!ri 
nit'iits  have  bci'ii  iiiadr  it  can  only  hu  Htated  a|i|iroxiiiiat(Uy.  The  t'unialuM  have  a 
foiiiplt'te  dentition  at  the  a^e  of  L',  but  the  caiiiiieH  iil'  the  males  are  not  t'lill  (;ro\vii 
until  the  a^e  of  .'*.  The  nioiistaclie  is  black  in  the  yoiiiifr  and  wliiteiiH  with  lime 
Any  leniale  with  moiistachi-  entirely  white  can  safely  be  placed  as  idder  than  I  yea'  , 
and  any  male  as  (ddeithan  ■").  Iteyond  that  it  is  dillleiilt  to  say  more  than  that  a  Meal 
iH  old  or  very  old,  so  much  may  be  allirnied  from  the  condition  of  the  true  moliu'8,  but 
as  to  the  exact  number  of  years  there  are  no  data.  Mere  size  is  no  criterion,  for  the 
variation  iu  this  respect  is  ho  avoni  that  a  small  animal  may  be  niiieh  older  than  one 
of  greater  bulk.  Neither  is  the  wear  of  the  teeth  a  sure  ;,'nide,  unless  chei-ked  by 
some  other  character,  for  the  youn;>er  of  two  animals  may  have  the  more  abraded 
teeth,  although  from  the  ;<;eiieral  appearance  of  the  teeth,  and  especially  the  ainonntof 
absorption  they  have  uiider}>(>ne,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  individual  is  adult,  iniddle- 
aged,  or  ohl.  The  various  parts  of  the  skeleton  must  be  iistnl  with  caution,  since 
some  portions  sccin  much  older  than  others,  and  unless  a  person  has  had  experience, 
he  w(Mild  be  sure  to  think  the  humeri  belonged  to  a  iiiuch  ohler  animal  than  the  ver 
tebra-.  Although  the  larger  si/.e  and  slower  maturity  of  the  bulls  incline  one  to  the 
belief  that  they  reach  a  greater  age  than  the  females,  it  is  fair  to  say  that  no  skull  of 
a  bull  whose  teeth  would  indicate  an  age  so  great  as  that  of  some  females  obtained 
has  ef>Mk^  under  my  notice.  Hut,  coupled  with  this,  is  the  fact  that  the  procuring  of 
bodies  from  the  pelagic  sealers  has  made  it  possible  to  secure  a  much  larger  propor 
tion  of  adult  females  than  of  adult  males,  so  that  while  something  like  75  skulls  of 
females,  mostly  adult,  were  available,  thert^  were  not  more  than  25  skulls  of  old  males. 

There  is,  however,  another  possible  reason  for  the  lack  of  very  old  bulls.  As 
stated  in  the  chapter  on  mortality,  the  death  rate  among  females  is  probably  very 
high,  but  it  is  also  ])robable  that  the  causes  by  which  the  death  rate  is  inlliieuced  a(;t 
evenly  throughout  life,  and  the  struggle  for  existence  among  females  is  mainly  with 
natural  conditions.  The  males  not  only  light  against  surrounding  conditions,  but 
with  one  another,  and  this  last  fac^tor  iiiiist  act  more  and  more  severely  with  advancing 
age,  until  the  time  comes  when  an  old  bull  is  tlriveii  <ait  by  some  younger,  stronger  rival, 
and  retires  from  the  rookery  gnainds  only  to  die.  This,  of  course,  is  pure  tbeorj',  but 
it  accounts  for  the  fact  that  among  tl"-  male  skulls  picked  up  in  various  localities 
there  were  none  that  appearred  so  (,ld  as  some  of  the  females.  This  does  not 
necessarily  mean  that  the  males  do  not  attain  a  greater  age  than  the  females,  for  as 
these  last,  as  shown  by  tlu>  dentition  ami  age  at  which  they  are  sexually  mature,  reach 
maturity  sooner  than  the  males,  they  naturally  grow  old  sooner  as  well. 

The  (|uestion  of  the  proper  proportion  <tf  males  to  females  is  imrely  problematical, 
and  the  only  data  obtainable  for  comparison  are  such  as  can  be  derived  from 
domesticated  animals,  and  as  these  are  living  under  more  or  less  artiticial  conditions 
such  data  must  be  used  with  caution  With  sheep  1  ram  is  deemed  sulliciont  for  at 
least  .'iO  ewes,  and  with  cattle  1  bull  to  20  or  -'.">  cows  ou  a  range,  or  1  to  aO  where  they 
do  not  run  at  large.  When  running  at  large  a  single  stallion  is  sutlicient  for  from  20 
to  40  mares,  but  when  under  control  the  number  may  be  much  larger,  well  on  toward 
a  hundred.    Among  fowls,  of  what  may  be  called  the  more  natural  breeds,  having  an 


52 


TIIK    FITK    SK-VLS    OF    THK    I'HIHII.OK    INLANDS. 


Hi 


.impk' niiii;!',  1  cock  sulliccs  lor  ;!0  li('n>.  -'o  tliiit,  iisiiif;  tl(*«n*sticiiic<l  :iiiimiil.s  as  ii 
basis  tor  comparison,  we  may  say  that  I  tiiuic  U)  .>(►  rciiiait's  is  well  within  lh«*  safely 
limit.  ISut  thusu  animals  are  naturally  oily  |iMly^amon>  r<>  a  (■om])ai'atively  small 
extent,  and  tlie  disciepancy  in  size  herw««^ii  the  sexes  is  ^li^hl,  wiille  the  t'ur  sen!  is 
liolyganions  to  a  great  detiiee  l)y  nature,  tiie  males  ari'  ai  -east  lour  times  the  hulk  tiC 
the  t'emales,  and  the  necessary  proltortiol»^  oi  males  to  lernales  is  evidently  much 
".mallev.  Elliott  tignres  IS  breeding:  temales  in  a  harem,  and  says  tiiat  on  the  rookery 
there  are  1  ft  to  I'O  t'emales  to  1  maiis  a  iniiuner  in  practical  accord  with  tlica\crage 
deriveil  I'nmi  <-ounling  a  very  lar;:e  nundntr  <d'  harems,  and  this,  with  tlie  doidding 
now  known  to  be  needed,  brings  the  nmnlter  ol  cows  up  to  .'Jt!  oi'  !(►.'  Moreover,  in 
lIS'.Mi  the  proportion  of  idle  imlls  was  very  great,  theie  bein;;  -,!M)(J  waiting  bulls  and 
rt,m){)  bulls  with  harems,  so  that  in  ccuwetpience  the  harems  may  be  considered  as 
«;ompiising  the  minimum  number  of  cov  s.  While  1)S  is  an  average  ?iumber  ot  Hows 
pn^sent  in  a  harem  at  the  heiglit  of  the  season,  the  pioportitni  of  cows  to  a  bull  varies 
immensely,  uuu-i.  depemling  on  th<-  ioi-arion  of  the  bull  ami  his  ability  lo  hold  his 
station  against  ail  comers.  During  the  season  of  18'.Hi  there  were  many  bulls  which 
were  al»le  to  secure  but  a  single  cow.  and  many  others  which  had  ludy  .'!  or  I,  while 
Home  possessed  as  many  as  T)!),  ami  one.  the  greatest  polygaiiiist  of  them  all.  had  no  less 
than  13r>  rouiuled  u|>  at  oiu>  time.  This  old  fellow  stood  at  the  head  of  a  broad  gully 
and  at  the  foot  of  a  slope*  on  North  rookerv,  St.  <ieorge,  and  from  his  position  he  was 
able  to  intercept  all  cows  which  sougiit  t*»  iiaid  out  (Ui  tin*  hillside  above,  while  from 
Ids  strength  and  prowess  he  was  able  to  liglit  otf  the  bulls  baek  of  him.  Tiie  numiier 
of  cows  was,  however,  too  great  lor  him  lo  control  throughout  the  season,  and  later 
on  the  waitin::  i>i>ll>  in  the  vicinity  and  those  with  smallei'  liaiems  tooi>  possession  of 
pttrt  of  the  srragiin.  .V  similar  immense  Inirem  was  formed  <»n  (lorbatch  early  in  the 
s«'a«<on  of  IS'.IT  \>\  ii  i)ull  who  commandeit  i.lie  passage  leading  from  a  secti(Mi  of  the 
btiuuli  to  the  slo)4e  arbove,  and  tliis,  ton.  later  on  resolved  it'^eH'  into  a  nundter  of 
■■rifcit  hiwems. 

'Db^  liiadini;  in  tm- cows  is  to  a  gitMl  degi»^  inlbu'iiceil  by  the  c.liaiactei  of  the 
i!kUi««e,  ^«|i\-ing  uttt^dr.-  :;ullies  ruiiiung  convtuii«nitly  inlain!,  or  little  openings  among 
ltKM<t>  kitMivUk'rs.  iier^mnnnng  the  spots  w  here  IIk*  females  will  com<'  on  shore.  Thus,  a 
reaiwily  iccessibi-  jailly  on  the  eastern  eiui  of  tl»e  amphitheater  of  Kitovi  is  tin* 
natural  iuiet  i<>  hina:  imrtion  of  the  rookery,  and  uj)  this  come  the  (rows  to  form  the 
harems,  wiiii*'  on  tin-  ■.vesteni  siih^  access  is  (i»ver  sloping  rocks,  (Mice  two  or  three 
eows  ha^»-  kMnue<  •  -  i-elves.  others  foUow  iili*>  gregarious  instincts  of  the  seals,  thus 
leailiii^  te  (iapiiiiptr    •  laieM   large  harems  in  favored  localities.' 

Thus  ti«r-*««ifciwii  ..i  ,«•  harems  is  largely  intluenced  by,  if  it  does  not  de|HMMl 
entirely  on.  tkr  ioH'  it£  ti»  land.  Almt,  where  a  i'u<»kery  can  be  nnue  or  less 
indeiiiiii'  t^ifliMd  inland,  is  back  of  r'olovina.  oi- on  the  hillside,  at  Staraya  Artel 

ami  /apaii  ,  i  here  if*  room  i""  all  idle  bulls  to  accumulate  at  the  rear;  where  a  rookery 
is  so  hemitetl  in  by  a  clitl'  a    to  be  Incapable  wf  extension  backward  there  are  few 


4 


'  In  ISttS  Mr.  Triw  oiniii-    fl  >  ilovi,  Ii«tw«<m  -fiily  H  mid  10,  L',()IO  idws  In  !.")!(  liiircinn,  an  aviM'iijjo 

<if  a  littli'  over  IT  to  a  luiri"  i.  S!Hi   I  ir.  St«jin^nr  anil  niyHoll',  on  .Inly  Hi.  cinnitml  on   (hn  HaiMii 

jfriinnil  ;i,l.")2  ciiwh  in  1S2  liarim.--  an  a  littlr  over  17  to  a  liarnn.  In  lS!t.">  on  tin-  Hoiitlii'iii  part  of 
'I'olNtoi  there  weri"  iin  .liiiy  11,  L  _;l  ciiwn  in  1(17  liarciiis,  ami  in  IsiMi,  on  ,lnl,\  II,  I.IJIH  rows  in 
lOS  liaroniN,  oi-  ri'H|ieitivi)ly  almiii  Vi  and  II  to  a  liarriii.  On  the  aliovp-ini'niioiieil  rookoriiis,  and 
particularly  on  TiilHtoi,  ii  is  posH'olB  to  count  the  itiiilviduiilH  willi  great  accurary, 

•Tor  note  on  the  landiu^  "f  cows  hic  I 'art  II,  j).  "ij;!  and  after. 


NrMIIKW    OK    MALKS    NKKDI.l  >. 


h'6 


|<>|)CII«1 

■    less 
Artrl 

ItoUcry 
re  few 

liv<M-iit;« 

M)iirt  lit' 
loWH  ill 
LiS,    ilUll 


I 


idle  biill.s,  siiico  all  tlic  cows  arc  iiitjintpriatt'il  by  tiic  two  or  three,  lines  of  bulls 
between  the  water  anil  the  clilV.  The  small  Hi:e  of  many  harems  is  thus  due  to  their 
lieiny:  loeated  in  the  inner  portion  of  tho  rookery,  where  the  iiulls  are  unable  to  obtain 
many  eows.  or  where  (hey  obtain  them  by  capfcure.  Where  tlie  harems  are  Htnall  the 
bulls  ippear  to  h(\  less  active  and  (|iiarrelsoine  than  where  tUey  arehune,  as  if  they 
fully  ii«d«'rslood  that  it  is  less  li-ouble  to  manaj;e  a  small  family  than  a  larjjc  one. 
This,  111  Mcvcr.  may  bt^  a  misinlerpretation  of  the  facts  in  the  case,  lor  the  smallness 
of  the  harem  nniy  have  been  due  to  t\w  inability  of  the  bull,  (Ui  aceount  of  lack  of 
lijihtini;  (|ualities,  to  secure  a  larj;*'  number  of  cows. 

If  X>  COW'S  is  the  minimum  averaj^e  for  a  harem,  ."><»  or  (•(>  would  be  what  mijiht  be 
(railed  a  ;;ood  W(nkin};  proportion,  and  so  lonj,'  as  the  harems  d()  not,  on  the  average, 
exceed  this,  tlieie  is  no  rcasiui  to  suppose  that  the  number  of  bulls  is  too  small.  The 
small  propoitiim  of  bulls  actually  necessary  for  the  continuance  of  the  fur  seal  litMd 
is  indicated  by  the  comlitions  on  Herinjj  Island,  where  for  nniny  years  every  male 
over  a  y«'ar  old  which  could  be  seciucd  has  licen  promptly  killed.  Not  <mly  is  then'  a 
complete  absence  of  idle  bulls,  but  on  the  South  rookery  there  are  at  iuost<uily  (i  bulls 
to  .'iOh  to  <>(M>  cows,  the  exact  number  of  the  lattt-r  bein<{  unknown.  Notwith.standin^ 
this  small  nund)er  of  adult  nniles.  there  is  no  <'videnc»i  that,  with  the  aid  of  the 
youiijjcr  males,  it  is  not  <|uite  sullicii-nt  for  breeding-  |)urpose8,  since  there  is  no 
apparent  dearth  of  pups. 

This  is  not  lironyht  Ibrwanl  as  an  artjument  in  favor  of  such  ch)si'  killinj,'.  which 
under  (U'dinary  eireumstanees  would  be  wholly  uu.jnstiliabic,  but  to  show  how  few 
bulls  are  actually  needed.  Tlu'  Justitieation  for  this  close  killing  is  found  in  the 
«'\istciicc  o''  pela};ic  sealing,  whi<'h  rfpait's  nothin;:.  and  renders  it  proper  and  desirable 
to  setaire  every  available  male  seal  on  land,  so  as  to  leave  as  few  as  possible  to  be 
kiMedatsea.  The  dillicnlty  ol  so  cxterminalin;;  the  males  that  the  seal  hei'd  would 
not  recuperate  if  letl  to  itself  is  well  shown  by  the  history  of  itobben  Island,'  wliic-h 
ever  since  IHiU  has  sutVered  from  the  most  reckless  slan}j;hter.  cver\  dVort  havinj; 
been  maile  time  and  attain  to  .secure  every  individual  seal  on  the  island.  And  yet. 
a}>ain  and  a},'aiu,  alter  brief  jteriods  of  rest,  the  seals  have  been  found  in  greater  or 
less  numbers,  and  even  in  IHlMi,  after  forty  years  of  slan},'ht«ir,  there  were  about  l.tMMt 
seals  of  all  kinds  lelt.  and  it  was  jiossible  to  secure  2*10  skins. 

Ifobben  Island  is  also  a  good  illustiation  of  what  would  happen  \\(>re  it  possibl«> 
to  put  an  end  to  ndagic  sealing,  for  if  .seals  continue  to  exist  in  any  nnudiers  when 
their  sole  iu»*l*.tion  is  preservatiiui  from  being  killed  on  land,  it  is  easy  to  .se«'  how 
they  would  increase  if  not  taken  at  .sea. 

''Mie  si/e  of  the  harems  and  the  number  of  surplus  bulls  is  a  safe  guide  to  the 
condition  of  the  lookeries  for  breeding  |>nrposes,  the  i.icrease  or  decrease  of  the  total 
nund)cr  nf  seals  b(>ing  naturally  (iuit<'  another  thing,  although  the  two  should  be 
car«'lully  compared  with  one  aii.;thi'r.  If  the  number  of  surplus  bulls  is  large,  and 
the  size  of  the  harems  small,  either  the  rookeries  are  shrinking  or  the  number  of 
bulls  increasing,  ami  immediat(>  st(>]>s  sliould  lie  taken  to  ascertain  which  is  the 
case,  in  order  to  decide  whether  niore  seals  may  be  advantageously  killed,  or  whether 
there  is  an  unsuspected  number  of  deaths  among  the  cows.  The  total  disappearance 
of  the  idle,  waiting,  or  reserve  bulls,  as  they  have  been  variously  called,  would  be  a 
warning  of  the  most  emphatic  nature  ,.    immediately  lessen  the  number  to  be  killed, 

'.See  Stf.jiii'jjiT,  I'lic  IviiMsiiiii  iiir.Sial  iMlamlM,  iiji.  ."iJ-5H. 


fmmmmmmmmaa 


54 


TllK    VVn    SEALS    OK    TIIK    PIUIilLOF    ISLANDS. 


for  sinco  tin*  seal  IhmmI  is  lor  ii  <;roat  |tnrli<iii  m'  t\w  year  <|nit<'  iu^voiid  the  »!oiitrol 
of  nmii  it  will  always  bo  nercasary  to  allow  a   iilioral  iiKirfiiii  ol'  bulls  tor  brctMliii}; 

|>Mr|H)S(>S. 

Ak  •  tlip  ])ro|)ortion  ol'  the  sexes  at  l)irih,  the  result  of  several  counts,  made  at 
variou.i  times  and  in  various  localities,  sliows  tliat  the  number  of  males  born  apjtears 
t«»  be  slifjlitly  in  excess  of  I  lie  number  of  fenniles.  In  187'J,  during  the  killing  of  piijw 
fur  food,  Mr.  Klliott  found  that  S.Vt  out  of  l,(i7<t  youtit;  wen'  male.s,  while  other  parties 
countinji'  at  the  sans*' tinu',  tlioufih  possibly  with  less  <!,  re,  found  'i.itt.l  males  out  of 
1,:V,W  pups. 

In  IHIHI,  I'tit  pu)><  were  (^\amined  for  sex,  and  3SS  proved  to  be  males,  a  luimber 
in  substantial  accord  with  tlu'  results  ob)ainc<l  by  other  oi (servers.  Tlie.se  "results 
will  show  a  little  more  clo.scly  if  jtut  in  tabular  form: 


■riital 

KrliirtlrH. 

Mali'^ 

KxCCHHIlf 

!        1  «7(i 

Mir. 

MVi 
4.  f.72 

d.V. 

:i.  '.ur. 
:itw 

41) 

.V.11 

CiHiiitt'il  )>v  fiiiitiiiHfiiiii      

1           7SU 

■Jtl 

I'oral 

1       It.Tfto 

.1.  IHH 

(lie 

The  followiiifr  table  .shows  the  sv^p  and  condition  of  female  seals  taken  in  licrin;; 
Sea  duriii}'  the  m«uitli  of  Aujfust  and  the  early  part  of  Septend»er: 

j  KxiiiniiK'fl  >>>'  0  11    ro\vn!4«Miil  lirtwrt'ii  Aiiv;ii-<t  It  iiikI  AmuimI  J I  1H!).'>. } 

V«iirlinK« I* 

Two  ,M':irM  iilil 12 

OviT  L'  .vcHim  -all  iiiirHiii); 7« 

lotiil  IW 

I'lV^Mjinl  2  yi  iil'-oIdH r> 

l'iiiin|>n'j;natoil  :.'-vi'iir ultls 7 

I'li'^^iiatit  niirxiii;;  fciiialofl' 7."> 

riihiipro^fiiittrtl  iiiirsiii);  fniimli's It 

Total  104 

.((/<•  .(»(/  lOiiilUioii  ot  fiiliilli    Kiith  I'liiiiliiiiil  ill    /.V'«i. 

Kxilinlim"'.  y\iiy;iist  10  mihI  II  ; 

Two  yrars  olil S 

OviT  2  .years  old Ill 

NiirHiii};,  witli  iiiilk  iiliiuiilaiit :i."> 

I,  it  til'  or  no  milk X 

l'r«>;naiit ■I.'- 

KxaiiiiiiiM!  So|itoinlior  It: 

Two  yiMFM  oltl 1 

<  tvpr  2  yi'arH  old '2't 

Nil  ruin);,  with  milk  ahiiiidaiit !.'> 

Not  iinrsiiiK.  no  milk   .'"> 

I'ldliilily  not  inirNiny;,  little  milk Ii 

I'ruK'iant l-'li 


' 'riii'Nf  li^iiirrH   dillVr  Nli;;lilly   iVom    lliosc  jfivcn  In   Mr.  'rowimcnd's  rcjiorl    lor  1S)t,"i,  pji.  4L'-i,"i, 
liiM'aiiNc  ri'itxamlnulioii  hIiows  tliat  moimi-  marked  i|nt'Hlioniild«  wrrr  pD'^inint. 


NOTKS   (m    imERl»IN<!    llAltlTS. 


56 


i'oiitn»l 

atlo  at 

partitas 
i  out  of 

iiiinilH'r 


I 


lifiiiif; 


(<niiibining  tlicso  ia))lus.  wo  iitivc  ii  total  of  I7(>  I'tunalt'  soal^  taken  tliiriuj;  181)5 
and  1S!M!  iM'tAvi-cii  Au{jii8t  1(»  and  SoptomlxT  .»,  wliiclt  may  In-  t-oiisidcivd  as  fairly 
reiprcscntiuf''  tlio  uffe  and  condition  of  sealn  taken  at  sea.  Of  tln-si^  17t»,  tlipie  wore  14 
yearlinjis,  10  li  year-olds,  and  1 1«»  over  2  years  old.  All  over  li  years  old  lia«l  hrou^^lit 
fortli  yoiin;i-  the  season  tliey  were  taken,  and  ir»l  of  those  li  years  ohl  and  upward 
wer«'  pre;;nant.  The  total  number  of  seals  examined  whose  condition  was  at  all 
uncertain  was  11,  and  7  of  these  were  2-year  olds  e\aniine<l  before  August  22,  and 
these  might  have  been  impregnated  later  in  the  season.  .Moreover,  in  0  of  tin-  doubt  fill 
cases  the  ovaries  were  not  preserved,  or  examination  uinler  more  favoralde  eirenni- 
.stances  might  have  lessened  even  this  number,  (or  the  corpus  luteum  does  not  show 
so  cl(far!y  in  fresh  spe(;iniens  as  in  those  which  have  been  hardened  in  alcohol.  The 
exact  condition  of  some  of  tiio  si)ecinu'n8  taken  during  1S1K*  was  ipiestionable  when 
the  ovary  was  fresh,  while  later  examination  show<'d  that,  with  one  cxce])tu)n,  all  the 
doubtful  (tasea  were  prcj„'nant.  Thes(^  tables  show  very  clearly  what  has  been  so  well 
stated  by  Mr.  Townsend — that  the  nnijority  of  females  at  sea  are  both  nursing  and 
pregnant,  so  that  the  killing  of  one  female  is  practically  the  loss  of  three  seaLs, 
and  pciagie  .sealing  not  only  is  the  burning  of  the  candle  at  both  ends,  but  in  the 
middle  as  well. 

On  IM.  \l  are  shown  a  number  of  ovaries  bisected  to  show  the  apjicarance  of  the 
sear  of  recent  impregnation  (corpus  luteuin)  and  tliw  vanishing  scar  icorpus  all  icans) 
of  former  impregnation.  The  scar  resulting  from  the  simple  rupture  of  a  (iraallan 
follicle  .soon  disappears,  but  when  impregiuiti(Hi  has  taken  place  the  scar  continues 
to  develop  for  .some  time.  an«l  does  iKtt  disa])])ear  until  .some  little  t 'mc  after  d«'livery. 
Ohl  .scars  were  plainly  visible,  after  immersion  in  alcohol,  on  the  ovaries  of  seaLs 
killed  in  Seittcmber,  although  delivery  nuist  have  taken  place  a  month 'ir  six  weeks 
lircviously. 


1..  4'-'-4.'-., 


NOTTjS  HEAinN(f  ON   BRERDINO   HABITS. 

The  first  instance  of  copulation  seen  occurred  on  Tolstoi  sand  Hat  .lune  22.  The 
harem  contained  a  single  cow,  with  n  pup  apparently  2  or  ■'{  days  old.  Nothing  is 
known  about  the  arrival  of  the  covi'  or  the  birth  of  the  pup,  but  iu>itlier  uas  present 
on  the  KJtIi  when  T(»lstoi  was  first  visited. 

The  second  copulation  was  witne.sse<l  at  '.l.'Mi,  .lune  2.'{,  on  Lukanin,  in  a  harem  of 
five  cows.  This  harem  was  formed  during  the  night  of  the  lUth,  three  cows  being 
pr(>sent  in  it  at  S..'U)  on  the  morning  of  the  2(lth.  As  the  harem  lay  .i  a  distance  from 
observation  points,  no  ree(M'd  of  the  birth  of  |»ups  can  be  given. 

The  third  cttpulat ion  occurred  on  Lukanin  in  a  harem  containing  nineteen  cows. 
The  haroni  was  formed  with  one  cow  on  the  ISth,  first  seen  at  i»  a.  m.  Her  pup  was 
born  between  H  and  !>  a.  m.  tiie  following  day.  The  other  cows  were  added  to  the 
harem  on  the  20th  at  l().;}(»,  and  fourth  at  about  the  same  hour  the  following  day. 
Two  addiiioi^al  pups  were  born  to  the  harem  at  ',i  p.  m.  <ui  the  21st.  The  time  of 
copulation  was  \)  o'clock,  June  2(». 

The  fourth  co|)ulation  was  witnessed  in  tiie  harem  which  has  the  cow  that  has 
been  i)resent  siiue  the  12th  without  a  pup.  A  second  cow  joined  this  harem  on  the 
21st  at  Hi  o'clock,  and  her  pup  was  born  at  noon  the  following  day.  There  are  now 
live  cows  in  the  harem,  but  thr»'e  are  recent  arrivals.  The  time  of  coimlation  was 
1).30  o'clock  iu  the  evening  «tf  the  27th. 


¥ 


56 


THK    riU    SKALS    OK    TUK    nUHILOl"    ISLANDS. 


The  fifth  copnhUion  wiisohservrtl  by  Mr.  Adams  in  a  huretii  fouiidod  with  ii»iii{;1e 
vow  on  thu  2lHt;.  She  was  iilmio  until  tlic  23(1,  un«I  on  th«>  liath  had  three  <-(>ni|>anionH. 
No  recordK  of  births  fof  this  harem  are  aviiihibh>.  Tlie  linie  of  copulation  was  at  10.15 
a.  ni.  <Mi  the  L'Tth. 

The  sixth  instance  was  observed  at  .'i  ]>.  iii.  on  tiie  L'Sth  by  Mr.  Adams  in  a  harem 
founded  with  asinj;le<-ow  on  the  ISth  at  '.>a.  tn  Its  iiistory,  so  far  as  known,  is  ^iven 
under  the  third  instance. 

A  seventh  ease  of  eo])u)ation  was  witnessed  by  Mr,  Athuns  iit  i.'M)  p.  ni.  of  the 
'JOth  in  tlu>  sanu'  harem  a8  above  noted  in  the  third  and  sixth  instan<'es. 

The  t>i<,'hth  cas(>  of  «H)puiatiou  also  oeiniretl  in  this  sanu>  harem.  The  tim«>  was 
•.>.;?(>  p,  m.  of  the  2!>tli. 

The  ninth  ease  reported  by  Mr,  Adams  oceurred  at  '.IMt  p.  m,  of  the  29th  in  a 
harem  formed  with  a  single  cow  on  the  21st,  The  harem  was  not  favorably  situated 
for  observation,  ami  grew  rapidly,  havin;;  thirteen  cows  on  the  125tli,  No  records  of 
births  are  available, 

A  tenth  «^a8e  of  copulation  was  observed  by  Mr.  Adams  at  .'"»..'{(>  |>.  m.  of  the  .'{0th 
in  th<'  harem  uot4>d  under  the  fifth  instance. 

SUMMARY    OF   OnSKRVATIONS   ON   AIJUIVVI.S,  HlliTIlS,  V.TC, 


1 1  ■$  ■ 


The  first  cow  seen  on  St,  Paul,  laikanin  rookery,  ai.  4  o'clock,  Juno  I'J;  not  seen  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  precediufj  day;  has  not  had  a  ]w\t  to  date.  .lune  "-"J. 

Two  cows  first  seen  on  the  amphitheater  of  Kit.ivi  at  l.l.'i  on  .Inne  II;  of  these 
one  was  seen  to  ^ive  birth  to  a  pup  at  .'t.-'tO  on  the  afieriioon  of  the.  L'tth;  the  second 
cow  {jave  birth  to  liei'  pup  at  .'i  o'clock  on  the  17th. 

\  cow  first  seen  at  I  o'clock,  June  lli,  on  Ijukaiiin  rookery,  was  seen  to  have  a 
second  cow  with  her  on  the  17th,  at  S  o'clock;  bolii  cows  had  then  |»ups. 

Two  cows  were  first  seen  on  the  eveninj^  of  .Inne  l.">,at  1*  o'clock;  oiui  of  them  had 
a  pup  at  S.;{0,  June  17;  it  was  not  ineseut  at  .">  o'clock  on  tlie  Kith.  The  sc<'ond  cow 
C(mld  not  be  traeei',  owinj;  f  o  the  fact  that  other  cows  were  added  to  the  harem  before 
a  second  pup  was  boin. 

On  Lukaniu  rookery  at  H  o'clock  on  the  nnnninfrol'  .Inne  17  a  cow  with  her  pup 
was  seen;  the  pup  was  evidently  not  many  hours  old;  ncithci  cow  niu'  pup  was 
present  at  .*»  the  preceding  evening. 

On  (Jorbatch  a  cow  not  ju'esenf  at  ."»  o'ldock  on  tln^  Ifltli  was  seen  at  l.l.'t  by 
Mr.  Adams  with  her  pu)). 

A  cow  was  tirst  seen  at  !•  o'clock  a.  m.  of  the  ISth;  she  had  no  pup  at  !»  p.  ni.  of 
the  lifth,  but  at  10.0;{  of  the  20th  she  had  a  i>up  with  her. 

A  cow  was  .seen  lo  land  at  '.i.'Mi  <m  the  18th,  and  her  pup  was  seen  to  be  born  at 
.'{  o'clock  on  the  20th. 

A  cow  Ii\tnh>d  at  2  o'chx'k  on  the  I".»th,  and  lier  pup  was  born  between  I. .10  and 
8  o'clock  on  the  20th. 

A  cow  was  first  seen  ai  !>  a.  m.  on  the  ISfh:  she  was  seen  with  a  jnip  at  0,4.')  on 
the  followiu^r  morninj:;. 

A  cow  was  first  seen  on  the  ISth  at  0  a.  m.:  she  had  a  pup  at  the  same  hour  the 
followiuff  day. 

A  cow  was  seen  to  land  at  1.40  on  the  17lh  on  (Itubatch  rookery;  her  pup  Wiia 
born  between  1 1  and  .4  o'clock  of  the  2t»tli. 


i( 


it 


ARRIVALS    AND    HIRTHS, 


57 


Hl^.tilicatinnwasdcr.  '««•'«'«  "f  H.e  cmv.s  ment.oned   the 

A  cow  liiiiiled  between  :i  and  !>  p.  ni  on  tlm  '>0Mi   nt..i  i.  .. 
r>  and  8..W  ti.e  alternoon  of  tl.e  Mist!  '  "  "'  '"'  '""'  "'"*'  '^"'"  '"'•«'«•'" 

A  cow  arrived  at  .{..JO  the  20tli  and  Imre  lier  !>ui)  at  11  oVlnnL-  ,».  h 
tlie^lst.  '  oMook  on  the  niorninji  ol 

A  cow  arrived  on  the  l!.t:,  at  i).30  a.  „..  an.l  Lore  !.er  „np  at  Ur,  „f  tl.e  '22^1 

KXI'LANATION  OK  I'LATK  XI. 

1.  rtenisand  oi-arioRof  Mil  old  fiiiseul    vontril    iMi.o.f      a*-  ■ 

from  .Le  uull  ..f  tho  uterus  t„  show  i.s  .on.      .,„,■.  'hti  ttH'T        T""  '"' ^  '"'*"'  '^"""^•'■•' 

in  the  loft  I.nn.cf,  (bI.owu  „„  .i^h.  ni,!.,,.  and  tirs    J  Int..      '""''■  .^'^''^•"•>  '''"  "'k.-n  , 

..vary  (.t  l«(t  of  pl.t,-).  '^  '""""  "''l"«K-'ition  i«  vinihle  in  the  rJKht 

rb..i.^!;.;ir;";:;i;.u  ^^:::;:'"  '""=""'  ""-^"'^  ''"^'""*  '■'^«- '-  -"^  -ry.  ...,e„e.«te  o... 

..rMte^^dni;::  ■  :;;;5:;';:.:;;:t  ^"""^'"^  ^"^'""*  "'"""^"^  "■  ""^ >  •  ••  -•'  -n-.^  ...te.. .,..««..- 

«,7.  "varies  i.r  nil  olil  (•(,male,Nliowin"cort)iiN  Int.......  ;.  i„... 

all.ica«8  in  right  ovuty,  7.  ^  '  "  ""'^y' '''  "'"'  "'"'»»»  »» ''«'i  .-riMiH 

«,0.  Ovaries  of  an  ..I.I  f.-in.tio,  kIiowIiib  cornns  -ilhiy......  i..  i  .• 

nn.ner„Ms(iraalian  toIII..|..s  in  ri«ht  ovary  ^  "  '""•"^''  "*'  '■""'  '"'»""'  '"'•"'■"  ='■"! 

All  (inures  oiiiatnral  size.     N..s.  1,  i!,  and  7   l.v  l»r    :    c    \i  /•  ,,      . 

•Waldwin,  .V.,m  al.-oholie  sj.eci.nens.  '     '  '  '^•'•^"""•"  ■  --  :'.  ••  -■•  ^  un.l  !..  1,^  a.  „. 


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PLATt  XI. 


UTERUS  AND  OVARIES  OF  FUR  SEAL. 
For  «x  planntioii  see  !»»:« •'>"■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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—       A" 


Lis  i  u  116 


Photographic 

^Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSrSR.N.Y.  14SS0 

(710)  873-4S03 


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IV.-THE  FOOD  OF  THE  NORTHERN  FUR  SEALS. 


By  rREPKRIC  A.   Ll  CAS. 


Our  kiiowlodgo  of  the  food  of  tlie  fur  seal  is  based  almost  entirely  nnon  data 
and  material  collecte.1  by  Mr.  C.  11.  Tow.isend,  although  Mr.  A.  B.  Alexander  and 
Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriani  iiave  made  contributions  to  the  snbje(!t,  and  while  there  have 
been  some  statements  as  to  what  the  seals  ate,  and  some  tiieori/ing  as  to  the  amount 
ol  (ish  destroyed  by  the  seal  herd  and  its  effect  on  the  Alaskan  fisheries,  these 
statements  and  theories  liave  rested  on  no  basis  of  obs^erved  facts.  As  Mr.  Martin  N. 
Jolinson  remarived  at  a  hearing  before  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  Means  "  You  can 
oidy  determine  what  they  (tlie  seals)  eat  by  an  examination"  of  their  stomachs  "  and 
with  tlie  ex(!eptions  noted  above,  comparativ.-ly  little  of  this  work  has  been  done 
The  material  collected  by  Messrs.  Townsciiid  and  Alexander  has  been  reexamined  in 
order  to  ascertain  not  only  the  si.ecies,  but,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  the  number  of 
individuals  of  each  species  eaten.  One  result  of  this  examination  has  been  to  show 
that  the  fishes  recorded  as  cod  were  invariably  pollock,  the  exact  det.'rmination  beine 
previously  imjmssible  owing  to  the  lack  of  material.  In  this  connection  I  would  like 
to  express  my  obligations  to  Mr.  Barton  A.  Beau  for  assistance  in  identifying  the 
(ishes,  and  to  Prof.  A.  K.  Verrill  for  identifying  the  cephalopods. 

Up  to  the  time  that  the  pups  leave  the  islands  they  subsist  entirely  on  milk  and 
while  small  (luautities  of  other  things  are  found  in  their  st.miachs,  these  are  swallowed 
for  the  same  reason  which  causes  the  old.'r  seals  to  swallow  similar  objects,  and  there 
is  not  the  least  iota  of  evidence  to  indicate  that  before  November  pups  derive  the 
slightest  sustenance  from  anything  save  their  mother's  milk. 

In  view  of  the  size  of  the  i)ups  at  this  time  this  may  seem  surprising,  but  the 
largest  gray  pups  were  found  starved  to  death,  while  the  examination  of  a  number 
killed  for  the  express  purpose  of  determining  whether  or  not  they  fed  on  anything 
save  milk  showed  conclusively  that  they  <lid  not.  Seaweed,  small  crustaceans  and 
tunicates  are  found  in  infinitesimal  quantities,  but  these  are  not  taken  for  food  any 
more  than  are  the  fragmei-ts  of  shells  and  the  pebbles  which  are  so  often  present 
and  no  one  has  ever  chuiue.1  I  hat  bits  of  succuhmt  lava  were  (iaten  for  the  nourishment 
they  contained. 

I)uring  the  fall  of  189(5  a  number  of  pups  were  killed  in  order  to  determine  if 
possible  the  time  of  weaning  and  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  the  pups  fed  on  anythintr 
save  milk.    While  a  few  of  the  stomachs  contained  crustaceans,  in  only  one  case  were 

59 


60 


TH".    FUR    SKAr.S    OF    TlIK    PKIHI'.OF    ISLANDS. 


^1 


l-f 


%■ 


): 


they  i)resent  in  Hufticient  iiniiibeis  to  iiHliciitc  that  they  had  bcoii  takoii  as  food.  In 
this  single  instance,  a  gray  pup  takon  on  October  .">,  tlie  stoniacii  (;ontain<'d  i-cniaius  of 
ino  ami)hipo(ls,  but  as  tlie  pni>  was  dying  from  starvation  it  is  ovident  that  lie  was 
deriving  little  or  no  subsistence  IVoni  tliis  source.  Tlie  following  record  by  Mr.  (!lark 
shows  the  number  and  condition  of  the  pui)s  examined: 

August  29:  I'lip  killed  on  liiikaiiiii;  stoiiiiich  coiitainud  only  milk. 

Sopteiiibrr  11;  Malt'  pup  aroidontiilly  snuiMim'oil  on  Kitovi;  stomach  ciyi>ty. 

St-ptemliei'  22:  Two  niiik-  pupa  tiikon  on  rocks  al  tliu  wuiulioiist;;  lioth  MtomiirliH  ccinlaiiird  milk 
only. 

Scptonilier  26:  Two  largo,  well-nourislit'd  ]Mips,  one  nialti  and  ono  I'l'male,  found  licslily  di-ad  from 
ilrowniug  on  I.nkanin  Ituacli;  Htoinacli  of  ftiinalf  «m])ty  ;  male  lull  ofndlk  only. 

Se)itt'nibei' 28 :  I'np  with  doforinoti  noso  killed  at  /.a|iiidni;  stoniacli  contained  milk  only. 

September  liO:  l^arge  black  pup  accidentally  killed  by  falling  over  a  (dilV;  Htomach  eontaineil 
milk  only. 

October  1 :  Largo  gr.ay  female  ])np  killed  on  (iorbalch;  Hlnmaeh  contained  milk  and  two  small 
crnstacttaus. 

(October.'):  Starving  gray  pM)>  in  <lying  condition  im  tin;  lecf  killed;  Htoinacli  conti>'ned  a  few 
crustaceaiiH  and  several  Hhreds  of  seaweed. 

October  t>:  Two  pups  killed  on  Tolstoi;  milk  only  found  in  llieir  stomachs. 

October  11 :  Two  large  gray  male  pups  killed  on  (iorbatfdi ;  Htomachs  empty. 

Octidier  Hi:  Two  pn)is,  male  and  female,  killed  on  liukanin;  stomach  of  male  emptyj  of  fennile 
contained  milk  only. 

Two  large  gray  pups  killed  on  Kitovi ;  stomach  cd'  on<^  full  of  milk  ;  of  the  other  em|ity,  except  for 
one  small  tunit^ate. 

October  14  :  Three  pups  killed  on  Kitovi.  (1^  A  starving  pnp,  stomach  containing  one  soft-shelled 
crab;  (2)  a  very  small  pn]),  stonnieh  full  of  milk;  (It)  a  large  gray  pop,  stomach  emjity. 

All  stomachs  examined  contained  pebbles. 

October  20:  Cray  pup  shot  in  water  of  /olotoi,  jdaying  with  seaweed;  stomach  full  of  milk; 
excremeut  in  rectum  and  intestines  like  that  seen  on  lieaeh. 

Not  only  does  the  young  fur  seal  feetl  exclusively  on  milk,  but  it  feeds  on  the  milk 
of  one  cow,  and  that  cow  its  motlier,  lor  the  fur  stMil  never  knowingly  nurses  any  pup 
save  her  own,  and  although  a  hungr,y  pui)  nia,y  steal  a  ftnv  moutiifuls  of  milk  from 
a  sleeping  cow,  it  will  be  promptly  detctited  and  cast  out,  VV'iiile  the  female  seal 
apparently  cares  little  for  her  own  offspring,  she  cares  .still  less  for  that  of  iuiother,  tind 
any  strange  pup  is  repulsed  with  a  .sntip  that  plainly  indicates  the  (row's  feelings. 

That  the  mother  unerringly  recognizes  her  own  ottspring  ciin  not  for  a  moment 
be  doubted  by  anyone  who  has  watched  the  behavior  of  the  females  on  the  rookeries, 
and  while  very  young  pups  may  respond  to  the  call  of  a  strange  cow  tliey  respond  in 
vain.  The  cow  will  accept  only  her  own  pup,  whicii,  as  among  other  animals,  is  recog- 
nized by  scent,  and  will  hunt  for  half  an  hour  and  nose  over  seiu-es  of  young  seals  to 
find  her  own.  Even  after  the  rigiit  i)up  is  found  and  rec.>gnize('.  it  is  smelt  of  from 
time  to  time,  as  if  the  mother  were  afraid  that  she  hsid  made  some  mi.stake  and  wished 
to  be  reassured.' 


'The  following  note  will  show  what  chance  a  pnji  has  of  nursing  any  cow  save  its  mother: 
"Keef,  September  1.  I  see  a  little  starving  pup  below  me.  He  is  moving  about,  calling  out,  and 
nosing  about  tbe  breasts  of  sleeping  cows.  He  has  tried  three,  and  been  driven  off  with  a  growl  and 
snap  from  tbe  waking  cow.  Me  wanders  some  distance;  comes  n|)  to  a  sleeping  cow  whose  pup  is  either 
nnrsiug  or  asleep  with  his  nose  at  the  nipple.  The  slarvelingtakesboldandttvideutly  nurses  for  some 
seconds;  but  tbe  cow,  as  before,  wakes  and  snaps  at  him  with  unwonted  vigor.  Iler  own  pup  h.is 
been  asleep.  Kvidently  she  had  been  misled  by  the  fact  of  his  having  recently  been  sucking.  'I'bo 
starveling  gives  up  and  lies  down.''    ((i.  A.  Clark,) 


•1 


CfrAKACTKi;    OK    Ff)01). 


61 


Tt  is  hardly  necessary  to  write  tliesc  thiiifjs  for  iiiitiiralists,  but  so  iimch  iioiiseiiae 
has  been  piihlislii'd  roiu'eriiiiig  tlio  food  of  pups,  the  possibility  of  tlieir  siibsistiiiK 
oil  crustact'aiis  and  kelp,  and  the  probability  of  pups  whose  mothers  were  killed  at 
sea  being  nursed  by  other  cows  that  it  is  desirable  to  emphasize  these  points.' 

The  young  seals  are  apparently  w«'aned  in  Noveml)er,  at  about  the  time  they 
depart  for  the  South,  and  after  leaving  they  are  doubtless  forced  to  shift  for  themselves, 
and  nnist  learn  to  (•a])ture  scpiid  and  fish  or  starve,     it  is  not  unlikely  that  losses  at 
this  i)eriod  from  failuie  to  obtain  food  add  largely  to  the  roll  of  those  who  are  miss 
ing  the  ensuing  spring. 

From  the  time  he  is  weaned,  onwaril,  the  food  of  the  fur  seal  during  a  great  por- 
tion of  the  year  and  over  a  large  part  of  its  range  (!an  only  lie  surmised  from  observa- 
tions of  stomachs  obtained  in  Bering  Hea  and  the  (iulf  of  Alaska.  These  indicate 
that  the  fur  seal  does  not  procure  its  food  at  any  great  de|>th,  but  that  it  feeds 
mainly  on  squid  and  such  lishes  as  swim  near  the  surface.  In  IJering  Sea  during 
August  and  Heptt  niber  the  pollock  (  Thmuira  chalcoiirummK)  forms  the  staple  article 
of  food,  a  s(iuid  {(IoimUm  nmocnns)  coming  next  in  importance,  while  some  salmon 
and  a  few  species  of  small  lishes  are  also  eaten.  One  of  tliese  last,  although  devoured 
in  large  nund)ers,  and  therefore  abundant  in  many  localities,  is  apparently  new  and 
is  <lescribed  on  page  4-10  under  the  name  of  seal  fish. 

Mr.  A.  J{.  Alexander  observes  that  the  'Muaterial  which  has  been  found  in  the 
stoinaclis  of  seals  taken  in  different  |»arts  of  Uering  Sea  indicates  that  only  a  small 
percentage  is  composed  of  fish  which  inhabit  deep  water.  It  is  only  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  when  seals  are  in  shallow  water  tiiey  feed  on  both  bottom  fish  and  those 
near  the  surface."  ■ 

Surliure  lishes,  and  especially  s(|uid,  seem  to  be  the  natural  food  of  the  seal.  In 
tln^  stomachs  that  have  been  examined  a  variety  of  material  was  found,  such  as 
pieces  of  Alaskan  [tollock,  salmon,  and  other  lishes,  but  it  has  als(»  been  observed 
tlnit  in  localities  where  scpiid  are  2)lentitnl  very  little  other  food  maybe  looked  for. 
I  am  informed  by  hunters  that  on  the  coast  of  .lapan  and  oil'  the  Oommaiuler  Islands 
squul  occur  in  great  abundance,  and  that  it  is  not  an  uncommon  sight  to  see  a  half 
do/cn  or  more  seals  together  f(  ;^ding  on  the  tentacles  of  an  octopus  floating  on  the 
surface.  Sealers  find  scpiid  plentiful  off  tiie  island  of  Kadiak,  and  in  that  lo(!ality 
they  have  often  been  found  in  large  (luantities  in  the  stomachs  of  .seals. 

Outside  of  Uering  Sea  the  Ibod  changes  somewhat.  The  pollock  grows  rare  to  the 
southward,  while  salmon,  herring,  and  rockfish  become  abundant.  Doubtless  these 
and  other  available  fisht^s  are  eaten  in  numbers.  We  have  no  reason  to  8upi»ose  that 
the  seal  prefers  the  flesh  of  any  one  si>ecies  to  another. 

Captain  Todd  says  the  food  of  seals  taken  near  the  maiidand  (northwest  coast) 
consists  largely  of  salmon,  and  that  this  is  true  of  the  Japan  and  Copper  Island  sealing 

'  In  tliiit  ticasurv  of  iiiiHinri)riiiatioii,  tlio  ProctM^lliivis  nf  tho  Paris  TriVxinal,  is  llio  rollowing 
liii'co  of  teNtiiiKiny,  iutrodiiced  to  sliow  the  proltatjility  of  cows  nursing  stiaugo  [lups,  uud  altliuiigh 
tho  I'aris  Tribunal  is  a  tiling  of  tlin  past,  this  gem  drserves  to  ho  iircserved: 

Q.  "  Is  it  couinion  and  easy  to  niako  owes  suckle  other  ttwus'  lambs f 

"Yes.  It  can  bo  cli'octcd  by  putting  tho  skin  of  the  cwc's  dead  lamb  on  tho  lamb  ■dio  is  desired 
to  adopt,  or  by  Inddiug  her  and  getting  the  lamb  to  suck  her  for  a  few  days." 

Very  easy,  indeed!  Tho  infiireutial  spectacle  of  seal  pups  wandering  over  the  rookeries  dressed 
np  in  their  brothers'  cast-ott'  clothes,  or  of  half  a  doitcn  Aleuts  hiddiug  a  cow  seal  for  a  day  or  two 
while  two  or  three  other  natives  applied  the  pni>,  appeals  vividly  to  the  imagination. 

-There  is,  however,  no  evidence  of  this  except  in  the  rare  presence  of  cottoids  noted  beyond. 


62 


THF    FIR    SEALS    OF    THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


I  I 


'.I ! 


grounds,  and  Oiiptiiiii  Miifjnesctii  oi  the  sclioonoi'  Wnltcr  bkirlc  reports  thiit  seals  taken 
on  AufjUHt  2<"»,  1891  (liititiide  .W  13'  N.,  longitude  172°  11'),  had  been  feeding  on 
salmon. 

The  statenients  of  sealers  must,  however,  be  taken  with  some  allowance,  as  they 
are  apt  to  Jump  at  tionelusions  instead  of  reaching  them  by  careful  observation;  and 
the  mere  fact  that  seals  and  salmon  were  found  in  the  same  locality  would,  to  many, 
be  proof  conclusivti  that  the  one  fed  on  the  other.  1  )r.  Stejneger's  observations,  (pioted 
farther  on,  are  to  some  extent  op)M)sed  to  those  of  Captain  Todd,  and  show  that  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  (Jommander  Ishmds  the  seals  have  no  visible  ellect  on  the 
fisheries.  Mr.  Barrt^tt-llamilton  has  very  kiiidly  allowed  me  to  examine  the  specimens 
of  seal  food  obtained  by  him  on  the  Asiatic  side,  and  from  these  it  would  appear  that 
the  seals  feed  on  pretty  nmch  the  same  species  there  as  they  do  in  the  eastern  part  of 
BeringBea.  A  specimen  from  Robben  Island  contained  bones  of  salmou(0Mior/(//N<7i««) 
and  beaks  o^  the  ever-present  S(|.iid  (Cionatns  amoenuN),  one  specimen  from  the 
Commander  Islands  consisted  solely  of  bones  of  the  pollock  ( Tlicrtujra  ehalcoyramma), 
one  solely  of  beaks  of  stiuid,  and  a  third  of  squid  and  pollock. 

From  data  obtained  by  Dr.  C.  llartMerriam  it  appears  that  a  large  portion  of  the 
food  of  seals  found  in  the  North  Pacilic,  from  (iO  to  80  miles  froni  shore,  between 
latitude  5(P  45'  and  latitude  r»8'^  o8',  in  April,  consists  of  red  roftktish  (Schastodea),  and 
an  almost  etiually  large  portion  of  squid  (Uonatuii  (tmoeuKx),  salmon  and  small  tishes 
being  also  eaten  to  some  extent. 

No  codfish  (save  in  a  single  instance),  halibut,  or  dogfish,  is  known  to  have  been 
found  in  the  stomachs  of  seals,  and  these  species  probably  swim  at  too  great  depths  to 
be  taken,  all  facts  in  the  way  of  stomach  cimtents  indicating  that  the  seals  invariably 
feed  near  the  surlace.  Cod,  halibut,  and  sculpin  are  abundant  ab()iit  the  Pribilofs,  but 
with  the  exceptions  noted  in  the  table  of  food,  none  of  these  have  been  found  in  the 
stomachs  of  seals,  or  in  the  sjtewings  on  the  rookeries.  While  b(»nes  of  cod  have  been 
in  several  instances  recorded  as  part  of  the  food  of  seals,  reexamination  has  shown 
that  in  every  instance  the  bones  were  tlut.se  of  iioUock.  Superticially  the  vertebra*  of 
a  large  pollock  resemble  those  of  a  small  cod,  and  this  had  led  observers  who  had  no 
material  at  haiul  lor  comparison  to  set  down  cod  as  one  of  the  tishes  eaten  by  seals. 
The  sculpturing  of  the  vertebra',  is,  however,  unlike  in  the  cod  and  pollock,  while  other 
parts  of  the  skeleton,  the  otoliths  and  i)ortionsof  the  gill  covers,  are  so  entirely  ditt'erent 
in  the  two  that  no  (;onfusion  is  possible.  There  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  the  seal 
ever  destroys  more  (ishes  than  he  eats,  or  eats  one  portion  of  a  fish  in  preference  to 
another,  reports  of  hundreds  of  fishes  being  seen  with  the  nape  or  throat  bitten  out 
requiring  to  be  supported  by  proof  to  show  that  tiie  seal  was  the  guilty  party.  Nor 
is  there  anything  to  show  that  one  species  of  fish  is  preferred  to  another.  All  is  lish 
that  comes  t(»  the  fur  seal's  net,  and  the  si)ecies  which  happens  to  be  the  most  readily 
taken  is  the  one  which  is  most  abundantly  eaten. 

Even  dead  fish  nmy  be  eaten,  for  Mr.  A.  li.  Alexander  records  having  seen  seals 
eating  salmon  which  had  been  dead  for  several  days,  aiul  on  one  occasion  the  head  of 
a  Mavrurus,  a  deep-sea  lish,  dredged  by  the  Alhafross,  was  found  later  on  in  the 
stomach  of  a  fur  seal.    Concerning  the  dead  salmon  Mr.  Alexander  writes  as  follows: 

In  Juiio,  IH'M,  the  Alhalrusa  wus  lyiii);  in  Dutch  Iliirhor,  Unala.sku,  and  fur  several  (hiyH  I  hud  been 
collecting,  oliliiining  among  otbur  thiiigH  a  large  niinilier  of  Haluion.  After  the  (thip't)  coin|mny  Inid 
been  Huppliud  there  waH  a  considerable  number  loft,  which  were  i)lu<',i'd  in  boxes,  to  be  taken  to 


^ii: 


^  ■# 
1 


FRKtiUKNCY    WITH    WHICH    SKA  1-8    .^KKD. 


68 


to 


St.  fi'eorne  ami  tlistrilmletl  aiiiDiiK  the  iiativi's.  On  iii riving;  at  St.  (ieoij{e  the  sea  was  too  roiiKli  to 
Illlike  a  laniliiii;;,  anil  wo  wero  euiiiiiullod  to  reniaiii  on  board.  .Sovi^ral  days  pasHeil,  and,  in  the  iiieaii- 
tiiiie,  the  HaliMdii  wei-o  not  iinpiovinf;  witli  age.  'I'lie  n.snal  niiniliur  of  Heals  were  playing  about  the 
ship  and  Mr.  <l.  .Stanley- Krowii  NU);K"'*teil  that  wo  lued  them  with  the  salmon.  'I'ho  (IrHt  Halinon  had 
noKoouor  strnek  the  water  than  it  waH  grabbed  by  a  sua  I  and  devoured.  ThiH,  of  eonrse,  attracted 
other  seals,  and  soon  ((iilte  a  number  wero  on  the  lookout  for  soiiiotlilu;r  to  eat.  Soino  six  or  elKht 
salmon  were  thrown  overboard,  all  of  which  were  eaten. 

And  yet  two  seals  which  were  taken  to  VVooilward's  Gardens,  Sail  Francisco, 
refused  to  eat,  and  starved. 

Neither,  so  far  as  is  shown  by  tlie  stoniacli  contents,  does  tlie  seal  feed  on  crsibs 
or  otiier  crHstaceiins,'  altliougli  tiieso  probably  I'orni  a  large  porti«)n  of  the  diet  of  its 
cousin,  the  sea  lion  hJumetopiaa.  Hut  two  stomachs  of  this  aiuinal  have  come  under 
my  notice,  and  tlieyboth  contained  fragments  of  the  commou  crab  of  the  I'rilulofs 
ami  bones  of  i^culpius,  botli  indicating  tliat  tlic  sea  lion  is  a  bottom  feeder.  It  was, 
however,  suspecteil  that  crabs  must  form  a  large  ptirt  of  the  sea  lion's  food  from  the 
peculiar  chalky  nature  of  the  e.vcrement  iibont  the  haiding  grounds  of  these  animals. 

The  hair  seal  found  about  the  Pribilofs  feeds  to  a  considertible  extent  on  the 
Octopus  (Octopus piiHvtatUK),  and  to  some  extent  on  crabs,  but  in  only  one  case  has 
the  renuiins  of  the  octopus  been  found  in  a  fur  seal. 

That  the  fur  seal  has  a  good,  healthy  appetite,  and  when  he  does  eat  amply 
makes  up  for  his  long  fasts,  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  thiit  bones  of  .')  good-sized 
pollock  were  found  in  one  stomacli  and  remains  of  41  small  pollock,  about  6  inches 
long,  in  another,  while  a  third  individual  had  eaten  1.'3!)  of  the  little  scalfish.  The 
Alaskan  pollock  certiiinly  has  a  hard  life  in  Hering  Sea  being  preyed  ni)on  by  the 
seal  above  and  the  cod  i)el()w,  and  if  any  creature  has  cause  to  rejoice  over  the 
<lestructive  work  of  the  pelagic  sealer  that  creature  is  the  pollock. 

In  regard  to  squids,  one  male  seal  had,  as  indicated  by  the  beaks,  devoured  at 
least  loa,  while  a  female  had  made  way  with  no  less  than  21U.  It  must  be  borne  in 
mind,  however,  that  this  does  not  mean  thiit  all  these  were  eaten  at  one  time,  for  a 
study  of  the  stomach  contents  shows  that  food  is  eaten  and  the  hard  parts  regurgi- 
tated continually  and  irregularly,  for  while,  as  noted  above,  bones  representing  live 
pollo(;k  were  taken  from  one  stomacli,  by  no  mijaiis  all  the  bones  were  present,  and 
in  other  cases  the  stomach  contained  bones  of  several  fishes  in  very  ditlercnt  stages 
of  digestion,  indicating  plainly  that  they  had  been  eaten  at  dilierent  times. 

The  stomach  contents  of  a  seal  taken  on  September  3,  near  latitude  .'57''  L'O'  N., 
longitude  172°  45'  \V.,  illustrate  this  point  very  well,  and  also  give  some  hint  of  the 
distance  traveled  by  feeding  seals.  These  contents  consisted  of  some  vertebra?  of 
a  salmon,  much  digested,  the  beaks  of  two  sijuids,  and  the  fresher  remains  of  three 
small  pollock.  The  salmon  had  doubtless  been  taken  somewhere  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  the  squid  between  those  islands  and  the  locality  where  the  seal 
was  taken,  and  the  pollock  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  spot  where  the  seal  was 
kilM. 

In  regard  to  the  frequency  with  which  the  seals  feed,  little  can  bo  said,  owing 
to  the  impossibility  of  keeping  track  of  any  given  seal.  It  is  known  that  the  bulls 
come  on  shore  late  in  May  or  early  in  June,  and  that  they  remain  on  the  rookeries 

'Of  ooiirso  these  may  he  eaten  by  fur  seals,  but  there  is  not  the  least  bit  of  ovidonce  to  show  that' 
such  IS  the  case,  and  since  no  remains  are  found  in  the  stomachs  of  bachelors  or  on  the  rookeries,  there 
is,  as  yot,  no  reason  to  say  that  fur  souls  eat  crabs. 


64 


THK    FUR   SKALS    OF    THK    I'KIBILOF    I8LA>M)S. 


lii 


MutJI  some  tiiix;  in  Aii^uHt,  tew  ii|)))eiiriiiK  on  the  liaulin;;  ^iouikIh  before  the  10th, 
V  lih',  they  are  not  numerous  until  toward  tiie  end  of  tiie  montli.  They  eertaiiily  last 
irom  two  to  three  months,  suid  then,  instead  of  ^^oin;;  to  sea  to  feed,  haul  out  on  some 
sandy  spot  and  taiie  a  nap  of  a  week  or  ten  days.  Kven  at  tlie  end  of  tlie  lonj;  fast 
the  bulls  are  fatter  tlian  one  wouhl  ex])eut,  as  was  shown  by  the  condition  of  two 
killed  on  August  2(i.  Some  differences  of  opinion  exist  conceruiu^;;  the  bachelors, 
some  thinkinju:  that  they  fast  during  a  great  part  of  the  summer,  others  believing  that 
they  eat  frequently  during  their  stay  at  the  islands.  Tlw  t/uth  probably  lies  some- 
where between  tiiese  two  extremes,  and  my  own  belief  is  that  while  the  bachelors 
feed  occasionally,  they  by  no  means  feed  so  often  as  the  females.  The  bachelors  are 
noticeably  numerous  on  the  hauling  grounds  duiiug  .Inly  and  a  considerable  part  of 
August,  and  it  is  not  until  after  the  middle  of  August  that  their  numbers  thiu  out 
decidedly.  This  would  indicate  that  they  are  not  absent  from  the  islands,  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  we  know  that  seals  are  coming  and  going  on  the  hauling  grounds, 
or  it  would  not  be  possible  to  obtain  several  lots  of  killable  seals  from  one  locality. 

That  the  stomachs  of  the  bachelors  examined  on  the  killing  grounds  are  almost 
invariably  empty,  save  for  the  presence  of  pebbles  or  very  rarely  of  traces  of  fish  or 
squid,  is  negative  evidence,  as  it  might  be  construed  to  meau  either  that  the  seals 
were  not  feeding  or  that  they  had  digested  their  food  before  coming  on  land.  What 
little  evidence  there  is,  however,  seems  to  sustain  the  latter  supposition,  although  also 
indicating  that  bachelors  feed  but  seldom  in  'Inly.  Of  the  hundred  stomachs  opened 
by  Professor  Thompson  and  myself  in  the  various  killing  grounds  between  .Inly  15 
and  August  7  not  one  contained  a  trace  of  food,  and  not  over  four  or  five  contained 
any  pebbles. 

in  1895  Mr.  True  examined  the  stomachs  of  over  two  hundred  bachelors  and  in 
only  one  spc*;imeu  found  tish  bones,  these  being  much  deconqtosod,  indicating  that 
they  had  been  swallowed  some  time  before.  Another  stomach  contained  shells  and 
pebbles,  and  a  third  a  few  i)ebbles  only. 

Of  118  specimens  examined  by  IJr.  Merriani  on  August  1  and  .'5,  18!>1,  !>,'}  were 
empty  and  iiO  contained  pebbles  or  beach-worn  shells.  Four  contained  beaks  of  squids, 
ii  bones  of  a  cod,'  and  1  a  large  Isopod  crustacean.  Thus  only  7  stomachs  out  ot 
over  400  contained  any  trace  of  food,  certainly  a  very  small  proportion. 

Since  wo  neither  know  how  often  a  fur  seal  cats,  nor  how  much  he  averages  for  a 
meal,  all  so-called  "  estimates "  of  the  amount  of  tish  eaten  must  be  considered  as 
pure  guesswork,  the  more  that  we  do  not  have  even  the  unsatisfactory  data  derived 
from  seals  kept  in  captivity  to  aid  us  in  comparison.  1  am  told  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Conklin 
that  Calitbrnia  sea  lions  (Zalophits  californianus),  averaging  150  pounds  each,  keep  fat 
and  sleek  on  7A  pounds  of  tish  per  diem,  although  they  would,  if  permitted,  eat  10 
pounds.  These  flgures,  however,  throw  little  light  on  the  ])roblem,  not  only  because 
the  sea  lions  were  living  in  captivity  and  under  artificial  conditions,  but  because  we 
know  that  fur  seals  feed  intermittently  and  there  is  nothing  to  show  whether  or  not 
they  eat  enough  when  they  feed  to  make  u[)  for  their  fasts. 

Owing  to  the  demands  made  upon  them  by  the  growing  itups,  the  nursing  females 
undoubtedly  eat  at  much  more  frequent  intervals  than  the  other  categories  of  seals^ 
being  forced  to  go  to  sea  for  food  when  the  males  are  on  or  about  the  islands,  and  this 
is  one  of  the  reasons  why  the  majority  of  seals  taken  by  pelagic  sealers  are  females. 


'  I  venture  to  doubt  tliis  identifiuation,  bulieviug  the  bouoa  to  bave  been  tkoBo  of  u  pollock. 


HARD  SUHSTANCKS  EATKN  HV  8KALS. 


65 


ore  the  lOtli, 
iertiiiiily  fast 

out  on  some 
,li«  loiifj  fast 
Utioii  of  two 
le  baclii'lors, 
lelievinji  that 
)ly  lies  some- 
;lie  baclK'lors 
bai'hclors  are 
liiblc  part  of 
ibers  thill  out 
lands,  but,  on 
ling  yrounds, 
le  locality. 
[Is  are  almost 
ices  of  tish  or 
that  the  seals 
,  land.     What 

although  also 
tnachs  opened 
[.ween  -July  15 
five  contained 

chelors  and  in 
ndicating  that 
led  shells  vuid 

1S!H,  !»o  were 
jaiis  of  squids, 
oniachs  out  ot 

iverages  for  a 
considered  as 

data  derived 
VV.  A.Conklin 
each,  keei)  fat 
niitted,  eat  10 

only  because 
it  because  we 
vhether  or  not 

iirsing  females 
ories  of  seals, 
ands,  and  this 
are  leinales. 

f  a  pollock. 


The  most  frequent  feeding  grounds,  as  indi(;ated  by  the  logs  of  pehigic  sealers,  lie 
tV(»m  75  to  150  miles  to  the  southward  and  eastward  and  to  the  northward  and  west- 
ward of  the  i'ribilofs,  some  little  distance  outside  the  lOOfatlunn  line,  or  where  the 
bottom  of  the  sea  dips  abruptly  downward  from  500  to  5,000  feet,  Few  seals  are 
taken  nv  recorded  in  the  comparatively  shallow  waters  to  the  north  and  east  of  the 
seal  islands,  and  although  theie  are  som«^  indications  that  a  ])ortion  of  the  herd  fre- 
quents this  region  during  the  summer,  yet  the  ma|»  giving  the  distribution  of  the  seals 
ill  August  and  September  is  practically  a  map  of  the  feeding  grounds. 

All  examination  of  the  chart  will  show  that  there  seems  to  be  a  direist  relation 
between  the  100-fathom  line  and  the  localities  where  the  seals  obtain  footi,  but  the 
conditions  atfecting  the  feeding  grounds  can  only  be  learned  from  a  long  and  carefiil 
study  of  the  depth  and  temperature  of  the  water  and  set  of  the  currents,  since  these 
are  the  prime  factors  in  determining  the  presence  and  distribution  of  the  minute 
plants  and  animals,  whi<!h  may  be  called  food  units,  and  on  wiiich  all  higher  animal 
life  ultimately  depends. 

As  the  piincii)al  feeding  grounds,  large  as  they  are,  .seem  to  lie  within  certain 
more  or  le.ss  detinite  boundaries,  it  follows  that  in  going  to  feed  the  traveling  seals  do 
not  radiate  from  tiic  islands  like  the  sticks  of  a  fan,  but  go  and  come  in  (larallel  lines 
or  lanes.  Still,  it  .should  be  borne  in  mind  that  our  knowledge  of  these  ])oints 
depends  on  the  catch  of  .sealers  on  certain  known  dates,  and  the  nioveiiients  of  the 
.sealing  licet  are  largely  determined  by  the  catch  of  a  few  vti.ssels,  sinct!  if  A  and  l» 
know  that  C!  is  taking  seals  they  and  otlusrs  do  not  like  to  leave  the  vi<!inity,  leaving 
a  probability  for  a  jiossibility. 

From  the  condition  of  the  contents  of  the  stomachs  it  is  apparent  tliat  everything 
is  swallowed  entire,  a  pollock  18  inches  long  being  b(»lted,  head  and  all.  This  is 
evident  from  the  fact  that  the  bones  of  the  head  are  always  present  when  tlie  (luan- 
tity  of  bones  is  large,  but  they  may  be  regurgitated,  together  with  the  other  iioiies 
of  the  anteiior  portion  of  the  body,  leaving  only  the  tail  vertebra'. 

The  indications  are  that  digestion  is  extremely  rai)id,  since  even  on  the  feeding 
grounds  it  is  almost  iinpo.ssible  to  obtain  stomach  contents  siilliciently  well  preserved 
to  admit  of  identitication  from  external  characters.  Hard  parts— sinrli  as  tish  bones, 
the  beaks  and  crystalline  lenses  of  the  eyes  of  scjuids — are  regurgitated  sonu'thing 
aftei'  the  manner  in  which  the  skin  and  bones  of  mice  are  ejected  by  birds  of  prey. 
In  this  manner  the  seals  also  eject  the  small  pebbles  and  other  hartl  substances,  such 
as  shells  and  bones,  which  they  swallow  for  pioblematical  purposes?  and  it  is  by  this 
method  that  the  sea  lion  must  get  rid  of  the  stones,  sometimes  of  large  size,  which  it 
swallows  in  considerable  qu.antitie.s.  There  are  plenty  of  theories  as  to  why  the.se 
things  are  swallowed  by  seals,  the  most  reasonab'e  of  which  is  that  they  are  to  aid 
digestion  by  grinding  up  such  substances  as  fish  bones  and  the  hard  parts  of  crabs, 
lint  while  this  seems  plausible  einmgh  when  applied  to  the  sea  lion,  which  eats  many 
crabs  and  swallows  quantities  of  stones,  .some  weighing  2  or  .'$  pounds,  it  fails  with 
the  fur  seal,  as  this  animal  is  not  known  to  feed  upon  crustac«'a,  and  the  pebbles  found 
in  its  stomach  are  of  small  size  and  not  mixed  with  food.  The  stomachs  of  nursing 
pups  are  quite  as  liable  to  contain  pebbles  as  are  those  of  adult  seals,  but  in  this  case 
they  are  probably  swallowed  instinctively.  On  August  2(i  a  pup  was  seen  meandering 
about  Lukahin,  stopping  now  and  then  to  pick  up  a  pebble;  and  on  the  same  date  a 
pup,  full  of  milk,  was  killed  in  the  water  whose  stomach  contained  13  large  and  20 
5947— PT  3 5 


1.1 

I'!  ( 


y 


I' 


ft 


G6 


THE    PUK    SEALS   OF   THK    PKIBILOK    ISLANDS. 


small  |»ebMe8,  the  total  weij^lit  of  which  was  r»2.'J99  grains  (2.2  ounces).  M.  (irebiiitski 
has  suggested  that  the  pebbles  are  stvallowed  in  i^atchiii^'  t-eithalopods,  but  this  is 
evidently  incorrect  Ibi'  several  reas<»n8.  The  squid  prejetl  upon  by  the  fur  sc^al  is  a 
deep-water  species  and  does  not  cling  to  pebbles,  being  Ibund  near  the  siirt'a(!c;  th<t 
pebbles  and  beaks  of  squid  are  not  found  together,  and  the  ])ebbh's  ociMir  in  the  pups 
who  are  eating  nothing  but  milk.  The  most  hon(>st  tiling  to  say  is  that  we  really 
don't  know  why  seals  swallow  hard  substances. 

From  observations  made  by  Mr.  Clark  during  the  season  of  1H!»<»,  he  (Muurludes 
that  seals  remain  in  the  water  until  the  food  in  their  stomachs  is  digested,  and  that 
this  accounts  not  only  for  the  fact  that  seals  taken. on  land  are  invariably  enqtty,  but 
for  the  presence  of  the  band  of  swinnning  seals  in  front  of  every  rookery.  It  would 
also  explain  why  females  are  never  seen  to  come  directly  in  from  the  sea,  but  emerge 
from  the  fringe  of  idle  seals  along  the  shore,  although  this  seems  rather  due  to  indi- 
rectness of  «'hara('ter,  since  wo  never  saw  a  seal  going  directly  out  to  sea,  although 
constantly  watching  for  it. 

Although  excrement  is  always  to  bo  met  with  on  rookeries  and  hauling  grcmnds,' 
it  is  by  no  means  commensurate  with  the  nuniber  of  seals,  while  Mr.  ('lark  in  Septem- 
ber and  October  noticed  large  (piantities  of  fecal  matter  strewn  along  the  slntre  in 
localities  where  the  pups  were  sporting  in  the  water. 

Boues  of  fishes  or  renmins  of  squids  are  also  very  seldom  found  on  land  on  the 
Pribilofs,  indicating  that  these,  too,  are  rejected  in  the  water,  while  they  are  nuich  more 
common  on  the  Commander  Islands  where  the  feeding  grounds  are  not  so  far  from  the 
rookeries  as  on  the  American  Islands, 

Although  we  know  little  of  tlie  food  of  the  fur  seal  south  of  the  Aleutian  Islands, 
something  may  be  inferred  from  the  character  of  its  food  in  Bering  Sea.  Hince  the 
seal  feeds  near  the  surface,  none  of  the  b(»ttoni-haunting  lisiies  such  as  the  cod  and 
halibut,  nor  their  enemies,  can  be  intluentted  by  it,  except  so  far  as  their  food  supi)ly 
may  be  att'ected  )>y  the  destruction  of  pollock,  and  it  is  highly  improbable  that  the 
cod  fishery  of  Bering  Sea  could  have  been  in  any  way  affected  by  tlie  fur  seal.  Sur- 
face-swimming species,  like  the  salmon,  might  imssibly  be  destroyed  in  appreciable 
numbers  were  the  fur  seal  abundant,  but  as  no  previous  ert'ect  has  been  reported, 
although  it  is  fair  to  say  that  no  study  of  the  subject  was  made  in  the  past,  the  verdict 
for  the  present  nuist  be — not  proven. 

In  regard  to  the  bearing  of  the  seals  upon  fisheries,  Dr.  Stejneg«^r's  remarks  con- 
cerning Bering  Island  are  very  much  to  the  point.    He  says:^ 

Three  spocies  of  Halmoii  {Oncorhynchiix)  alioiiiiil  in  all  the  rlvera  on  Iteriiig  Isliuid  anil  the  t'nr 
suuIh  are  not  observed  to  feed  upon  them  at  the  nioiitlm  of  thcHe  rivers;  hnt  the  lai^t  that  the 
largest  salinoii  river  of  the  island,  tht>  Sarauna  liiver,  is  sitnati-d  less  than  7  miles  from  tlic  largest 
rookery,  without  the  seals  counng  over  there  to  feed  npon  the  enormous  number  of  salmon  aHcending 
that  river,  is  proof  conclusive.  *  *  "  The  annual  catch  in  that  river  alone  varies  betweon  20,000 
and  100,000  salnum. 

Ah  for  th(!  codfish,  it  is  only  necessary  to  state  that  they  are  common  right  off  the  great  North 
Kookery  of  Bering  Island.  On  September  16, 1895,  we  were  anchored  in  10  fathoms  of  water,  less  than 
a  mile  from  .Siviitchi  Kameu,  aud  within  hearing  of  the  roar  fnun  the  rookery.  A  single  cod  line  over 
the  side  of  the  steamer  for  a  couple  of  hours  brought  up  three-fourths  of  a  barrel  of  codfish. 


'  That,  OS  has  been  stated,  anyone  ever  searched  for  excrement  and  did  not  liud  it  indicates  very 
poor  powers  of  observation  or  of  veracity. 

^  The  Russian  Fur  Seal  Islands,  p.  70.  .     .  '  .   .  ' 


(Irebnitski 
but  til  is  is 
111'  seal  is  ii 
I r lace;  tlic 
II  tlie  pups 
t  we  really 

■  coiicliKles 
1,  and  that 
(iiiipty,  but 
.  It  would 
l)iit  ciuerfte 
luo  to  iiidi- 
a,  altliouu'li 

pr  {iron lids,' 
;  in  Soptciii 
lie,  shore  in 

and  on  the 
>!  much  more 
far  from  the 

bian  Islands, 

,    Since  the 

tlie  eod  and 

food  supply 

)le  that  the 

seal.    Siir- 

appreciable 

n  reported, 

the  verdict 

piuarks  con- 


iind  tlio  lur 

liict  fh:it  the 

II  thu  liirfjost 

lion  iiHreiidilig 

twcoii  20,()00 

i  fj;rnnt  Nortli 
liter,  less  thiiii 
o  cod  lino  over 
idlisli. 

iiidictites  very 


TAItLKS    SHOWING    FOOD   OP   SEALS.  67 

If  the  seals  do  not  all'cct  the  llahcries  of  so  small  a  place  as  Boring  Island,  it  is  not 
likely  that  they  will  do  so  elsewhere. 

l<'iiially,  since  the  seal  feeds  on  sipiid  and  lishes  which  are  found  near  the  surface 
in  comparatively  deep  water,  and  invariably  seeks  its  food  at  some  distance  from  land, 
it  is  evident  that  a  (dosed  /.one  of  (>0  miles  about  the  islands  can  give  but  a  small 
measure  of  protection. 

It  has  been  siigoestcd  that  the  migration  of  the  seals  from  the  islands  is  influenced 
by  the  departuit^  and  movements  of  migratory  lishes  on  which  they  feed.  There  are, 
however,  no  migratory  lishes  in  Itering  Sea,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  the  movements 
of  the  seals  in  the  North  I'acillc  is  in  any  important  way  modilled  by  the  movements 
of  such  fishes  as  the  salmon  in  its  movement  toward  the  rivers  for  purposes  of  spawn- 
ing. These  hshes  do  not  go  f.'-  out  in  the  sea,  and,  while  the  seals  feed  upon  them 
when  they  can  be  had,  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  seals  go  out  of  their  way 
to  follow  such  fishes.  The  general  direction  and  extent  of  the  fur  seals'  migration  are 
directed  by  its  homing  instinct.  The  movement  of  the  herd  from  day  to  day  is  prob- 
ably in  a  measure  dependent  upon  the  food  supply,  the  seals  tarrying  to  feed  where 
food  is  abundant  and  moving  on  wh(Mi  it  becomes  scarce.  The  departure  of  the  seals 
from  the  islands  is  not  due  to  he  departure  of  the  fishes  on  wliit^h  it  feeds  in  summer, 
but  simply  due  to  the  coming  on  of  the  severe  weather  of  winter.  The  fur  seals  of 
the  southern  islands  do  not  migrate,  and  the  climatic  conditions  obviate  the  necessity 
of  their  doing  so. 

The  following  species  are  actually  known  to  be  eaten  as  food  by  the  fur  seal: 

Squid,  (I'tnaliia  iimwnus. 
Octopus,  OclopiiH  up. 
I'ollook,  Thera<ira  clialeogramma. 
Seiil-tiHli,  Tlicrohromus  raUorhini. 
•  liovkliHli,  iSrhantoih'K  (tliilim. 

Siiliiioii,  Onci>rh\j»vhuH  kimileli. 
Laiii)iroy,  KntoKphtnus  Iridentatua. 
Cod,  (imUis  mdcroceithalun. 
VVolf-tisIi,  Anarirlias  leplunia. 
Sticklobacli,'  (laateroaleiis  cataphractua. 
Sciiliiin.' 
Unknown. 

The  following  shows  the  total  amount  of  food  eaten  by  3G  seals  during  the  month 
of  April  in  the  Gulf  of  Alaska: 

Squid 720 

l{oi;klisli 20 

Halinon 2 

Pollock 2 

Sundry 12 

Total 762 

'  There  is  a  slight  doubt  in  regard  to  these  flxhes,  as  they  may  have  been  swallowed  out  of  curiosity. 
This  is  the  more  probable  since  the  sculpins,  waich  were  iduutilied  from  odd  bones,  were  small  indi- 
viduals und  not  the  large  species  so  common  in  liering  Sea. 


A8 


TMK    FlIK    SKAl.S    OF   THE    PlillULOF    ISLANDS. 


The  followiiip  sIiowh  tlici  results  of  tlie  oxmniiialion  of  the  Htomaclis  of  273  seals 
taken  in  Hcrin^j;  Sen  during  the  months  of  Anj^nst  and  September,  and  indicates  the 
number  of  seals  which  Inui  eaten  a  given  species: 


I'ollock lor. 

S(|iii(l KiU 

Seal  llsh 81 

Siiliiioii 18 

Lain)iivy 6 

Cottoid .") 


Co.l 1 

Woll  IIhIi 1 

(tctopiis 1 

IJnkiiuwn 2 

Total IHi 


The  followin;;'  is  tlie  total  ainonntof  food  known  to  have  been  eaten  by  1(10  seals 
during  the  months  of  August  and  September  in  iiering  Sea: 

Siiiitll  H(Mtl  HhIi r)(!H 

8«|ni(l :IL'I 

Pollock 251 

SaliiioM 10 

Suudiy 10 

Total  1,  UV3 

The  various  combinations  of  si)ecies  niad«i  by  th*  same  100  seals  are  shown  as 
follows,  which  may  be  (ialled  the  seals'  bill  of  fare: 


Pollock  only II 

Squid  only :i 

•Salmon  only I 

•S<-al  tish  only 1 

Pollock  and  squid 22 

I'ollock  and  Halnion 

Pollock  and  seal  llsli 

Pollock  and  cod 

Pollock  and  wolf  AhIi 


I'ollock,  8qnid,  and  seal  IIhIi II 

!';'1lock,  Hqiiid,  and  laMii>rcy I 

Polloci  ,  Ncjuid,   and  Halinon 1 

I'ollock,  HalnioM,  and  seal  IIhIi 1 

I'ollock,  8(|uld,  and  octopus 1 

iSquitl  an(,  ^cal  litili (i 

Squid,  Bcal  HhIi,  and  sahuon 1 

Total 101) 

lound   in   the 


The  following  objects,  (sertainly   not  taken  for  food,  have  bectn 
stomachs  of  seals,  young  and  old : 

Dead  •{aHtiopods,  in  fiagnienlH. 
Opei'ciila  of  l.iliiiiiia. 
liones  ol']inp  seal. 
Pddilcs  of  lava. 
Fra^nionts  of  kelp. 
Itucksliot,  a  single  example. 


Asoidiana. 

Hermit  cral>,  Kiipaiiunm  hratulli.' 

Itlolea  ocliottimii. 

.lHi)n,i/.r  Hugaf. 
Dead  shells  of  liucriiiiim. 
Dead  barnaitles,  in  fragments. 


It  is  evident  that  these  things  are  not  swallowed  haphazard,  but  are  selected 
with  considerable  care  from  among  the  articles  strewn  along  the  shore,  and  that  a 
preference  is  exhibited  for  rounded  objects.  This  is  shown  by  the  fact  that,  as  a  rule, 
only  articles  of  one  kintl  are  found  in  one  stomach,  although  seals  do  not  discriminate 
between  fragments  of  barnacles  and  fragments  of  gastropods.  Moreover,  pebbles  of 
serpentine  and  chalcedony  are  now  and  then  found  on  the  hauling  grounds  under 
conditions  indicating  that  they  were  brought  there  by  seals,  while  the  pup  seen 
gathering  i)ebble8  on  Lukaniu  did  so  with  great  care,  by  no  means  taking  the  ttrst 
that  came  to  hand.  The  most  striking  example  of  this  discriminative  selection  is, 
perhaps,  shown  by  the  puj)  which  had  swallowed  a  buckshot,  while  the  chance  of 
finding  such  a  thing  must  be,  at  a  guass,  about  one  in  a  million. 


'  Probably  taken  with  the  dead  shells  of  Buccinum, 


Plate  All. 


1 
1 

2 


11 
I 
1 
1 
1 
li 
1 

100 


SQUID,  Oonntux  (imcp) 


i  i 


ii 


tlJ 


■^     ■= 
<->      it 


Ul 

X 


.  I 


> 

X 


o 

s 


I 

i  I 


i.fl 


> 


c    .3 


>  - 

UJ  ^ 

a: 

I  g 


'-^M.     v-'""" 


t 


,l) 


V.-MENTAL  TRAITS  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  FUR  SEAL 


Hy  Frkdkuic  A.  Li'cas. 


■M 


Fifteen  years  ajjo,  wlieii  my  iUMiUiiiiitaiicc  with  the  fur  seal  was  solely  through  tiie 
medium  of  books,  1  wrote:  "Animals  which  witness  the  killinff  of  their  young  with 
iu'liflereiu-e,  do  n<tt  try  to  escape  from  danger  themselves,  and  tran(|uilly  renniin  in  a 
locality  where  hundreds  of  their  kind  are  daily  slaughtered  do  not  seem  remarkable 
for  their  intelligence."'  To-day,  alter  a  careful  study  of  the  behavior  of  the  seal  in 
the  Held,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  to  retra(!t  anything  of  ihis.  The  fur  seal  is  a 
creatureof  strong  instincts,  but  little  intelligence.  The  mechanical  functions  of  life 
are  i>erformed  to  perfection,  but  it  is  seldom  guilty  of  an  act  requiring  reason. 

Hy  intellect  or  intelligence  in  this  sense  is  meant  (he  power  to  choose  among 
different  possible  courses  of  action.  The  external  inlluences  and  inttunal  im])ulses 
jncxbuje  certain  impressions  on  the  nervous  system  of  the  animal.  Hy  the  automatic 
instinct  tlie  response  which  follows  is  directly  related  to  the  cause,  and  there  is  no 
(ilioice  among  responses.  So  much  influence,  so  much  rebound.  Uy  tlie  operations  of 
instinct  each  individual,  in  given  conditions,  will  act  just  as  any  other  individual  will. 
Intellect,  however,  implies  individuality.  One  animal  will  choose  to  do  this,  another 
that,  adapting  iiction  to  the  special  needs  or  circumstances.  A  fur  seal  will  do  what 
his  ancestors  have  had  to  do  to  perfection.  If  he  is  led  to  do  anything  else  he  is  da/ed 
and  stupid.  For  these  reasons  our  ex])eriments  in  better  methods  of  culling  killable 
.seals  by  sending  the  herd  through  a  wooden  elmte  were  not  successful.  The  most 
experienced  bulls  would  beat  their  noses  against  a  door  closed  before  them  if  one 
before  them  had  been  seen  to  pass  through  it.  That  one  door  was  shut  and  another 
«ipened  is  beyond  theii'  comprehension. 

When  not  engaged  in  the  performance  of  the  more  mechanical  functions  of  life 
the  conduct  of  the  fur  seal  is  marked  by  a  most  "xasperating  indirectness,  and  in 
many  ways  they  remind  one  of  Kipling's  description  of  the  Banda  Log,  starting  to  do 
one  thing  and  ending  by  doing  another.  A  seal  coming  ashore  to  nurse  her  jnip  will 
tarry  by  the  wayside  to  doze  and  scratch,  calling  at  intervals  for  the  young  one,  often 
taking  half  an  hour  to  progress  a  hundred  yards  or  so.  This  is  not  because  cows 
will  not  allow  pups  to  nurse  them  when  wet,  for  pups  were  seen  nursing  cows  just 
from  the  water,  but  because  the  fur  seal  is  indirect  by  nature.  Just  so  in  no  instan«:e 
was  a  seal  observed  to  go  directly  out  to  sea  to  feed  or  directly  to  return.  Day  after 
day  seals  were  seen  to  enter  the  water;  day  after  day  they  wore  seen  to  come  out  of 
it;  but  in  each  case  the  individual  was  lost  in  or  emerged  from  the  mass  of  seals 
sporting  along  the  margin  of  the  rookery.' 


'  Mr.  Clark,  as  noted  elsewliere,  coimiderH  this  to  bo  due  to  the  fact  that  Hitals  reuiaiii  in  the  water 
until  loud  hiiM  di^eMi^d ;  )uit  wliile  this  would  account  for  tlie  lingering  of  returning  goals,  it  would 
not  account  for  their  delay  in  going. 


70 


THE    VVH    SEALS    Ol"    THE    I'lUlilLoF    ISLANDS. 


Tliu  liict  that  tilt)  fur  8ual  acts  by  instinct  uiid  not  by  rciisun  nuilics  it  possible 
tor  num  t<»  nsu  tliu  t'nr-suiil  herd  to  liis  own  advantugo,  an<l  to  tr«>at  it  much 
as  he  \v<ml«l  a  licrd  of  cattUt,  with  the  atlvanta^eons  exception  that  lie  is  neitlior 
obliged  to  Iced,  water,  nor  look  alter  its  wellare.  Its  instincts,  however,  sharpened 
by  long  years  of  natural  selection,  and  augmented  by  the  cumulative  eH'cets  of 
heredity,  in  most  ways  supply  the  place  of  reason  and  are  an  ott'set  for  its  natural 
stupidity. 

Among  the  strongest  of  these  instincts  is  the  homing  instinct,  which  yearly  leads 
the  seals  ba<;k  to  the  rookeries  and  directs  them  to  the  feeding  grounds,  and  so  strong 
has  this  instinct  become  by  long  cultivation  that,  as  with  the  great  auk,  nothing  short 
of  extermination  will  drive  the  seals  from  their  rookeries.' 

The  seals  return  to  the  rookery  grounds  of  the  Pribilof  Islainis,  iu)t  because  they 
have  the  least  idea  that  they  will  there  lind  protectitni,  but  simply  because  their 
homing  instinct  leads  them  to  d«»  so.  They  have  returned  Just  as  regularly  and 
persistently  to  h'obben  Island  and  to  their  Antarctic  breeding  grounds,  where  every 
seal,  big  and  little,  is  relentlessly  slain.  Their  "bump  of  locality"  is  greater  than 
their  reasoning  power.  Conversely,  the  female  seals,  which  are  never  disturbed,  are 
just  as  much  afraid  (»f  man  as  are  the  bachelors,  whose  ranks  an!  thinned  by  annual 
slaughter.  The  experii'iKfc  of  a  score  of  years  has  not  taught  them  that  so  far  as  man 
is  concerned  they  are  tpiite  safe  when  on  shore. 

•Tust  so  this  instinct  of  locality,  coupled  with  gregarionsness,  brings  the  seals 
released  from  a  killing  back  to  the  hauling  grounds,  when  a  more  intelligent  or 
distrustful  creature  would  forsake  the  jdace  entirely.  The  same  causi-s,  phis  the 
instinctive  desire  to  get  somewhere  near  the  rookeries,  bring  the  ba<!helors  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  breeding  grounds.  Time  was  when  the  rookeri(!s  were  so  large  and 
occupied  the  water  front  to  such  an  extent  that  ac(;ess  to  the  territory  at  the  rear  was 
restricted  and  vast  numbers  of  seals  were  forced  to  haul  elsewhere.  The  earliest  maps 
of  the  islands  show  that  then,  as  now,  breeding  and  hauling  gnainds  were  contiguous, 
altluingh  then  the  number  of  bachelors  was  so  vast  that  oidy  a  small  portion  of  them 
could  approach  the  frontier  of  the  breeding  grountls,  and  a  very  close  a]>|)roach  is 
prevented  i)y  the  picket  line  of  waiting  bulls. 

The  gregarious  nature  of  the  seals  is  extremely  strong,  not  only  leading  them  to 
herd  together,  but,  like  8hcei>,  to  follow  one  another  blindly,  regardless  of  where  they 
may  be  going,  seeking  safety  or  hurrying  to  the  killing  gang  without  the  slightest 
hesitancy.  One  morning  on  '^oltoi  blutl's  a  seal,  startled  by  the  approa^  of  a  party 
on  the  way  to  the*  reef,  plunged  over  the  edge  of  the  blutl'  to  the  rocks,  15  or  liO  feet 

'  In  iiiiiiiy  wuyH  thu  cuHf  of  thu  fur  houI  rMsoiiililu.s  that  of  tlm  );reiit  auk;  both,  when  tliHcovuri'd, 
were  animals  of  limited  distribution,  I'onlinod  to  small,  uiiiiibabitiMl  iHlandH,  and  both  uvini'i'd  the 
utmost  tenacity  in  clinging  to  their  breeding  grounds.  Ouo  might  su|ipos«  from  much  that  has  bet'M 
writtt'u  that  thoro  wns  some  occult  reason  why  the  fur  soul  was  found  only  on  the  I'ribilof  Islands, 
out  of  all  those  that  skirt  the  Alaskan  coast,  and  that  those  islets  alone  had  the  lu-cossary  conditions 
of  cliiiiato  to  suit  the  fur  seal.  As  a  matter  of  fact  there  is  nothing  mysterious  in  the  matter,  for  the 
seal,  like  the  great  auk,  was  probably  fxtorminatod  by  prehistoric  man  in  every  jilaoe  that  was 
iicccssihle. 

The  fur  seal  family  is  one  of  great  adaptability,  and  its  members  thrive  not  only  in  the  cold  and 
wet  of  high  latitudes,  but  under  the  burning  sun  of  the  Tropics;  climate  has  little  elfect,  provided  the 
species  can  breed  in  peace.  Hut  a  creature  which  eomes  on  shore  to  breed  and  passes  a  i|uarter  to  a 
third  of  its  life  on  laud  is  particularly  liable  to  the  attacks  of  man,  and  uucivili/.cd  man  is  no  more 
careful  to  protect  breeding  uuiiuuls  than  his  civilized  relatives. 


K,K1''K«T    »>!•'    BLOOM    oN    SKA  1,8. 


71 


!s  it  possilile 
ii\t  it  iiiiH-h 
ic  Im  neither 
r,  8liiii'|ioiio(l 
'c  t'Hects  of 
r  its  iiiitiiral 

yt'iirly  It'juls 
11(1  so  stntiifj 
otiiiii^  siiort 

M'lruiitie  they 
■raiise  tiicir 
fiiilnrly  iiiid 
wiu'ie  eveiy 
;reiiter  thim 
sliirlifil,  are 
(1  by  annual 
}  far  as  man 

;s  the  seals 
itcllifient  or 
's,  pins  the 
ioh)rs  to  tiio 
>  laif^e  and 
[he  rear  wiis 
rliest  maps 
ontiffuous, 
ion  of  tiiem 
i])pruaeh  is 

ug  them  to 
iiere  they 
sligiitest 
•fa  party 
or  L'O  feet 

(liscovorcil, 
oviiii'fil  tho 

lilt  IlilS  liocii 

ilof  IhIuiuIs, 
coiulitions 
ttor,  for  tlio 
:u  that  was 

liu  uold  ami 

rovided  Mio 

liiartcr  to  a 

ia  uo  iiioro 


below.  Tiie  nei^lihorin^i  si-ais  imniediiilely  started  to  follow,  and  l»«'fore  tlie  natives 
coidd  turn  them  batrk  severa'  had  K«"'«'  headlonj,'  after  their  leader,  iu-edless  of  tiie 
faet  that  tho  way  was  open  in  another  direetion. 

Nothing,  perhaps,  shows  the  hiw  grade  of  the  seal's  iidellettt  and  the  inability  to 
think  for  theniselvi's  so  well  as  their  behavior  during  the  drives  and  on  the  killing 
gr(»unds,  and  it  was  a  eonstant  source  of  wonderment  to  see5(M>or  l,(MK»seals  shuflling 
ah)ng,  guided  and  eontrolled  by  at  the  most  live  men. 

It  is  not  docility  which  kee|m  the  long  procession  together, but  gregariousneHs,and 
the  fear  of  being  left  behind.  A  single  yearling  may  delay  a  killing  for  live  minutes, 
siiiipiiing,  snarling,  an<l  charging  at  the  skinners  and  killers,  but  on  the  drive  the  idea 
of  escajM-  never  occurs  to  a  seal,  foi'  all  his  energies  are  devoted  to  keeping  up  with  the 
others.  On  .\ugnst  lid  two  old  bulls  were  killed  f«»r  spet-iniens,  and  in  order  to  save 
the  liibor  of  '-backing"  lln^ir  skins  and  skeletons  to  the  village,  the  entire  lot  then  on 
Zoltoi  r.lutfs  were  driven  by  Judge  ('rowley  and  the  over  ready  >lake,  with  a  little 
assistance  from  myself.  There  were  r»0  old  bulls,  ."•()  half  bulls,  and  lOO  bachehu'S  n( 
assorted  sizes,  and  it  was  an  astonishing  sight  to  see  id  I  these  huge  brutes  tleeing 
from  tiireemen,  when  any  one  bull  couhl  have  driven  tho  <lrivers.  ami  wo.. Id  liavtMlone 
so  a  month  ])reviously.  Hut  a  month  previous  the  breeding  instinct  was  predondnant 
to  the  exclusion  of  all  others,  and  not  only  was  fear  banished,  but  hunger  and  fatigue 
were  uidieeded. 

The  gregarious  nature  of  the  seals  was  i-nrioii.sly  illustrated  by  their  «lJsposition 
about  llutehinsons  Hill,  in  August,  or  after  the  r(»okeries  had  cxpaiulcd  and  the  seals 
retired  far  from  the  watca-.  Whih^  there  was  ample  room  tor  ten  times  the  number 
of  seals  |)resi'nt  to  sprawl  out  in  contort,  they  were  gathered  into  numerous  dense 
masses  with  wide  stretches  of  bare  ground  in  which  the  liurgcmiaster  gidls  walked  up 
and  down,  picking  at  the  eyes  <if  dead  pups. 

The  smell  of  blood,  jiarticnlarly  of  that  of  their  own  species,  inspires  fear  or  anger 
in  m<»st  animals,  siiu;e  they  associate  its  presence  with  <langer  to  themselves  or  others, 
but  with  the  fur  seals  it  seems  t«>  do  neither,  and  tint  animals  turned  loose  from  a 
killing  will  trample  over  the  bodies  of  the  slain  and  pause  to  rest  "»(►  or  UH) 
yards  away,  with  their  tlippttrs  wet  with  the  blood  of  their  «;omrades.'  It  fre<piently 
hap|>ened  while  dissecting  pups  on  tho  rookeries''  that  the  bulls,  after  all  was  quiet, 
approached  very  closely,  sometimes  a  little  too  elo.se  for  (rond'ort,  and  on  one  or  two 
occasions  dissected  pup  carcasses  were  thrown  at  them,  both  to  drive  the  bulls  away 
and  to  see  what  the  etfoct  W(mld  be.  In  no  instance  did  tho  body  <d'a  pup  have  any 
more  ellect  thanapobbloor  abit  of  wood,  the  Imll  snitfed  at  the  one  just  as  ho  did  at  the 
other,  but  .so  long  as  the  blood  was  not  his  own  it  was  a  unit  cr  of  little  ctULsequenee. 

Kvon  had  the  blood  come  from  himself  it  is  doubtful  if  tho  bull's  behavior  would 
have  been  different,  for  not  one  of  Cooper's  Imlians  could  be  nu>ro  indilferent  to  pain 
than  the  whole  tribe  of  fur  seals — bulls,  cows,  and  pups.  The  bulls  give  and  receive 
tho  most  savage  bites  without  tlinchiug,  and  cows  do  not  show  tho  least  sign  of  pain 
when  pulled  about  and  torn  by  their  lords  and  nnisters,  and  on  no  occasion  was  any 


'  It  iH  qiiito  Iil«dy  that  this  is  duo  to  tho  iiiucNHaiit  (i^liliii<;  anion;;  iiiah'M  and  mauling  uf  the 
IViualoH  Ity  tlio  liiilla,  woiindH  lioing  so  iiiinioroiiH  and  l)looil  so  frcidy  spilliMl  tliat  tliu  Huals  are 
ai'oiistona'd  to  it. 

-It  iDUHt  lie  Itornu  in  mind  that  tliin  was  al'tor  tho  bruakiii)^  up  of  tlie  Intronm,  when  hcuIm  of  all 
kinds  wero  more  or  less  intorniin^letl,  and  many  bulls  wcru  roaming  around  looking  for  otid  cows. 


72 


THi;    I'UB   SKALS   OF   THE   TKIBILOh'    ISLANDS. 


animal  Heeii  to  lick  a  wuniiil.  Iii  uiiv  uf  the  looi^ury  battluH  a  Itiill  H(;i/,u(l  aiiotluir  by  Imh 
neck  and  licltl  liiin  lot-  at  luaHtii  full  iniuutc,  while  the  bitten  bull  looked  coniplatrntly 
heavenward  without  a8  much  as  moving,  until  ho  Nuddenly  countered  on  Ids  adversary 
and  grasped  him  by  the  throat.  Not  only  do  seals  appear  to  be  indill'erent  to  pain, 
but,  luovidcd  an  object  is  motionless,  they  seem  quite  as  inditlerent  to  disagroealtle 
sights  and  equally  unpleasant  smells.  Tlioy  walk  over  and  about  the  dead  and 
decaying  carcasses  on  the  rookeries  and  lie  down  to  sleep  amonj;;  th(>m  without  giving 
them  the  least  attention,  caring  so  little  that  a  cow  was  seen  do/iiig  pea4;efully  with 
her  head  all  but  pillowed  on  tlie  bloated  body  of  a  i)up. 

The  stolid  behavior  of  the  seals  on  the  killing  grounds  has  been  remarked  by 
KUiott,  and  pitiful  tales  of  their  mad  fright,  being  cra/ed  by  the  sight  of  their 
slaughtered  (■omi)anion8,  and  frantic  otforts  to  escape  are  utter  rubbish,  'flic  behavior 
of  the  first  seal  turned  loose  deternunes  the  behavior  uf  the  test  of  tlu^  herd.  If  he 
hurries,  the  others  hurry,  and  each  one  eggs  on  the  other;  if  hv  stops  to  rest,  all 
subseciuently  rejected  atop  to  rest. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  seals  are  frightened  when  driven  up  to  the  clubbers, 
but  they  have  just  as  much  fear  of  the  boy  who  is  guarding  one  side  of  a  group  of 
1,000  seals  as  they  have  of  the  men  who  are  about  to  km)ck  them  or  their  companions 
on  the  head.  Their  fear  is  instinctive  ami  irrational,  and  is  not  due  to  any  reasoning 
process  or  any  dread  of  what  is  to  come.  It  is  largely  caused  by  the  discomfort  of 
being  crowded  together.  So  little  true  fear  do  these  beasts  |>ossess  tliat  the  seals  in 
a  pod  before  the  killers  will  snap  at  each  other  just  the  same  as  it'  they  were  being 
crowded  l»y  their  neiglib  us  in  the  hauling  grounds.  So  far  from  being  cra/ed  with 
fright,  when  turned  htose  they  are  as  liable  as  iu>t  to  8to|)  within  .50  yards  of  the  killing 
and  there  rest  and  scratch  for  half  an  hour,  complacently  watching  the  others  being 
clubbed  to  death. 

The  seal  is  not  intelligent  enough  to  be  superstitious,  as  is  the  case  with  the  dog 
and  horse;  the  source  of  his  fear  must  be  real  and  tangible,  and  he  never  imagines  an 
enemy  in  stick  or  stone  or  other  inotionless  object,  unless  it  stands  up  above  the  sky 
line  and  suggests  a  man.  The  only  possible  exception  to  this  is  when  he  is  wakened 
from  a  sound  sleep,  when,  like  other  unreasoning  creatures,  his  first  idea  is  to  run. 
On  such  occasions  a  veritable  stampede  may  occur  if  a  number  of  seals  are  together, 
for  the  scutlling  of  one  rouses  the  other,  and  each  urges  his  neighbor  on  to  tly.  Mr. 
Clark  noticed  a  most  curious  incident  on  Ciorbatch,  where  a  stampede  was  imini 
nent  because  a  few  seals  near  the  water,  aroused  by  the  breaking  of  an  unusually 
large  wave,  startled  up  in  alarm  and  in  turn  (;oinmuiiicatcd  their  fright  to  the 
surrounding  herd. 

If  love  of  offspring  be  indicative  of  intelligence  the  fur  seal  may  be  considered 
as  very  low  in  the  intellectual  scale,  for  it  is  not  probable  that  among  the  higher 
vertebrates  there  is  another  which  evinces  so  little  affection  for  its  young  and  is  so 
heedless  of  its  welfare.  During  our  visits  to  the  rookeries  there  were  naturally  many 
eases  in  which  mother  and  i)up  were  startled  by  our  approach,  and  in  every  instance 
save  one  the  alarm  shown  by  the  cow  was  evidently  for  herself  and  not  for  her  offspring, 
since  she  never  st(»pped  to  defend  her  young  one,  but  sought  safety  in  flight,  leaving 
the  pup  to  care  for  itself  as  best  it  might.  Similarly  when  a  rookery  is  stamxtedcd  i>y 
the  exit  of  a  vanquished  bull,  or  when,  later  in  the  season,  a  band  of  seals  is  friglitened 


IIAHIT8   OF    SKA    LIONS. 


73 


itluir  by  liJH 
inpIiUH'iitly 
i  inlvei'sary 
nt  to  piiiii, 
isagrceablo 
(lead  and 
lout  giving 
cf'ully  with 

inurktMl  by 
lit  ()('  tiieir 
ic  bi^liavior 
i!rd.  If  he 
to  rest,  all 

e  clubbers, 
a  group  of 
oiiipanioiiR 
'  reasoning 
scoinfort  of 
he  seals  in 
.vere  being 
razed  with 
the  killing 
hers  being 

th  the  dog 

lugines  an 
e  the  sky 
wakened 

18  to  run. 
together, 
lly.  Mr. 
IS  iiiinii 

unusually 
it   to   the 

Misidered 
le  higher 
and  is  so 
illy  many 
instance 
>rtspring, 
,  leaving 
[Hulcd  by 
ightened 


from  any  cause  it  is  a  case  of  snnrc  iiui  pnti,  every  seal  for  himself  or  herself,  no 
matter  what  hapi»cns  to  the  next  one. 

The  mother  takes  little  or  no  interest  in  her  offspring,  unless  it  bo  immediately 
after  birth,  and  here  my  own  ex|)erienee  is  limited.  The  cows  are  said  to  lift  the 
newly  born  pups  out  «)f  uncomfortable  or  dangerous  places,  but  the  few  Roen  during 
the  summer  of  IHiMi  seemed  to  eviin-e  little  regard  for  the  welfare  of  their  otl'spring, 
and  if  a  pup  with  the  placenta  still  attached  became  caught  in  the  rocks  the  mother 
simply  lookeil  at  it  and  left  it  to  do  the  best  it  could. 

A  euiions  instance  of  lack  of  care  and  liMik  of  intelligence  was  note«l  by  Mr. 
Clark,  wiio  found  a  pup  whose  abiKMinally  large  umbilical  cord  !iad  caught  among  the 
rocks  and  held  him  fast.  It  had  never  occurred  lo  the  cow  to  bite  through  the  void 
an<l  releasit  lier  offspring,  although  the  si/e  of  the  pup  indicated  that  it  had  becnthere 
some  time.  On  the  other  hand,  the  condition  of  the  young  seal  showed  that  it  had 
been  well  fed,  for  nursing  comes  by  instinct  and  calls  for  no  display  of  reason.  When 
the  umbilical  cord  was  severed  tno  pup  staggereil  away,  almost  unable  to  walk 
through  having  had  no  previous  experience  in  that  line. 

The  cows  do  |)ay  some  attention  to  their  pups  while  nursing,  and  will  often  search 
h>iig  and  (iarefully  for  their  own,  nosing  among  the  |kk1s  of  sleeping  pups;  but  hero 
again  it  must  he  remembered  that  the  discomfort  caused  by  the  distension  of  the 
udder  is  a  stimulating  cause,  and  that  the  cow's  motive  is  not  entirely  unseltish.  Hut, 
again,  a  lemale  will  content  herself  with  simple  bleating  for  the  pup,  and  if  ho  does 
not  come  will  climbon  a  stone  and  go  to  sleep  with  the  nimost  traiii|uillity.  Now  anil 
then,  however,  one  sees  a  touch  of  human  nature  amoug  the  seals,  as  when  a  cow 
deliberately  bit  two  pups  for  the  apparent  reason  that  her  own  otl'spring  did  not 
res])oiid  immiptly  to  her  call,  and  when  a  defeated. bull  c<msoled  himself  by  biting  a 
cow.  The  comfort  of  the  pup  is  of  little  moment  to  the  cow;  her  own  comfort  is  a 
miurh  more  important  matter,  and  she  will  lie  in  the  water  where  the  youngster  is 
submerged  by  every  heavy  sea,  or  on  a  stone  where  the  pup  can  scarcely  roach 
her,  without  the  least  concern.  A  cow  just  in  from  sea  came  to  the  head  of  "the 
slide,"  followed  by  a  very  hungry  pup,  and  then  climbed  on  a  high  stone  and  lay  down. 
The  ])up  tried  in  vain  to  follow,  for,  standing  on  his  hind  Hippers,  his  nose  reached 
only  to  the  t«)p  of  the  rock,  and  tiiere  he  stood  bleating  tor  something  to  eat.  The 
mother  looked  over  the  edge  as  much  as  to  say,  "  I'm  sorry  for  you,  but  really  1  can 
(h)  nothing,''  and  then  lay  down  again.  She  did,  a  little  later,  descend  from  her  perch, 
but  not  tinding  a  place  to  suit,  returned  in  live  minutes,  and  at  the  end  of  half  an 
hour  was  dozing  comfortably,  while  the  pup  still  sto(»d  on  his  hind  legs  expostulating 
in  vain. 

As  for  the  cow  taking  sutlicient  interest  in  her  ofl'spring  to  teach  it  to  swim,  or  in 
any  way  to  care  for  itself,  this  is  the  sheerest  nonsense.  The  seals  are  tirin  believers 
in  the  doctrine  of  laissnz  /aire,  enforcing  their  i>rinciples  with  tooth  and  Hipper. 
I'iVery  seal  h)oks  after  itself,  and  death  i>romi)tly  overtakes  the  hindmost. 

At  first  glance  the  sea  lion  might  seem  less  intelligent  than  the  fur  seal;  but  in  all 
mental  attributes  the  latter  compares  unfavorajbly  with  his  big  relative,  who  is  social 
and  affect ioiiate  in  its  disposition,  and  wary  by  nature.  The  sea  lions  breed  earlier  in 
the  season  than  the  fur  seal,  so  it  was  not  our  jn-ivilege  to  witness  their  behavior  at 
this  time;  but  in  August  bulls,  cows,  and  pups  haul  out  together  iu  perfect  amity, 


'    tl 


74 


TIIK    I'UH   SKALS   nl'   THK    I'UIIIII-OF    ISLANDS. 


altlioii^li  l\n\  youii^  iiialfs  h«!uiii  to  kcup  soinewliat  hy  tlit>iiiH«'lvfH,  and  tin  re  npitoiircd 
to  Int  iioiio  ul'  tliu  siiii|)|iiiiK  at  oiu;  aiiutlifi-  wliifli  is  so  cliara<;t*M'isti*-  «>('  tlic  tiir  stnils. 

TIk)  fuinalus  appear  to  taUu  an  alVcctionatf  inturcst  in  tlicir  «)IVsprin;{,  and  (ivcii 
wliun  wuanud  tli^  pups  haul  out  Wusidu  tlii'ir  niotliurs  and  at't-onipany  tlu;ni  IVoiii  plact^ 
to  place,  and  in  oiut  iiistaucc  a  pup  was  suen  resting  on  tliu  sliouldcis  of  u  runiiilo 
whilu  siiu  Mwani  a  slioil  distance.  When  niot'tin^',  old  and  yoiin^  lro(|UfnMy  rid>  noses, 
and  oueitHionally  tlie  nu)tlier  talks  lo  tliuyounji;  hy  swaying  liur  liuad  up  and  <iown 
and  at  the  same  time  sli^^htly  from  side  to  side,  .lust  what  IIiIh  signifies  il  is  dilllcult 
I'oi- us  to  understaiul,  but  it  evidently  nutans  sonietiiin^  to  the  pup.  When  alarmed 
the  sea  lions  eluster  to{{ethur,  as  they  also  du  for  purposes  of  spcu't,  for  they  are  fond 
of  playin^r  in  the  water,  tliviuf;  or  lying  on  one  side,  splashing;  with  the  exposed  Hipper, 
nMu;li  after  the  nninner  of  a  sprutive  huinpbaek  whale.  If  fri;>htened  from  a  haulin|{ 
p-oun<l,  tho  sea  lions  are  slow  in  returning;,  »wimmiug  baek  and  forth,  surveying;  the 
ground  and  snilling  the  air  for  the  presence  of  suspected  danger.  They  also  express 
their  disapproval  of  intrusions  by  loud  growling,  and  if  one  is  shot  (lie  inunediate 
members  of  the  herd  beeouununeh  ex<'ited  and,  althou;;h  k«>epin;t  at  a  safe  distaiu^e, 
swim  about,  and  by  their  conduct  ami  roars  (clearly  express  their  fear  and  anger.  All 
in  all,  though  at  tirst  sight  appearances  are  against  him,  the  sea  li<ui  is  intelle(;tnally 
much  above  the  fur  seal. 

The  great  redectming  feature  of  the  fur  siial's  character  is  its  playfulness  when 
young,  for  few  aninuds  seem  t«>  enjoy  life  so  well  as  the  rolli<'king  pups  iintl  young 
bachelors.  Hut  here  again  it  is  necessary  to  curb  our  imagination,  and  to  remember 
that  while  the  young  seals  un(h)id>tedly  do  derivt^  a  certain  anuuint  I'l  cn.joynu>nt  from 
their  sports,  very  nuu;h  of  what  strikes  us  as  mere  play  is  in  realit^  iwning  instinct. 
The  sporting  of  seal  pups  foreshadows  the  time  when  their  very  li  >  will  depend  (Ui 
the  ability  to  capture  food  for  themselves,  an<l  the  playful  wrestling  contt'sts  in  which 
they  perpetually  engage  are  mere  hints  of  future  tierce  l)attles  anu>ng  bulls.  V«'ar- 
lingH  do  not  round  up  harems  of  pups  with  tho  reasoning  care  that  a  child  bestows  on 
her  dolls,  but  because  centuries  of  heredity  have  caused  this  instinct  to  be  developed 
long  before  it  serves  any  practical  purpose.  And  this  acting  by  instiiu't  is  the  key- 
note of  the  seal's  character;  the  unnd,  like  the  body,  has  been  nu>lde(l  by  initural 
selection  acting  on  the  nuis.s,  so  that  one  seal  behaves  like  another  and  knows  just  as 
much  as  another,  and  no  more.  It  is  a  creature  of  instincts  and  not  guided  to  any 
great  extent  by  reason.  As  it  has  done  in  the  past  so  it  will  do  in  the  future.  Its 
habits,  being  formed  by  the  slow  pro(!ess  of  natural  selection,  can  change  but  slowly, 
hence  the  fur  seal  is  not  likely  to  alter  its  habits,  or  to  adapt  itself  to  changes  in 
surnuinding  coiulitions.  It  may  be  exterminated,  but  it  will  not  leave  its  breeding 
grouuds,  and  the  last  seal  will  come  calmly  on  shore  to  be  knocked  in  the  head. 


H^ 


V  appoariMl 
liir  seals. 
;,  uiui  ovoii 

troin  place 
of  a  t'uinalo 
\'  rub  iiuses, 
)  llllll  (luwii 
L  istlilliciiit 
i;ii  alariiKMl 
ny  arc  fond 
isud  IlippiT, 
II  a  hauling; 
rvcyiiif;  the 
iso  express 

iniinetliatu 
I'e  dislaiicH, 
iiiKer.  All 
telle(!tiial!y 

liiess  wlieii 

and  young 

reinenilier 

nnent  from 

ig  instinct. 

depend  on 

ts  in  which 

lis.     Vear- 

)Csto\vs  on 

developed 

s  the  key- 

y  natural 

wsjust  as 

led  to  any 

tare.     Its 

at  slowly, 

hanges  in 

breeding 

ad. 


VI.-THE  CAUSES  OF  MORTMITY  AMONG  SEALS. 


Hy  KiiKKKitir  A.  KticAS. 


Those  wiio  have  read  the  testimony  sniimittcd  to  the  I'aris  tribunal  must  have 
been  strnek  with  llie  great  diversity  of  statements  regarding  the  death  rate  among 
seals,  and  particularly  among  yonng  seals,  for  it  was  positively  asserted  ami  ipiite  as 
|)08itively  denied  that  numbers  of  seal  pups  died  annually  prior  to  the  1st  of  August. 
In  view  of  these  conllicting  statements  it  was  obviously  of  great  importance  to  ascer- 
tain not  only  tlit^  number  of  pups  which  died  before  the  commencement  of  pelagic 
sealing,  but  the  ciuises  wliich  h^d  to  their  death.  Kvery  etiort  was  therefore  made 
to  obtain  information  on  these  |)oints,  and  this  pru'tion  of  the  rt^port  may  l)e  said  to 
re|)resent  the  results  of  the  observations  of  all  iiu>mbers  of  the  various  commissions. 
A  count  was  made  «tf  tiui  dead  pups  as  early  in  August  as  circumstances  would  admit, 
while  autopsies,  recorded  furtlna-  on,  were  performed  on  as  n'any  bodies  as  were 
sulliciently  well  preserved  to  allow  of  its  being  duie. 

It  in  not  pr«>tendcd  that  there  may  net  l)e  many  more  diseases  among  seals  and 
many  more  causes  for  their  death  than  ar^"!  herein  set  forth,  but  the  intent  of  this 
chapter  is  to  show  what  we  a<'tnaily  know  ab(Mit  those  matters.  There  has  been 
entirely  too  nuich  theory  and  entirely  too  little  observation  and  record  of  facts  in 
treating  of  the  fur  seal,  and  it  is  mere  ullo  speculation  to  say  fr(tm  whit  diseases  they 
might  or  niiglit  not  die.  It  seems  tu  have  been  generally  considered  that  the  death 
rate  among  pup  seals  was  low,  the  chief  destruction  being  caused  by  surf  anil  killer 
whales.  Photographs  taken  by  Mr.  Macimn  in  LSftl  and  181)2  (see  PI.  XV^I),  however, 
showed  that  on  some  portions  of  Tolstoi  and  Poloviiui  there  were  certainly  large 
numbers  of  dead  pupa  far  above  the  surf  mark  which  had  perished  long  before  tlie 
middle  of  August  and  before  the  ctlects  of  pelagic  scaling  could  be  felt.  It  therefore 
became  an  interesting  ipiestioii  whether  or  not  there  was  any  reason  why  the  deaths 
on  these  rookeries  should  be  more  numerous  than  elsewhere. 

Up  to  the  1st  of  August  it  was  not  only  impossible  to  enter  the  breeding  grounds, 
but  impossible  to  api»roacli  them  very  closely,  not  so  much  from  the  danger  of 
stampeding  the  rookeries  as  from  the  danger  of  being  stampeded  by  angry  bulls.  Hy 
August  8  the  rookeries  had  o|)eued  out  somewhat,  the  seals  having  largely  drawn 
back  from  the  water,  and  on  that  date  the  dead  pups  on  Kitovi,  Lukanin,  and  the 
Keef  wr  e  counted.  It  was  no  easy  matter  to  enter  a  rookery  liven  on  that  date,  and 
it  required  much  skill  in  dodging  active  and  angry  bulls  and  a  cautious  collecting  of 
bodies  with  long  gatVs  to  nnikc  the  count  complete  and  to  gather  any  subjects  (it  for 
dissection.  While  the  result  of  this  count  was  surprising,  l,2('fi  dead  pups  being 
found  m  189(5  on  the  three  rookeries  named,  the  counts  of  Polovina,  made  ou  August 
10,  and  of  Tolstoi,  made  ou  August  12,  were  still  more  startling,  revealing  as  they  did 

75 


76 


THK    KUK    SKALS    OK     I'HK    PRII?ir,(tK    ISLANDS. 


■:   I 


tl 


tlic  presence  of  <»;i5  dead  on  the  one  and  1,895  on  the  other,  the  level  sands  of  Tol.toi 
being  so  strewn  with  bodies  as  to  suggest  a  battle  field  after  some  hotly  contested 
encounter.     See  Plate  XVII. 

The  first  very  evident  fact  regarding  these  dead  seals  was  that  the  vast  niai;trity 
had  been  a  long  time  dead,  some  bodies  taing  swollen  and  distoited,  while  the  flat- 
tened, hairless  «'ondition  of  others  bore  testimony  not  only  to  the  leiigfli  of  time  they 
had  been  dead,  but  to  their  ruthless  trampling  beneath  scores  of  shutlling  foot.  iMie 
early  date  at  which  many  had  died  was  apparent  from  the  numerous  instances  in 
which  the  .umbilical  cord  was  still  atta(!hed  to  the  Inxly,  indicating  that  the  little  fel- 
lows had  been  kilkMl  shortly  after  birth.  The  length  of  time  that  most  had  been  dead 
was  also  well  shown  by  fhe  small  proportion  available  for  dissection,  for,  althongli 
every  etVoit  was  made  to  obtain  as  large  a  number  as  possible,  only  10.3  were  obtained 
on  St.  I'aul  in  189(!  between  August  <»  and  August  II,  and  not  one  of  the  7."55  pups 
found  dead  on  St.  George  was  dissectible. 

The  next  very  obvious  fact  was  the  large  number  of  bodies  lying  on  level,  unol) 
structcd  patches  (»f  grouiul  where,  earlier  in  the  season,  the  breeding  seals  had  been 
densely  massed,  and  where,  as  on  Tolstoi,  Zapadni,  and  Poloviiui,  theie  had  been 
much  lighting  and  confusion.  K'ocky  sloi)es  were  comparatively  free  from  dead,  and 
there  were  fewer  still  on  rookeries  composed  of  water- worn  bowlders,  asaretlie  Liigoon 
and  Zapadni  Reef. 

The  direct  relations  between  tlu^  character  of  the  ground,  the  numbers  of  breed 
int,  seals,  and  the  number  of  dead  pups,  and  the  fact  that  many  of  the  more  recently 
dead  were  bruised,'  seemed  to  point  to  the  trampling  of  the  larger  seals,  and  especially 
of  the  bulls,  as  the  cause  of  death.  This  inference  was  apparently  sustained  by  the 
invariable  verification  of  predictions,  based  on  a  careful  study  of  the  first  rookery  vis 
ited,  as  to  the  rookeries  or  parts  of  rookeries  on  which  dead  pups  would  be  found  most 
numerous,  and  in  the  preliminary  report  of  1890  it  was  stated  that  deaths  among 
young  pups  were  abnost  solely  due  to  trampling. 

However,  in  dissecting  the  pup  penned  up  and  aUowed  to  starve,  a  few  small 
nematodes  were  found  in  the  small  intestine,  and  as  this  young  seal  was  nursing,  aiul 
in  conseiiuence  they  could  not  have  been  obtained  from  fish,  the  parasites  were  pre 
served,  and,  with  other  specimens,  submitted  to  Dr.  (!.  VV.  Stiles  lor  examination. 
Dr.  Stiles  indentified  the  nennitodes  as  belonging  to  the  genus  riivinarid,  an<l  in  his 
report  stated  that  uiuler  i>n)per  conditions  this  worm  might  play  an  important  r«'»le  in 
the  mortality  of  the  piips.^ 

Being  aware  of  the  possible  presenci^  of  a  dangerous  parasite, on  the  visit  of  the 
couunission  in  1897  a  careful  search  was  made  for  this  nematode,  with  the  result 
that  it  was  found  to  be  present  in  great  abundance,  completely  lealizing  the  state 


'  It  may  1>e  said  that  the  number  of  pups  Itoarinj;  l)ruigo8  luid  obviously  tvauiplcd  on  wun  ({reator 
in  1896  tlum  in  18it7,  for  tlio  reiison  tliat  there  wore  nioro  seiiis  in  thi"  foruinr  year  iinil  tlicy  were  more 
deuHtjly  uuvMHed,  ho  that  there  was  a  greater  ehaucut  for  a  pup  to  bo  Hteppcd  on. 

■In  Professor  Thompson's  report  on  his  mission  to  liorin<r  Sea  in  1S!)7,  pane  M,  he  siiys:  ''  During 
last  winter  Dr.  Stilt's,  a  w<'ll-l<nown  Aniericau  hi-luiintholoi;ist.  reasoning  from  thevery  high  mortality 
of  the  pups  on  santi,,  as  I'ompared  with  that  on  the  rooky  areas,  su^gostod  to  the  Amcricau  couimis- 
siouers  that  a  oausi'  of  tlu'  ntortality  might  bo  found  in  a  parasitic  worm  of  the  goims  I'lHinarin 

(Ihchmiiia),  which  passe*  a  portion  of  its   life  liistory  iu  sand.  * I'liis  was  writtrn   bi'foro  thr 

ciuifereni'o  of  Noveni'ior,  1S1I7,  nnd  before  lu-aring  the  report  of  the  writer  on  I'livinaiia,  and  is  wholly 
erroneous,  the  facts  being  as  given  above. 


CONDITION    OF    UNCINARIATKn    PUPS. 


77 


IDS. 

I'  level  saiuls  of  ToL.toi 
r  some  hotly  contested 

;  tl'iit  the  vast  iiuiiitrity 
istoi  ted,  while  the  Hat- 
the  length  of  time  they 
1  of  shiiHiinfi  feet.  The 
numerous  instaiices  in 
:atliig  that  the  little  fei- 
liat  most  had  been  dead 
lissection,  for,  although 
,  only  l(t3  were  obtained 
lot  one  of  the  7.55  pups 

ies  lying  on  level,  unob- 
breeding  seals  had  been 
»lovina,  there  had  been 
,ely  free  from  dead,  and 
vlders,  as  are  the  Lagoon 

I,  the  numbers  of  breed 
my  of  the  more  recently 
rger  seals,  and  esiti-eially 
arently  sustained  by  the 
y  of  the  lirst  rookery  vis 
ups  would  be  found  most 
ted  that  deaths  among 

■d  to  starve,  a  few  small 

|ig  seal  was  nursing,  and 

the  parasites  were  pre 

81  lies  for  examination. 

(is  rmintnhi,  and  in  his 

ilay  an  imp<)rtant  role  in 

j'a8ite,on  the  visit  of  the 
Inatotle,  with  the  result 
lely  realizing  the  state 

Jmly  trampled  on  wiis  jrreator 
liioi-  year  iiinl  tlusy  were  more 
I'd  oil. 

It,  piiiie  8,  he  Hnys:  "  Diuinn 
llroiii  the  very  liigli  inoilahty 
led  to  the  Aiiierieiin  eoiiiiuis- 
loriii  of  the  geiiiis  I  niinarirt 
Irhis  was  written  beloiu  thf 
on  I'lwinaiia,  and  is  wholly 


ments  made  by  Dr.  Stiles  and  eliminating  trampling  as  an  important  source  of  death 
to  any  but  Aery  young  pups.  The  lirst  pup  secured  for  dissection  was  obtained  from 
Lnkanin  rookery  on  .Inly  24,  although  noted  as  dead  on  July  lili.  No  part  of  this 
rookery  was  crowded,  and  the  dead  scial  lay  on  a  sandy  spot,  strewn  with  bowlders, 
not  far  from  several  harems.  On  dissection  the  pup  proved  to  be  fat  and  well 
nourished,  the  .«tomach  containing  a  quantity  of  milk.  There  were  no  bruises  and  no 
signs  of  disease  save  a  slight  discoloration  of  the  median  part  of  the  small  intestine, 
which  might  well  have  been  caused  by  decomposition.  The  intestine  was,  however, 
slightly  nodular  or  swollen  in  spots  throughout  this  discolored  area,  and  (»n  cutting 
open  these  nodes  the  mucous  membrane  was  found  to  be  broken  down  and  the  swollen 
part  filled  with  mucus  and  blood.  More<>ver,  in  each  swelling  there  were  many 
Unnnitriit,  t\irj  total  number  in  the  .'5  feet  of  intestine  alVected  beiiiL'  large,  and  the 
wall  of  tlu' Mitestine  being  marked  by  numerous  cyst-like  spots,  where  the  parasites 
had  been  attached.  The  tiesh  was  pale,  and  but  little  blood,  and  this  thin  and  watery, 
present  in  the  heart  and  large  vessels,  the  indications  being  clear  that  death  had 
resulted  from  loss  of  blood  and  general  ana-mia  piodueed  by  the  attacks  of  Uiieinar'in. 

From  this  time  onward,  owing  to  the  opening  out  of  the  rookeries,  it  becanle  gradu- 
ally more  and  more  easy  to  obtain  specimens  for  examination,  and  between  July  2.5 
and  Sei>tember  4  some  .M."*  pups  were  di.sseeted,  revealing  the  existence  of  Unv'utatla 
in  all  favorable  lo(!alities,  and  showing  that  this  parasite  was  by  far  the  most  i!ni)or- 
tant  factor  in  the  death  rate  among  pups.  After  my  departure  on  August  20,  the  work 
of  dissection  was  (tarried  «'ii  a«iively  by  Me.ssrs.  H.  K.  Snodgrass  and  A.  W.  (Jreeley, 
of  Stanford  I'liiversity,  wli!)  prosecuted  the  work  up  to  September  4,  the  date  of  their 
departure. 

From  <mr  combined  observations  it  would  seem  that  the  disease  is  at  its  height 
from  July  15  or  20  to  August  20,  and  that  it  ceases  about  the  1st  of  September. 

While  we  failed  to  recognize  I'ltcuKtria  as  the  cause  of  death  in  189C,  yet  after 
August  22  of  that  year  only  two  pups  were  found  that  had  not  c.»'rtainly  starved  to 
death.  In  the  light  of  subseipient  work  it  is  evident  that  one  of  thes«i  was  a  case  of 
death  resulting  from  intlammation  caused  by  Cncinttria,  and  it  is  probable  that  the 
other  was  from  the  same  cause.  Both  were  from  the  worst  infected  localities  on 
St.  Paul, one  being  from  I'olovina,  the  other  from  Tolstoi.  In  lS!t7  Messrs.  Snodgrass 
and  (Jreeley  found  two  cases  of  death  from  Unvinuria  after  Seittember  1,  but  the 
summer  of  18i»7  was  warmer  and  drier  than  that  of  1S!)0,  and  as  etiually  careful  search 
was  made  in  both  years  for  other  sources  of  death  than  starvation  it  is  possible  that 
for  climatic  reas(Mi8  the  ravages  of  the  ])arasite  were  ontinued  to  a  later  date  in  1897 
than  in  the  previous  year. 

Since  but  two  pups  out  of  many  .scores  are  known  to  have  died  from  Unciiutria  in 

I  18!l()  after  August  22,  and  but  IT)  out  of  10(5  actually  dissected  after  August  20  are 

known  to  have  died  from  rncinaria  in  1897,  it  is  assuming  loo  much  to  say  that  any 

i'ousiderable   number  of  pups  «lying  after  September   1    have   perished   from  that 

cansq.' 


.'^  '  ProfesBor  'I'lionipson,  Report  on  His  Mission  to  KerinK  Sen  in  1897,  p.  8,  writes:  "And,  fnrthei-- 

.:'i  tuoT'!,  the  existenee  of  tliis  cause  of  detitli  ^ivos  us  tlie  rij^lit,  thou;>;li  in  what  inoasure  we  du  not  know, 
,;  to  deduet  to  a  very  eonsiileruble  extent  frtnn  the  nuuilier  of  pups  that  (lie  in  tlie  latter  part  of  the 
season  when  wo  aciJ:  to  estiiuati^  the  loss  duo  to  starvation  as  a  result  of  p(-la^iu  slaughter  of  the 
eows.     It  was  shown  last  year  that  one-half  the  mortality  of  pups  occurred  before  pi'la(;lu  sealing 


: 


78 


TIIK    FUR    8KAL8    OF    TIIK    I'KIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


It  miiat  bo  remoinberedjtoo,  that  the  proportion  of'lo  to9l  iRiihiioriiiiiUy  liigli  from 
tlie  tact  that  in  .securing  spuciineius  tor  dissection  hundreds  of  obviously  starved  ]>ups 
w.^-e  passed  by  and  others  secured  when  possible. 

Up  to  the  nii(hlle  of  August  the  number  of  deatlis  trout  Uncinaria  exceeds  tiiat 
from  all  other  known  natural  causes  cond>ined,  and  while  many  young  .seals  |>robably 
recover  from  attacks  of  the  parasite,  it  would  seem  that  in  a.  large  |)roportion  of  (lases 
the  di.sease  is  sullliciently  sevens  to  cause  death. 

lu  the  absence  of  the  necessary  data,  we  can  say  nothing  as  to  tiie  i>roportion  of 
infected  y(»ung  which  recover,  and  the  data  could  only  be  obtained  by  the  sonu'wliat 
expensive  method  of  killing  and  exaniiuing  at  least  one  hundred  healthy  individuals 
from  some  such  locality  as  T«)lstoi  sand  tiat.  diu;h  an  examination  should  begin  after 
August  ].■>  and  be  continued  up  to  or  into  September,  and  the  results  of  the  di.s.sections, 
compared  with  the  number  of  pups  found  dead  from  rnvlnnrUt,  would  allbrd  .some  clue 
as  to  the  proportion  which  are  attacked  and  recover.  The  best  we  (san  do  at  present 
is  to  glean  what  we  can  from  the  tables  of  mortality,  and  here  we  lind  that  of  tiie  lil 
which  died  from  violen(!e,  sundry  or  unknown  causes,  \  contained  I'nchmrin,  although 
1  contained  but  a  single  example.  Out  of  177  starved  i>ups,  14  contained  I'liiiiiaria 
in  numbers  too  .small  to  be  fatal,  although  these  starved  pups  throw  little  light  on  the 
problem,  since,  as  pointed  out  elsewhere,  the  starving  aninnils  are  the  least  liable  to  be 
infei^fed.  We  can  merely  say  that  of  201  \m\\s  which  died  from  various  causes,  but 
mainly  from  starvation,  18  contained  small  numbers  of  the  parasite.  These  figures  do 
not  iiHilude  the  deaths  on  St.  (Jeorge,  which  is  almost  fre«^  fnun  Undiiaria,  and  for 
that  reason  was  not  considered. 

While  numy  apparently  strong  and  healthy  pups  sutler  from  Uneinaria,  those 
dangerously  attat^ked  may  usually  be  nniognized  by  their  sleepy  appearances  the  eyes 
being  dull  and  partly  (dosed ;  by  the  unkempt  a|)pearaiice  of  the  coat,  and  by  their  lack 
of  vigor.  When  it  is|)ossible  to  obtain  and  handle  these  anim.als  they  are  found  to  lack 
the  spirit  and  bad  temper  of  liealthy  animals,  to  allow  themselves  to  be  iiandled  and 
to  apparently  enjoy  being  rubbed.  Oiu'-  of  tlu^  etVects  of  the  <li.sease  seems  to  be  to 
make  the  i)ups  restless  and  to  cause  them  to  wander  away  from  tlu^  rookery  limits, 
sometinu's  to  very  considerable  distances,  and  it  is  probable  that  young  seals  observed 
in  18!»t!  and  recorded  as  stragglers  were  alllicted  with  a  fatal  attack  of  I'liciiKO-ia. 

Tiie  blood  of  animals  sulfering  from  Unvinarht  is  small  in  quantity,  defit^ient  in 
red  corpuscles,  thin  and  watery,  and  in  extreme  cases  will  not  coagulate.  The  Ih'sli 
is  ana>mic,  so  nnich  .so  in  typical  examjtles  that  the  cau.se  of  death  is  revealed  at  the 
tir.st  stroke  of  the  knife;  the  lungs  are  pale,  the  kidneys  i>articularly  .so.  At  the  same; 
time,  while  the  animals  are  somewiiat  tiabby,  they  have  every  appearance,  of  being 
well  nourished,  and  unless  <Ieath  has  resulted  from  a  condti nation  of  Unviniiria  ami 
starvation  the  bodies  are  enveloped  in  a  thick  coat  of  blubber,  death  coming  so  quickly 
tiiat  there  is  not  tinui  to  get  thin.     Thus  the  pups  which  have  died  from   Unvhmria 


could  exert  itH  intliiriic.o,  but  we  ilo  not  know  at  what  ])ori(>(l,  if  at  any  ])oi'ioil  of  infancy,  the 
paiiiHito  ceascN  to  lie  fatal  to  the  |in|i.  Tlir  |)i'i'Hniiii)tioii  is  certainly  Htron^  that  to  this  e|ii(l(^nii(' 
cauMU  ia  iln»  a  very  I'onHJili'ralih'  )iro|MirtioM  of  that  moiety  of  deatlix  which  do  not  coiislitutc  hiit 
o;ily  include  the  loss  from  pelajjic  Healing."  The  pi'cHMm|ition,  or,  rather,  the  evidence,  is  opposed  to 
this  "  preMumptiun,"  and  oven  were  it  true  it  docs  not  alter  the  fai:t  that  every  pup  Heal  whose 
mother  is  killed  iiievitahly  Htarves.  The  argiiiiieut  is  that  because  there  is  a  hij^h  natural  death 
rate  therefore  it  doen  no  huriii  to  add  to  it. 


;i)s. 

siilnionniillyliiglirrom 
)bviou8ly  starved  imps        ! 

Undmria  exceeds  tliiit 
y  young  seals  piobahly 
irge  itroportion  of  <!ases       ^ 

us  to  the  proportion  oC  ' 
iiiiied  by  the  somewhat 
ml  healthy  individuals 
.ition  shouhl  begin  alter 
I'sults  of  the  dissections, 
,  would  aiVord  some  clue 
sst  we  can  do  at  present 
•c  we  lind  that  of  the  21 
ned  liuhinria,  although 
,  14  contained  I'uviiiorid 

throw  little  light  on  the 

are  the  least  liable  to  be 
from  various  causes,  but 
nisite.    These  ligures  do 

from  b'ncinar'ut,  and  for 

>,r  from  Ibteinana,  those 
e-py  ai>pcarauce,  tb«!  eyes 
he  coat,  and  by  their  lack 
lis  they  arelbnud  to  lack 
iclvcs  to  be  handled  and 
II  disease  seems  to  be  to 
from  the  rookery  limits, 
|iat  young  seals  observed 
attack  of  I'liciiiiiyht. 
in  <iuantity,  delicient  in 
lot  coagulate.    The  llesh 
death  is  revealed  at  the 
limhuly  so.     At  the  same 
ly  appearance  of  being 
[nation  of  lIiniiKiyia  '"'d 
death  (!oming  so  quickly 
,vo  dii^l  from  Unvinurid 

any  juMioil  of  inlaiicy,  the 
ttidUK  tliiit  to  this  eiii<h«iuic 
Ivhirh  tit)  not  I'tiiistituto  hut 
|r,  thf  fviih-nco,  is  opposetl  tti 

that  t'vory  l)iil>  Ht"d  who* 
Itro  is  iv  high  uatinal  (loath 


CONDITION    OF    IINCINAKIATEU    I'UI'S. 


79 


can  always  be  told  from  those  which  have  died  from  starvation,  and  the  intermediate 
cases  when  death  has  resulted  from  starvation  following  an  attack  of  the  parasite 
are  also  readily  recognizable. 

The  i)up8  which  have  died  from  rneiiiarin  alone  are  invariably  fat,  ami  their  llesh 
is  anainic  and  yeHowish;  those  which  liave  succumbed  to  starvatiim  alone  show  no 
trace  of  fat  and  their  llesh  is  dark  and  purplish.  Those  in  which  starvation  has 
followed  an  attack  of  tlu^  parasitic  exliibit  more  or  less  of  an  internuMliat*;  condition, 
more  or  less  fat  being  present,  acc«»rding  to  the  extent  of  the  infection.  Thus  if  the 
infection  is  extensive  the  animal  will  su<ruinb  quickly  to  the  added  starvation  and 
some  little  fat  will  be  i)reseut,  while  if  the  infectuui  be  light  subsequent  starvation 
will  act  slowly  and  only  traces  «»f  fat  will  be  present.  Other  thinf^s  being  e(inal,  the 
condition  of  the  kidneys  all'ords  very  good  evidence  of  the  cause  of  death,  since  Ihey 
are  shrunken  and  congested  in  the  starved  animals;  ana-mic  and  rather  soft  in  those 
which  have  died  from  l')irii)aria,  and  in  an  intermediate  state  in  cases  of  i'uii>i(\/-itt 
comltined  with  starvation. 

The  original  ])lace  of  the  attack  is  at  or  near  the  median  ixution  of  the  small 
intestine,  althoufili  in  (uie  severe  case  the  Cneinnriit  rea«'hed  to  within  .5  feet  of  the 
pylorus.  The  infection  may  occupy  but  .">  or  I  feet  of  the  intestine,  while  in  the 
worst  case  examined  all  save  the  ii|i])erniost  7  feet  were  nu)re  or  less  infected  with  the 
parasite,  and  in  the  later  stages,  as  noted  by  Mr.  Snodf^rass,  even  the  upper  part  of 
the  huge  intestine  may  be  involved,  although  this  Imppeus  rarely. 

In  typical  cases  the  diseased  part  is  marked  by  slight  nodular  swellinf;s,  in  other 
cases  it  is  more  uniformly  disteiuled  along  the  bad  part,  while  in  other  cases  the 
intestine  is  thick,  less  elastic  than  in  health,  and  abnormally  ])ale.  In  still  other 
cases,  where  death  is  due  to  inllaniniation  caused  by  the  jMesence  of  IJncinttria,  and  is 
not  directly  due  lo  tlu'ir  attacks,  the  intestine  is  slightly  inlhnned.  The  nnijority  of 
deaths  are  directly  due  to  loss  of  blood;  next  in  nund)er  art;  the  instances  where  the 
animal  has  apparently  withstood  the  attaitk,  but  the  intestine  has  lost  its  power  to 
assimilate  food  whi(!h  passes  thioujfh  it  undigested.  These  are  the  cases  where  the 
intestine  is  thick  and  ])ale  and  examination  reveab  tlu^  presem-e  «)f  nunuMons  small 
cyst  like  spots  where  the  parasites  were  attached.  Deaths  from  inllamnnition  set  up 
by  the  VnciiKirifi  are  the  least  numerous  of  all, 

1  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Snodgrass  for  the  following  notes  on  the  <-onditi(ni  of  intes- 
tines of  pups  infectetl  by  IhuiiKiriii,  and  on  the  development  of  the  eggs. 

The  Miiiiill  inlt^Hliiif  t)!'  a  |>ii]>  thai  lias  tlit'tl  t)t°  I'liviMurid  Ih,  whttii  thtt  pup  is  rofoiitly  ileiitl,  i>iilar};eil 
aiitl  ol' a  whitish  i't)lcir.  'I'hf  walls  art'  hwiiIIcii  aiitl  easily  torn.  I'siially  alitmt  thtt  ptisturior  Ihirtl 
tmly  is  atlcfttitl.  At  iriij^iilar  luit  Hhoit  intt  rvals,  tiiti  atlut'lutl  iiait  istlisti'iith'tl  hy  tival  I'liluifiiiiiitiiitH. 
'I'lit*  walls  t>r  thoso  plat'cs  niv  usually  iit>  luoio  N\vt>lli'u  Ihan  thf  walls  cl.sfwht'i'n.  'I'hi!  cnhir^iMntint  is 
tliii^  to  thf  ('t)ll«t:tit)u  t)t' a  dark,  rtitltlish-lii'Dwu,  or  a  rctlilish  (thm  tti  lilootl)  t'olorctl  niaHs  til' luiu'us 
in  thf  inlfstiuf .  Thtt  wtu'uis  iiin  pit^sont  only  in  the  ilistentlfil  ]ilancN,  ^t-nerally  nunil>erin<;  iVoui  ontt 
to  tfu  iir  twolvt>  111  oat'h,  ami  are  Vfi-y  t^viiltiiitly  thtt  <miiso  of  Iht^  volU'ctioii  t)f  niiifUH  aiitl  Monti.  In 
|iups  that  liMVttjust  tlitnl,  cat^ji  I'Hviiiiirin  is  attat^hftl  hy  tiiif  fiitl  within  u  siiiall  ]iit  t)n  Hit*  wall  of  the 
iiitfstiiif. 

Only  the  npi)ei-  ("lul  tif  the  lai'fje  iiitosliiie  is  ever  iilVecteil,  wtiriiis  liaviii};  hfeii  fiuiiitl  tmly  in  a  very 
few  fast's  hnviT  iIdwii  than  ahtnit  the  lirst  (>  tir  7  iiiflifs,  antl  fjciierally  the  iiinst.  of  tlifiii  are  fiowilfil 
into  a  iiiiich  smaller  ithice  iionr  thtMiiiterior  fiiil.  In  one  eaHiMi  few  wfiK  fi>iinil  Ncattfiftl  aloUf;  to 
nt^ar  the  puiitei-ii>r  eiiil,  uiitl  Btneral  other  woriim  have  heuii  found  Imck  of  the  niitlille.  >Siiiff  the 
niitjtl!;'  of  August  eases  wtTe  very  foninion  in  wliieli  nti  wttrnm  wtTo  |»i'eseiit  in  the  Niiiall  intestine, 
althtiiigh  all  appeiiiiiUffH  atron^ly  iuilieateil  that  tln*y  liatl  hcfii  tlreif.  hiit  in  wlilfh  a  large  iiumher 


t    i! 


80 


THK    FUR   8KALS   OF    TIIK    PKIHILOP    ISLANDS. 


were  crowded  into  the  iijiiht  eiul  of  tln<  largo  intestliif.  TIik  iifloctetl  ]>uit  of  tlio  Iiu'ko  intcstiiif  is 
iiioiUfittd  ill  tlio  Hiinio  way  jih  tliiit  of  tliu  Hiiiall,  oxci-]il  tliat  Ibc  hiiiiUI  HW<illinf;M  iirc  abscnl,  tlie  iMitire 
uffecti-d  region  beiujj  greatly  iMilarnfd  aii<l  very  tense. 

Soiiietiiiii'H  tlio  wallH  of  both  small  and  large  iiitcstini>8  contain  HMiall,  whitish,  granular  liodicM 
inihedded  in  tliein,     'riicsi;  ar<>  not  I'gg  ixiclit'tN,  lint  diseased  ]da('t!B. 

The  two  sexes  of  the  I'ncinaria  are  t-asily  dlstingnishi'd  by  the  dilVrrenco  in  sl/c  and  li,v  the 
terminal  organs  of  the  nnile.  The  male  is  shorffr  and  sU-ndcrcr  than  the  female,  being  about  t) 
millimeters  long,  and  has  the  posterior  end  provided  with  two  opiiosing  sets  of  three  large,  inwardly 
enrved,  elaw-like  appendages.  The  female  is  about  II  niillimeters  long,  and  the  posterior  end  of  the 
body  is  conieal,  with  a  short  tubular  ]>r(iloiigatl<iu. 

A  largo  iiuinber  of  fenuiles  were  examined  with  .1  inieroHcoiie  during  the  time  from  ,\ugUNt  I'd  to 
September  I .  Only  one  of  them  contained  no  eggs.  The  others  all  lontalncd  a  gnat  iiMinber-  more 
than  a  hundred  in  those  counted.  When  the  worms  kill  a  pu|i,  they  Mil  then, selves  also.  The 
females  expel  some  of  their  eggs  into  the  intestines  tluring  the  life  of  the  ]Mip,  and  then  pass  to  the 
exterior  in  the  fieees.  Numerous  eggs  may  be  found  in  the  contents  of  botii  intestines  hy  use  of  a 
microscope.  These  are  generally  in  the  jiroecss  of  division,  consisting  of  eight  or  ten  cells.  Many  are 
undivided,  howevt>r.  The  eggs  in  the  fennile  worms  are  in  the  same  condition.  In  a  dead  (uip  the 
iiulaid  eggs  greatly  exceed  in  number  the  laid  eggs  ]>rcseut  in  the  intestine  at  the  time  of  death. 
Therefore,  by  the  killing  of  the  puji,  the  worms  kill  a  large  proportion  of  their  own  eggs,  unli'ss  the 
latter  develop  in  the  dead  pup.  Some  eggs  were  examined  from  a  rotting  jiup  that  nnist  liavt^  been 
dead  at  least  four  weeks.  A  few  were  apparently  tieconiposing,  but  the  rest  w  ere  in  various  stages  of 
division.  Many  of  the  latter  were  placed  in  a  drop  of  water  on  a  gla.ss  slide  and  llo.-ited  in  a  tight.jar 
of  water  to  prevent  desiccition,  in  order  to  learn  whether  they  would  develop  further  or  not.  A 
hurried  le'iviiig  of  the  island  jireveiitcd  the  results  being  known. 

The  embryos  «»f  t/Hc)M«»/«  are  undoubtedly  taken  iiitotlic  stoniaclis  wlieii  nursiii^, 
being  biuslied  up  from  and  witli  tlie  sand  by  tlie  fnr  of  the  ieiiiiik'  seals,  and  tln-n 
swallowed  by  tlie  young.  This  supposition  is  corroborated  by  the  fact  previously 
stated  that  few  starved  or  starving  seals  (contain  any  /'«<■/««*•/«,  the  worst  iillected 
being  the  best  nourished,  many  having  died  immediately  after  having  eu  lmi  a  hearty 
meal. 

Out  of  20  ])ups  whieh  had  died  from  Uncinaria  the  stooiach  was  full  in  14  <'ase8, 
partially  lull  iu  9,  and  empty  only  in  fi,  and  it  has  been  suggested  by  Dr.  T.  M.  Wood 
that  death  may  foHow  innnediately  after  a  full  meal  as  a  result  of  the  etl'ort  of  the 
enfeebled  system  to  digest  it. 

The  (hiciiKiria  are  i)ractieally  eonliued  to  those  looKcries  where  there  is  more  or 
less  sand,  and  it  must  be  remembered  in  this  conneetion  tliat  many  Idealities  where 
the  ground  is  so  plentifully  strewn  with  rooks  as  to  de.serve  the  term  of  bowlder  areas 
contain  an  abuiulanee  of  sand  among  the  rocks.  This  is  partially  the  case  on  the 
Reef,  Gorbatch,  and  Northetist  Point,  all  localities  where  Unrinuria  abound,  although 
the  headquarters  of  the  pest  seems  to  be  on  the  sands  of  Tolstoi,  Zapadni  and  Poldvina 
coming  next. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  level,  sandy  areas  thickly  crowded  with  seals,  on  whi(;h 
deaths  from  trampling  would  be  most  likely  to  occur,  are  also  the  ar»'as  most  favorable 
to  the  propagation  of  Uncinaria  and  their  transmission  to  the  young  seals. 

The  sandy  areas  are  not  only  favorable  for  the  retention  and  development  of  the 
embryos  of  UiuiiKtria,  but  favorable  to  their  transmission  to  the  ])ups,  for  the  reason 
that  the  females  iu  lying  on  or  nniving  over  the  sand  get  more  or  less  of  it  in  their 
coats,  and  a  part  of  this  is  swallowed  by  the  nursing  pu|)s.  So  much  is  .sometimes  swal- 
lowed as  to  give  the  milk  a  slightly  grayish  cast,  the  milk  being  so  thick  that  saiul 
does  not  settle  iu  it. 


KORMICK    MOKTAMTY    NOT    NOTICI.I). 


81 


ai'^o  intoMtiiK'  is 
l)seiil,  the  cMitli'o 

);i'iiiiiilar  lioilii'M 

si/.c  niid  by  t'lo 
,  bciiif;  nl)c>ut  !• 
1  liiij;<',  iinviinlly 
terior  nitl  of  tint 

oiii  Aii};iiHt  -0  to 
it  iiMinlii'r-  iiiiiii' 

llv<-N  illHO.  'I'lio 
llifii  j):iss  to  thu 
i\\r»  liy  use  of  u 
cells.  Many  aro 
u  ih'iid  iMi|i  tilt' 
le  tiiiKi  of  (li'atli. 

t'gfIS,  llllll'N8  tlio 
I  iniist  have  liei'ii 
various  stages  of 
tetl  ill  ii  tight, jar 
I'tliiT  or  not.     A 


•i*'. 


'si 


when  nursing, 

L'lils,  and  tlu'U 

iai 

u-t  previously 

91 

worst  iilU'cted 

M 

ei.  iMi  a  lu'iiity 

w 

ill  in  It  casos, 

1 

•.  T.  M.  Wood 

■s*Jt 

e  ('tloit  of  the 

m 

rt'  is  more  or 

1 

I'alities  where 

fl 

jowlder  areas 

9 

)  case  on  the 

.jB 

ind,  althou}>'h 

S 

and  Poldvina 

1 

lals,  on  wlii(;li 

'^^1 

ost  favorable 

m 

s, 

)nient  of  the 

m 

r  the  reason 

H 

[)f  it  in  their 

fl 

etiines  swal- 

'9 

;k  that  sand 

-fl 

On  roeUy  ;;round  the  embryos  are  r«!a«li]y  blown  or  washed  olV,  wliile  on  bowlder 
beaehes,  such  as  the  Layoon  and  /a))adni  Iteef,  the  endu'yos  are  still  more  readily 
washed  away,  while  many  fall  amonj^  the  erevi(;es  of  the  rocks  at  the  outset  anil  are 
lost.  There  is  thus  much  less  chance  of  the  embryos  beiu}{'  present  to  adhere  to  the 
coals  of  the  fcnuile  seals,  while  on  rouf;h  ;;round  tiie  seals  are  also  unable  to  pack  as 
closely  to<;ether  as  on  Hat  places.  The  relation  between  the  chara<^ter  of  the  j,'round 
and  t'liiiiiariii  maybe  shown  by  the  eoinparison  of  one  rookery  with  another  <»r  by 
the  loinparison  of  the  deaths  on  St.  (Jeorjif  with  those  on  St.  Paul.  l'"or  example,  we 
did  not  lind  a  sinj^jle  case  ot  riniiititia  on  l.ayoon  rookery,  which  is  composed  of 
rouiuled  bowlders,  while  on  Tolstoi  Sand  Klat  'i'2  out  of  I(l!»  pui»s  examined  contained 
I'ltvintirio,  and  there  were  II  deaths  from  that  cause  alone.  On  compariii};'  IWa 
Zai>a«liii  with  Zapadni  Keef  we  lind  that  on  the  lirst-named  tract,  which  comprises 
niuch  sand,  l(i  out  of  -'>  deaths  were  from  I'nriiKtriii  and  parasites  were  present  in  ."1 
other  eases,  while  on  Zapadni  lieef,  winch  consists  larjiely  of  bowlders,  but  -  out  of  \'2 
deaths  were  due  to  Uiivinttfia.  and  these  li  occurred  at  the  eastern  end,  where  the 
bowlders  are  interspersed  with  sand. 

Takiii};-  the  death  rate  of  the  two  islands  as  a  whole,  the  nuiuber  of  dead  itups 
found  on  St.  CJeorjie  in  IS'.Mi  was  only  7.'{.">,  while  on  St.  Paul  it  reached  the  astonishinfi; 
number  of  I0,3b!>,  this  Hreat  dilference  beiiij;'  solely  tlue  to  the  character  of  the  breed- 
iii};'  {^rounds.  On  St.  (ieorf;e  the  rookeries  are  located  almost  exclusively  on  bowlder 
beaches  or  on  solid  rock,  seldom,  in  their  now  depleted  condition,  comprising  any 
extent  of  sand.  On  St.  Paul,  on  the  contrary,  a  large  portion  of  the  seals  occupy 
ground  that  is  either  sandy  or  consists  of  sand  interspersed  with  bowlders.  This 
rocky  character  of  the  rookery  ground  on  St.  George  and  its  practical  freedom  from 
I'livinnr'm  is  probably  the  reason  why  this  islaiul  has  alVorded  a  greater  number  of 
skins  in  proportion  to  the  si/e  of  the  hauling  grounds  than  has  St.  Paul. 

As  the  damage  done  by  I'nciiKtria  bears  a  direct  relation  to  the  charattter  of  the 
ground  and  the  number  of  seals  present,  the  losses  from  this  caus(!  in  past  times  must 
have  been  enormous,  although  in  most  places  there  is  little  apparent  evidence  of  past 
destruction.  Still,  when  one  stands  on  the  slope  above  the  eastern  end  of  Tolstoi  ami 
looks  at  the  sands  below  they  seem  gray  with  the  whitening  bones  of  thousanils  of 
pups,  thus  inai)ping  out  territory  occui)ied  when  the  rookeries  were  in  their  prime, 
part  of  wliieh  has  been  vacant  for  at  least  eight  years. 

These  seals,  dead  from  UnciHurid,  are  those  seen  by  the  liritish  uominissioners  in 
18!H  and  ISDli,  and  also  by  Colonel  Murray  in  the  latter  year,  and  they  are  the  dead 
seen  on  Zapadni  and  Poh)vina  scattered  along  the  edges  of  the  breeding  grounds. 

That  this  great  nu)rtaUty  has  gone  on  year  after  year  practically  unnoticed  is  not 
so  remarkable  as  it  might  .seem.  At  the  time  the  deaths  are  most  numerous  it  is  (piite 
out  of  the  ijuestioii  to  enter  the  rookeries,  and  most  of  the  dead  are  hidden  from  view 
by  the  dense  masses  of  breeding  seals,  while  naturally  the  more  abundant  the  seals, 
as  in  years  gone  by,  the  more  ditlicult  would  it  be  to  examine  the  breeding  grounds. 
During  the  i»eriod  of  rookery  expansion,  when  the  rookeries  are  largely  clear,  they 
are  avoided  in  order  not  to  tlisturb  the  seals  which  have  drawn  back  over  the  adjaceut 
territory,  and  after  the  breeding  season  is  over  no  attention  seems  to  have  been  paiil 
to  the  rookery  grounds;  hence  year  after  year  thousands  of  pups  have  died  and  no 
one  has  been  any  the  wiser.  And  unle.ss  «uie  has  actually  gone  over  a  rookery  foot 
by  foot  and  counted  every  dead  seal,  he  will  fail  to  realize  the  numbers  x>i'e8eut. 
r>9t7— i-r  .{ « 


82 


THK    FUR    SEALS    OF    TIIF    PRIRII.OF    TSLANPS. 


Tliiis,  on  tlio  deiMlly  suiuls  ol"  Tolstoi,  whore  during  tliu  rookm-y  sciis(»ii  of  l.S'.M!  there 
appciired  to  be  not  over  IL'O  bodies,  ii  roiiiplete  (ujiiiit  showed  l,l!i;t,  wiiile  on  tiie  Hat 
portion  of  Polovina,  where  ."iSl  dead  [»ups  were  found,  I'rofessor  Th(tuii»8ou  and  myself 
on  .Inly  L'.'J  conhl  see  only  H. 

Then,  too,  in  many  places  the  bof'ies  of  the  dead  rapidly  disiuteyrate  an<l  disap- 
pear, (lulls  hti^in  the  scaven}];er  woi  ii,  Hies  and  foxes  continue  it,  and  rain  and  wind 
sweejt  up  what  remains;  oi'  in  tiie  denser  portion  of  the  rookery  grounds  the  grin«l- 
ing  of  hundreds  of  Hipi)ers  and  the  drifting  sand  soon  remove  all  traces  of  the  dead, 
and  in  a  few  months  a  scattered  bone  or  two,  which  will  serve  as  playth  ngs  for  next 
year's  pups,  is  all  that  remains  to  tell  the  tale.  So  (juickly  do  the  bodies  tlisappear 
when  the  conditions  are  favorable  that  by  October  10,  ISOti,  not  10  per  cent  of  the 
dead  counted  during  the  Hrst  half  of  August  could  be  recognized. 

Now  and  then,  however,  some  traces  of  the  former  destruction  of  pups  comes  to 
light,  as  in  1S!M),  when  a  dry  October  gale  swept  over  St.  Paul,  removing  the  sand 
in  i)laces  to  a  considerable  depth,  laying  bare  the  bones  ol  numberless  pu]»s,  long 
buried  in  the  sand  Hat  of  Tolstoi.  Here,  where  a  short  time  before  only  a  bone  or  two 
was  visible,  fragments  of  .'i;J(J  skulls  were  counted  in  a  space  of  ;V.>  by  42  feet,  while 
the  area  adjoining  the  present  terminus  of  the  rookery  showed  even  more.' 

In  one  of  the  gullies  at  Zapadni  there  were  li7  skulls,  or  rather  fragments  repre- 
senting that  number,  in  one  littlepile,but  here  they  had  washed  together  from  various 
places  above,  and  the  local  mortality,  although  great,  was  not  so  bad  as  it  might  at 
first  appear. 

As  previously  noted,  the  plague  of  rnclnnrln  ceases  about  the  end  of  August, 
and  its  cessation  appears  to  bear  ii  direct  relation  to  the  habits  of  the  pui)s,  who  by 
that  Mme  pass  more  or  less  of  their  time  in  the  water,  where  the  licces  are  for  the 
most  part  voided.  The  embryos  of  Uneinafhi  there,  re  pass  into  the  water  and  perish 
instead  of  falling  on  the  ground,  where  they  may  readily  be  taken  up  by  the  seals. 

The  rains  of  fall  and  the  intense  cold  of  winter  must  kill  any  UnviiutrUi  which 
may  linger  in  the  sand,  and  we  do  not  yet  know  how  the  rookeries  become  reinfected 
in  the  spring,  although  it  is  very  probable  that  the  older  seals  are  to  some  extent 
troubled  with  the  i)arasite,  and  that  it  is  througli  their  agency  that  the  disease  is 
started  anew.  This,  however,  is  merely  surmise,  for  the  examination  of  a  number  of 
bachelors  and  old  bulls  failed  to  reveal  the  presence  of  any  Umimuid.  The  rapid 
digestion  of  the  older  seals  and,  above  all,  the  fact  that  their  food  is  obtained  in  the 
water  and  at  great  distances  from  land  are  factors  of  safety  for  them. 

Next  to  Uncinaria  the  most  frequent  cause  of  death  among  young  seals  is  starva- 
tion, and  while  the  ratio  shown  in  the  number  dissectcnl  may  not  be  found  in  the  total 
number  of  deaths,  there  is  some  reason  to  suspect  that  such  may  be  the  case;  and,  in 
any  event,  starvation  is  an  important  source  of  loss.  If  we  use  the  figures  obtained 
by  Mr.  Snodgrass  from  an  examination  of  75  young  seals  on  St.  George,  and  a[)ply 
them  to  the  total  number  of  pups  found  dead  in  August,  1800,  we  would  have  017  of 
the  735  deaths  on  St.  George  due  to  starvation,  a  death  rateof  .'J0.8  per  1,000,  according 
to  the  estimates  of  the  number  of  female  seals  on  St.  George  in  180(i.  As  starvation 
is  the  cause  of  the  vast  majority  of  deaths  on  St.  George,  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  this 
is  not  far  from  the  normal  ratio.  Applying  this  ratio  to  the  123,000  females  estimated 
to  have  been  on  St.  Paul  in  1896  would  give  3,800  pups  as  having  died  from  starvation 


'Recorded  by  Mr.  Clark. 


f} 


DKATHS    FROHr    STARVATION. 


88 


»ti  there 
the  Hat 
I  myself 

tl  disiip- 
u«l  wind 
le  {jrind- 
lie  deiul, 
for  next 
isappciir 
it  of  tlie 

comes  to 
;lic  siuid 
lips,  lonj;- 
le  or  two 
!et,  while 

iits  repre- 
n  variona 
might  at 

f  August, 
8,  who  by 
re  for  the 
lid  perish 
i  seals. 
(■((  which 
•eiufected 
lie  extent 
disease  is 
liumber  of 
'he  rapid 
id  in  the 

lis  starva- 
tho  total 
i;  and,  in 
1  obtained 
|nd  ai)ply 
p  G17  of 
liccording 
tarvatioii 
that  this 
Estimated 
tarvatiou 


in  1800,  and  it  is  to  be  noted  that  this  is  not  far  from  the  number  indicated  by  the 
percentage  of  starved  pups  among  those  examined  in  l.StMJ  and  1897.  The  itercentage 
of  deaths  from  starvation  was  a  little  higher  in  18*J7  than  in  IHOO,  and  this  is  precisely 
what  would  hap])eii  if  wo  are  (correct  in  supposing  that  the  starvation  is  principally, 
or  at  least  largely,  duo  to  the  rough  treatment  of  cows  by  the  bulls,  and  their  subse- 
quent death  at  sea. 

Between  July  'J5  and  August  15  the  proportion  of  starved  pups  to  those  dead  from 
other  causes  is,  among  those  examined,  as  5  to  8;  between  August  15  an«l  September 
5  it  is  as  li  to  1,  owing  to  the  inllueiice  of  jieliigic  sealing,  in  IS9U  no  young  seals  were 
found  after  August  22  which  had  died  from  any  cause  save  starvation;  in  1897  but  2 
wore  found  dea<l  of  UnvJimriu  after  September  1,  while  of  2.'J  young  containing  Unci- 
naria,  examined  after  August  2r>,  8  had  died  from  starvation  following  an  attack  of 
the  parasite. 

It  will  do  no  harm  to  repeat  that  there  is  no  ditlieulty  in  distinguishing  between 
pups  which  have  died  Irom  rnviiiaritt  only  and  those  in  which  an  attack  of  Unnnaria, 
not  necessarily  fatal  in  itself,  has  been  followed  by  starvation.  As  the  seal  is  weak- 
ened by  the  drain  upon  its  blood  produced  by  the  parasite,  it  naturally  follows  that 
an  animal  thus  aflticted  will  succumb  to  starvation  in  a  much  shorter  time  than  if  in 
a  perfectly  normal  condition.  It  thus  lia|)pens  that  those  young  seals  which  have 
died  from  the  combined  elfects  of  Unvinaria  and  starvation  retain  nuu'e  or  less  fat, 
while  those  that  have  perished  from  starvation  alone  are  emaciated  to  the  last  degree. 

Therefore,  although  we  failed  to  recognize  the  ravages  of  (Jncinaria  in  189(»,  yet 
in  no  single  instance  did  we  consider  as  starved  a  single  pup  thai  had  died  from 
Unvinuriu,  and  Professor  Tlumipson's  surmise  to  that  elfect  is  without  any  foundation.' 

As  to  the  exact  causes  of  this  starvation  of  the  young  we  are  somewhat  in  the 
dark,  although  we  get  some  hints  in  the  observations  of  Mr.  Clark  in  1897,  which 
show  that  ill  .some  cases  the  seals  are  stolen  from  their  original  harems,  and  thus 
separated  from  their  young,  who  in  nuiuy  instances  are  unable  or  fail  to  follow  their 
mothers.  Also,  a  number  of  females  very  likely  perish  at  sea  from  the  rough  handling 
they  have  received  on  shore,  while  others  probably  stay  away  so  long  feeding  and 
sleeping  that  the  young  perish  of  hunger  before  they  return.  This  supposition 
derives  support  from  the  fact  that  on  two  occasions  lean  and  apparently  famishing 
pups  were  seen  to  respond  eagerly  to  the  calls  of  cows  Just  in  from  the  sea,  showing 
from  the  avidity  with  which  they  nursed  that  they  were  in  a  starving  condition. 

A  few  pups  are  bound  to  starve  from  the  deaths  of  their  mothers,  which  are  killed 
by  rough  treatment  on  the  rookery  grounds,  but  this  number  is  comparatively  insig- 
nitit^ant  and,  moreover,  most  of  the  cows  are  killed  too  early  in  the  sea.son  for  their  pups 
to  be  dissectible  by  August  10,  and  after  all  known  sources  of  starvation  have  been 
considered  we  are  bound  to  say  that  deaths  from  this  cause  before  August  I  are  more 
numenms  than,  with  our  present  information,  we  can  detinitely  account  for.  How- 
ever, let  the  loss  from  starvation  under  natural  conditions  be  what  it  may,  this  loss  is 
comparatively  small,  while  the  fact  remains  that  every  pup  whoso  mother  is  killed  at 
sea  inevitably  starves  to  death. 

Deaths  from  drowning  are  not  so  numerous  as  might  be  expected  from  the  habits 
of  young  seals  and  from  what  has  been  written  of  the  "deadly  surf  nip,"  but  after 
visiting  the  rookeries  during  and  after  several  gales  it  becomes  evident  that,  under 

'  Thoinpsou,  Uepoi't  on  Uis  Mission  to  Bering  Sea  in  18'J7,  p.  8. 


'I:     I 


1  <, 

■f! 


I 


84 


Tin:    Vt'K   8KAL8   OF   THE    PhiiULOF   ISLANDS. 


oi'diiiury  uircunistaiicuH,  coiupiinitivcly  few  arc  lost  by  drowning.  Tiitil  tlie  pups 
liiive  Iciiiiicd  t(»  swim  well  tlii-y  arc  careful  not  to  venture  beyond  tlieir  deptli,'  and 
alter  tliey  have  learned  it  takes  a  pretty  heavy  surf  to  <lrown  tlieni,  even  before  they 
have  nniMtered  the  art  of  diviii{r  beneath  (lie  crest  of  a  wave.  A  pup  will  come  iii  on 
a  wave  and  ;j;(»  sprawliii;;  up  the  beach  over  the  shiuf^le  and  amonjr  the  rocks  in  a 
perfect  smother  of  foam,  and  then,  instead  of  thankin;;;  Providence  for  his  escape,  turn 
about  and  swim  out  into  the  sea  to  repi^at  the  performance.'  Certainly  some  do  drown, 
e8|i(^cially  when  startled  into  .jumping  from  a  clilf  into  a  heavy  surf,  anil  the  habit  of 
crawliu};  under  the  bowlders  leads  to  the  destrU(!ti()U  of  others  when  the  sea  comes 
up  with  the  tide  and  catches  pups  in  places  whence  they  are  unable  to  extricate  them- 
selves; but,  after  all,  the  lunnber  lost  from  these  causes  is  small.  In  this  conneittion  it 
is  worth  noting;  that  the  percentage  of  drowned  pups  was  higher  in  181)(>  than  in  1897, 
and  this  is  in  a«!cord  with  the  ditfereuce  between  the  weather  during  tn»!  two  seasons, 
the  summer  of  181>7  having  been  unusually  quiet,  so  that  up  to  August  1">  there  was 
uo  surf  sulliciently  heavy  to  sweep  incautious  pups  off  the  rocks.  While  at  St.  ( leorge, 
on  August  3  and  4,  1896,  we  exi)erieneed  a  fresh  ;.'ale  from  the  southwest,  which  sent  » 
heavy  surf  tumbling  directly  in  on  Zapadni.  As  the  bowlder  beach  at  the  foot  of  the 
cliffs  was  fairly  swarming  with  i)ups  .just  beginning  to  play  in  the  water,  it  was  a  good 
opportunity  to  see  what  damage,  if  any,  would  be  wrought  by  an  ordinary  gale.  A 
visit  to  the  rookery,  however,  failed  to  reveal  the  presence  of  a  single  drowned  pu]), 
although  the  locality  where  the  young  seals  were  massed  beneath  the  blulV  was  criti- 
cally scanned  with  Held  glasses  and  a  careful  search  was  made  along  the  iM'Uch.  The 
pups,  as  in  other  cases  noted,  had  simply  withdrawn  from  the  water's  edge,  beyond  the 
breaker's  reach,  and  were  perfectly  safe. 

Freshly  drowued  pups  were  found  on  Tolstoi  shortly  after  this  gale  (August  7), 
and  later  on  drowned  pu])s  were  obtained  from  Lower  Zaitadni  and  (iorbatch,  but  on 
these  rookeries  the  sea  struck  obliipiely,  and  it  would  seem  that  this  is  more  dangerous 
than  when  it  sets  squarely  on  shore.  In  the  latter  case,  a  pu])  if  swejtt  oil'  by  one 
wave  might  be  cast  batik  by  the  next,  but  when  the  sea  strikes  diagonally  it  creates  a 
strong  surt\vce  current,  that  would  carry  an  unliurky  puj)  out  and  down  the  beach  to 
some  place  where  the  waves  come  diroctl.v  in  and  there  the  lifeless  body  would  be 
cast  ashore. 

Many  a  pup  has  been  considered  as  having  drowned,  when  in  reality  he  had  beeu 
dead  for  days,  perhaps  weeks,  before  washing  off'  the  rookery,  to  form  one  of  a  so-called 
"  windrow  of  drowned  pui)s"  at  some  point  farther  up  the  bea<;h.  After  the  gale  of 
August  3  the  sandy  beach  at  Tolstoi  was  strewn  with  the  bodies  of  long-dead  pups,' 
while  the  gale  of  August  17  cast  no  less  than  30  bodies  on  Zoltoi  sands,  nearly  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  Gorbatch  rookery.  A  superficial  observation  of  these 
bodies  might  easily  have  created  the  belief  that  they  had  been  drowned,  when  a 
closer  scrutiny  would  have  shown  that  all  had  long  been  dead;  that  many  were  in  an 
advanced  stage  of  decomposition,  and  that  some  had  the  ■' '  ibilical  cord  still  attached. 
(See  I'l.  XIX.) 

'  On  Hiivonil  uccasiouH  in  August,  while.  visitiu<i;  tUo  ruokurios  when  a  heavy  Hiirl'  wiih  ruuning  and 
before  the  piips  had  leuriied  to  swim,  the.y  were  seen  to  gather  in  a.  crowd  along  the  edge  of  the  water, 
evidently  hegtitatiug  between  the  devils  and  the  deeji  sea. 

•In  Seiitember  and  October  pups  were  always  to  be  seen  sporting  in  the  surf,  e^en  when  it  was 
iufinitely  heavi<tr  than  at  any  time  in  August. 

''There  were  2'A'l  of  them,  not  one  of  which  hud  drowned;  those  which  had  perished  from  this 
cause  being  fouud  among  the  bowlders  of  the  rookery  proper  farther  to  the  west. 


I 


DEATHS   PROM   TUAMI'LINO. 


85 


the  pups 

|»tll,'    Willi 

fore  they 
)iiio  in  oil 
rocks  ill  11 
;iipc,  turn 
tlodrowii, 
a  habit  of 
swi  comes 
r.ite  them- 
miectioii  it 

III  in  1897, 
JO  seasons, 

I  tliere  was 
St.Cicoige, 
hich  scut  a 
foot  of  tlie 
was  a  S'»"'l 
•y  {"ale.  A 
)\vned  pup, 

IV  was  ciiti- 
H'acli.  Tlie 
beyond  tlie 

(August  7), 
Itch,  but  on 
(huii^erous 
otV  by  one 
it  creates  a 
le  beacli  to 
y  woiihl  be 

he  liail  been 
f  a  so-called 
the  gale  of 
dead  pups,' 
Is,  nearly  a 
on  of  these 
led,  when  a 
y  were  in  an 
ill  attached. 

IS  lUiiniii!;  iii'il 
(!  of  tlio  water, 

(II  wUou  it  ■WHS 

UlMid  I'roui  this 


The  danger  of  taking  anything  for  granted  is  well  shown  by  the  fact  tiiat  when 
the  comiiiiHsion  lirst  visited  Northeast  Point  in  .Inly  tln^  iiodit-s  of  10  seal  pups  and 
2"»  sea-lion  imps  were  fonnd  washed  up  on  tiie  beach  to  the  south  of  Sea  liicm  Neck. 
As  it  had  blown  a  gale  from  the  northeast  ton  days  b«'fore,  and  the  surf  liad  beaten 
directly  on  this  part  of  the  island,  death  from. drowning  seemed  so  obvious,  that  no 
autopsies  were  made,  although  it  was  casually  noted  that  the  sea  lion  pups  were  lean. 

In  tlie  light  of  snbse(|uent  observations  it  is  plain  that  Mr.  liedpath  was  correct 
in  stating  that  these  animals  were  dead  huig  before  they  washed  olV  the  "Neck." 
WMth  this  unfortunate  exception,  in  no  instance  was  it  taken  for  granted  that  a  |mi]> 
was  drowned  simply  Iw^cause  such  appeared  to  be  the  case. 

While  the  number  of  dead  pups  which  remains  after  eliminating  those  dead  from 
Uiiciiiiiiitt,  the  starved  and  the  drowned  is  comparatively  small,  yet,  in  the  aggregate. 
It  must  amount  to  some  hundreds,  and  helps  to  swell  the  long  list  of  those  which  die 
before  they  are  0  months  old.  Various  accidents  and  diseases  conf  ribnte  to  the  death 
roll,  and  there  must  be  many  causes  of  death  besides  those  noted. 

While  the  trampling  of  the  young  seals  by  the  old  does  iu»t  play  the  important 
role  as<iribed  to  it  in  ISOO,  it  nevertheless  enters  into  the  causes  of  death,  and  probably 
did  so  more  extensively  in  former  days  when  sea's  were  much  more  numerous  and 
the  rookeries  much  more  crowded.  Judging  by  the  number  of  very  young  pups  with 
part  of  the  umbilical  cord  still  attaiihed  which  die  within  the  harem  limits  before  the 
middle  of  .Inly,  there  is  a  considerable  percentage  of  newly  or  recently  born  pups 
whirh  meet  their  death  by  being  stepped  on.  These  coiihl  scarcely  have  met  their 
death  from  I'vvlnnrin.  since  the  time  that  they  have  been  nursing  seems  hanlly  sulli- 
(!icnt  for  them  to  have  become  infected  so  badly  as  to  cause  death. 

That  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  loss  owing  to  the  jiups  being  trampled  under 
foot  or  struck  by  some  bull  rushing  about  the  rookeries  is  un<l4>iiiable.  Six  pujts  were 
found  in  iSlMi  whose  d«'atli  (uinld  be  ascribed  to  no  other  cause,  while  as  many  more 
were  badly  bruised,  and  in  185)7,  when  a  larger  number  of  pups  were  examined,  10 
deaths  were  due  to  blows  and  several  more  were  obviously  injured. 

It  is  also  ])ossible  for  a  pup  to  receive  fatal  injuries  without  any  tra»!e  of  them 
ajipearing  on  the  body.  On  August  8,  189(»,  while  counting  the  dead  on  the  reef,  two 
pups  were  seen  to  be  knocked  over  by  a  bull  and  left  gasping  on  the  ground.  One,  a 
robust  individual,  so  far  recovered  from  his  injuries  that  he  was  allowed  to  take  his 
chance  of  total  recovery;  the  end  of  the  other,  a  small  animal,  paralyzed  and  dying, 
was  hiisteiied  by  a  scalpel  thrust  in  the  medulla,  but  a  careful  examination  made  of 
the  body  failed  to  reveal  any  visible  signs  of  the  ileadly  bh»w  that  had  been  n^-eived. 

The  long,  rubbery  tlipper  of  the  fur  seal  is,  in  fact,  an  imitrovement  on  th«!  sand 
bag  of  the  footpiul,  and  while  the  edge  of  the  tlipper  is  capable  of  (U^livering  as  hard 
a  blow  as  a  cudgel,  the  flat  part  may  stretch  a  pup  lifeless  on  the  sand,  and  leave  no 
trace  behind.  So  small,  indeed,  may  be  the  external  evidence  of  a  heavy  blow  that 
one  pup  from  (lorbatch,  which  bore  so  slight  a  contusion  on  the  neirk  that  the  cause 
«>f  death  was  questionable,  was  found  to  have  the  base  of  the  skull  fractured.  Had 
the  skull  not  been  saved  and  cleaned,  this  individual  would  have  i)assed  into  the  list 
of  cause  of  death  not  obvious,  for  the  fraciture  was  invisible  until  the  muscles  were 
removed  and  the  skull  comiiletcly  cleaned  by  the  industrious  amphipods. 

The  possibilities  of  a  blow  from  the  tlijiper  of  a  bull,  were  well  shown  in  one  instance 
where  the  stroke  had  been  so  tremendous,  and  dealt  so  squarelj'  on  the  top  of  the 


86 


TIIK    FUR   8KAI,8   OF   Till;    I'IMIIILOF    ISLANDS. 


I 


boot],  tliiit  tliii  8knll  wivH  literally  split,  the  fVontsil  jiikI  itiuietal  bones  \wu\ff  driven 
apart  uloii^  the  lino  of  suture.  Another  juip  whose  skull  was  traetured  may  have 
been  struck  by  a  llip)ter,  but,  as  it  was  also  bitten,  was  nior<>  probably  dashed  against 
a  rot^k. 

To  one  wlio  has  watched  the  rouk«'ries  and  seen  an  exttited  iuill  rushini;  about  in 
a  erowd  of  females  and  pups  the  surprising  thing  is  that  deaths  from  bruises  are  not 
more  t'reipieiit.  During  the  hei^jhtofthe  season  the  bulls  are  ever  on  the  alert,  keep- 
ing a  sharp  looktmt,  not  only  on  the  idle  bulls  which  lie  about  the  rookeries,  baton 
their  neighbors  as  well,  who,  when  their  harems  are  small,  are  quite  ready  to  borrow 
a  eow  or  two  from  a  more  fortunate  companion.  Considerable  (Mtmuuition,  t<N),  may  bo 
caused  by  n  bull  heading  oil'  some  cow  whicdi  may  evince  a  desire  to  gt»  to  the  water 
before  the  bull  thinks  she  should.  The  worst  disturbance,  however,  is  created  and 
moat  damage  done  when  the  proprietor  of  a  harem  is  driven  otV  by  some  aggressive 
rival,  tor  the  defeated  bull  makes  for  the  sea,  overturning  cows  and  dashing  the  juips 
right  ami  left  in  his  mad  rush  for  safety.  Other  cows,  taking  the  alarm,  also  scurry 
for  the  water  in  spite  of  the  etibrts  of  their  bulls  to  round  tlieni  up,  and  a  huixlred  or 
more,  leaving  their  pups  behiiul,  will  |duuge  headhmg  into  the  sea.  On  .Inly  Hi,  ISttti, 
such  an  inciileiit  was  twice  witnessed  at  Northeast  I'oint  in  a  comparatively  short 
space  of  time,  and  while  the  desertion  is  oidy  temporary,  the  cows  returning  to  their 
respective  harems  as  soon  as  (|niet  is  restored,  yet  ntMch  damage  may  be  thus  caused. 

While  deaths  from  spe«'iHc  diseases  are  ])robabIy  comparatively  few,  yet  uiuhuibt 
edlymore  exist  than  are  herein  noted,  while  iiuu'e  careful  work  might  have  transferred 
some  of  the  unknown  list  to  other  categories.  Still  it  is  often  dilllcnlt,  frecpiently 
impossible,  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  an  animal's  death  even  where  I  he  preliminary 
symptoms  are  known  and  the  autopsy  made  under  the  most  favorable  Vircumstanecs. 
In  the  present  instances  the  specimens  were  gathered  as  best  they  might  from  half  an 
hour  to  two  weeks  after  death  had  otuMirred,  and  the  work  of  dissection  was  per- 
formed in  the  tield,  sometimes  with  a  block  of  lava  for  a  dissecting  table,  sometimes 
on  the  sand,  often  with  an  audience  of  interested  bulls  who  evinced  a  strong  desire  to 
take  part  in  the  ])r(>ccedings. 

Still,  in  making  the  autoi)sies  nothing  was  taken  for  granted,  not  even  in  cases  ot 
evidently  starved  pups,  while  all  bodies  found  in  situations  where  they  might  have 
been  drowned  were  carefully  examined  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  this  were 
reallj' the  ease.  Care  wivs  also  taken  not  to  confuse  marks  made  by  the  peeking  of 
gulls  with  contusions,  for  such  injuries  about  the  eyes  and  frontal  region,  when 
int1i(^ted  shortly  before  or  after  death,  may  readily  be  austaken  for  the  actual  cause  of 
death.  In  two  instances,  where  the  cause  of  death  was  not  obvious  and  tinu'  per- 
mitted, the  brain  was  examined,  but  in  neither  case  did  it  exhibit  any  congestion  or 
other  lesion  to  account  for  death. 

Absence  of  fat,  or  of  subcutaneous  tat,  may  not  mean  as  much  as  it  should  to 
those  unacquainted  with  seals;  in  reality,  it  is  pra(!tically  syixuiymous  with  starva- 
tion, and  if  a  seal  lacks  fat  beneath  the  skin  it  is  useless  to  l(M)k  for  it  elsewhere.  Fat 
is  the  seal's  heavy  undershirt,  by  which  he  is  protected  from  cold,  and  when  this  is 
gone  the  seal  is  gone,  too. 

In  order,  too,  that  there  might  be  no  question  as  to  the  eviden(;es  of  starvation, 
an  active,  healthy  female  pu|)  tbiiml  among  the  bachelors  was  placed  by  itself,  its 
couditiou  at  various  times  noted,  and  an  autopsy  made  after  death.    In  order  to  have 


RAIUTY    or    I'ULMONAKY    COMI'l^AINTH. 


87 


11^  tli'iven 
miiy  liivv«* 
'd  iiRiiiiist 

r  about  in 
i>s  aro  lutt 
ert,  keep- 
's, hut  on 
to  Ixtriow 
M),  may  be 
(lie  water 
oat«'(l  and 
ijifjn'asive 
;•  tlu^  I  Mips 
I  so  scurry 
nndred  or 
y  1(1,  IS'.Mi, 
vi'ly  sliort 
jj  to  tlu'ir 
us  t;aust>d. 
nndouht 
liinsl'erred 
(Vc(piently 
reliniinary 
inistanci's. 
Mil  half  an 
was  por- 

«OIII0tilll08 

X  duairc  t^i 

In  cases  ot 
|ij;ht  bave 
his  were 
eckiiip  of 
)n.  when 
|I  cause  of 
[time  per- 
ri(Mi  or 

^hoiihl  to 
lb  starva 
lere.    Fat 
Ml  tbis  is 

uirvation, 
|itselt',  its 
to  have 


the  same  conditions  that  arc  toiinil  <mi  tlie  rookeries,  t lie  Itody  was  allowed  to  lie  (Mil 
of  diKM's,  exposed  to  the  weather,  for  two  days  hefbre  it  was  dissected.  The  results 
of  the  autopsy  a;;reed  exactly  wifh  the  dia;;nosis  of  starvation  in  iiiaii,  as  well  as  with 
the  appearances  of  tli«'  orj^ans  in  other  pups  whose  death  was  ascribed  to  starvation. 
When  tlrst  taken,  on  Au;;nst  I,  the  jinp  wei<;lied  113  p<Minds;  at  the  time  of  death,  on 
Anjiiist  ir»,  the.  weij^ht  was  reduced  to  !>  pounds.  The  appearance  of  the  or);aiis  was 
as  Ibllows:  I,un},'s  small,  llaccid,  deejdy  coii},'ested;  comparatively  little  blood  in  heart, 
and  no  clot ;  liver  small,  tliin.and  very  dark;  fruU  bladder  full;  much  dark  bile  secre- 
tion in  intestines,  forming;  the  "tarry  feces"  .so  characteristic  of  starvation;  kidneys 
small  and  dark;  both  branches  of  uterus  conjjested. 

It   may  be  said,  too,  that  a  blind   ]Mip  was   killed  on  /apadni   by  chokiiiij;  and 
urnshin^S  much  as  mij^ht  hav(«  occnrretl  had  tliiv  little  one  been  sat  upon  by  :i  bull,  or 
trampled  beneath  a  .score  of  stampeding;  cows,  and  that  th*^  lnn;>s  showed  the  (diarac 
teristi(^  con<;cstion  found  in  the  hint's  of  evidently  trampled  bodies,  altluMivh,  as  was 
often  the  case  in  them,  there  was  little  cxl«'riial  evidence  of  what  ha<l  happened. 

As  the  autopsies  were,  as  stated,  made  and  recorded  in  the  tield.  it  was  not  prac- 
ticable to  {JO  into  jKU'ticnhirs;  and  where,  tor  example,  the  Iniifjs  were  eonj^ested,  that 
fact  alone  was  stated  without  describing'  their  ajipearance  in  detail,  althon^rh  there  is 
a  {jreat  dilVerence  between  the  tiaccid.  pnritle  c,onj;estion  of  a  starved  Innj;  and  the 
fuller,  redder  look  of  a  lnn;>' con;;este<l  fnnii  tramplin;;  or  smothering;,  still  another 
variety  of  4'onf;estion  resulting  from  drowniiif;.  15ut  while  this  is  not  noted  in  the 
antopsie.s,  it  was  taken  into  (;onsideration  in  decidin<>'  imi  the  cause  of  death. 

The  rarity  of  pulmonary  diseases  is  shown  by  tlw  fact  that  only  one  .seal  was  thus 
atfccted,  this  Imua  a  case  of  catarrhal  piienmonia, '  found  on  Itig  /apadni.  That  such 
should  be  the  eii.se  is  not,  however,  to  be  wondered  at,  for  it  would  indeed  Im  sur|iris- 
iiij;  to  lind  animals  whose  lives  are  i)a.ssed  in  the  water,  or  <mi  cold  rocks  in  a  raw, 
i**K^y  atmosphere,  snit'erinj;  from  pulmoiiiiry  complaints.  In  this  respect,  as  in  all 
others,  "natural  selection  ''  tends  to  improve  the  race  of  fur  seals  by  eliminating;'  the 
weak  or  sickly,  for  Nature  har.shly  and  promptly  removes  all  individuals  whi<'h  laj; 
behind  in  the  race  for  life.  The  old  seals,  however,  are  nnudi  given  to  sneeziii};'  when 
on  shore,  although  the  cause  of  this  is  unknown. 

The  most  common  source  of  tnnible  among  the  little  seals,  although  common  cuily 
by  compari.son,  is  iiitlamuiation  of  the  boweKs,  .seemingly  bnnight  about  by  const  ipatioii, 
the  large  intestine  being  packed  to  distention  with  green  fecal  matter,  wiih  resultant 
intlammation.  Three  instances  of  this  tnnible  were  found  on  St.  Paul,  and  as  many 
on  St.  (ieorge,  in  1S07.  Mr.  Snodgrass,  who  niad(^  the  autopsies  on  the  latter  island, 
notes  that  in  two  instaiu^es  the  umbilical  I'onl  and  a  jtortion  of  the  placenta  were  still 
attached,  the  region  about  the  umbilicus  being  particularly  intlamed.  As  in  these 
instances  the  state  of  the  intestines  was  similar  to  those  in  which  the  umbilical  conl 
had  di.sappcared,  it  seems  likely  that  its  presence  simply  aggravate<l  the  ilis(>a.se  and 
had  no  part  in  producing  it. 

Another  case  of  intlamniatioii  of  the  bowels,  noted  in  189<!,  may  have  been  brought 
about  by  a  blow  or  by  a  fall  from  the  rocks,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  single 
case  of  intlainmation  of  the  kidney.s,  as  the  region  over  these  organs  is  particularly 
liable  to  be  struck  by  the  Hipper  of  some  old  seal. 


■  So  (liaKiiuscit  by  l»i-.  Win.  Cimy,  uC  the  Army  Medical  Museuiu,  who  prepared  several  aectious 
frum  oub  of  the  luuga. 


88 


Tin;    F'lII!    SKAI.H    OF    TIFK    I'lMIULdl'    18I.ANI»S. 


KsilliiiK  from  rlilVs  may  hcimii  iv  ratlicr  sin^rular  Hoiin-i^  of  di^itli  to  aiiy(mc  not 
familiar  with  tlic  ruMditiuiiH  nhoiit  the  rooktM'ifs  an<i  with  Mir  habits  of  t,ii««  piipH, 
aUhoii;;li  to  out;  a<;t|iiaiiit<Ml  wilii  them  it  is  not  surprising;.  Vonn);  snils aro  much  \\\n> 
(Oiihlron;  tliey  ihOi);iit  in  «v\ph>iiii;;  litth'  caves  ami  ero('])in^  into  ontol'-tlic  way  nooks 
and  crannies,  a  trait  wliicli  h>a<ls  to  some  of  tlie  losses  tVoni  drowning;.  Tlioy  also 
scramble  alon^  narrow  hMl^es  on  the  bInIVs  ba«;k  of  the  rookery  ^^nniiMls,  especially  if 
thtM'o  be  some  niiniatnre  <-ave  in  which  they  can  curl  np  anil  sleep,  and  in  these  explo- 
rations it  occasionally  happens  that  even  their  elin^nn^,  rnbbery  feer  sli|)  and  a  pup  tails 
from  10  to  to  feet. onto  tln^  sharp  rocks  below.  In  fact  it  was  the  si);ht  of  the  little  seals 
thus  scrrtiiibliii}!  about  the  bliilfs  of  North  l?ookery,  SI.  (ieoi-fje,  that  llrst  sn{,'jjested 
the  tlion};ht  that  some  nii;;ht  be  killed  in  this  nianner,  and  a  little  later  two  bodies  were 
seon  lyinj^amonf;  the  rocks  in  places  inaccessible  from  below.  The  result  of  such  a 
fall  was  shown  by  the  autopsy  of  the <»iily  one  thus  killetl  which  could  be  recovered, 
the  others  having  fallen  anion),'  the  Incedinn  seals,  where  their  bodies  could  not  be 
reached.  Kveii  when  tli(\vdo  not  fall  far  ciioiifjh  to  bi^  killed,  piijis  may  fall  int<t  crev- 
ices anion);  the  rocks  whence  escape  is  impossible,  and  in  thesi>  natural  death  traps 
perish  miserably  from  starvation.  Sniili  a  trap,  consistiiif-  of  a  narrow  crevic«'  at  the 
base  of  a  long,  steeply  slopin;;  rock,  was  noted  on  Kitovi  when  counting  tlead  |)iipH  in 
1S!(7.  The  bodies  of  several  little  seals  were  taken  I'roiii  this  one  cranny,  wlios*'  steep 
sides  i»reventod  escajie,  while  the  sloping  rock  ai»ove  fcanicil  a  most  admirable  chute 
down  which  the  pups  slid  to  their  death.  A  still  more  cnrions  case  was  that  of  a  young 
seal  found  penned  beneath  a  rock  by  driftiiif;  sand,  this  havinj;' accumulated  to  such 
an  extent  that  escape  was  iinpo.ssible,  and  only  room  enough  was  left  to  enable  the  pnp 
to  breathe,  tlu^  aperture  being  (luite  too  small  to  allow  the  body  to  pass. 

The  number  of  pups  tliiis  (rauf;iit  among  locks  and  starved,  while  not  large, 
is  yet  greater  than  one  would  have  siisjiected,  siine  7  pups  and  I  cow  were  rescued 
when  counting  the  starved  pujis.  and,  of  course,  any  cause  of  death,  however  small, 
helps  swell  the  total  nnntality.  Now  and  then  rocks  fall  on  the  jnips  instead  of  pups 
falling  on  the  rocks,  and  at  IVdovina  two  young  seals  w<'re  seen  lying  beneath  blocks 
of  stone  which  had  drojiped  from  llic  face  of  theclilV.  II  is  rather  sur|U'isiiig  that  this 
does  not  occur  more  fre(|uently;  but  while  the  rociks  are  crackinl  and  .shattered,  rock- 
falls  rarely  occur  except  in  early  sjiring  before  the  .seals  have  arrived.  Deaths  from 
this  source  are  probably  more  frc(|iicnt  on  <'oi)per  Island  than  «hi  the  I'ribilofs,  owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  rookeries  in  many  cases  lie  at  the  base  of  overhanging  dill's,  and, 
although  ai^curate  observations  «»f  the  rookeries  are  dilliciill  from  the  nianner  in  which 
tlu'y  are  guarded,  Mr.  llarrctt- Hamilton  noticed  in  (uie  spot  a  bull  and  two  cows 
crushed  beneath  fallen  rocks. 

The  following  note  is  taken  froni  l>i.  Sie  leger's  reporton  the  Itussian  Heal  Islands, 
published  in  180(i.     lie  says,  page  4.">,  !Viot;<ote: 

So  Htee]>  !ire  tlii'  rocky  wiills  lieliiiiil  Urn  (  •ijiiior  Islinid  rooUorins,  iiinl  so  closn  ilo  tlii'  h«',tIh  lio  to 
tliPiii,  Miat  f;illiii){  tniis.stiH  of  earth  iiiul  tooUh  liuvtt  orciHiiniiilly  ciiisimI  the  dt^atli  nt'niiiiiy  ofthr  aiiiiiialB. 
Thus  il  is  riMonleil  (Otoliel.  l{<iss  Ainnr.  M.  Koiiiii.  Zii.,  isiit,  p.  '2\i)  tliiit  on  tlio  Kith  oC  Octohor,  ISlil, 
dni'iii);  an  eartluiniike,  ii  rocky  wall  fell  down,  liniying  a  rookery  on  t!o|)j)or  iHland.  Anotlier  earth 
slido  on  Olio  ol'tlio  (ilinkarookorics  in  ISOIt  similarly  riwiiltod  in  the  kiDin);  of  many  seals. 

The  death  of  a  pup  seen  on  the  hillshle  at  lJ]»per  Za])adni,  Jammed  beneath  a 
bowlder,  was  in  all  probability  du»'  i»rimarily  to  some  rampant  bull  or  tieeing  bachelor, 
for  even  on  level  ground  a  hurrying  .seal  will  overturn  a  good-sized  stone,  while  ou  a 


I'HINCIl'Ah    CAIIHKS    OF    KKATll. 


89 


iiu^  not 
\  imi»H, 
icli  lik(^ 
f  iiookH 
ley  ill  so 
niiilly  if 
n  explo- 

I  Ic  St'lllS 
jf;j»'Sl('«l 
icH  \V»'I« 

I'  sw.h  II 
I'oven'd, 
I  not  be 
itn  orcv- 
tli  traps 
•«'  lit  thd 
I  pups  ill 
i)S<>  stcpp 
l)l('.  cliiite 
r  II  yoniip 
il  to  SUfll 
i\  tli«'  pnp 

lot   livrjjp, 
p  rcscuctl 
(>r  small, 
1  ol'  jMips 
til  blocks 
tliiit  this 
(«(1,  rock- 
tlis  from 
is,  owing 
ill's,  iind, 
in  wliicli 
wo  cows 

Islsiixls, 

IsrillH  li«  to 
aniiimlB. 
lolior,  1S1!>, 
litlitM'  oartli 

lenpiith  a 
j)ac)ie,lor, 
Ihile  ou  a 


slope  a  rork  of  a  liiin(ln>ihv(>i;>lit  ini^'lil  easily  \w  H<'t  in  moM<ni,  and  roll  into  a  immI  of 
sli'opin^'  l>n|>s  witli  fatal  cittHl.  A  practical  example  of  tlic  case  with  wliicli  pups  may 
ho  killed  in  just  MiiN  way  was  senii  while  makiii;,^  the  lliial  count  of  Tolstoi,  when  a 
bowlder,  disloilgcd  by  moving  seals,  rolled  into  a  "  pod"  of  pups,  killing  two  of  them 
and  bruising  others. 

Among  the  causes  of  death  not  given  in  the  table  is  the  biting  and  mauling  of 
rcttenlly  born  |iups  by  the  <-ows,  and  tli<>  maltrcatmentof  older  ones  by  salacious  bach 
elors.  A  pup  obtained  on  Copper  Island  by  iNlr.  Ibirrett-IIiimiltiMi  had,  according  to 
the  diagnosis  of  tlM>  surgciui  of  II.  H.  M.  S.  Spiirtou,  died  from  erysipelas  induced  by  a 
bitcoii  tlieh«>ad,  and  on  Ntuthoast  Point  two  ]>iips  were  seen  with  suppurating  wounds 
on  the  back  whose  ultimato  recovery  .seemed  somewhat  probleiiiatical.  Heveral  young 
pups  were  seen  bearing  fresh  and  ugly  scars  of  recent  bites,  and  during  a  visit  to 
Kitovi  on  July  Vi  Dr.  Htejiieger  and  myself  witnessed  the  following  ill  treatment  of 
a  very  young  pup:  "A  recently  born  i)U|i  was  very  badly  pulled  about  by  the  (row.s. 
At  one  time  it  was  i)nlled  by  three  cows  at  once,  <nie  having  Indd  of  its  hi>ad,  another 
of  a  hind  Hipper,  and  the  third  by  the  skin  of  the  side.  It  was  pulled  back  and  forth 
in  this  manner  for  some  tinus  but  when  last  s((on  was  alive." 

There  was  no  apparent  reason  for  this  brutal  treatment  save  the  vicious  nature  of 
the  animals,  which  snap  at  one  another  on  small  provocation.  Later  in  the  .season, 
when  the  harems  have  broken  up,  bachelors  al.so  winry  the  pups  for  |inre  devilment, 
Just  a-  ijig  boys  torment  little  ones,  some  of  the  youngsters  being  pretty  roughly  ban 
died,  and  some  IVnind  who.se  death  could  be  ascribe<l  to  no  other  cause.  A  large  male 
|)np,  badly  bitten,  was  seen  on  the  reef,  the  external  <d>li<|ue  nius<'Ie  being  cut  tiiroiigh 
and  the  skin  torn  olf  half  the  right  sideof  the  abtlomcn,  the  Hap  trailing  on  the  ground. 
Although  alive  and  active,  such  a  wound  must  eventually  have  resulted  in  death,  ami 
the  animal  was  killed.  No  case  of  sunstroke  was  observed,  and  none  has  jnobably 
ever  occurred,  although  seals  might  be  killed  by  the  sun  just  as  they  might  be  killed 
by  lightning.  The  symi)t^»ius  ascribed  to  "  sunstroke,"  "  nervous  Jerking  of  the  limbs, 
foHowed  by  convulsions  and  death,"  are  the  symjitoins  of  the  later  stages  «»f  starva 
tion,  and  were  seen  and  noted  by  Dr.  .lordan,  Mr.  Townsend,  and  Mr.  (!lark.' 

To  sum  up  the  evidence  accumulated  dnriug  the  summers  of  I8!t7  and  1SJ>8,  it  may 
be  said  that  under  n.'itnral  (conditions  the  vast  majority  of  deaths  among  young  fur 
seals  are  due  to  the  parasitic  worm  furhiaria,  whose  ravages  have  ])robably  borne  a 
direct  ratio  to  the  number  of  seals  and  (condition  of  the  rookeries.  Next  comes  starva- 
tion from  causes  at  |)re.sent  not  detinitely  known,  and  then  tVdlow  small  losses  Ironi 
various  diseases  and  ac(!ide!its.  A  few  of  the  newly  born  are  accidentally  trampled 
under  foot,  a.  few  are  killed  by  their  vi(!i(Mis  relatives,  and  .some  perish  from  other 
causes,  so  that  all  in  all  the  total  number  of  deaths  before  the  young  leave  the  island 
of  Ht.  I'aiil  is  imt  far  from  10  per  (cent  ot  the  number  born,  St.  (leorge  with  its  free- 
dom from  [■ncinuria  faring  much  better.     What  follows  after  the  migrating  thousands 


'Two  of  tliesf  (iro  rnnonlcd  in  the  .louriiiil  as  follows:  "A  little  ]mp  lies  )raH])in};,  with  B])a8inB 
liko  1ii(T,oii)Tli  for  raoli  l>reatli.  Sim  is  killcil.  A  hiiiiiII  foinalo  pup,  very  loan.  Tli(>  rijjlit  lung  con- 
){<'st(>il,  liarilly  cropitatiiiK;  l<'ft  liinji;  normal ;  otlxT  or>;anslilie\viB<'.  .Stomacli  wholly  oininy.  Lower 
part  of  Huiall  intCBtino  full  of  greoniHli  fcciil  niaUnr.     AbHolutoly  no  fat. 

"A  hwxo  I'ttinalo  pii]),  greatly  o.inaciatetl,  was  fonn<l  lying  gasping  and  ji^rking  with  Hpasnis. 
Another  case  of  sunstroke,  so  railiMl.  It  h.as  paBseil  a  quantity  of  dark  matter,  like  coal  tar  (a  snre 
sign  of  starvation),  and  its  lower  intestines  were  full  of  the  same  liiiid.  The  organs  were  in  a  normal 
condition.    Not  a  trace  of  fat." 


«*1 


90 


THK    Flll{    Sr.ALS    OF    TIIK    PRIIULop    ISLANDS. 


m 


have,  left  the  islands  iuitl  started  (»ii  tlieir  lirst  trij*  southward  we  do  not  know,  bnt  we 
do  know  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  those  that  set  out  never  retnrn,  and  tlie  most 
])robable  suggestion  is  that  tliey  peiish  of  staivation  from  failure  to  catch  the  nc(!es- 
sary  food,  being  abruptly  weaned  and  (breed  to  shift  for  themselves  before  they  have 
had  an  opportunity  to  learn  the  art  of  lishing. 

Little  can  be  said  regarding  the  deaths  aiiKuig  adult  seals  e.\<;eiit  those  wlii<h 
oecur  on  the  rookery  grounds  and  are  the  direct  outeonu'  of  tights  among  the  bulls  or 
ill  treatnientof  females  by  tlu'  males.  As  a  rule  these  hapi)eu  early  in  the  season,  fiu-  not 
one  of  the  l-!>  cows  and  2S  bulls  fonn<l  on  the  breeding  grounds  in  ISiK!  wassutliciontly 
well  preserved  to  i)ermit  of  an  autopsy.  In  all  probability  comjiaratively  few  bulls 
periish  directly  on  the  rookeries,  the  L'.s  bodies  (bund  being  tiuise  of  such  as  were  killed 
outright  or  so desj)erately  mauled  that  retreat  was  impossible.  lUit  mi'ny  a  vaui|uished 
bull  escapes  only  to  die  and  many  another  dies  after  the  season  is  over,  lying  down  to 
sleep  his  last  sleep  on  the  slojies  alumt  Middle  Mill,  where  the  bones  of  many  an  old 
veteran  lie  bleaching  on  the  sands.  The  shore  of  Kngiish  l*«ay,  from  Tolstoi  t(»  beyond 
Middle  Hill,  is  indeed  an  ancient  cemetery,  not  only  for  thousands  of  iiu|)s  and  scores 
of  bulls,  but  for  numya  sea  lion  and  an  occasional  si  a  otter  '  as  we!  Ar>-yearold  male, 
(bund  dead  on  Zoltoi  sands,  alfords  a  hint  of  the  manner  in  which  many  a  nxdcery  dis- 
l)ute  nuist  terminate,  esi)ecially  when  a  young  bull  ventures,  or  a  baclielor  blunders, 
inside  the  line  of  breeding  seals;  bitten  about  the  iiipiiers,  bruised  about  the  neck, 
this  ejected  youngster  had  taken  to  the  sea  only  to  exchange  oiui  mode  of  death  (or 
another,  escaping  from  the  Jaws  of  an  irate  bull  only  to  |)erish  by  drowning.  ISut  if 
most  of  the  bulls  v  hich  are  killed  during  the  breeding  season  die  outsiiJe  t  he  rookeries 
the  reverse  is  probably  true  of  the  cows,  whosti  deaths  either  result  from  the  t^llbrts  of 
the  bulls  to  j)revent  them  from  leaving  the  harems,  or  from  the  attempts  of  the  bulls 
to  appropriate  cows  beh)nging  to  their  neighbors.  In  cither  cas(^  th(^  cows  are  liable 
to  undergo  rough  treatment,  and  although  they  receive  the  most  savage  bites  without 
tlinching,  many  uiuhmbt«'dly  die  of  their  wouiuls.  Ordinarily  a  bull  iiunely  exjws 
tulates  with  a  cow  in  very  vigorous  seal  language,  but  now  and  then  he  will  lose  his 
temper,  and  with  a  rapid  stroke  cut  a  gash  in  the  female's  neck  or  shoulder,  or  make 
his  teeth  meet  in  her  back.'  Or,  occasionally  a  nervous  bull  will  seize  somehesita  ing 
.  ()w  by  the  back  and  with  a  toss  of  his  head  hurl  her  10  feet  away,  usually  will  out 
s«,  ioua  injury,  but  now  and  then  with  fatal  results.  Such  a  case  was  seen  on  the  leef 
in  i.S97,  where  a  female  lying  on  her  back  among  the  lK)wl(lers  was  (buinl  to  have  her 
skull  as  neatly  fractured  as  if  it  had  been  done  with  a  club,  a  bite  in  the  small  of  the 
back  intiuuiting  rather  plainly  that  the  perpetrator  of  the  deed  was  an  ngly  tempered 
bull. 

While  such  things  may  hai)pen  at  any  tiuu',  they  usually  occur  in  the  early  partof 
the  season,  and  are  most  (Ve<iuent  where  the  harems  ate  small  ami  the  idle  bidls,  which 
are  so  fruitful  a  s(uirce  of  disturbance,  most  numerous.  This  in  ISJKI  was  the  state  of 
ad'airs  toward  the  southwcsteiii  portion  of  Northeast  I'oint.  where  the  <|uarreling  and 
clamor  were  incessant.  Many  of  ♦^he  cows,  and  souui  of  the  pui>s  as  well,  wer«>  badly 
scarred,  «Mie  cow  being  specialJy  uotit-eabh?  fiom  the  fact  that  a  patch  of  skin  <>  inches 

'  Kiiiii's  of  tlio  HUH  otter  art'  now  vt  ;•>  soldoni  loiiiid  here,  mm  tli(\v  liiive  mostly  lir.n  collcc^tcd. 

-'  A  jfooil  exaiii|ilr  ot'Hiit'li  an iirruiiri'  was  witiu'ssecl  iliirinn;  the  lirsl  visit  to  St.  ( icoifrp,  /aji^idii'i, 

when  un  ill  ti'inpt^red  hull  with  hut  ono  cow  cut  :i  ;;:isli  li  iuiiirs  lon;i  iu  licr  ncoU  with  a  siii^ltt  i|ni(d< 
Hiiiip,  while  ou  l.iikuiiiii.  in  I8!I7,  a  vieiiuis  hull  literally  lore  oiiu  nl'  the  newly  arrived  enws  to  jiiueuH. 


>riw:s 


DKATHS    PROAr    UOUGH    HANnLINff. 


91 


V,  but  we 
the  most 
le  ueees- 
lu\V  have 

se  which 
0  bulls  or 
)ii,  lor  not 
illii-uMitly 
lew  bulls 
ere  killed 
ini|uished 
'f  «lowii  to 
iiy  an  oUl 
to  b(!yoii(l 
\\u\  scores 
r  old  nnile, 

loki'ry  <li«- 
blniiders, 

,  the  neck, 
'  death  lor 
}••.     r.nt  if 
\i  rookeries 
i>  etVorts  of 
f  the  bidls 
are  liable 
■s  withoiit 
[ely  ♦'xi>os 
ill  lose  his 
r,  or  make 
hesita  inj;- 
|ly  will  (mt 
)n  the  leef 
)  iiave  her 
lall  of  the 
tempered 

jriy  partof 
lills,  which 
tic  state  of 
I'elinfi'  and 
^ere  badly 
<i  inches 

llictcd. 
l;r,  /iijt^iiln'i, 
LiiiKli*  i|iiH!k 
I'M  to  ]>iuuuH. 


square  was  missing  from  her  back.     Such  an  injury  as  this  last  may  have  been  indicted 
in  the  attempt  of  some  envious  bull  to  ai>propriate  his  ueit,dibor"s  wives  by  dashing  into 
a  harem,  sei:dnff  a  cow  by  the  skin  of  her  back  and  carryiiif;  her  olV  bodily,  a  i)erforni 
ance  eminently  (calculated  to  create  respect  lor  the  bulTs  strength  and  agility. 

Naturally  such  a  Sabine  outrage  <s  this  does  not  go  unheeded  by  the  bull  whose 
cow  has  been  taken,  but  his  jtursuit  of  the  ollcndcr  is  hanipered  by  the  fact  that  he 
dares  not  leave  his  harem  too  far  behind  lest  in  trying  to  save  one  wife  he  lose  others. 

One  enterprising  bull  was  seen  to  come  out  of  the  water,  grasp  the  nearest  cow  by 
the  neck,  i)lunge  back  and  swim  away  with  his  prize  to  a  spot  some  To  yards  distant, 
cai)tor  and  captured  being  under  water  most  of  the  way.  And  after  all  this  lal  or 
the  cow  slipped  away  three  miiiutes  later  wiiiie  tlie  bull  was  engagetJ  in  a  <liscussi  )n 
with  aneighhor.  ()<!casionally,  too,  it  will  happen  that  when  acow  has  been  seized  »y 
some  predatory  bull  her  rightful  lord  and  ni;"fer  will  dash  to  the  rescue  and  gri  p 
her  by  the  most  convenient  spot,  usually  the  neck,  and  endeavor  to  liberat«i  Ins 
abducted  bride  liy  main  force.  A  game  of  juill  devil,  ]»ull  baker,  ensues,  and  the  poor 
cow  is  lugged  about  until  the  skin  gives  way  or  one  of  the  bulls  gets  tired  and  lets  go. 
Observation  of  a  rookery  impresses  omi  with  tlu^  fact  that  among  fur  seals  matrinu>ny 
is  a  very  serious  matter  for  all  jtarties  concerned,  and  that  the  bad  temper  disi)layed 
by  the  bulls  is,  to  a  great  extent,  (excusable. 

Itough  handling  by  the  males  may  be  set  down  as  the  most  evident  known  cause 
of  death  among  the  females,  and  the  greater  the  propcntion  of  bulls  the  greater  the 
number  of  deaths,  so  that  in  a  state  of  nature  the  sui)cral>nndauce  (tf  bidls  must 
]iro'  ably  be  an  im|)ortant  factor,  if  not  the  chief  faetor,  in  checking  the  increase  of 
the  liir  seals.  As  the  proportion  of  the  sexes  at  birth  is  e<|ual.  and  as  at  least  thirty 
males  are  born  where  one  is  n<'ede<l,  there  must  in  olden  times  have  been  a  inodigious 
auKmnt  of  fighting  ami  a  mighty  turmoil  on  the  breeding  gronm  .  with  a  conse- 
(luent  d«'struction  of  mothers  and  pups.  There  were  lli  dead  cows  ot.  lleef  rookery  in 
18!)7,  and  if  there  was  such  a  visible  loss  with  only  a  moderate  surplus  of  males  what 
must  have  taken  jdace  before  any  males  were  killed  by  man  ?  It  is  evident  that  if 
many  cows  are  killed  outright  n»any  more  must  be  badly  injured  aiul  eventually  die, 
an  inference  made  in  discussing  the  nuntality  anu)ng  the  pujis,  Avhere  it  was  suggested 
that  the  loss  of  these  iiijurcd  fenuiles  at  sea  probably  accounted  for  much  of  the  early 
starvation  of  the  young. 

While  rough  haiulling  by  bulls  is  thus  the  most  evident  factor  in  the  death  of 
cows,  yet  the  vast  majority  i)erisli  from  causes  wliieli  must,  from  the  nature  of  things, 
remain  unknown.  Occasiomdly,  however,  we  tlnd  deaths  resulting  froni  unsuspected 
causes,  as  when  Huir  cows  were  foivd  to  have  died  during  parturition  from  a  wrong 
l)resentati.»ii  of  the  fetus;  in  two  cases  the  shoulder  having  o tiered,  and  in  the  third 
the  occiput.  In  this  latter  case  the  head  of  the  fetus  was  doubled  upon  the  body 
ami  lirmly  wedged  in  the  i)elvi>  of  the  mother,  which  had  evidently  lived  some  time 
after  the  «k-ath  of  her  otlsiiring.  The  fourth  ease  was  in  many  ways  very  remarkable, 
for  while  death  had  occurred  in  i)artnrition  from  a  breech  presentation,  the  conditions 
showed  a  i)retty  clear  case  of  superfetation.  The  placenta  was  torn  away  .iiul  lay 
outside  the  rujitured  uterus,  which  contained  in  the  left  brai.cli  a  i)up  of  the  ordinary 
size  and  also  a  small.  shriv<cllcd  up  fetus,  about  (I  iiu'hea  long,  attached  to  the  caudal 
side  of  the  horn  near  its  Junction  with  the  main  brancii.  This  had  apparently  reaehetl 
a  certain  stage  of  development  and  then  been  resorbed.  leaving  little  more  thau  the 


!)2 


I'm:   ii'K  si:\i.s  ok    riii:   ruiitii.oi"  isi.anhs. 


m 


skt>lot«>ii.     Owiiij;  to  llic  loni;  Iiiiu>  thai  had  I'lapsod  siiici'  tlt'atli  U  was  tiof  possible  to 
inako  as  critical  an  oxainiiiation  as  inii:iii  he  (Icsircd. 

l,oss»'s  from  such  causes  as  the  abmc  nnisi  nalmallN  be  lew  aud  Ibrm  but  a 
trilling  I'acliir  iu  the  total  death  rate,  sidl  it  is  iuler(>siiu^'  to  liud  such  cases  auioui; 
wild  auiiuals. 

Killed  by  a  lish  bone  sounds  iilvc  the  headiuj; ol  a  newspapci' ileiu,  ami  yet  one  cow 
seal  was  Ibuud  dead  iVoni  an  accideiii.  not  iu  swallow  in:;,  but  in  unswallowiii;;  the 
remains  of  a  pollock.  As  noted  in  llu>  chapter  on  food  bonesorothei'  haid  substances 
swalK>\ve»l  by  seals,  they  aie  sooucf  or  later  rcuuruitated.  i>ones  of  <jood  sized  jtollock 
beiufj  thus  disposal  of,  usually  with  success.  In  th»>  present  inslame  the  bono  had 
lotljied  »'ross\\ is«>  in  the  larynx,  perlbraliiij;  both  tlu'  rii;hl  and  left  sidi-s.  though  linally 
workinji'  tlirou;ih  tht>  lelt  side  lor  more  than  half  its  leu;;th.  makiui;  so  bad  a  cut 
that  death  may  bo  said  to  have  resulted  iVom  the  ciuubiiu'd  elVects  of  stijinuuhitiou 
ami  less  of  blood.  The  cow  was  tbund  waslu'd  ui>  «ui  the  beach,  and  an  autopsy 
reveaU'tl  no  injury  save  a  slijiht  coiijjcstion  of  the  liini;s  and  Ihc  preseuct>  t)f  an 
ui\acc»)unlable  <|nautit,\  of  clotted  blood  iu  the  stomach.  \\hih>  skinniui:  tl:>  animal 
the  bone  was  fouml  lixed  in  the  muscles  of  the  m>cU  and  subseiiucnt  examination 
revealed  tln>  extent  of  the  damauc  which  had  been  done. 

Not  only  were  few  deatl  adidi  .seals  louiid.  but  vei\  lew  thai  w»M'esei  io"sl\  -.Mh.red. 
this  for  the  rea.son  thai  in  the  majority  of  cases  serious  injuiy  promptly  Ic  ".:-  (-,  'i  .:h 
w  her»>  tht<  stru.yjjle  foi  cxistiuicc  is  so  si>\(Me  as  amoii^  the  fur  seals,  <  i  iiij-UhI 
bai'hcloi-  shot  on  /oltoi  was  probably  the  \iclim  id' an  emonnttM' w  ilh  a  1m!!c;-,  the 
location  and  (>xlenl  of  his  iiiiarics  beiiii;  just  such  as  wouhl  ha\e  rcsullctl  from  tin' 
bite  of  a  pursmu.  fhi>  rijihl  himl  Hipper  beiui:  bitten,  both  sides  of  lhi>  pi^h  is  crushed, 
two  ribs  and  the  processes  of  scscral  vertebrae  broken.  (SeelM.  \\.l  .\s  a  dii'cct 
lesultof  thes«'  injuries,  which  iu\(dvi>d  the  spinal  cord,  this  y<uinu  bull  was  paral\/ed 
in  his  himl  ipiarters,  tlrafi'.niu!;  liicm  laboriously  .aloii^'  the  •ground,  and  another  larjio 
bachelor.  8»>»>n  on  Kitovi.  but  nnlortunalely  not  secured,  was  \fry  pri>babl.\  huit  in  a 
similar  manner.  On  October  10  the  iialives  bnuijiht  iu  the  remains  of  a  puj*  saitl  to 
have  heeu  destroye«l  by  a  killer,  ami  on  October  !.'>  a  female  was  found  whose  death 
was  ul.so  a.scrilM'd  to  the  same  cause,  while  lwt>  pups  were  seen  each  minus  a  llipper. 
.\  cow  on  /a|>adni  had  lost  a  hind  llipi>er,  jtossibly  from  the  bile  of  a  killer,  and  an 
old  bull  was  observed  on  /apadiii  loi'  several  cons(>culive  years  nuiuis  ilu>  greater 
|)iirt  of  the  lore  Hipper,  and  yet  thus  handicapped  able  to  maintain  his  place  on  tlu< 
rookery.  .V  cow  with  a  broken  or  dislocalt>d  ri^lit  lore  le^  was  uolic)>dou  Ihe  NiU'tli 
rookery  of  SI.  (ieiMji(>.  and  a  vounu  male  similarly  crippled  was  seen  on  /olioi  sand.^. 

.\s  to  the  number  ot'  seals,  \(mni;'  or  old.  which  ju'rish  when  al'scnl  from  Jin 
islumis  and  the  cau.M  .;  of  their  deaths  we  know  absolutely  uothiuf;.  but  wind  and  sea, 
or  anythiujj  vvhi«'li  leads  to  interlcrt>uce  w  ith  Ihe  food  supplv.are  probably  the  i'ur 
seal's  worst  natural  enemies,  while  ict>  linu'crim;  about  the  islands  m  sprinj;  would  bo 
very  deadiv  to  Ihe  females  seeking;  the  shore  to  brinj;  forth  tiieiryouuL;.  Once,  indeed. 
the  I'ribilof  herd  .seems  to  have  been  iidiiced  to  its  lowest  ebb  from  this  very  cause, 
the  scan'ity  «)r  senis  iluriujj  and  lor  some  time  alter  IS  !(>  iia\  iny:  been  brought  about 
by  the  pcrsislence  of  ice  llocs  abiuil  the  islands  loui;  into  .luue.  catisins:^  bidls  and 
cows  alikt>  to  iterish  by  thousands. 

The  oidy  two  speci«>s  of  shaiks  which  cimiM  possildy  eat  seals  are  forlunaletv 
rare,  even  in  southern  wateis.  and  deaths  fiom  this  souice  aic  probably  m»t      o(  tSs 


Till.    i<ll.l.KU. 


03 


issibU*  to 

in  l>iit   i\ 
's  iim<v\i,n 

I    tUHMOW 

iwiii^  till' 
lUsliinivs 
i\  imllocU 
bono  liinl 
•ih  liniilly 

iiiiiiilatioii 
1  ii\itoi>sy 
mo  of  all 
i  ;>  aiiininl 
,;iuiiiiatioii 

Ix.lli-,-.  (lio 
>«l  iVoiu  tlio 
,  is«'iiislio»l. 
As  11  ilii't'i't 
■i  (>araly>'oil 
otlitT  la\j;o 
\  lull  t  ill  a 
)iH>  saitl  to 

liuso  tloatli 
IS  a  llipitt'i'. 
ll.T.  aiitl  an 
tlio  pr.'ator 
(lai'O  on  tlio 
In  ilii>  North 

olioi  saiui."". 

\[  iVoni  tin 
liiul  ami  MM, 

1,1  \      til'       i'lO 

is;  wonlil  bo 
me.  inili'i'tl. 
xciy  caiisf. 
„m\it  about 
U  bulls  ami 

t'ortiiiiat>'l'> 
|v  not       ''ib 


nuMitioiiiiifr,  ovt'ii  it"  tlioy  lurui  lU  all.  Tlio  killor  (I'l.  Wl^  is  rliar^joil  with  tiu« 
(lost ruction  of  inany  seals,  ami,  as  iiitiinatod  above,  many  niuloiil.tc«lly  arc  lost  al  vsoa, 
but  the  Uillor  is  letieeiil  t)ii  tho  siibjei  I,  ami,  in  this  instanee  at  loa.st,  the  sea  iloos  nut 
i;i\e  ii|>  Its  (load. 

The  killer,  when  in  tho  same  locality  as  the  seals,  may.  iiiuloiiiably,  be  a  teriiblo 
OMoiiiy,  sinco  it  is  not  «iiil,\  e\fieiiicly  voi.icions  but  swilt  enoiiuh  t«>  catoh  a  seal  ami 
snnicienlly  iiowertiil  to  attack  ami  kill  a  sea  lion.  lMirtiinat»-ly  killers  are  larucly 
ab.seiit  tioiii  the  vicinity  of  the  islands  diinnj;  the  broedinii  soason,  the  majority  oC 
them  leaviiiji'  m  May  ami  leliiriiiiii;  in  Septoinbor.  It  must,  liowever.  bo  saiil  that 
very  little  is  known  as  to  tin- destruction  caused  liy  the  killer.  N'oiy  tew  luivo  actually 
.soon  tho  killer  captnniii;  and  eating  seals,  and  still  lower  have  had  the  uootl  lortuiio 
to  itoi'lorm  a  post  inortoin  on  oiio  ot  those  coiacoans.  so  that  iidbnnatioii  on  this  point 
18  mmh  to  bo  desired.' 

Killers  wore  soon  on  July  S,  when  .ibont  10  miles  south  ol  St.  (ioor^o,  ami  on 
Sopt«Miibov '•>,  whon  botwoon  St.  (Jooi'no  aii'l  I'nalaska.  but  the  only  one  soon  duriiiji 
the  intorvoiiinj;  time  was  on  Aii.mist  ti,  whon  on  ilie  iKiiriii.  about  10  miles  to  the  oust 
ol  St.  I'aiil.  Olctiiir.se  tliisdoo.<  not  mean  that  there  wore  no  killers  about  tho  islands 
diiruij;  this  lime,  but  as  a  earet'iil  wat»li  was  koi>l  lor  tlieiii  it  is  .sale  to  say  that  thoy 
wore  not  numerous.  Alter  this  date  ihoy  seem  I o  have  suddenly  bocoiiio  abundant, 
lor  the  prosemo  of  killers  about  S|.  I'aiil.  in  proximity  to  tho  .seals,  is  iVoiiiioully 
nuntionctl  in  the  joiiinal  ki'pt  by  Mr.  (Mark,  and  although  Ihoy  woro  not  actiiully  seen 
touttaok  anil  e.it  seals,  yet  it  is  hardly  probable  that  those  carnivorous  lotaooans 
wove  prowii'ii;:  about  tlu'  island  solely  lor  amnsoinonl. 

.\  most  c\traoni,'iary  e>ncoiirs«>  ol  these  animals  was  noted  by  Captain  tiarlbrtli, 
ol  II.  I».  M.  S.  riiatsdiil.  who  states  that  »)n  Seplcmlur  I.!.  IS'.Ki.  killons  woio  .so 
niiiiii  ions  to  llic  iioiii;waid  ol  '.'niiiiak  I'ass.  luimlrcds.  ii  not  thoirsatiils.  ln-inij 
gathered  in  that  \  icinity.  iliat  it  was  necessary  to  stop  several  times  in  order  toavoiil 
runniiii;  into  tlicin.  Ast'aplain  Ibyant  .says  that  lie  look,  respectively,  IS  and  l.'l 
seal  pups  t'rom  the  stomachs  ol'  two  killers,  (lie  possibilities  til  this  animal  as  u 
destroyer  ot  seals  would  seem  to  be  considerable,  and  while  little  is  ai'tiially  known 
coiU'Oniiiifi  loss(>s  Iroin  this  sonrci'  ii  seems  not  iinlair  lo  t'liaiuo  a  certain  proportion 
ol'  the  niikiiown  death  ralo  to  the  killer. 

That  tins  nnknowii  de.ith  rate  is  normallv  hij;h  is  certain, and  il  isoiiually  I'ortaiii 
that  it  has  nc\er  been  diil.v  considered,  not  «'\en  appioviinalely.  in  ostiinaliiifj  I  ho 
natural  ineiease  or  doircase  ol  the  seals,  althoiif^h  all  such  "estimates"  ari>,  at  the 
best.  mon>  iiiio.s.ses.  It'  the  death  ralo  ainiuiu  yoiiiij;  pups  is  now  soinotliiiif;  like  l(» 
per  cent  it  may  liavo  ranuod  as  liifjh  as  JO  per  cent  in  ronner  days  ot  abumlaiico. 
.\iid  It  to  this  weathi  a  loss  of  hall  the  pups  which  loavo  the  islamls  in  tho  fall  wo 
are  luobably  inside  tho  mark,  for,  as  Dr.  \\  liito  .says,  "  Nutiiio  iso\trav;if;antly  waste 
till  and  tiM'ribly  •iicl."  .Mtlioiijih  the  death  rate  pres.sos  sii  hoavilv  «>ii  the  piips.it 
must  bo  eipiaPy,  or  oven  more,  so\oro  i>ii  tho  brooding  fomalos,  which,  heavy  with 
ytuinjj.  are  less  abh>  than  tlu>  others  to  iirocnre  food,  escape  from  their  onomies.  ami 
wilhstaiid  the  biilV»Miiif;s  of  winds  and  waves.  \Vt>  j;et  stniio  idea  of  this  Iroiii  tho 
j>roat  proportion  of  toimilo  seals  which  arc  taken  at  .sea — nnt  al«tiio  by  tho  pelaj-io 

'  IVrnomdlv  I  ;uu  iuclinoil  to  Imlil  lln  Killoi  j»iuIiIi'hs  of  \l^^v  luiicli  >kin>ilitir  i>l'  ><>ini>;  scuIh, 
lu'lii'viiij;  tli;U  st:o  \  at ii>i»  I'lom  ni:it>ilil,\  lo  i  :iiitiui'  loml  wlii'ti  llu'v  arr  liist  tin  iinl  oil  liy  lhi>ir 
motliiTN,  ami  t'oiinl  to  shil'l  I'ov  tlniii>olM',s,  lit  tin'  iiio^l  in\|ioitaut  lactoi  ni  tlit'dcalli  i:i'f  iin'onj;  |iu|i8. 


94 


THK    FUR   SEALS    OF    THE    PRIUILOF    ISLANDS, 


J, 


sealers,  but  by  the  Indians  (tf  the  Northwest  t-oast,  whose  catch  consists  mainly  of 
females  and  yeariinjis,  and  we  };et  a  fnither  idea  from  tlie  comparative  scarcity  of 
3-yearoUl  cows  on  the  rookeries.' 

Not  only  arc  the  females  heavily  handicaj»;;ed  by  the  weiglit  of  Iheir  unborn 
ofl'aiiring,  but  durinji'  three  months  of  the  year  they  are  compelled,  in  order  to 
withstand  the  drain  of  the  nursin{<'  young,  to  fre<|uently  go  to  sea  in  search  of  food, 
while  at  that  very  time  the  gieat  majority  of  males  is  on  land,  or  in  the  inmiediate 
vicinity  of  the  islands,  safe  from  natural  eremies. 

If  the  death  rate  among  females  was  not  so  high  as  to  have  kei)t  the  breeding 
portion  of  the  herd  practically  at  a  standstill  year  after  year,  the  ett'ects  of  pelagic 
sealing  would  not  have  made  themselves  visible  ou  the  rookeries  so  rapidly  as  they 
did.  Kvidence  of  the  large  number  of  deaths  anu)ng  females  also  a]>|)ears  in  the 
comparatively  suuiU  area  of  the  rookeries  as  flgured  in  I'llliott's  llrst  report,  when  they 
were  nearly  or  (juite  at  their  highest  level.  The  bachelor  seals  seem  to  have  increased 
enormously  prior  to  the  occui)ation  of  the  islands  by  the  United  States,  but  there  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  any  corre8p()iiding  increase  among  the  females,  great  though 
their  number;  a  !tnally  were,  and  the  breeding  grounds  form  but  a  small  part  of  the 
entire  area  ot  •  '  ''  v  seals.  The  female  portion  of  (he  herd,  the  very  one  on  which 
depends  r.ot  oiil_,  -icrease  but  the  preservation  of  the  seal  race,  always  has  been 

and  always  will  be  l  most  susceptible  to  attack,  and  it  is  sniall  woiuler  that  its 
ranks  have  been  decimated  by  pelagic  sealing. 

That  the  death  rate  is  high  is  certain;  that  it  is  variable  is  e<|ually  sure,  for 
climatic  conditions,  with  their  bearing  on  the  all  important  (juestion  of  food  supply, 
vary  from  year  to  year.  No  man  can  safely  assert  that  because  seals  are  abundant 
one  seas(Mi  they  will  be  equally  numeritus  the  next;  and  lor  this  reason,  if  for  no  other, 
it  would  be  dangenms  to  permit  the  killing  of  sc-.'s  at  sea  even  in  limited  numbers; 
while  another  point  to  be  borne  in  mind  is  that  >v|ii;c  the  numbers  of  the  seals  have 
been  greatly  lessened,  nothing  has  occurred  to  lessen  the  number  of  their  euei  ties  or 
to  change  whatever  natural  causes  uuiy  be  injurious  to  them. 

If  little  can  be  said  about  the  causes  of  mortality  among  seals,  loss  can  be  said 
regarding  the  complaints  lo  which  they  nuiy  be  subject,  although,  from  the  prompt 
mai\ner  in  whi(;h  the  weak  or  ailing  are  weeded  out  by  natural  «;anses,  disease  seems 
to  be  nu)re  rare  than  it  i)robably  is  in  reality.  Cases  of  some  complaint  apparently 
related  to  mange  are  not  infrequent,  the  hair  being  worn  down  short,  the  rough  and 
thickened  epidermis  showing  through  the  hair."  The  examinati(m  of  spi^cimens  of 
the  skin  dried  and  preserved  in  alccthol  failed  to  throw  any  light  on  the  exact  nature 
of  the  disease,  which,  from  the  worn  condition  of  the  adjacent  fur,  seems  to  ju-oduee 
intense  itching.  The  trouble  is  usually  on  some  part  of  the  bactk,  but  one  female  was 
seen  on  which  the  head  was  aH'ectcd.  It  is  said  that  this  complaint  is  of  more  frecpient 
occurrence  now  than  formerly,  but  this  may  be  simply  because  the  seals  are  more 
closely  observed  than  they  were. 

'Those  ;{-ye!ir-ii1(l  seiilHinay  bedistinifiiiBliod  l>y  thoir  riitlicr  siiiiill  Hi/e  iiiul  thuirgray  miiHtticheH; 
tlioy  w<To  particiilai'ly  lookiMl  lor  in  ISitV  in  order  that  tlieir  iiluiiidaiici'  or  scarcity  iiiJKht  furni  tlio 
liiLsis  for  Home  cstiiiiiite  iis  to  the  Iossuh  iimoii^  hciiIn  iqi  to  It  years,  Ixit  it  cuii  HJiiipIy  lie  Hiiid  tliat  the 
3-yoikr-old  eowH  form  but  a  Hiiiall  part  of  the  lireodin^  herd,  tlie  majority  heiiij;  I  years  old  and  over. 

"^ealN  Niill'ering  from  tliis  trouble  weie  taken  )iy  the  pela^ii'  sealers  olf  the  coast  of  .Japan  and 
gave  riho  to  the  rumor  that  seals  branded  on  the  I'ribilofs  had  been  captured  in  Japanese  waters. 


DISKASES    OK    TlIK    KYK. 


96 


s  mainly  of 
scarcity  of 

leir  unborn 
u  Older  to 
rcli  of  food, 
i  immediate 

le  breeding 
■<  of  pciajjic 
idly  as  tliey 
ears  in  the 
t,  when  thoy 
vc  imreast'd 
t  there  tloes 
reat  though 
part  of  the 
ne  on  which 
ys  has  been 
der  that  its 

lly  sure,  for 
food  supply, 
le  abundant 
for  no  other, 
d  numbers; 
e  seals  have 
r  enei  lies  !)r 

can  be  said 

the  prompt 

sease  set'uis 

iipparently 

rough  and 

K'cimens  of 

:act  nature 

to  priuluce 

female  was 

re  frecjuent 

are  more 


Jiy  iiiiiNtuclies; 
liKht  furnt  the 
IhiijiI  tliiit  tlie 

|)il(l  and  ovur. 

L>t'  ,)ii|iiiii  uud 

WlltOl'S. 


'If 


Diseases  of  tiie  eye,  more  or  U>ss  severe,  seem  to  be  «-ommou,  or  at  any  rate  not 
uncommon,  among  the  seals,  ranging  in  viruh'nce  from  a  mere  suppuration  of  the 
eyelids  to  compUite  blindness,  (-ases  of  supiturating  eyelids  or  lachrynuvl  glamls  may 
bf  seen  among  the  pups  at  almost  any  time,  on  alnu)st  any  rookery,  but  many  of  the 
pups  are  totally  blind  from  sonu!  disease  of  the  retina,  the  ccunea  being  transparent, 
but  tiic  pupil  greatly  dihited,  giving  to  the  eye  a  peculiar  greenish  appearance,  as  in 
seals  recently  killed.  One  you.ig  male  was  seen  on  IVdovina  which  seemed  to  be 
snllering  f'-om  cataract  in  tiio  left  eye,  tlu>  cornea  being  transparent,  but  the  pupil 
showing  as  a  wliite  spot,  as  thongii  tlu;  lens  were  opaque.  Most  of  the  cases  of 
blindness  among  the  bulls  are,  however,  the  direct  outcome  of  rookery  battle,  and 
one  eyed  bulls  are  by  no  means  rare,  nor  do  they  seem  as  much  handicapped  by  the 
loss  as  one  might  expect,  since  a  one-eyed  bull  on  Zapadni  gave  more  trouble  than 
any  six  of  his  i'eliows  with  the  normal  complement  of  eyes.  There  are  fre»pient 
instances  among  the  ])ups  of  blindness  in  one  eye,  seemingly  from  accident,  the 
cornea  being  sometimes  thick  and  white,  sometimes  ulcerated  or  even  perforated. 
Similar  disease  of  the  eye  is  produced  in  man  by  the  irritation  of  foreign  particles, 
siicii  as  iron  illiiigs,  sand,  etc.,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  it  slumld  not  bo  similarly 
brought  about  among  seals,  although  it  is  often  the  direct  result  of  a  bite.  There  is 
more  or  less  sand  on  all  rookeries,  and  particularly  on  the  haiding  grounds  and 
localities  where  the  pnjis  jiod  out,  and  it  would  be  strange  indeed  if  the  seals  never 
got  liny  ill  their  eyes. 

Tln^  eye  of  a  i>uj)  killed  on  Zapadni  in  August,  showing  a  tine  case  of  jH'rforation 
of  the  cornea,  Wiis  preserved.  This  has  been  carefully  examined  by  Dr.  D.  K.  Sinite, 
who  has  iiiiide  a  sjiecial  study  of  diseases  of  the  eye,  and  he  has  made  tlie  following 
repoit : 

'I'lio  wliolr  fontcii  is  (li'iiscly  o|iai|iir,  tlir  toriiciil  l.iycrs  lii'ing  r«i>larrd  l>y  lil)ro(in  tisHuo 
(leiiroinii),  Almiit  the  luiitrr  cif  thu  onnusi  tlicio  is  ilistimt  m  idrnt'o  that  a  piM  loiatioii  liad  tiil\t'n 
|ila<'<>.  A  wclliiiui'kcd  l>aiid  of  i-iratiicial  tis.siu-  is  .shown  aloii^  i\w  aiU'  of  thu  |it>rfiirat(Ml  ciiniea. 
Tlic  fii'nttiN  coiitaiiis  |ii<riii(Mit  t'roiii  tho  iris.  'I'lu'  iiis  is  iiililtratnl  witli  inlhiiiiinatory  tells  (leuco- 
cytes) and  ils  pupillai'y  inar<;in  is  adhcient  to  the  eicaliis  aii<l  tlii'  eornea  isynechia  antiMior). 

The  uveal  pijjruout  has  l)oeu  dctat^hed  at  various  |iiiiiits  of  the  iris  and  lies  in  the  vitreous. 

'I'he  eili.iry  hody  was  delarlied  and  drajjfjed  toward  the  site  of  the  corneal  perforation  and  is 
intiltrated  with  nuinuions  inllannnatory  cells  icyelitis). 

'I'here  is  a  lar^e  anioiiut  of  inlhtinniatory  material  iii  the  plaeu  of  tlii^  lens  and  ad.jacont  vitremis 
coini>osed  of  liliors  and  leiieocytus. 

The  retina  was  detaclied  and  swollen,  and  the  choroid  was  inliltrateil  with  larj;c  ininilitirH  of 
inllannnatory  cells. 

The  perforation  lhnin;;li  I  he  e<M'iu-a  is  alxiiit  I  iniliiintvlers  in  diameter. 

I  am  of  the  o]iiniou  that  the  prohahle  cause  of  the  diseased  eye  was  the  pre,seu(Mi  of  foroiKii  '>odic.< 
in  it,  wliii'h  c(uild  easily  lie  l>ron]Lrlit  ahoiit  liy  windstorms  and  the  coiiseiinent  lilowiiiK  of  sand  against 
the  cornea. 

Dr.  Norgaard  has  called  my  attention  to  the  fact  that  there  is  also  a  widespread 
disease  among  domesticated  animals,  known  as  iiit'ections  opthalmia,'  which  presents 
symptoms  precisely  similar  to  those  noticed  among  the  pups,  so  that  it  is  by  no  means 
improbable  that  a  like  di.sciise  may  account  for  many  of  the  sore  eyes  seen.     It  is  of 

'  •'  Keratitis  acuta  infectiosa,  Midler.  Lelirhiicli  der  Aii«;eulieilkiiiide  turThioriir/.te,  p.  2.">;  "  liifec 
tions  oplithalinia,"  \V.  1".  Woeso,  American  Veterinary  Keview,  Jan.,  ISH",  pp.  707-711. 


RT 


96 


THK    FUR    SEALS    OP    THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


i  i 


course  uiuU'i-stood  tliat  it  dues  nut  iiu(;c.s8arily  follow  rliat  tUtt  «lise!i.su  iiiiioiig  the  seals 
is  (raiisud  by  the  same  genu  whi(;h  piodiices  the  trouble  auiong  <loiiii>sti(;ated  animals, 
and  even  among  the  latter  it  is  susjiected  that  more  than  one  pns-itroduciug  germ  is  at 
work. 

The  blindness  of  the  bachelors  has  been  ascribed  to  overdriviug,  although  no 
explanation  was  oHeretl  as  to  why  any  amount  of  driving  slnmld  cause  loss  of  sight. 
Five  pups  totally  blind  aid  two  blind  in  one  eye  each  were  noted  while  counting  the 
starved  j»ups,  as  well  as  one  "wall-eyed"  «!ow  and  one  cow  and  two  bulls  each  with 
one  white  eye. 

A  feature  of  considerable  interest  is  the  liability  of  the  seals  to  attacks  of  what 
Dr.  T.  M.  Wood  considers  Lystero  epilepsy,  the  first  instance  of  which  was  noticed  by 
Colonel  Murray  and  Mr.  Macoun  on  East  rookery,  8t.  George.  The  subject  was  a  cow 
recently  in  from  the  sea,  and  apparently  dying.  The  eyes  were  rolled  upward,  the 
head  was  bent  slightly  backward,  the  body  was  rigid,  and  although  the  animal  still 
breathed,  it  seemed  at  the  last  gasp.  The  seal  was  turned  over  and  examined  for 
wounds  or  other  injuries,  but  none  were  found,  and  when,  half  an  hour  later,  the  spot 
was  revisited  the  animal  had  disa[(peared.  Several  sinular  attacks,  seen  when  counting 
dead  pups,  were  apparently  bninght  on  by  fright,'  but  in  the  case  Just  noted  there 
was  no  apparent  (;ause,  nor  was  there  in  the  case  of  a  young  male  noted  by  Mr. 
Barrett-Hamilton.  This  bachelor  was,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  dead,  and  was 
turned  over  ami  pulled  about  for  souu>  time,  although  when  someone  started  to  pull 
out  the  long  bristles  from  the  moustache  the  seal,  to  the  astonishment  of  all,  roused 
up  and  weu'  away.  The  attacks  noted  lasted  but  a  few  minutes,  althougli  whih;  they 
endured  the  aninuils  were  in  a  ])erfectly  couuitose  condition. 

While,  like  other  wild  animals,  the  fur  seal  is  ordinarily  free  from  blemishes,  one 
bacheUu'  was  killed  which  bore  a  fatty  tumor,  2  inches  in  diameter,  on  the  side,  and 
an  adult  female  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Townsend  in  which  a  tibrous  tumor  was  deveht])- 
iugon  the  left  ovary,  the  one  functional  for  the  season  in  which  the  animal  was  killed. 

A  few  more  or  less  comi»lete  albinos  were  seen  anutng  the  pu|)s,  and  two  instances 
of  nuilformation.  One  of  these  was  a  pup  with  tiie  nose  surrounded  by  a  series  of 
tieshy  protuberance.-,  suggesting  that  of  a  star-nosed  mole,  and  the  other  was  a  pup 
in  which  eyes  were  totally  lacking.- 

From  the  above  observations  on  the  mortality  aiul  diseases  of  seals  it  is  a^tparent 
that,  while  they  are  subject  to  a  variety  of  complaints,  there  is  no  evidence  that  any 
great  number  of  deaths  is  caused  by  specific  disease,  much  less  that  there  is,  or  has 
been,  any  epidemic  among  them  aside  fnun  that  caused  by  Unvinaria.  Of  course  it  is 
[tossible  that  such  a  thing  might  occur,  as  the  cormorants  of  the  Commander  Islands 
have  twice  beesi  decimated  by  some  disease,  but  it  would  be  fioni  (causes  whitth  can 
not  be  foreseen;  although,  as  Dr.  Stiles  points  out  elsewhere,  we  have  in  the  nund)ers 
and  habits  of  the  fur  seal  conditions  favorable  t(»  an  epidemic. 

The  f(»llowing  tables  sunuuari/e  the  results  of  the  work  of  18<J()  and  LSUT,  and 
show  the  number  and  causes  of  deaths  so  far  as  is  known. 

I  Set)  V.tl  I,  I't.  II,  pp.  I!»7,  .".(Hi,  .-.SI. 

- 1  lia\'(tui)(lctiiilH  vunccriiiiiirtlii.s  Hpci^iiiuMi,  which  wuh  pruc.uit'd  l)y  Mr.  Hiiri'vtt-llaiuiltixi,  except 
hiH  Btatuuiciit  that  tlioni  wuru  no  ujoa  in  the  HuckotH. 


ip  the  seiils 
ed  itiiiiuiils, 
r  j;crin  is  at 

IthouKli  "" 
)S8  of  sight. 
ouiitiiiK  the 
Is  fsvcli  witli 

Ajks  t»f  what 
i,s  noticed  by 

ct  WilSUCOW 

upwind,  the 
B  iiiiiinal  still 
'xainiiied  for 
iter,  tlie  spot 
hencouutiujj 
,  noted  there 
noted  by  Mr. 
jad,  and  was 
tarted  to  pull 
of  all,  roused 
jvh  whih'  they 

jleniislies,  one 

[  the  side,  and 

was  devi'lop 

il  was  killed. 

two  instances 

l)y  a  series  of 

her  was  a  i»up 

it  is  apparent 
Mice  that  any 
lere  is,  or  Inis 
L)f  c«)urse  it  is 
ander  Islands 
ses  which  can 
the  numbers 

ind  IHOT,  and 


lamilli'iii  <xcci)t 


TABLES   or    MORTALITY. 
MORTALITY  OK  Al>irLT  FUR  SKALH  ON  THE  I'RIBILOF  ISLANDS  IN  18!»6. 


97 


■j 


i 


The  following  is  a  record  of  the  adidt  seals  found  dead  on  the  islands,  made  at 
the  time  of  the  count  uf  dead  pups,  August  5  tu  H: 


AnliKiittii 

Jtenl 

I'olovi 

VnHtoi'hni V 

Morjovl I 


North 

.V.  Ilforije.' 

7  '... 

Little  EuHt 

KlIHt 

■>  1 

SI:::;:::::: 

Staraya  .\rt«l -- 

Toljil 

131  j 

1 

28 

'  ISiill!*  anil  liaclivlorA  iii>t  roiiiitiMl. 

Dead  inipn  vimntvd  on  Ihr  I'vibilnf  laliiiiils  hilwctn  AiiijiihI  .'i  and  II,  tSOil,  hij  ninkeries, 

St.  Paul: 

Kitovi  KKt 

l.iiKDon  • 7S 

LiiKiUiiii L>(»r> 

Tolstoi |,«!»r. 

Zapaihii I!,  (Wt") 

LUt\r  /apiulni i;U 

Zapailiii  Reel  104 

Oort>at(li  71U 

Ai'tligiKMi 2 

Rei'f !)50 

Siviitch  Roclt 50 

i'oloviiia (j;{r> 

Littlo  I'oloviiia 17 

Vostiiclini 1,  !SOS 

Moijov  i ,l«,f, 

Total 10,;i09 

St.  Oeordc ; 

North 2.")!t 

Little  East ;(1 

East 112 

Kiipnilni 19j) 

Staruya  Artel, 1;J5 

Total 73,5 

Oratirt  total  11,045 

5947— PT  3 7 


98 


TlIK    FUlt   8KAKS   (»F   THK    I'UIHILUF   ISLANDS. 


P 
I 


Causen  of  dtaih  amontj  nurBiuy/iir  neals  on  St. 

i*ault  as  tiefermhm 

{  bn  the 

dimeoi 

iOHd  of 

lS9ii-97 

CaiiHK. 

ITp  to 
IS 

Total. 

Aflor  AiigiiHt 
15 — 

Total. 

1890. 

45 

20 

r> 

7 

1897. 

71 

55 
lU 

4 
5 

1800. 

1897. 

(IncJDftriii 

110 

84 
15 
II 

5 
12 

U 

:i 
:i 
1 
1 

1 
14 

SI 

122 

12 

52 

irw 

12 

Hittoii  in"  otliorvvJHo  iitjiired 

ill 

I 

? 

1 

1 



<  'riiHli(!<l  iiiiilur  rocks 

Iiillainiiiiitioii  of  kiiltievH 



Suppurating  HliuiihlerH 

1 

1 

1 

100 

•i 

u 

1 

Total 

154 

260 

15           188 

203 

Summary  of  dimeciionii  oh 

St. 

Paul  in 

'X!>7  tliriilid  into inriuil«  ofjire  days. 
Chiiho  of  ileatli. 

Date. 

till, 
known, 

StnrvH 
tioii. 

»j 
5 
15 
24 
9 
0 
25 

rni'iim 
ria. 

1 

12 
18 

:i;i 

7 
111 
2:i 

I'lirhiii 
i-lii  pliiA 

.StlUVtt 

tidii. 

Viol('m-«     Siiiiilrv. 

1 

,1  Illy  25     

;)0  

:i                2 
2                   1 
2 

AuL'    5 

4 
4 
2 

:i 

1 

7 

lU 

■«  1 

15 

20 

..  . 

i'l 

25 

1 

ao  

5              :i 



Sept.  5 

86 

12 

Total... 

177 

I'ja 

'JJ                   !t                   (i 

«l 

Summary  of  iHsaeclionn  in  /A','/',-  /)//  roukirirn. 


Hookcrv. 


NortlmiiHt  Point .. 

Polovinu. 

l.ukiiiiin 

Kltovi 

Keuf 

(rorbtttcli 

Lagoon  

'I'olHtoi 


iCapudni 

Total . 


Uale. 


AiieufitO 

.Iiilyiil 

July  24,  2,5, 26;  August  1,12 

.Iulv2fli  .\u):o8t;i,  12, 14 

.lul'v  19,27;  Aii«u»l2,  5,0,  16;  September  I .. 

August  4.  16;  September  1 

August  2 

July  28,  20;    August  7,  II,  14,.  19,  23,24,27; 

September  1,4. 
JulyaU;  August?.  24;  Septtuiber4 


Starva- 
tion. 


47 


177 


irneiuu 
ria. 


122 


Starva- 
tion 
|>lusuii- 
einaria. 


Vio- 
lence. 


Sundry.  y^J^^^ 


Toliil. 


6 
22 
40 
68 
18 
21 
54 

b 
1U7 

am 


Total. 


10 
10 
12 
17 
5:1 

;i:i 
4 

109 
03 


345 


Summary  of  diHseclionx  on 

Tolstoi  between  July 

J8  and  Septentber 

■/,  1S!)7. 

Date. 

Starved. 

1 
2 
1 

llucina 
ria. 

0 
6 
6 

'J 

6 
5 

10 
2 
3 
2 

Cause  of 

Unoina 

ria  plus 

starva 

tion. 

death. 
Sundry. 

In 
known. 

Total. 

3 

29 " ' "           '                         

1 

g 

1 
1. 

8 

11"                                       

. 

3 

6 

2 
12 

r 

5 
11) 
0 

i 
2 

B 

23                              

24 

7 

27                                       

1 

3 
2 

0 

21 

2 

1 

11 

Total 

.'iO 

44 

8 

3 

4 

109 



Plate  XVI. 


9H-97. 

iKUxt  I 
181)7. 


Tiitttl. 


Til  ' 

S2 

rja 

i»a 

Vi 

1'.! 

1 

1 

1 

1 
I 

181) 


'2U'J 


I'll 

IIIIWII. 


Tnlal. 


il 

•2-J 
411 
«8 
18 
2\ 
54 
li 
1(17 

34li 


1 

'     Vn 
■  known. 

1               1 

T 

,t:l\. 

-- 

Ill 

lU 

li 

17 

5:1 

i 

4 

4 

109 

1 

4 

ifl 

1        « 

'.(45 

In 
■known. 


'I'lilul. 


3 

9 

8 

. 

3 

6 

i 

8 

2 

84 

7 

9 

21 

1 

11 

4 

1         109 

DEAD  PUPS  ON  TOLSTOI,  1892. 
From  a  i)liiiti)i.'rii|)li  tiy  .1.  M.  MnriMui. 


I 


III 


o     K 


I 


..UL--mL'JlHJLi!.J'!.LUi'.L     U'  H'  "  '  I'" 


11 


> 

X 


10^j^.: 


5  •/. 

o  ■ 

cr  " 

Li. 

Q  Z 

ui  5 


z     •: 


<     :: 

K       - 


i 


il 


If      1 


I 


1 

f 

1, 

i 
1 

1 

I 


o 

I- 


o 

t- 


i 

o 

tc 
a 

z 


» 


[f 


If 


Plate  XX. 


PART  OF  SKELETON  OF  VOUNQ  BULL,  SHOWING  INJURIES  PROBABLV  DUE  TO  THE  BITE  OF  A  KILLER. 


X 
X 

lU 

I- 

3 
a 


kl   II 


Rfl 


VII.-INTERNAL  PARASITES  OF  THE  FUR  SEAL. 


Hy  Cii.  Wauiiki.i.  Stilus,  I'li.  1)., 

Xnoloyiiil  of  the  bureau  of  Aiiimul  InduHln/, 

and 

AiliKHT  Hassai.i..  M.  R.  C.  V.  S., 
InxpeKlor  in  the  Bureau  »/  Jniiiial  Industry. 


SUMMARY. 

I. Iiitrodnctioii :  Tlie  first   parasitic  worms   recorded   from  Bering  Sea  were 

collected  hy  Steller  iii  1742  from  the  now  extinct  sea  cow  (p.  100).  Since  that  time 
parasites  (p.  1(K>)  have  been  mentioned  from  the  fur  seal  of  Bering  Sea  by  Klliot, 
1882,  and  by  the  Uritish  Commissioners  in  the  Paris  hearing,  but  the  worms  were  not 
studied.  The  subjejit  of  the  parasites  of  the  fur  seal  besirs  an  intimate  relation  to 
the  parasites  of  marine  mammals  in  general  (p.  101),  but  references  to  the  parasitic 
diseases  of  marine  mammals  are  meager,  and  none  of  them  treat  the  subject  in  detail 
(p.  101-102). 

The  parasitic  worms  collected  by  Lucas  in  Bering  Sea  came  from  the  fur  seal,  the 
hair  seal,  and  the  sea  lion  (p.  102),  and  belong  to  three  dillerent  families  of  worms 
(j).  10;{):  mawworms  of  the  genus  Ascaris,  strongyles  of  the  genus  I'nvinaria,  and 
tapeworms  of  the  genus  liothriocephnliis.  Of  hese  the  ascarides  and  strongyles 
are  tin  most  important  in  connection  with  the  st'bject  at  hand,  and  of  mawworms 
alone  we  have  sufticient  material  for  proper  study. 

IF. — Family  Ascaridae  (p.  10.'{).  (Jenus /l«,vfn«:  Synonymy  (p.  103);  diagnosis 
(p.  10.'}).  These  worms  occur  normally  in  the  digestive  tra«!t,  but  are  occasionally  found 
in  other  parts  of  the  body  (p.  104);  a  few  specimens  have  little  or  no  elfect  upon  the 
host,  but  heavy  infections  may  injure  the  hosts  in  various  ways;  by  stoppage  of  the 
bowels,  by  wandering,  taking  food  intended  for  host,  wounding  the  nui(rosa,  production 
of  a  toxic  substance  (p.  104).  None  of  these  effects  have  been  observed  in  any  degree 
of  importance  in  the  case  of  the  fur  seal,  but  (here  is  no  reason  to  ass'  je  that  the 
etfects  of  ascarides  upon  these  animals  will  be  diH'erent  from  the  effects  of  mawworms 
ui)on  other  animals  (p.  104).  In  our  opinion,  while  the  mawworms  v,'ill  undoubtedly 
be  a  factor  in  the  general  debility  of  seals  in  cases  of  excessive  infections,  the  relation 
of  the  worms  to  the  mortality  of  seals  will  be  insignificant  (p.  104).  The  seals  become 
infected  with  their  ascarides  by  eating  fish;  these  worms  accordingly  play  no  role 


iTi 


This  report  on  the  parasitic  wornm  of  the  I'nr  seal,  ooUcctt'd  by  tlie  United  .States  CoinmiHsion  of 
18!I6,  vrnn  prepared  iiiulcr  tlio  directimi  of  Dr.  1),  K.  Ralmon,  Cliief  of  the  Itnroaii  of  Anini.  I  Industry, 
United  Status  JJopartiuont  of  Agricultiiro,  at  tlio  reiiuest  of  tlie  Secretary  of  the  Tr'-asury. 


t>9 


100 


THE    FUH    SEALS   OF   TIIK    I'UIHM.OF    ISLANDS. 


ill  the  death  rate  of  pups  too  young  to  catch  lisli,  and  a  crowded  condition  of  tlie 
rookeries  is  of  no  importance  in  connectiou  with  the  spread  of  iiifc(;tion.  Tliere  is 
evidently  no  way  open  to  prevent  infection.  Ascttris  ilfieipiois  was  colleitted  by  Liicas 
from  the  fur  seal,  tlie  hair  seal,  and  the  sea  lion;  and  .1.  osviihila  from  the  sea  lion 
(p.  10/)).  These  same  worms  are  found  in  other  parts  of  the  world  ((Sreenlaiid,  etc.)  in 
other  hosts. 

Thr  Ascarhh's  of  marine,  wammah. — Under  this  head  we  discuss  the  history  of 
the  subject,  the  division  of  the  genus,  and  the  hist«)ry  and  structure  of  all  of  the 
various  forms  described. 

III. — Kamily  Strongylidae;  (p.  104),  subfamily  Hcrlerostominae;  genus  I'nrimirirt. 

A  few  worms  of  this  genus  were  found  by  Lucas  in  a  fur-seal  ]>up,  three  months 
old,  but  our  material  is  not  sutlicient  to  iiermit  a  detailed  study  of  the  form.  The 
worms  of  this  g«  nus  are  blood  suckers  of  the  worst  type,  and  a  heavy  infection  would 
undoubtedly  have  very  serious  etl'ects  upon  the  pups,  iis  allied  worms  do  upon  man, 
dogs,  cats,  and  other  animals.  The  life  history  of  and  source  of  infection  by  the  seal 
VncinariH  is  not  «lemoiistrated,aiid  can  not  well  be  demonstrated  at  this  distance  from 
its  habitat,  but  analogy  would  iioint  at  a  direct  development  without  an  intennediate 
host.  (Bee  also  8np]dein«nitnry  Note,  p.  1<!5.)  If  this  view  drawn  from  analogy  is 
correct,  the  infection  would  take  pliice  upon  the  rookeries,  and  a  crowding  of  the 
rookeries  with  an  open  season  ainl  lack  of  nourishnient  would  give  the  <;oiiditions 
necessary  for  an  epizootic;  thus  this  worm  might  under  conditions  play  an  iiii))ortant 
role  in  the  mortality  of  the  pups,more  especially  if  the  latter  were  deprived  of  nourish- 
ment from  their  mothers  because  of  pelagic  sealing  or  other  causes. 

IV. — Family  Hothriocephalidae  (p.  H'>7;)  subfamily  Bothriocephalinae;  genus 
IMhrinviphalHH.  A  few  worms  of  this  genus  were  collected  from  the  fur  seal  by  Lucas 
who  states  that  about  40  per  cent  of  the  seals  are  infected  with  them.  Lack  of  time 
prevents  our  making  a  detailed  study  of  the  form.  Analogy  points  to  lish  as  the 
intermediate  host,  and  hence  as  source  of  infection.  These  worms  would  ac(;ordingly 
not  be  found  in  young  pups. 

V. — Compendium  of  parasites  arranged  according  to  their  hosts. 

VI. — Bibliography. 

I.— INTRODUCTION. 

The  earliest  record  we  have  been  able  to  iind  of  parasites  in  the  marine  maininala 
of  Bering  Sea  is  a  statement  by  StcUer  (1751')  that  in  .luly,  1741i,  lie  found  some 
parasitic  worms  about  half  an  inch  long  in  the  stomach  of  the  now  extinct  sea  cow, 
Hifdrotlamalis  Stetleri.  These  helminthes  {Ascnris  riftinae,  see  p.  1(J3,)  are  now  aniden- 
tiflable,  but  have  been  referred  to  by  various  helminthologists. 

In  helmintliological  literature  we  have  not  succeeded  in  finding  any  further 
references  to  parasitic  worms  in  Bering  Sea,  and  especially  of  the  fur  seal,  but  Mr. 
Lucas  has  called  our  attention  to  the  following  passages  in  other  works. 

Elliot  (1882,'  |).  35)  in  his  Monograph  of  the  Sea  Islands  of  Alaska,  refers  to 
worms  in  the  stomach  of  the  fur  seal  and  the  sea  lion  as  follows: 

I  liavo  oxaniiiiod  tho  Btoniacbs  of  Imnilreds  which  wero  driven  up  and  killed  immediately  after 
their  arrival  in  tho  spring  ni>»r  tho  village;  I  have  tho  word  of  uiitives  here,  who  havo  8oen  hiindrods 
of  t)>^!T<-"'nu.i  of  tlioni  opened  during  tho  slaughtering  aeasons  pant,  but  in  no  one  single  case  has 


■The  dates  cncIoNed  in  parcntliesoH  rofnr  to  the  works  cited  in  the  liibliography,  pp.  171-174. 


r 


fj!  i 


INTI{<miT<  TION. 


101 


of  the 
here  is 
lii»(5as 
cu  lion 
ete.)  in 

(tory  of 
I  of  tlie 

whuo'iit- 
iiioutlis 
in.    Tlie 
til  would 
on  man, 
'  tho  H«'al 
nice,  from 
^iineiliiit*' 
iiiilogy  is 
io  of  tlie 
.oiulitioiis 
inii)ovtant 
if  nourisli- 

le;    genus 

Iby  liUcas 

k  of  time 

sli  as  tlie 

ordiuniy 


mammals 
)und  some 
t  sea  cow, 

w  uniden- 

ly  furtber 
il,  but  Mr. 

t,  refers  to 

(diately  after 

Ibou  hniulrorts 

case  lias 

171-174. 


oiiytliiiiK  <^v(>r  boi-ii  fonnil  othnr  than  tlie  bilo  anil  oriliiiary  HorrctionB  of  hralthy  orjjnim  of  thiH  I'laaH, 
witli  thu  niarkiiil  i-xruplioii  ol"  linilinK  in  every  one  a  Mtiarl  or  cliiNter  of  worms  {Xematoda)  from  tho 
si/.e  of  a  walnut  to  a  biinrli  ait  lar);i<  iia  a  inaira  tlst.  FiiHtiiiK  a|i)iiiriintly  has  no  oHi'ct  upon  tliv  worniH, 
fur  on  the  rant  oui^aHion,  anil  iiorhajtH  thr  laHt  onu  that  will  ovrr  ocniir,  of  killing  llircti  or  four  liiindreil 
olil  IxiIIh  lutein  tho  fall  to  Hupply  the  nativux  with  «anou  skiiiH,  I  \\u»  |)rtts<Mil,  anil  aKaiii  uxaiiiiiUMi 
their  paunchcn,  lindin)^  Ihi'  nmimo  anmridav  within.  They  were  lively  in  the»i«  empty  HtoniacliN,  anil 
their  pre.Meni'.e,  I  think,  ^ives  Honio  reaHon  for  the  hahit  which  the  olil  IxilU  have  (the  othei'H  do  not)  of 
swalluwinK  Mniall  water-worn  howlders,  the  Htones  in  Home  of  the  HtomarliH  weighing  half  ii  pniind 
apieee;  in  others,  much  Hinallor.  In  one  panneh  1  Ibiiuil  over  Ti  pounds,  in  tho  a^^re^'ate,  of  lai'Ke 
pebliloH,  whii'h,  in  K>'iii<liiiK  against  ono  another,  I  believe,  niutit  comfort  the  Heal  liy  aiding  to  destroy 
in  a  great  measure  those  intestinal  pests.  ' 

Tlie  sua  lion  is  also  trouliled  in  tho  same  way  liy  aHimilar  species  of  worms,  and  I  proNerved  tho 
stoinarh  of  one  of  these  animals  in  which  there  was  more  than  10  ]ionnds  of  stones,  Home  of  thorn  alone 
very  groat  in  si/.o.  Of  this  latter  animal,  I  suppose  it  could  Hwallow  liowlders  that  weigh  L'  or  :i  poiinils 
eacli.  I  call  ascrilie  no  other  cause  for  this  habit  among  those  animals  than  that  given,  as  the,v  are 
the  highest  tyiieof  the  carnivora,  eating  lish  as  a  regular  means  of  siibsiHlence,  varying  the  monotony 
of  this  diet  with  oceaNional  Juicy  frondH  of  seaweed  or  kelp,  and  perhaps  a  crab  or  Hiich  once  in  awhile, 
provided  it  is  small  anil  tender  or  soft-shelled.  I  know  that  the  sailors  say  that  the  ('allurhhiiiH 
swallows  stones  to  "  ballast''  himself;  in  other  words,  to  enable  him  to  dive  deeply  and  i|uiekly ;  but 
I  noticed  that  the  females  and  the  "holluscbickio"  dive  quicker  and  swim  better  than  the  old  fellows 
above  specitied,  and  they  do  so  without  any  ballast.  They  also  have  less  museular  power,  only  u  tithe 
of  that  which  the  "see-caf.ch"  possesses.     No,  the  ballast  theory  is  not  tenable. 

Ill  the  Keport  of  the  British  Conimissioiicrs  (p.  J>7,  sec.  'Mli)  in  tlie  Paris  Arbitra- 
tion tlie  following  rather  iiuletiiiite  reference  to  tlie  parasites  of  srals  is  foiiiul: 

The  fur  si-alH  upon  tho  I'ribilof  Islands  are,  however,  atllieted  by  at  least  ono  known  trouble, 
that  of  iuti'Htinal  worms,  and  in  the  stoinnuhs  of  every  seal  killed  a  certain  number,  and  often  a  very 
considerable  number,  of  such  worms  are  found.  This  can  not,  of  eoiirse,  bo  lonsidereil  aH  roimtituting 
in  itself  a  very  serious  uil'ection,  but  if  under  any  ]iartii'nlar  train  of  circiimstanees  it  should  bo 
considerably  increased,  it  alone  might  beeoino  a  danger  to  the  continued  well-being  of  the  seals. 

These,  so  far  as  we  aro  aware,  are  the  only  published  stiiteinents  regarding  the 
parasitic  worms  found  in  ISeriiig  Sea.  The  preliminary  study  of  the  parasitic  disea.ses 
of  the  fur  seal  is  thus  reduced  to  indetinite  and  vague  statements  of  little  or  no  value. 
W'vi  may,  however,  e.vpect  that  a  review  of  the  parasites  of  marine  mammals  will  aid 
us  in  the  subject  at  hand,  as  basis  for  comparison  and  inference,  and  it  will  he  well, 
therefore,  to  take  a  ghiiice  at  the  literature  upon  this  subject  before  passing  to  a 
determination  of  the  worms  collected  by  Lucas  in  Bering  Sea. 

The  greater  part  of  the  literature  upon  the  parasites  of  marine  mammals  is  pur(>ly 
zoological,  dealing  with  descriptions,  lists,  and  synonymy  of  forms  found  in  various 
parts  of  the  world. 

Both  worms  and  urthropmls  have  bet^n  found  parasitic  in  or  upon  iiiariiio  iiiam- 
nials.  So  far  as  the  eti'ect  of  aniroal  parasites  upon  tlie.sc  hosts  is  (;oii(;eriied,  the 
majority  of  hclminthological  articles  do  not  refer  to  it.  The  tbilowing  references  ttj 
this  subject  have,  however,  been  found: 

Murie  (18G8)  gives  an  account  of  a  post-mortein  examination  upon  a  your^g  male 
walrus  which  died  at  London.  In  this  account,  which  is  reprinted  in  full  in  (roiinec- 
tion  with  the  jiarasite  present  (see  p,  139),  Murie  found  a  large  number  of  worms, 
Ascnris  bicolor  Baird,  in  the  stomach,  to  the  presence  of  which  he  attributed  a  con- 
gestion and  ulceration  of  that  organ.  He  also  states  that  an  abscess  was  found  in  the 
brain,  in  one  portion  of  the  account  Murie  says  tlnit  "death  seems  to  have  resulted 
from  the  uh^eration  of  the  stomach,"  although  he  a<lmits  that  "it  is  not  clear  why  the 
animal  should  have  succumbed  so  suddenly,"  and  adds:  "Literally  speaking,  these 


Kl'lt    SKAI.S    OF 


I'KiniLOF    ISLANnPv 


iiUHn'iitions  wure  ho  uxtoimivo  tliat  it  in  curious  tlio  Hiiiiiiiil  Oioiiltl  Imvo  survivetl  so 
loii^/'  In  iiiiothor  portion  of  his  roport  Miirio,  in  referring;  to  Mio  iihst-cHs  of  tiiu  bruin, 
reniiu'kH:  "Whothor  thiH  lesion  was  tho  more  iinmodiato  cans '^  of  duatii,  and  not  thu 
ulcerated  uoudition  of  tliu  Htomacli,  is  an  open  question.'' 

Admitting  that  the  ulcerated  condition  of  thu  stonnu'li  was  caused  by  tlie  worms, 
and  lulmittiii^'  that  with  "only  tiio  muscular  and  a  very  thin  lining;  of  the  snlunucous 
tissue'' remaining  pertbration  might  have  easily  octiurred  and  been  followed  by  u  fatal 
peritonitis,  we  fail  to  see  that  Murie  has  uiiule  a  clear  case  in  diagnosing  the  cause  of 
tieath. 

('obbold  (IS7!>)  devotes  a  portion  of  his  work  on  "Parasites"  (o  a  discussion  of 
the  animal  parasites  of  IMuniitedia  (Part  V,  pp.  .'U.'i-;tir>)  and  ('etacea  (Part  XI,  pp. 
41(1-13(1),  from  which  the  Ibllowing  passages  are  extracted: 

C'olibold,  1S7U,  \uino  I  Its :  I'liu ii|>|i»i'oiil ly  liciiltliy  t'utacuikii  L I'hiwaeiia cummunin  —  Vhuiiunn iilunaciiii ] 
wiut  Hliiit  liy  Mr.  .lariliiiu  Miiiriiy  in  tlio  Kirth  <>!'  Kurtli  in  A]ii'il,  1S,V>.  I  uioiitioii  Km  roiiilition  Imhmiiinu 
tliK  bill'  tliiclH  wero  Coiiiul  to  \m  tliNoaseil  in  »  way  Hiniiliir  to  tliiit  oiilinitrily  obNorvt'd  in  oiihvh  of 
lliikd  rot  iiD'octinK  Hlievp,  I'littlo,  anil  otlicr  tininialM.  In  my  Ms.  nolr  book  I  rrniarkod :  "'I'ho  livrr 
diictH  worr  in  Hovcral  ]ilHri<H  tbickonrd  and  knoltod  iiuar  tbo  Hurt'ai'o  of  tbo  organ.  On  opuning  thuHe 
they  wore  found  to  bu  loadi'd  witli  Hinall  dititornata"  |  IHnlomii  Cami>iilu     Ciimimlii  obliinijii]. 

Cobbolil,  IS7!I,  |i. 't'J2:  '  '  '  Thu  MUiall  intextinu  of  tliiH  |ior|>oiHo  | />(7/i/ijii»n /i/ioriiciid  I'litwiictia 
/i/ioi'ai.'iia  I  was  I'.otnpluttdy  choki'd  for  the  Hpacr  of  S  or  !>  (■.■oi  !iy  linx  taiioworniH  ho  cloHely  paukod 
togi<thur  that  thi>  gut  preaonti'd  thi<  appitarauco  of  a  solid  cylindrr. 

A  most  remarkable  iufu(;tion  of  a  <Hohiirpluilnn  Srineral  {-  (ilohlurplHtla  nielus) 
with  thorn-heatled  worms  (hJvhinorlninchHH  vttpitatus)  was  reported  by  Paroua  (189.'J), 
who  estinuitcd  that  I2r>,,'{()a  specimens  were  present  in  the  intestine.  Paroua  does 
not  give  a  detailed  iiccount  of  the  pathological  ctfetrts  of  this  infection,  nor  of  any 
symptiuns  ob.served  by  the  capt«)rs,  but  argues  in  favor  of  the  view  that  a  heavy 
infection  like  this  one  must  have  the  same  etlcct  upon  a  wild  animal  as  upon  a 
domesticated  aninuil. 

These  four  -imitations  are  the  most  important  references  wo  have  founil  dealing 
with  the  etVects  of  parasitic  worms  upon  nuirino  mammals.  It  might,  however,  be 
added  that  the  supposed  genus  (Umocephali(s  (see  Asraris  tiiplvn,  p.  l-'7)  was  based 
upon  a  coagulated  body  formed  by  mucus  and  epithelial  cells  from  the  stomatmh  of 
the  host;  but  the  relation  of  the  wtu'ms  to  any  [tossible  erosion  of  the  stonuich  wall  is 
not  nientioiit;d. 

As  it  is  impossible,  in  the  ^m  <i  alloted  to  the  ])reparation  «)f  this  report,  to  discuss 
in  detail  all  of  the  different  ])ar; ..sites  we  tind  recor<led  for  marine  mannnals,  our 
discussion  will  be  coiiUiuhI  to  torn  s  directly  bearing  upon  the  parasites  collected  by 
Mr.  Luciis. 

TlIK   I'AIIASITIC   WORMS  <;OLLEOTKD   HY   MTCAS  IN  BPJUINO  SKA. 

Mr.  Lucas  has  furnished  us  with  the  following  data  concerning  his  examinations 
of  uuiriue  nuimmals  in  Hering  Sea  during  the  sununer  of  181Hi: 

NumatodcH  in  varying  uiinibors  am  always  prosont  in  tho  stoniarli  of  tho  fur  ho»I.  Thorn  may  bo 
only  two  or  throo  or  thore  may  bo,  roughly  spoaking,  one  huudrrd  or  more.  Only  iu  rare  casrit  dooH 
tlioir  proMonco  huoiii  to  cauMo  any  irritation,  but  oiicaMionally  a  niimbor  may  bo  fuuiid  attached  to  one 
spot,  and  tho  stomach  wall  it*  there  thick  and  hard. 

All  extreme  case  of  this  is  shown  in  the  s|>oclmen  of  stomach  of  sou  lion,  Riimelopian,  b'lt  no  case 
so  bad  as  this  was  inct  with  in  any  far  seal.  Tho  tapeworm  is  fonnd  in  alioiit  two  ont  if  every  live 
souls,    jjowetiiues  biituue  is  present,  somotiuics  ton  or  a  dozen,  though  so  many  as  this  is  rare. 


THE    PARASITIC    WOUMS    <Ol,LK(TKI»    ItY    IJ'CAS    IN    HKKINfJ    SKA. 


103 


Tlio  lik|io\vorriiM  iii-o  roiniil  in  tint  lar;;t<  iiituHtiiX',  in  tint  iiii^iitrity  of  hhhch  willi  Mm  Iio.mI  lUHtiiiieil 
ill  or  iiitur  to  tlin  uacciiiii,  wliirli,  in  tli»  I'lir  Hi'iil,  is  Hliort. 

Nu  tit|iew<iriiii«  worn  fiilinil  in  tlii<  two  old  in»l<<8  killcil  in  Aiik>ihI,  wliicli  lutd  no)  cult'ii  I'or  ut  Icitat 
two  nioiitliH. 

Tli«  worms  riilKtututl  l»y  LiiCiiH  ciiino  fniiu  t\w  fur  n«miI  K'allorhinHx  «r«*rt»<«),  tliu 
8u»  lion  (Hii»trti>iti<is  Mtclhfi)  iiiid  tlu'  hair  sj^iil  (I'hoca  Uinjhd  PuHhm). 

A  spocit'H  ol' tiipewonii  (/»«//i>/f»(<7>/)«/««,  seep.  KiS)  wus  t'oiind  in  ( 'al  lor  hi  n  iin ;  ii 
lew  siroiifiyles  (//'m'/H<(rm,  setj  p.  U>r>)  were  pirsiMit  in  tlie  intostinool' n  CiilliirliiniiN 
pnp,  iinti  asciiriih'H  (AncariH)  w»'re  present  in  Ciillorhiiius,  /•/««i(7«/»m.s,  iiiid  I'lioni. 
The  asitarides  alone  were  presiMit  in  liirp*  nninbeiH.  As  it  is  evidently  these  worms  to 
which  the  Itiitisb  referred  in  the  I'liris  report,  and  as  these  were  the  only  worniH 
present  in  sullicient  nnmberH  in  l.y.N(  to  eome  into  consideration  from  a  medical  point 
of  view,  fitrthormorc  as  the  time  at  onr  disposal  for  this  report  is  exceedingly  limited, 
almost  the  entire  time  allotted  for  stutly  of  the  seal  parasites  haH  been  ^iven  to  study- 
ing the  members  of  this  genus. 

II.— Family  ASCARIDAE. 

Thisfamilyof  rcmnd  worms  is  vari(Misly  diagnttsed  by  different  anthorsl  but  it 
must  be  subjected  to -i  rigitl  and  critical  study,  with  nnub'rn  nu^thmls,  before  we  can 
tell  with  any  <legree  of  satisfaction  which  genera  should  be  included  in  it  and  which 
Hh(Mdd  be  eliminated  from  it.  For  generic  diagnoses  of  the  forms  which  come  into 
qiu^stion,  Dujardin  (1H15),  Diesing  (18(>U),  and  Schneider  (IStiti)  especially  should  be 
considted. 

No  iittempt  will  be  made  in  this  report  to  detinu  these  various  genera,  as  only 
one  of  them,  the  tyi)e  of  the  family,  conies  iut(»  consideration  in  connection  with  the 
parasites  of  seals.  It  may,  however,  be  remarked  that  the  genus  VonovcphahiH  ami. 
probably  also  I'iritmelulius  fall  as  synonyms  of  AHcariM, 

ASCARIS  Lmnneiis,  I7BH. 

'  175S,  .l8cnriH  Linnaki's,  S,vHt<Miiii  iiitturao,  10th.  »<!.,  |i.  tils.     'I'ypa  liy  »liiiiiii»l.ioii,  .l.tiimhrirHidix  l.iii- 
iiiieiis,  IToS. 
1800.  (VijKHfio'ia /KDKlt,  r.rsti-r  Nitvlitrii);  Nutio'K.     Eiiintnvoiilinv.,  pp.   xl,  .">,    7.     KiitiyHted  liirvite  in 
Sitlmii  aii<l  Clupiit. 

1S(N),   /''uKdi-Ja  ZioDKK,  KrHtfrN'MchtraK  Niktiir^.     l-'.iUK<'vrci(li<w.,  pp.   \l,  li,   l)i.     .Imnris  itiihi I  itiid 

including  .(.  liimhrivoiiles,  lienor  typi",  .(.  Iiimhriroideii. 
1M'I.'>.  .locaWn  (.Ifii'nm)  DiMAUDiN,  lli.st.  nut.  Utdinintlitw,  p,  I.")).     IncliidoM  typo  orfrcnnH,  Ikiiid' t.vpu, 

.1.  lumbriividei. 
lMr>.  AavartH  {Animikia)  Dit.iaRDIn,  Hist.  iiat.  Holiiiintln-r*,  p.  I'o.    Typo,  ".I.  «im;i/e.i'  lindolplii,"  niisdo- 

tcriiiinod   -.  .1.  hiisaiimii'rii. 
ISIiO.   Conociphalus  Diksinc,  SitzuiigslxT.  k.  Akiid.   WInh.    Wion,    Xlill,   no.  L'S,   p.  (Kill.     Typo,  Viiiio- 
ccpholuK  tjipiriis  Dicsing,  18(i0. 
l)iA(iN()siM. — liody  inoro  or  loss  olastir,  idongate,  cyliiidrifal,  inoroor  loss  iittoniiatod  toward  lioMi 
oxtn-niltioN.     Month  anterior,  toriiiinal,  with  tlirco  torininal  convergent  lips,  two  of  which   are   von- 
tro-hitoral,  the  third  dorso-mudiau ;  armed  pliaryngcal  bulb  absent.     Anns  near  posterior  extremity. 
Sexes  separate. 

Male:  With  two  spicules,  ventral  canilal  papillae  |ireBeiit;  prauaiial  sucker  absent. 
Female:  Vnlva  in  anterior  two-thirds  of  body. 
Type:  .Imariii  tiimhrlcuidea  Linnaeus,  IToM. 

■  No  pretensions  to  a  oomplelo  generic  synonymy  are  here  made.  Only  such  genera  and  sub- 
genera are  cited  which  have  a  direct  boiiriug  upon  the  type  species  and  those  species  considered  in 
tins  paper.  A  coiupluto  revisiuu  of  the  uemutudes  must  bo  made  to  establish  coiiipleto  generic 
synonymy. 


104 


TKK    VVH   HtAI-S    Ol'    Till:    i'UllllUlF    1HI,ANI>8. 


!'l 


WoriiiHot' tliiH^cMiiiHocfur  in  tlitutdiilt  Hta^oin  tliustoinacli  hihI  intt'Htinnot' varioiiH 
Hiiiiiiiils,  They  aro  (>(H;usioiiiilly  reported  in  ntiii^r  purtioiiH  of  tlir  hoily,  as  Mmi  iiiuntli, 
naHal  pasHaguH,  liilo  tltu^tH,  prritoiioiil  cavity,  utc.  In  many  instanct^H  MiiH  alxM-rant 
poHition  of  Mi«^  woriiiH  is  iiiMloiibtudiy  tliiu  to  an  a(!tiv«!  wan(lMrin;j;or  tlitt  parasittvs  alter 
tlio  death  of  tiio  host,  althoii^li  eases  are  also  recorded  where  the  nematodes  liave  heeii 
taken  from  other  portions  of  the  body  than  the  stomaeh  an«l  intestine  immediately 
after  death,  (lasos  are  also  recorded  of  expulsion  of  uscarides  thron^h  tin;  mouth 
or  noae  during  the  life  of  the  host. 

A  few  aseariiles  nuiy  oeeur  in  an  animal  and  yet  not  have  any  serious  elVeet  upon 
it,  especially  if  the  host  iu  larjjfo.  When  present  in  considerable  nnndters,  iutwever, 
they  are  undoubtedly  of  iiuportanirc!  and  may  bring  about  serious  trouble.  The  injury 
to  the  lu)st  may  be  of  ditVerent  kinds: 

(1)  Ity  the  presence  of  a  large  number  of  ascarides  the  luinttn  of  the  intestine  may 
be  so  lllled  as  to  cause  a  temporary  stoppage  of  the  bowels. 

(2)  A  wandering  of  ascarides  from  the  intestine  to  the  liver  through  the  bile 
ducts,  which  rarely  occurs,  amy  inteifere  with  the  How  of  the  bile,  and  may  even  result 
in  more  serious  complications. 

(3)  It  is  claimed  bysonu;  that  the  ascarides  may  jterforate  the  intestine,  especially 
in  case  of  intestinal  ulceration,  and  thus  gain  access  to  the  body  cavity.  An  ingress 
of  faecal  nuitter  through  the  perforation  will  result  in  peiitonitis  and  thus  lead  to 
death.    Such  atttive  perforation  of  the  intestinal  wall  is,  however,  certainly  rare. 

(4)  The  assimilation  of  fo(»d  by  the  ascarides  results  of  course  in  depriving  tlieir 
hosts  of  a  certain  quantity  of  nourishment;  but  this  will  be  insignilicant  in  cases  of 
light  infections. 

(ft)  Some  ascarides  have  very  strong  lips  and  become  tirndy  attached  to  the  walls 
of  the  intestinal  tract.  It  is  but  natural  that  numerous  wounds  in  the  mucosa  arising 
from  the  lips  and  teeth  of  the  worms  should  proiliute  some  injury, as  they  would  form 
jioints  of  attack  for  bacteria.  If  Marie's  opinion  (see  p.  \'.i'.))  is  correct  that  the  ulcers 
in  the  stonnudi  of  the  walrus  he  examined  were  due  to  the  presence  of  the  a.scarides 
fouiul,  these  ulcers  probably  began  in  this  way. 

(<J)  It  has  been  shown  that  some  a.scarides  se«!rete  a  substance  which  produces  a 
swelling  around  the  eyes,  a  profuse  How  of  tears,  and  intense  itching.  This  action 
on  the  part  of  the  ascarides  of  seals  does  not  seem  to  have  been  noticed  as  yet. 

The  above-known  conditions  are  taken  from  ascaride  infection  of  land  animals. 
We  k!u>w  nothing  of  the  ettects  of  the.se  parasites  upon  tlu^  seals;  but  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  assume  from  analogy  that  they  will  have  practically  the  same  etVect  u[ion 
seals  which  similar  parasites  have  upoir other  animals.  We  do  not,  however,  believe 
that  they  will  enter  into  serious  consideration  in  connection  with  the  mortality  of 
seals,  since  death  from  ascarid  infection  must  be  exceedingly  rare. 

It  is  generally  assumed  that  ascarides  are  all  autoccious  parasites;  that  is,  they 
have  a  direct  development  with  only  one  host.  While  this  point  has  been  estaltlished 
for  A.  lumbricoMcH  of  man,  it  will  be  shown  below  that  seals  become  infested  by  eating 
flsh. 

This  fact  has  an  important  bearing  upon  the  relation  of  these  worms  to  the 
diseases  of  the  seals,  for  although  we  may  lind  ascarides  in  very  young  dogs  and  <!ats, 
the  pups  of  seals  will  not  become  infected  with  them  until  they  begin  to  eat  Ush.  In 
other  words,  while  the  crowding  on  the  rookeries  would  naturally  present  conditions 


ASCAIMM. 


105 


wliit'li  would  h*'  inoHt  favomble  to  tlio  tluvi^lopiiiciit  of  parusitic  disniHi's,  siirli  rondi- 
tioii.s  ill  no  wu.v  unltM'  into  Mio  i-onsi<loratioii  of  iiilctrtion  l>y  tlio  aMcai'idcs  in  qiiostioii. 
Till)  inlurtion  taktv-^  plaru  in  tlio  watiM-,  not  upon  Ihf  land. 

Tlio  maw  worms  rollectod  in  H«>rin);  Sua  Wy  Liifus  liavt*  lu'cii  ivl'unrd  to  two 
HpOfitis,  both  of  wliicli  Inivo  already  Im'I'Ii  rocordiMl  for  otin^'  parts  of  llio  world. 
AsrariH  tlcriinviiH  was  found  in  tlio  material  takt'ii  from  tlio  fur  seal,  tlio  hair  seal,  and 
till)  sua  lion,  and  Ancarin  oHciilata  in  the  material  taken  from  the  sea  lion. 

Ah  these  two  species  are  eonsiilerably  eonfiised  in  lii>lmintliolo<;ieal  works,  not 
only  with  eaeh  other,  but  wit  li  still  other  forms,  it  has  been  iieressary  to  eonsiill  the 
entire  literature  upon  Mio  asearides  of  marine  mammals;  and  as  a  knowledge  of 
the  charaeters  of  all  these  parasites  is  neei'ssary  in  jiidKin;;  tlie  forms  found  by  liiicas, 
it  has  been  dee.idod  to  incorporate  in  this  ro|>ort  their  deseriptions,  hosts,  and 
syuouymy. 

THK   ASCARIUKH  OK   MARINK   MAMMALS. 

Aceording  to  Krabbe  (IH7S),  O.  Kabrieius  (1780,  p.  27li— not  aeeessibl,'.  to  us) 
mentioned  three  species  of  nematodes,  namely  Asraris  pltiHiir,  .1.  hijUlii,  and  ,1.  tiihi/ini 
from  Greenland  seals,  but  Krabbe  states  that  none  of  these  forms  eaii  be  reco^^ni/ed. 
(toeze  (17M"J,  pp.  7.'{,  71)  described  an  Axvurix  phocdniiii  collected  by  Hoemmerin;;  in 
17H1  from  I'liora  ritKlhta;  the  animalH  were  4.]  inch(>s  loii^r  ami  not  i|iiite  a  line  thick, 
(imelin  (17!M>,  p.  'MM))  cites  .1.  plmcar,  to  whi(di  he  refers  (ioeze's  A. iilioi-uritm;  he  also 
cited  .1.  hijiilii;  .short  iliafjiioscs  are  given.  Undolphi  (17!».'{,  p.  10)  also  refers  to 
.1.  iihociir,  but  does  not  add  anything  to  the  ilcHcription. 

The  later  history  of  tlicfe  worms  is  intimately  connected  with  the  history  of  the 
genera  li'ittiilariti  rioelich,  i>}>U'iitHh>i)in  Kudolphi,  and  Ihtvnilis  Dnjardin.    As  so  much 
uncertainty  exists  coiictM-ning  the  forms,  ami  as  they  can  not  be  properly  .iiid;i;ed  with 
out  a  careful  stinly  of  the  history  of  the  geiiern  in  question,  they  will  not  be  considered 
further  in  connection  with  this  report. 

The  history  of  the  ascarides  of  marine  maniinals,  .so  far  as  species  n-cogni/.ed 
today  are  concerned,  begins  witji  Itudolphi  (IS02),  who  dcscriiietl  an  Asvnris  oscidnta 
frcnn  I'liocti.  ISctween  the  appearance  of  Itudolplii's  article  containing  a  dcs«-riptioii 
of  this  worm  and  the  appearance  in  ISOO  of  Schneider's  Monographic  dor  Nemalodcn, 
authors  ])rctended  to  recognize  Kudolphi's  species  and  to  distinguish  from  it  certain 
other  species  and  g(;nera  du.scribo<l  as  now. 

With  Schneider  (l.SOO)  a  new  epoch  in  nematode  literature  began.  This  author 
rcstudied  lindolphi's  material,  together  with  other  specimens  preserved  in  tht>.  IS«'rlin 
Museum,  and  gave  good  descriptions  and  tigiircs.  Very  unfortnmilely  lie  failed  to 
state  in  mo.st  cases  whether  the  description  of  a  given  form  was  based  directly  upon 
Kudolphi's  originals  or  upon  other  material,  so  that  in  many  cases  we  arc  left  in  uncer- 
tainty regarding  the  weight  which  should  be  attached  to  his  diagnoses  of  Itudolphi's 
tbrms.  As  Schnehler  definitely  states,  however,  that  he  examined  Kudolphi's  origi 
nals,  and  as  his  work  in  reality  represents  the  first  extensive  piiblicaticm  upon 
nematodes  prepared  in  a  manner  to  be  of  much  service,  we  consider  it  obligatory  upon 
us  to  accept  his  determinations  ms  correct  until  they  are  provcil  to  ])e  erroneous.  We 
consider  all  literature  upon  the  subject  of  the  nematode  parasites  of  marine  mamnials 
published  prior  to  IStiti,  and  all  determinations  made  before  this  date,  except  in  so  far 
as  the  speciineus  have  since  been  reexamined,  as  open  to  question. 


io<; 


THK    VV\t    SKAI.S    OF     irfK    I'KIHIl.t  tl'    ISI.AM18. 


II  '  < 


8iiic«-  S<hiuM«lt;r's  inoiiti^^nipli  iipiHtiir<-.<i,  various  authors  li:iv(f  stiidit-d  tlit>  iieiiia 
1,0(1(1  panisitt's  of  iiiariiic  iiiainiiial.s;  some  (»l'th(»ir  urti«',l«^s  are  wortlilcss,  as  tlu-y  show 
a  coinpletc  ijiiioraiicc  of  tim  litt'ratiirt^  of  the.  subioct  as  well  as  HU|>('rti(-ial  study  of 
thf^  woniiH  Tlio  most  iiiipoi-taiit  stiidiiis  upon  th»i  subjfct  liavc  bet^n  made  by  Kral>b«' 
(1.S7.S)  and  .liifjerskioUl  (IH'Jl),  whose  wriTiufjs  will  fieipu'ntly  be  referred  to  in  tlie  text 
of  this  report. 

IJeforo  iKissinj;  to  a  deacrijition  of  tiie  worms  to  be  ntudiod,  it  will  be  ii«'(!ess;»ry  to 
eoiisider  for  a  nu)nuuit  the.  elassilit^ation  of  the  ^enus  AmnriN. 

Various  attempts  liavebeen  made  t^otli vide  this  frenus  into  sul)},'e';,Maan«l  seetions. 
The  divisions  made  by  earlier  autii'U-s,  Rudolphi  (IHOttj  ;iiid  d-  lilaiuville  (1S2<S)  need 
liurdly  be  (MUisidereil  here. 

iMi.jardin  (1815)  prop<».sM«l  a  divini^*!!  based  upon  aiiatomi(;ai  eharaeters,  and  this 
elassili(tati<Hi,  althou;,-h  not  j;enerally  aeeeptx'd,  should  be  j;!  ven  iu*re  because  of  its  rela- 
tion to  some  of  the  forms  'yhieh  occur  iii  nuuine  nuimmuls.  The  fuliowin;;  table  shows 
the  varicms  (;roup8  pro|)os6d  i»y  Diijardin 

I.  SubguiiiiH  Amarix:  lltorim  willi  two  |iiii'alli<l  Itniiicl.oH  i>\t*tniliiii;  ciiinliKl. 

1.  St'i^tioii :  ( ))'m)|iliaKiiH  Niiii|ilt',  wllli  cu-  witlmiil  vt'iili  ii'lti,  Wiit  witlioiil  iiyloni',  (riUX'ul)  ii|)|i(>ii(l- 

ItgXM.       'I'lliH    SCCtidl).    Willi  ."ll   NpcuiuH,    IllchlUuil     IIK!     lypu    III'   llir    (ri-IlllH    illlll    .iMlflfix    llSrII lilltl 

li'ii(liij|ilii  (s(>()  |i.  ITil  I. 
'2,  Six'tioii:  Otwii|>liiif;im  IoIIiiwimI  Itv  a  iiiiiri'  iii'  liihs  ilistiml  vi'iitri<'l(>,  uilli  nfNoiihii^ctitl  I'lii'rinii, 
or  witli  ill!  iiili'stiiial  |i.vloi'ir.  a|i|i«iidu);i-.     S|ll'vit'^4  Nils.  .').'■  uilili,  iioiix  of  wlii>  li  ar»('iiiitiiilertMl 
ill  tilt)  |iri'Hi>iit  i('|Mir'. 

3.  tSoi'Miiii :  <  )t3HU|)lia|{iiN  ihiiIoiiki'iI  liy  ;i  (miiiiiiiii  or  p>  liirir  up)H<iiilaKi'  at  Mm  ni<I<>  uI'  llitt  iiil^'Ntlni', 

mill  acooiiipaiiiril  alHn  l>,v  aiiuthoi  1  .Kiriiin  Iroiii  Mii'  iiiliwliiieunil  iliiurteil  ri'plialail.     Speriits 
NoH,  r>7  to  71,  iionr  of  which  ar«  loiiHiiliirnil  in  IIhh  lepoii 

4.  Srction  :  OesopliajriiH  with  a  Miii^iB  I'aiM'iiiii  or  p\  lorir  a)ipniiilagi<  iixtniiiliM};  raiiilail  iit  tlii' 

Hido  of  tlio  iiittistiiie.     ( •iiti  Hpciiirs,  .1.  noim. 
II.  8nl>n<'iiiiH    I"''"''"'!"  •■  llti'iim  with  Iwn  liriiiiiilieH  cxtoiiilint;  111  nppiiHili' ilirci-tioim.     SprrjcN  No«. 
7!t  to  75,  not  ronsiiliMi'd  in  this  roport. 

III.  Sllligi'tiiis  .IriiidAi"  ;   Mali' with  two  iini'i|iiul  HprnilnH.     Si-o  .1.  IhiKnumieni    p.  Kit. 

IV.  Siibgonii8 /'»'j/de//iAJ8 :  I'ti'i'im  diviihtil  into  luoro  thiiii  two  brsumliOH.     'I'ypo  anil  only  Npoi'iuH,  .1. 

anoiira. 

Investigations  since  Dujardin's  tiini>,  s«hmu  to  prove  tliatthlH  olassilie/atiou  <;au  not 
be  aiu^epted. 

Schneider  (18(5(1)  proitosed  to  divide  Che  ^eiius  Asiuns  as  fulk>wH: 

A.  Iii|m  with  drntiKurons  riil<;(>,  lint  witlioiit  intariiieilialii  lipn. 

It.  liipH  with  dontlKi'i'ona  ridce  and  with  iiit<'riiie<iiat«  lipH. 

0.  l.ipH  without  diMiliueroim  rid^r,  lint  wiTiii  iinnciiliKs  and  iiitoniiiidiali'  li|iH 

1).  KipH  without  dontiKoniiia  rid^o,  with  "  Liill'iiiu  "  and  interiiiudiutit  lipM. 

The  iinpiu'tance  of  the  intermettiale  lips  as  a  means  of  elasHilieation  seem8  to  be 
well  established,  and  will  be  a(h»pte«i  in  nhis  report. 

As  stated  above,  a  study  of  the  ascanides  collected  by  liUcas  mteessarily  led  to  n 
study  of  all  of  the  ascarides  ,.)uiiii  in  murine  mammals,  Kiiu;e  it  iiiimediately  schemed 
probable  that  the  parasites  from  lieriii;;  iSea  were  closely  allied  to  the  forms  collected 
from  allied  hosts  from  (ireeidaiid  and  Iceland,  (hifortunately  we  have  had  very  little 
material  for  comparison,  ami  hav<^  not  hud  tiinti  to  obtain  for  consultation  any  of  the 
types  contained  in  the  l<hiropean  collections.'  Our  determinations  are  theretbre  based 
entirely  upon  the  diagnoses  of  other  woriiers. 


>  (j«e  n^  J^I^i^U,  1U4,  l-U,  167. 


THK    AS(  AiaDES    OK    MAUINK    MAMMALS. 


107 


iieiiia- 
^'  sliDW 
iiuly  of 
\riibbt' 
lie  text 

*s;.iy  t<> 

eel  ions. 
•S)  iieeil 

iiml  t'ii« 
'  itsielii- 
Ic  hIiows 


.1)  niipP'"'" 
i.s   ii«i'iW(llil 

.ii\  ciiniiiii. 
ciiii»i<l»!»'««' 

,«  illt.'MtilM', 

i,\.     Si>e«i<'s 
iiiliul  lit  tl"' 

)ii  eiin  not 


eeiuH 


to  be 


ly  Um\  to  a 
•ly  seeiiietl 
s  « (tlleeteil 

very  little 
y  of  the 

fore  biiHeil 


■ill 


The  -.riiterial  we  hail  on  h;inii  tor  conipansdn   eonsisted  of  a  few  worms  eolleeted 
in  Kurope  hy  Stii*  s  and   a   few  bottles   found   in   the   Leidy  cuileetiun.     Taking;  liie 
.-.inuaeter«  from  mirown  spetiimens  and  from  liie  literatnre  u|K»n  llicHuhjeet,  tiie  Ibliow 
inn^  key  has  been  prepared  and  will  lie  of  «ervi<<'  in  delerminin^  tiie  known  '  aacaridcs 
of  marine  mammals. 

KKV    TO    IIIK    AS(Al;n»i:S    u|'    MAlMNi;    MAMMALS. 

1.  Adult  Con.:- - 

hurviil  I'oriiiH  whirl)  arti  mil  <li<vi-!ii|ii'il  lo  :i  il<';;ri'i'  |ii'riiiiltiii;;  tin-  ilHtitriiihiitlion  of  tlio  Hpt'cieH; 
UUiioi'ully  XN'itli  |ii'iiiiiiii«iit  liiiilli  vi'iitiiil  of  iiioiilli  Mini  witli  roiiical  K|iiiii(  mi  llii<  tail. 

f       .1.  liiitHulnria  (|i.  1*14  I. 

2.  IiitiTiiieilialt)  li|is  iilmiMit H 

InU'riiii'diitti;  li|i.t  [ircsciit !* 

No  (lata  at  liand  coiiccriiiii','  riitori Iiat»i  lips I(t 

3.  Doiitifjcroim  rid({<'  iirt-Hiiit  »ii  lipn 1 

One  |ia|iillaoii  eiuli  vriitro-lalorul  lip,  Haiil  to  lixarfito?  tttctli;  ouHopliageal  and  intoHtiiial  rarca 
ap|iartMitly  all^ent  ;  Hi'iuiid  portion  of  oHsopliajjiiM  iisiiiillv  si|riiioid. 

Malo;  7(1  to  !H) Ioiih;;  tail  witii  7  lo><  paiiM  ol'  iio^taiial   pMpillar.  ol'  wliirli  1  lo  I   arc  iiitar  tlin 

tip,  .">,  »!  -)    7,  anil  S  near  tliecioara-,   irft  (L'.:i"""l  Hpiriilo  lip|if{i-r  than  ri>;ht  (  1.7' )  spiniln. 

Female:  Hi  lo  liKl"""  lonj;;   viil\a  iirar  Hit!  iiiiddlr  of  tho  Imdy. 

I  lost:   heliihiniiplffun  Iiikiih.     See  iiIho  .1.  gim/i/r.r  i  p.  I'-'l  i I.  Kiiki  iilhnlii  I  p.  III). 

Da  til  ronrerniiiK  ileiiti};er«im  ridfje  are  want  in  <; S 

I,  Denti^jiTims  riilK<',  Niimli-   5 

I  )eiiti|;rriiiis  rid<;r,  donlili  ;  rntiriilar  haiiilM  proviileil  with  line  tranHVeiw  Htriiie. 

Male:  2s loii>>;  I'aiidal  papillae  iiiiiiirron>. 

reniale:  .")7"""  loiij;;   \nlva; 

llimt;   Olarin  juhtilii:   I'atiiKonia I.  iinlnijiinivii  (p.  IIH). 

5.  Cntiriilar  hands  with  liner  traim verse  striae;  spiriiles  iiiMrly  ei|inil 11 

Ciitieiilar  lianils  wilhoiit  liner  transverse  striae,  hut  arran<i;i'il  ho  as  to  }i\\a  a  Herr:ite  appnar- 
aiice  to  the  niaij^iii  of  the  worm  when  seen  iiniler  Ihe  niieroBiope;  oesophajjeal  and 
inteHlinal  i:i(ea  ahsttnt 7 

6.  Lipi  of  nearly  equal  diameter,  hut  of  very  dilVerent  outline;  oesopha^nal  e:iecnm  nxiy  he  preitent  or 

ahseiit;  intestinal  eaeenm  present,  i<in>;  or  short. 
Male:  ltl<  to  70"""  lull);;  ,5  to  <i  pairs  of  praeanal  papillae,  of  which  I,  L'.  :>  are  conical  ami  nearei' 

the  tip,  W  I:ir(;er  than  'J,  _'  lar;;er  than  I ;   I,  .'>,  ii  shorter  :iiiil  nearer  the  cloaca,  .'.  Iar;;er  than 

I  or  <i,     .Mi<iiit  IKI  p:iirH  of  [iraeanal  papillae,  increiisiiifr  in  si/e  from  lirst  to  eiirhlh;  spicules 

nearly  ei|iial,  l..'i  to  :^..~i'""'  Ion;;. 
Female;  '_':")  loSO"""  loiin;  vulva  near  middle  of  the  Imdy. 
Hosts:   I'liDiu,   CiikUiiiIidiii,   (IiIuIii  ii  ii  « ,    llaliiliiiiriix,   (ntloiliiiiiiK,    Eiimiliiiiiim  :    .\rctie  Ocean   ai;d 

Kerin;;  Sea /.  iluijiii  ili  (  p.  lOlh. 

MpH  of  nearly  ei|iial  si/e  (  Krahhe),  or  dorsal  lip  lO.tl!""")  much  Hinaller  than  ventral  (ll.KO"'"') 

lip;  oegophajfeal  and  intestinal  caeca  almeiit. 
Male:  'M  to  lltO"""  luii^;  i'>  to  S  pairs  of  postanal  piipill.e,  of  which  I   to  I   nearer  the  lip,  the 

outer  pair  heiii^  longcHt;  .~i  to  Safe  shorter  and  nearer  the  aiiiiH;  praeanal  papillae  arranged 

each  side  in  one  or  two  rowg,  llio  lirst  six  jiairs  iiearosi  the  cloaca  are  shortly  ])iMliiiicnlute; 

the  (ithcrs  :ire  longer;  spi-iilcs  I.IIX"""  loiii;. 
Female:  !I7  to  2iH)"'"'  Ion;; ;   \  iilva  a  lil-llc  in  I'iomI  of  the  middle  of  the  liody. 
Hosts:   liiitiiiiiiiftlirn,  IhljiliiiiiiiilmiH,  Momiihiii,   lliiiiiTooilmi,  I.iiiiiniiihijiiihiiH,   Olaiiii,  .'  I'luicitiiii, 

f  heliihiiiuii,  .'  I'liilaiiixlii :  (iicenlanil.  Icohiiid.  Henmark,  and  elsewhere  ..  .1.  nimji/cr  ( p.  12(1). 

'  III la'iirlicitiin  luiiiiiiliiH  foniiil  in  Maiialux  iiiiiitiiuis  anil  I'liilriirlieliiiH  iimiiinin  found  in  Ihliiliinim 
amucuiiiOHK  (  Iniii  llniiyiiiiji)  are  not  considercil  in  this  key.  From  I  Irasche's  studies  it  seems  prohahle 
to  iiH  that  I'ri-ilraihiliiiK.  type  /'.  iimiijiiiK,  is  a  syiionyniof  .luc/irin,  hut  wo  hcaitiite  to  suppress  the  genim 
at  prenent  w  iihinil  lirst  examining  specimeiiH  of  || ,  IhUriirluViiH  also  may  ho  an  .liciirix,  hut  we  ha\e 
uo  M|MM'imens  for  ::tiiily.     See  lootnote,  p.  Ili:i. 


i 


108  TUK    VVli    SKAliS    OF     I MK    1'1,'IHII.OF    ISI-AND8. 

7.  ('iitit'iiliir  ItiinilN,  ,'iL'  /(  hi'iiiiil;  UorHitl  li|i  dridotl  into  u  liir^-o  bttHc,  ami  it  vrry  siiiikll  ^iitrrioi 
IiiIoImkI  proji't'tiuii;  Mpctuiil  portion  ol'  kihoiiIiux"**  K*'"untll,v  ■<iK"i»>*l' 

Miklo:  ;il  to  70 loii^;   willi  !)  to  10  ( 1 1 )  \m\y»  of  iioHtiuiul  |iu|iillik<>,  of  wliicli  I,  L',  ;t  urti  coiiiciil 

liiitl  iii'ikr  tlio  til),  t  to  10  (III  shorter  itiiil  ucitror  the  rIotiiM ;  |irat<itiial  |)ik|>illiii>  uiiniomiiH, 
ikrritii^oil  ill  throt)  rowH  ttituh  Niilo;  lott  (3""")  ttjiifiilo  itbuul  throu  tiiiirH  as  luii^  aa  \\nhl 
(O.'Mi"'"')  spiciilo. 

I'Viiialo;  ;!7  to  !K)"""  loii>{;  viilvii  iiour  iiiiilillo  of  Iho  body. 

Hosts:   Pit  phi  II II 'I  ainl  /Vi)<<t/^)/ij««»,-  Atlitiitii'  ikliil   I'lkcitii!  oi-i'aii!*    (,  l^iiica  ip.  VJl). 

('iitioiilur  liikiuls  '.'I  II  hnmtl;  lipx  not  wull  Htiidiutl,  lnit  apptkroiill.N  of  nvarly  oi|mkl  si/.e. 

Miklr:  unknown. 

l<'oniali>:  *>^  to  75"""  Ion;;;  of  iv  dark  lirmvaitth  or  wliito  lolor. 

lloHt:   (hlohiiiim  lunmiiiiin (.  hiinlur  Itaiid  sp.  iiii|.  (p.  i;!8). 

S.   I.tpx  of  iimkriy  uijoal  Hi/.o;  inteHtinal  (tikix'iini  pri<M<ui(. 

Malo;   S5  tu  115 '  loii^;  onti  pair  of  posUkiial  pupillikr,  four  pairx  of  praoaiial  papillar;  spii  iilrs 

(thorl. 

I'Vliialo:  K>  to  II I ■  loii^  ;   \  iilva  onothird  to  two-thiidti  Hut  hli^lli  from  anterior  oxiri'iiiity . 

lloHt  :   Itiiijunij  duijon (.  Iinlivurii  (p.  1  IT» 

lloHt:  Aiitarrtic  Mral  (K"i>iin  ?  HpocioH?).  Wings  Maid  to  exttind  tint  wholu  ItttiKtli,  lieioiiiin', 
thicker  at  distal  i<\trttinity.     WorniH  :I7  to  50""",  of  a  dark  olive  color. 

.1.  simili'i,  ^p.  illl|.  (  p.    I  Iti). 
!l.  Ciiliclo    immedlatidy    hack    of   lip>,   in    devp    folds;   posteiior   poilion    of  oc'sopha};iiM,    Including; 

oesopha<;oal  caecum,  lietweeli  ono  third  and   one  half  as  lon^  as  anterior  portion;  ciiticiilar 

hands  .S /(  hroad,  witliont  liner  striation. 
Mule:  ;U   to  70"""  Ioiik;  H  Io    10  pairs  of  postanal   ;:apillat\  of  wliici-   I  to   I   are   near  the  tip, 

and  pnu  pair  o(  iloiihle  papillae  helwoeii  these  and  cloaca;  Ito  or  more  pairs  ol  piaeaiial 

papillae,  arrailffi^d  on  each  side  irrej;iilarly  or  In  a  doiihle  row,   spiuiiles  »i|nikl,  li    In  S '  "' 

long. 
Female:    10  to  .sO'""  loiii;;   vnh  a  on  a  prominent  traii\  esse  rid^o  about  one-third   the   leii^tb  of 

the  body  from  the  head. 

lloMt:  Viioia,  lliiliflioirun,  Sli mirluiiuliHn,  I'ltmvtoiiinii;  cosiuopolitan I.  oiiiilalu  (p.  151). 

I'osterioc  portion  of  oesoplia,^tis,  \\  ith  oi-sophaj;eal  caecum,  scarcely  oni'-sixtli  as  loni;  as  anterioi 

portion. 
Male:    10 hin<;;   \'J  pairs  of  postanal  p.apillue,  of  which  I  to  ;i  are  near  the  tip,  I  to  I'J  irrejjii- 

larly  ari'an>;<'d ;  piaeaiial  papillae  in  a  single  row. 
I''einale:  50"""  lon^;  vulva  about  ono-foiu'tli  thebMi^th  of  the  body  from  tho  head. 
Host :   I'laluiiiHtii  i/aHi/cdiii;  (iaiiges (.  lobiilalii  (p.  1.50), 

10.  No  details  of  structure  known. 

Hosts:   /'/ii/oniifa  ikiid  the  exlinel  llyiliinluiiiiiliii |t 

First  portion   of  oesoplia};n«  5"""  lonj;;    second  portion    1,5 long,  si};iuoid;  eut'.eulur  bands 

'JO  to  :iO  '/  broad ;  head  0. 1"""  broad  :  lips  small. 

Male:  70 long,  tail  curled,  caudal  alae  present  with  8  to  tOpapillae;  spicules  iiiiei|iial  (L'7  :  15). 

Female:  70  to  100 '   long,  vulva  l.'5  to  I0""»  from  nnti^rior  extremity. 

Host:   jiolphiii  (gen.f  sp.  f),  Indian  Ocean I.  IhisisiimHrii  i  p.  Itil). 

I  Nli>l':Nrii  lAiii.K  ,sfK(ii:s. 

11.  Host:   Oolphiiiof  the  (jaiiges  ( /'/(iraiiiidi  .'/iiH>/«fici()  neart^ahuittu.     I.engthover 

an  inch  long (.  iMiihiin  \  p.  ItLM. 

Host:  .Steller's  e\tiiu't  sea  COW  (Itj/ilnuliimnlin  iiii/nx)   Hering  Sea.     la'iigtli 

"  half  a  foot" I.   rylinuv  (p,  Kiil). 

I.   Iiilerniediato  lips  absent. 

A,   Iteiitigerons  ridu;e  pre.sent  on  lip. 
a.   DentlgeroiiM  ridge  simple. 

(f    Cntiide  with  broad  ciiticiilar  banils,  and  narrow  Iransverse  striae;  spicules  of 
nearly  eiiu;il  length. 


& 


i.ll 


ASCAKIS    liKt'll'IKNS. 


101) 


1,  ASCARia   DBCIPIBNS   Krubbr,  1X78. 


(KiK'».    I --'!'.) 


f  ISTi.'t,  Amutrii  Himilit  ItAlwn,  nci-  p.  Uti. 


1H7K,  .(siujiii  (Jdipii 


iiK  KitAiiiip;,  OviiiHiKi'  K.  Duiisko  VitleiiNkuli.     SolskiiliH  Kuril.,  |>|>.   15-17,  11^. 


|il.  I,  IIK'  't;  ■'<'' 


|i|>.   10  r.'.     J\iiKiisKiiW.i>,  IS!M,  /iM>l.  ,lahil>..  N  II,  p|i.  I;V.',  UiT   171.  |>l.s. 
\\*lll,    10-41.— Siox.sli'll,  IsiMi,  Itiill.   Soc,   luliiat.  .><iii.  iiiU.   TiitMlo, 


\XV,   li;;.   U,   .\xvi,  L'tl 

XVII,  p.  'JO. 
f  IWIS,   .(.«'(i'i»  hiilhoKii  (!i>itii.  .loiiiiisoho /niUolii'.  Niitiiiw.,  Will,  (ii.   h'.,   W'l),  i,  S  Iti-f.,  IXNK,  pp. 

.^it-til,  pi.   \,  tins.  L'!i-;H).— ('«>itli,   l«S!»,  Anil.  I,   NuliiiK.,."..".  .Ilij;.,  I.  p.  I,">0,  pi.  Ml,  Iikb.  7-«. 
WM,  "  .lucaiii  uwiitatii  Ki'i'Ol.i'iil,"  iiii.-Klnt.  in  Cull,  l.xitly,  Nut<  .Siii.k.s  A  IIa.><.s.vi.i.,  \  t>trrliiiti'.v  .Mhk., 


I» 


;tu). 


iMAd.sosis.  Iiitoriut'dialt'  lip.s  iklmttnt;  luterul  corviciil  ikliutub.icnt;  lipsol'  iirurly  oi|iiiil  iliuiiuitor, 
lull  with  (lillVroiit  uiitliiit'H,  witli  liiluluHl  anterior  prnjcotioii,  wlnoli  Im  iiiiii'Ii  iiitiro  proiiiiuont  on  llio 
(liirsiil  than  imi  th«  ventral  lipH,  and  ariiieil  in  liotli  on  its  inner  surfacti  with  a  tlentiKrroii.s  litl^e. 
Corvical  papillan  iiliniit  0.5  to  I"""  I'roiii  tli«  aiitttrior  t<xti°i>niity,  lt«Hl>  attuniiatoil  nuiro  toward  tliu 
anlKi'ioi' lliaii  towanl  tli«  postnrior  o.vtrtMiiilN .  Cnticlo  with  -10  to  48  ii  tians\t<rHt<  ciitii'iilar  lianilH, 
wliii'li  aio  providrti  with  iiiiich  sinallcr  {,\  lO  rttriar.  Ott.soplia^iiH  dividrd  into  two  portions:  ottnoplia- 
^oal  (Mix'iiiii  may  \>r  di.-itiiit't  or  iniorporutod  in  tlin  m-t-ond  poilioii  of  tin'  orMoplia^iiH;  inlostiiiul 
('ai'Ciiiii  proscnt,  may  \>r  .sliort  or  loii^.     Kxi  ictor.v  poro  inxdian,  aiitrrior,  liftwcin  thr  xcntral  lipN. 

Mah':  ;t3  to  70"""  loii^,  hy  I  to  l.r>"""  thick  ;  tail  with  latoral  alao,  ulioiit  U"""  loii^;  tt  to  It  paiiH  of 
poHtaiial  papillau  di\  idi-d  Into  two  Ki»»P'*t  '•  -•  ■'  '"'»■'  ('>*'  "l*  <*'  tl>*^  coiiiral  tail,  11  lar^oi  tliun  'J,  2 
larger  than  I;  I,  o,  l>  noarnr  tho  clouca,  '>  lar<{»r  tlian  I  or  ti;  aliont  )iO  pairH  of  prai'Miial  papillao, 
ariauKi'd  on  isich  Hidt>  in  siiiKli^  »r  doiihlu  row,  iiitToa-HiiiK  in  hi/u  IVoni  lirst  to  oi){hlh;  Npiunlos  of 


'arly  I'liu.il  lon;;th,  varyinj;  IVoni  1.5  to  L'.i 


oiiH. 


KuMiale:  L'r>  to  SO"""  lonj;  hy  1  to  :!"""  thick;  vnlva  niarkeil  hy  a  tiannvoiHo  rid^r  in  tho  niiddio 
third  of  the  hody.     KfiK"  .tphfriral,  IS  to  MI  //,  Moniuctit  to  morula  Mtam'  in  the  nt»'rn». 

Habitat:  Stomach  and  inttuitinc  of  marino  inamnialH,  larvau  onuvHtcd  in  niarino  IihIi, 


lloHia, 


A.    fur  itittiU. 


I 'allorhinuf  iiminiit .... 
i'fiitti'i'hoi-ti  K'l'intala  .... 
Hii>fnathun tmrhatus. . . . 
^'^•iitlu^thullf^^^r^ntlu$.... 
t^iijinathut  hiirhitliia 


f.'M  ini'toiiian  stt'tleri 

Ihtln  fwft  itH  tirufum 

MiK'furftinuimnijiiktiroHti'u^. 

OttiitufHUg  ft'HlltdrHH 

I'hm-il,f"iliil,l      

/'/ici'il  i/riii'Mf(OI(/lt'(l 


l.miallty. 


/'/iiit^u  (/r(fl-fl^ltl(/tl'(l■ 
/7l(ll•<l  liinihii 

I'titn'a  nttiiina 

I'hncit  vit'dinu 

r/ii'i'ii  I'ituUtM 

I'huca  vititUita 


.Sciil,  Ki'li.f  s|i./. 
Sral,  urii.  I  hJi.  t . 


Iti'rini'  .'^ 

llri'ithlaiiil 

(irtH'iilnnil 

S|ill/.liiir);«Mi  

siii'i'liiii'iis  lioiii  Vieii' 
lilt  .MiiHi'Uiii. 

liniiiiKS<in 

HoliiiHltiii 

lO 

liriM'iiliniil 

(iiwiilaiiil 

lii'i'i'iilaiiil 

Spci'iiiieiis  Iniiii  VU>u- 
iiu  Miiat'iiiu. 

I   lUM'illj{  Smi 

(iri'OiiTaiiil 

Sitlili'rtvvij; 

'■"i|"i« 

SptM-iiiu'iiH  Iroiii  \  iifit- 
iia  MimiMiiii. 

'  Panif  

Ictilaiul    

(ii'twiiluuil 


('i.llictiir. 


Aiitlii*r>l  V 


11.   For  tiirva. 

tlailu$  titofneffihatut lloriiiL'  S«a 

Theranni  chalt^ramma ruiHill  iHlaiiil 


I.nra*,  ISM Sliloa  .<■  riananll,  Isw.  p.  Ii;i 

(Mrik     Kralilir,  IMV.S,  p.45. 

Valil.lllrik,  I'liiH [  Kialili.',  I)t7«,  p.  4.'.. 

KiikKiithal  I  Ciilil).  IfiHK,  p  HI.  IHKtl,  p.  I.Vi. 

.Stilim  ,V  lIliHHall,  IKVil.  |>  IIU. 

.SliliM  .V  Ihm^aU,  IKII^I,  p.  III. 

•liiei'mkliiM,  IKWI,  p  4(17 

Cliapiiiaii    !  S;ile.H  A  llan.iall,  Isii'i.  p.  112. 

/ill r     Kialila',  IK7H,  p.  4r> 

I'lall Kralilw,  |S7(I,  p.  4;'. 

M.in  h,  M.illcr,  Aliili-r      Kiablai,  1H7S,  p.  45 

HIMI.  I'llllV. 

SKI.m  .1  Uaiaall,  ISlill,  p.  Ii;i. 

l.iiraH,  IStNl StilxH  .V  llaMnall,  181111,  p.  u:i. 

Miircli,  lilrik,  I'lall  .  Kraliln'.  1X78,  p.  46. 

KialilHi.  1878,  p.  4.'i. 

Slllna Siil.sA  llasaall.  I81I1I.  p.  Ii;i 

!  .Stili'H  ,\  llaaaall,  I8WU,  p.  157. 


M lilliT '  Krahlw,  1878,  p.  411. 

Sloimkr '  Kralilir,  1878.  p.  4li. 

.Aiiili'i.'ieii KiablH',  187it,  p.  4li. 


l.iiww,  l8tHl SliUw.v  llaHHall,  1800,  p.  11». 

SIlli'H.V  llaMHall,  IHVW,  p.  IW, 


*  Ut'Oiinlfil  as  .{tti-iiris  liuUwmt.     .Stir  p.  111. 


r 


110 


THK    I  HU   8KAL8   OF  TIIF,    rRIIULOF   ISLANDS. 


•i  \ 


SuMMAUY. — The  ascnridc  of  the  AlaRknn  fur  seal  is  apecillcally  iiulentical  with  an 
ascaridc  fouuil  in  Vhoca  larylia  and  Eumvtopiun  HtcUcri  in  tiic  same  iucality,  and  with 
the  form  descM-ibcd  by  Krabbe  in  1H78  as  AHcariH  tleripientt  from  the  8toniaeh  oi"  I'lioca 
vitulvMf  F,  jjrocnlaiidictt,  /'.  hixpiila  {  =  I'. Jhetidn),  I'.  Uarlmta  (=ihh-i<j)wthuH  barbatus), 

Tfichcvhm  roHnmrus  ( =  Odobenim  ronmarus),  CynUtphora 

cristata  and  several  undetermined  marine  mammals. 

The  species  from  I'hoca  A«r&ff<(j,  deseribed  by  Cobb  in 

18.S8  as  AHcarix  bitlbosa,  does  not  ui>pear  to  diti'cr  ussen- 

tially  from  this  form.    Baird's  (18.53)  AHcartM  similis, 

from  the  stomach  of  an  Antarctic  sea)  (see  p.  147),  and 

his  AscariK  bicolor,  described  in  18G8  as  parasiti«;  in 

the  st<omach  of  Trichechus  rosmaruH  (see  p.  142),  are 

jtossibly  also  identical  with  Krabbe's  spe«;ies.    The 

parasite  has  a  wide  (leographical  distril>ution,  and  is 

acquired  by  seal"  thi-ough  eating  (ish.     In  detail  the  history  of  the  worm  is  as  follows: 

HiSTORUUL  iiK.viKW. — Uegardiug  A.  ximilis,  see  page  147;  for  A.  bicoUtr,  see 

page  139. 

Kriibbe  (1S7S,  pp.  45-47,  n'-sume,  jtp.  11,  lli)  desciribed  this  si)ecies  from  material 
collected  in  (frecnland  by  various  p*>rsoiis  (s<h'  p.  10!))  froni  Pht)va  yroenlamlmi,  I'.bm-' 
bata  {-  Eriynnthm'  burbntm),  P.  hixpida  (  P./octida). 
P.  vifulinn,  VjiHtopinynt  cristafii,  and  TrkhechuH  ioh- 
mania  (OdobitiKH  ritstimrns).  iSesides  Mn-se  hosts, 
from  whioli  the  worms  were  eoiiccu'd,  in  all  in  seven- 
teen (•  ises,  specimens  were  found 
three  times  in  unnamed  seals  iioiti 
r-irnii  (by  Miilier),  bu'laud  (by 
Steincke),  and  (ireeuland  (by  An- 
dersen). It  was  also  f<mnd  once  in 
PliOfti  ril  III  ilia  nil"  th(^  west  coast  of 
Schleswig.  Tlie  parasite  often  oc- 
curs with  A.  oHcuUita  in  the  same 
host,  and  for  both  of  these  spe(!ies 
the  stomach  is  a  more  conniion  hab- 
itat than  the  intestine.  In  one  case 
a  "couple  of  hundred"  worms  were 
present,  of  whi(  h  one  third  wt^e 
males.     Tlie  unih's  attained  4r»"""  in  length,  the  females  (JO""". 

The  lips  are  nearly  alike,  without  intennediatc  lips;  each  lip 
bears  (llg.  I)  a  broail,  rounded  anterior  double  lobe,  separated  from 
the  basal  portion  of  the  lip  by  a  lateral  eoiurave  border.  The  inner 
surface  of  the  margin  of  the  anterior  lobe  is  |)rovided  with  a  den 
tigerous  ridge,  arranged  in  a  tripjdy  curved  line.  Of  the  six  pairs  of 
])OHtaiuil  papillae  in  the  male  (tig.  li)  three  pairs  of  conical  papdiae 
are  near  the  tip,  and  increase  in  si/e  from  the  tip  forwanl,  so  that 
the  third  pair  is  the  largest;  nearer  the  anus  are  three  ]>air8  of 
smaller  papillae;  antero-lateni!  of  the  aims  is  situated  on  each  side  a  row  of  conical 
papillut!,  whu;h  increase  in  si/e  from  the  first  to  the  seventh  (»r  eighth. 


VM   3. 


ASCARIS    KKCII'IKNS. 


Ill 


ilentical  with  an 
uiility,  iiml  with 
)iiuu!b  of  I'lioea 
atUiiH  hdrbntUH), 
irun),C!fHtophora 
arine  iiiainuials. 
ibed  by  Cobb  in 
ir  to  (litter  essen- 
AncariH  similiitf 
(Hcep.  147),  aiitl 
>  as  partisititr  in 
(SIM-  p.  142),  an". 
'h  spetiieH.  The 
i-iltiitioii,  and  is 
nil  is  as  foHows : 
•  A.  hicoltn;  see 

IS  from  material 
'.nlaniHcd,  I*,  buy- 

^^ 


kalus  (JO™'", 
lips;  each  lip 
■tcparatcd  froiii 
(er.  Tlie  inner 
Bd  with  a  (hMi- 
khe  six  pairs  of 
lonical  ]>apillae 
Irward,  so  tlnit 
Ithroo  i>air8  of 
Irow  of  conical 


Ki^^  4. 


Krabbe  was  not  able  to  definitely  (letcrniiiic  whether  or  not  this  form  was  identical 
with  A.  inaritiinn,  but  Leuckart,  who  examined  ^1.  deciphnx  at  Krabbo's  reipiest, 
stated  that  it  was  specifically  distinct  from  ^l.  maritima.  Tho  two  forms  beU)ng  to  the 
same  K''oiip»  but  there  seems  to  be  no  evidence  in  support 
of  the  view  that  ^l.  maritima  of  man  occurs  in  seals. 

Cobb  (I.S88,  pp.  r»9-G4)  described  as  a  new  species 
A.  hulhflsa,  some  nematodes  taken  by  Kiikeuthal  from 
the  stomach  of  Phoca  harhata  {  =  I'h'iffHuthus  harbatim); 
althoujj;li  (certain  ini])ortant  details  of  structure  are  omitted 
in  Cobb's  ai  ti(;le,  there  can  be  scarcely  any  doubt  regard- 
ins  the  specific  identity  of  his  form  with  .1.  //cr;/j»Vn«,  ns  is 
shown  by  the  following  abstract  of  (/obb's  wiu'k  : 

The  male  (figs.  .'5,  4)  measures  .")()  to  70"""  long,  with 
(;ylindric:il  body  attenuatMl  anteriorly;  the  head  is  about 
0.,'5;{"'"'  broad,  while  the  brt>adtli  of  the  body  is  one  twenty- 
fifth  to  one  twenty-sixth  of  its  length.  The  transverse  striae  can  be  seen  «mly  with 
the  aid  of  the  microscope.  The  tail  is  curved  and  jtossesses  papillae  (fig.  4)  which 
can  be  distinguished  with  the  hand  lens.  Cobb's  figure  shows  7  pairs  of 
postanal  papillae;  1,  2,  and  .'i  nearer  the  tip,  4,  5-fG,  and  7  nearer  the 
cloa(;a;  jtraeanal  papillae. about  <>(>  in  number  on  each  side,  extending  for- 
ward in  two  irregular  rows;  in  the  figure  the  first  five  praeanal  papillae 
are  smaller  than  those  which  follow;  the  s])icules 
measure  2  to  2.5"""  long,  are  nearly  similar,  but  the 
left  spii'ule  (2.";"'"')  is  slightly  longer  than  the  right 
{2.;5 """).  The  female  measures  ;"»()  to  8(»""",  the  vulva 
is  situated  somewhat  more  than  on(>-tliir(l  the  length 
of  the  body  from  the  anterior  extremity.  The  ;{..'{""" 
long  oesophagus  is  composed  of  three  portions:  an 
anterior  |mrtion  2 '  long  by  O.o"""' in  diameter  (broad- 
est portion);  a  second  bulb-like  pcu'tiou  0,:S3"'"',  and 

terminal  cylindrical  portion  1' long  by  (►..3.'} '  broad. 

The  intestine  possesses  a  proximal  <;aecum.  The  ex 
(iretory  organ  opens  ))etweeu  the  ventrolateral  lips. 
The  vagina  measures  2  to  3"""  long;  the  uterus,  in<rlud 

ing  the  horns,  !.'»  to  l(i ;  eggs  develop  to  the  morula  stag«*  in 

the  uterus.     The  <!ervical  papillae  aie  situated  ()..') back  of  the 

mouth.     From  the  fact  that  the  excretory  organ  opens  between 
the  ventral  lips,  intermediate  ]\\m  must  be  absent. 

In  his  sc(!oiid  paper  Cobb  (I88!>,  p.  l.'iO)  gives  a  short  abstract 
of  his  first  article. 

.(iigerskiold  (18!)4,  pp.  4r»2,  407-474)  determined  as  identical 
with  A.  ticciitiens  parasites  preserved  in  the  Zoological  Institute 
of  the  llpsala  I'niversity  and  taken  from  the  mouth  and  pharynx 
of  Ualivhocrm  grypiiH  Nilsson.     From  his  anatomical  discussicm  the  following  data 
are  absl  rsicted. 

The  oesophagus  is  divided   into  two   portions:    The  anterior   portion   agrees 
essentially  with  the  correspoliding  piution  of  the  oesophagus  in  "yl.  simplex"  as 


Vi« 


Kig.  <i. 


/ 


112 


THE    FIIK    SEALS   OF   THE    PRHMLOF    ISLANDS. 


I     'I 


defined  by  Krabbo;  the  sonoiid  portion  in  sliortor  than  the  tirnt,  and  may  be  united 
witb  tlie  intustinu  in  two  ditlorent  nmnncrH;  eitlier  tliu  dorsal  Hurface  of  the  oeKO)>hagns 
nlay  be  united  with  the  vi'ntial  Huri'acu  of  the  intestine,  thus  leaving;  the  distal  |)ortion 
of  tliu  He<u)nd  part  of  the  oeHophagus  and  the  ])roxinial  portion  of  tlie  intestine  as  two 
caeca  (tiff.  5),  or  the  distal  end  of  the  oesophagus  may  bo  united  with  the  intestine  in 
such  a  way  that  the  intestinal  (;accum  is  present,  the  oesophageal  ca(u-,umon  the  other 
hand,  absent  (lig.  <>).  The  excretory  organ  is  develo])ed  in  the  same  peculiar  manner 
as  in  A.  oseiilttfa  and  A.  «y>»V»(////m»,  but  discharges  between  ventral  lips,  wliile  in 
A.  OMCuhita  and  .1.  spicitlhiira  it  discharges  distally  of  the  intermediate  lip;  the  gland 
extends  beyond  the  middle  of  the  biHly.  The  vulva  is  situated  aitout  in  the  middle  of 
the  body,  or  somewhat  distal  to  the  ndddle.  "The  vagina,  which  lirst  runs  ccphalad 
for  about  ;*>""<'  and  then  turns,  becomes  widened  into  the  uterus  a  few  millimeters  back 


Uorsal. 


Fig.  8. 


I'-i^'.  7. 


KiK.  ». 


Fig.  10. 


of  tii«  turning  point;  about  C"""  back  of  the  foremost  point  of  <he  vagina,  that  is, 
immediately  distal  of  the  vulva,  the  uterus  branches  into  two  horns  8' long." 

Jii;^er.skiold  calls  attention  to  the  resemblan(;e  which  A.  huUtosa  Cobb  bears  to 
this  form;  he  believes  they  are  identical,  but  owing  to  the  lack  of  certain  details 
regijfding  the  lips  of  Cobb's  form,  he  reserves  definite  Judgment  upon  the  case. 

The  observations  by  Krabbe,  Cobb,  and  Jiigerskiiild  seem  to  be  the  only  original 
work  ujwn  A.  deciphns  which  has  been  published,  and  in  this  connection  it  must  be 
recalled  that  the  specific  identity  of  the  worms  described  by  Haird  and  Cobb,  with 
the  parasites  discussed  by  Krabbe  and  .Tiigerskitild  is  probable,  but  not  absolutely 
established;  furthermore,  that  Uudolphi's  (1809)  original  A.  simplex  may  imssibly 
belong  to  this  species  rather  than  to  A.  angulivalvis  (see  p.  124). 

Stiles  and  IJassall  (18!>4,  p.  340)  catalogued  si)e«imens  found  in  the  Leidy  collec- 
tion (No.  250=II.S.N.M.,  No.  fiOf)!),  collected  by  Dr.  Chapman  from  Macrorhinm 
angustirontriM,  and  deU^rmined  as  Ascaris  oscuUUa.    An  cxamiuatiou  of  this  material 


■  ^^ 


\ 


'-^.. 


ASCARIS    DKOII'IRNS. 


113 


sbows  that  tlie  worms  agree  in  easentiiil  cliaraoteis  witli  .1.  thripicnH.  Tlicrc  aio 
also  a  few  uiiiecorded  female  specimens  of  the  same  speiiea  in  the  Stiles  collection 
(U.S.N.M.,  No.5341),  taken  from  I'liova  rit til ina,  i\t  Leipzij,',  in  .Inly,  IS!>0;  the  onyin 
of  the  host  is  not  noted  on  the  label. 

After  this  manuscript  was  ready  for  press  wo  received  a  sending  of  parasites 
from  Dr.  von  Marenzeller,  of  the  Vienna  Museum.  The  labels  do  not  give  the  history 
of  the  specimens,  but  an  examination  of  the  material  has  resulted  in  the  following 

determinations: 

H.  A.  I.,  No.  2820,  contains  several  young  specimens,  labele<l  Asraris  thcipiem. 
No  host  is  given.  There  are  no  males  present,  but  we  believe  the  determiuar-n  to  be 
correct. 


Fii.'.  11. 


jriginal 
nust  be 
b,  with 
lolutely 
(ossibly 

eollec- 
orhinns 
latorial 


One  bottle  with  the  label  "Asenn's  oavuhita,  I'lioca  /w>7^«^f,"(!ontaiiisboth  Ascnriit 
dccipiniK  (B.  A.  I.,  No.  2841),  and  .1.  oHcv.luto  (15.  A.  I.,  No.  2S.U).  One  bottle,  with 
the  label  ^^Ancaris  osculottt,  iVfOfrt  //>(/' )(/«m'//<v(,"  contains  both  Asraris  tltcijneiis, 
(M.  A.  I.,  No.  2843)  and  A.  osculatn  (li.  A.  I.,  No.  283.-.). 

Sl'KCniKNs  FROM  HKl!iN(i  Ska. — Among  the  parasites  collected  by  Lucas,  from 
the  Alaskan  fur  seal,  Pliocn  hinjha  and  Eimivtopins  stellrri,  we  find  ijuite  a  number 
of  ascarides  (ligs.  7-0)  which  agree  in  essential  characters  with  .1.  i7r<'/y>iV?e«,  as 
diagnosed  by  Krabbe.     The  worms  represent  various  stages  of  dcvcloimient,  from 

larval  forms  14"""  long  by  0.r>' broad,  des<'ribe(l  below,  to  a<lults  SO"'"'  long  by  2""" 

in  diameter. 

AduHs. — The  head  of  the  adult  is  about  0.4(i"'"'  broad  in  an  average  specimen, 

but  varies,  of  ccmrse,  with  the  size  and  development  of  the  w<u'ni.     rntermediate  lips 

are  absent,  as  shown  by  transverse  sections  (fig.  10)  and  other  views  (tigs.  11-14). 

Transverse  sections  show  that  the  bases  of  the  lips  are  of  nearly  eijual  size;  dorsal  and 

o947— I'T  3 8 


r 


114 


Tlir,    PITF{    SKAL8    OF    TIIK    I'KIIUI.OK    ISLANDS. 


ventral  views  (ligs.  12,  l.'l),  however,  show  that  the  outline  of  the  dorsal  lip  is  some- 
what diflerent  from  that  of  the  ventral  lips.    The  (h)rsiil  lip  has  a  lar^je  base  O.L'7""" 

broail  by  0.1 '-'8 '  loii^,  which  hears  the  iisnal  pair  of  sense  ]>apillae,  one  on  i'ai-h 

anterolateral  margin;  it  bears  als«i  an  anterior  double- lobed  projet-tion  0.14-1 '  bioad 

by  80  /(  long,  the  measurements  varying-  somewhat  in  ilillereiit  specimens;  a  dentig- 
erous  ridge  is  present  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  anteiior  projection;  the  ventro- 
lateral lips  are  essentially  of  the  sanu-  diil'erentiation,  namely,  a  large  base  with  a 
smaUer  double  lobetl  anterior  projection,  but  in  the  ventral  li|)s  tlic  base  is  longer, 
and  the  anterior  projection  extends  more  into  the  8paee  between  the  three  lips,  ho  that 


|-    ! 


FiR.  12. 

the  lobes  are  somewhat  concealed;  on  apex  view  (tig.  14)  and  on  transverse  section 
(tig.  ir»),  however,  these  lobes  are  plainly  visible;  they  are  provided  witli  an  inner 
dentigerous  ridge;  tlie  basal  portion  of  each  ventral  lip  is  provided  with  the  usual 
sense  papilla.  The  excretory  pore  (tigs.  11,  14)  opens  in  the  median  line  between 
the  ventral  lips,  immediately  ventral  to  the  apex  of  the  oesophageal  triangle. 

Cervical  alae  are  absent;  cervical  papillae  are  plainly  visible  about  I from  the 

anterior  extremity. 

The  cuticle  of  the  body  is  ]»rovided  with  40  to  48  /«  transverse  bands,  which  are 
provided  with  a  much  liner  striation. 


ASCARIS    DKCIIMKNS. 


115 


section 
II  iiiuur 
i;  usual 
otweeii 

oiii  the 

ich  are 


Our  examination  of  the  oesopliaffusof  tiie  IJering  Sea  l«»r»i  k'vi'S  tlio  same  rcsiiils 
whicli  .liifjersiiitild  obtained  in  studying  parasites  of  tlic  same  species  taiicn  from 
Unlivhocrm  uniP"'*-  I'''B'^-  •^'  ^'  ••'>"><'  <>"t  tliis  jioint  very  clearly,  so  that  it  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  repeat  the  description,  although  it  may  lie  remarked  that  the  intestinal 
caecum  inay  be  h)ng  or  short,  in  some  cases  so  short  as  to  appear  almost  absent, 
while  it  is  usually  concave  on  the  surface  which  rests  upon  the  oesoplia^ius. 

The  adult  males  (lig.  •.»)  vary  from  Si  to  (i.?"""  in  length  by  I  to  1.5""'  in  diameter: 
the  body  is  slightly  more  attenuated  toward  tlie  anterior  Ihiin  towiird  the  posteri<u' 
extremity;    the  latter  (lig.  lf<)  is  curled  ventridiy;    it    iippears   somewhat  liatteiied 


l-'iK.  U. 


FIr.  111. 

dorso-ventrally,  and  upon  closer  rtudy  is  .seen  to  possess  a  rounded  keel-like  dorsal 
ridge,  with  lateral  alae  which  are  curled  ventrally,  giving  the  vi-ntral  surface  a 
concave  spoon  like  appearance.  Numerous  caudal  papillae  (flgs.  18,  1!))  are  present. 
The  six  pairs  of  postanal  papillae  (lig.  19)  are  divided  into  two  groups;  I,  2.  and  .'5  are 
nearer  the  tip  of  the  ccmical  tail  and  increase  in  size  so  that  2  is  larger  than  1,  and  3 
larger  than  2;  oe<!asionally  one  or  another  of  these  piijdllae  aie  absent:  4,  "»,  and  tJ  are 
nearer  the  cloaca,  and  of  these  r»  is  larger  than  4  or  (5.  The  praeanal  papillae  are 
arranged  in  a  single  or  double  row  each  side,  aiul  increase  in  size  from  th*>  (doaca  to  a 
short  distance  in  front  (about  imieanal  No.  7  or  8),  the  ])apillae  farther  f«)rward  being 
slightly  snniller.    The  spicules  are  nearly  equal  in  size,  1.5"""  long. 


\r 


iir, 


TIIK    KtTIt    HF,AI,S    OK    THE    PRIItlLoi'    ISLANDS. 


Tlic  adult  fcmah's  vary  in  Iciiyftli  IVom  i»."»  to  75""",  with  u  dianioter  of  I  to  L"""'. 
The  l»o(l,v  is  atttiimaltMl  more  toward  tlu'  iu-ad  tha.i  toward  the  tail.  The  vulva  is 
t'ouiid  in  the  middle  third  of  tiie  body.  ;;eiierally  near  the  middle:  in  a  specimen  (>;'»""" 
lon^  it  wa8  '21"""  from  the  anterior  extremity.     In  the  sanut  specimen   the  vagina 


'1    1 


mensuros  ")"'"'  long,  the  body  of  the  ntenis  I :."""',  the  Ikmiis  of  the  nterns  IS"'"'.  Tho 
eggs  are  spherical,  IS  to  rid  u  in  diameter,  and  reach  the  morula  staj^e  in  the  nterns. 
Itinnntiiri'  stiitjr. — Among  the  nennitodes  taken  from  the  stomuch  of  seals  are  to 
bo  found  a  niunber  of  smaller  W(trms.  which  upon  (iloser  cxamiimtion  proved  to  be 
young  specimens  of  Asairis.    Similar  worms  were  found  also  in   Lcidy's  ttollection 


fik.  in. 


Kit;.  17. 


in  aHHOcintion  with  .1.  hipivu.  These  parasites  agree  in  a  general  way  with  the 
deHcriptions  given  of  A.  capKiilaria,  and  we  have  no  hesitation  in  ctnisidering  them 
the  immature  atage  of  the  adult  worms  with  which  they  are  associat«'d.  This  is  by 
no  means  intended  to  imply  that  all  specimens  recorded  by  various  authors  as 
"A.  crt/M»</«r/«i "  are  the  young  forms  of  A.  ikcipioiH  or  A.  (ypiai.     On  the  contrary, 


ASCAIMH    l»K»  II'IKNS 


117 


A.  iitlisiilioiii  is  piultiihly  a  ciillcft ivf  tli',si>;iiiil ion,  iiicliiiliii;;  llic  .voiiliK  Htiigos  of  a 
iiuiiilior  of  (listiiK't  sptvit's  of  Asvnris,  aiid  wtuiid  tliiis  (Voin  u  bii>lu^ic;il  stiiii(l|Hiint 
iiuui'ly  concsiMMnl  to  «iirli  ••\pr»\ssi(tiis  as  AynnKKlistoinum,  VyntiverviiH,  I'tc. 


vagimi 


h  the 
tlieni 
ia  by 

IIOI'H    UK 

Intrary, 


Fij.'.  IH. 


The  young  stiig«-s  (Jijjs.  '20  '2'2)  in  t\w.  lur  soal  attaineil  11"""  or  iiior«  in  length 
by  about  ().r»28"'"'  in  diainotcr,  and  jjossessed  a  lindy  travcrsi-Iy  striated  ciitij'ie. 
The  head  is  provided  witii  a  welldcNtdoped  spin*',  ventral  of  the  round  mouth,  and 
tour  ))apillae)  in  8oaio  sp^'i'i^^'^  '^^'  ('Utiele  was  being  cast,  and  within  it  the  three 


'  r 


|t 


118 


I'lIK    I'Ui;    .SKAI-H    or    THK    rillUILoK    ISLANKH. 


chai'uctoristic  \\\)>  wtMO  tluMi  visililf.  A  hiiiuII,  fuiiical  spiiu',  about  liO  n  loii^r,  in  alsi 
]ii'(>Hi'iif  on  tliu  tip  of  tliu  tail;  tliis  spine  is  lliioiy  striatrtl  ti'aiiv«>rH«|y  and  is  ruivtHl 
viMitrally  or  tlorsally.  Of  intcrrnil  orj^ans,  tho  intestinal  tract  is  well  (It'velnpcd;  tliu 
(>eHoplni(;ns  is  ilivith'd  int4>  an  anterior  poition  about   1.S"""  Inn;;  and  a  posterior 

l>ortion  abont  ll.H iini;;';  in  yonnp>r  specimens  di^.  L'O)  in  wliicli  the  oral  toolli  was 

prcHent,  the  oesopinip'al  and  intestiinil  caeca  were  absent,  but  in  s|ieciniens  which 
had  slied  the  oral  tooth  the  intestinal  caecinn  was  present,  tin*  intestine  and  rectum 
were  distiint.  I'roni  lack  of  time  tlie  otlu>r  internal  orpins  were  not  stinlied  carefully. 
Von  Linstow  (ISTS,  pp. 'J.'l7, 'J'tS)  described  u  yonnj;  nennitode  from  the  niuseles 
nf  Oh iiuriis  riHrhuiiis  under  tin^  name  Asi-tirin  <inrhiiii.  These  worms  measure  L'.'i.l""" 
huiy  by  0.7'-'"""  broad;  the  oral  tooth  is  absent,  but  the  three  lips  ;ire  preHent;  the. 
intestinal  eaeciun  is  uIho  present.     '*yeinntoiiltuin  iinliiioHi«  vpvrluni  Uud.^'  is  givuu 


as  »  synonym,  and  Aiinmonrmii  hitnlur  Diesin;;  is  mentioned  as  the  «'iid)ryoine  form. 
This  lattei'  worm  \iiii  l-instow  also  found  in  Ositirnis  riHiliiiiiis;  it  measured  .S.S""" 
lony  by  <».'_'.'i"""  broa<l,  the  oral  tooth  was  present,  and  the  intestiuiii  ciiccnm  was  well 
devolopt^d.  Later  von  Liiislow  (IS!)"),  jtp.  ."illt-riL.'!)  <lescrilHss  Ascaris  rperUiiii  more  iu 
detail  and  sn^^^ests  that  it  represents  the  larval  stajLre  (»f  ,l.v<'/f//.v  (Irriincmi.  Aijumo- 
iiviiKi  hirolor  was  tirst  dcsiailtcd  as  l-'ilitrlti  hivoUir  (  leplin.and  isrt'ported  from  "  I'enn 
Jliividtilis,  Avii'iiKi  nilfiariK,  0.sin(riis  cixrlKHiis,  Lota  (•(immHiiin,  and  (ItistcfostruH 
Jliiriiitilis'' 

Von  Linstow  may  be  correct  in  his  supposition  that  the  worms  known  uh  Aj/amo- 
ncma  hicolor  (  FUui'm  hicnlor),  Xeiiialoitlriim  .sidnitmiit  ciwilani  and  Ancarin  eperlani 
represent  theyoun^'r  stap'sof  A.tliripieiis,  in  whi«di  case  the  five  lish  just  mentioned 
would  form  internuHliate  hosts,  but  our  experience  with  the  e:trlier  determiuutiuus 


Ir 


AHCAHIH    DECII'IKNS. 


119 


of  iit^iiiiitudeH  lilts  ItiHtii  siuili  Miiit  wc  iiru  iiicliiii'd  to  siispfiiil  JudKiouiit  upon  thuiii  nil 
until  Mi»i  orijfiniilH  linve  Ihm'u  rcstudied.     (St'c  AHcarix  rtijuinlaria,  p.  Kil.) 

Sitiinr  of  hijhtioii, — Kioni  tlic  t'lirts  tliiit  ii.s«;iii'itU>.s  toriuspoiKliii;;'  to  tlio  H(>-«;alliMl 
A.  raiiHitltiria  iiro  prvHOiit  in  tlu)  HcaPs  Ht<nniu'li,  mid  Miat  all  iiitt>riiiudiatt)  Hta^M-H 
botwettn  tlioHti  yniiii};  tonus  and  tliu  adults  are  t'oiind,  it  is  rivar  that  thu  sral 
hevonics  inl'urtud  with  .1.  ilrtipirHn  liy  ('atiti^  tish.  Actconlin^  to  tlu^  rupnrtHo*'  thostf 
who  )iav»  Htiidii'd  tiut  ipn^Htion,  tli«)  food  of  th«^  t'ui'  at-ul  coiiHists  mainly  r''  sni-fiu't^ 
Hwininiiiii,'  IIsIicm  and  of  siiuid.     The  Alaskan   ptillo«;k  (I'oUavhiitH  vhalvuijniminuii  — 


form. 

lis  well 

loro  in 

i/tniio- 

I'ervn 

•oHteuH 

!)nmo- 
xrlani 
tioiied 
titious 


KiH 


Therngrn  rhalrofjrammti),  a  sjx'cit's  of  it'd  rockdsh  {Schastoilcs),  a  scpiid  {(finuittm 
amoeniiK)  arc  the  ((ains  most  frequently  eaten;  salmon  and  other  lishea  are  uccasion- 
ally  taken. 

Numerous  encysted  specimens  (IT.  S.  N.  M.,  No.  281}1 )  of  "A.  m/WM/rtrm"  were  found 
in  a  specimen  of  Pacilic  cod  (Gatlus  iiuur(i<ri)lnihi><)  (;olle(;ted  by  Lucas  in  IJeriuj;-  Sea. 
We  have  been  unable  to  recoynize  any  dilferences  between  these  larval  worms  and 
the  youngest  forms  found  in  the  stomach  of  the  seal.  At  the  same  time  we  have 
not  been  able  to  distinguish  the  lips  clearly  in  this  form,  and  on  that  account  it  is 


I    I 


■ 


12(1 


TIIK    I'lIU    SKAl^-    Ol'     I'm:    I'lilUiUU)!'    ISUVNDS. 


impossible  to  state  dt'tinitt'ly  wlietli*'-  tln'N<-  iiirviic  lenpcseiit  tlit>  yomij;'  of  .!.  ileripitnis 
oi'  .1.  iiMtithda,  .Mr.  liiiciis  int'orins  .is  ritiil  liit^  stun  oi-i'asioiiiilly,  tlioii^b  rarely,  uiits 
this  species  of  cod,  whieli  is  a  tl«*«-|ii  swinuiier  and  aliuoHt  too  affile  for  the  seal,  but 
ri'oni  tlie  "^eiu'ral  stnietiire  of  tlie  worm,  and  from  the  fact  tiiat  the  seal  does  occa 
sioiiaily  cut  tliis  food,  we  are  incline*!  lo  hiolv  upon  >  as  oiut  of  tiie  sounieH  of  infuctiou 
of  the  seal  ascarid. 

The  cliief  sctnn-i-  of  infection  is  oroi)alily  the  Alaskan  pollock  (Therafira  ihnlco- 
iiriiiinnK).  In  a  spei-irncti  of  this  spt*eies  taken  nil'  I'opolf  Island,  which  \v«^  owe  to 
the  kindness  of  Mr.  Karton  Kean,  ot  the  I  J.  S.  National  Mnseiun,  we  have  fonnd 
eiu'vsted  nematodes  which  also  ayree  essentially  with  the  so-called  '•  Aura  fix  (•«/>• 
sultiriti.''  ami  witii  the  yonnut'si  tonus  found  in  the  seal's  stomaeli. 

We  have,  id'  courst%  noi  been  ii.l»l»^  in  nnike  any  direijt  infections.  s»j  tin. I  thJH 
view  that  til(^  .Maskan  pollock  ami  the  ra<:itic  cod  form  the  intermediate  hosts  for 
A.sritri.s  iln-iiiiriis  is  not  absolutely  oemonstrated.  but  taking  into  consideration  the 
sinnlarity  of  the  encysted  worms  \riih  the  youngest  worms  fouud   in  the  seal,  and 


11 


!  V' 


FiL'.  -'1. 

tiUH^  ftMct  tbst  rtt*'  seal   feeds  upon  these  itsh,  the  probabilities  in  favor  of  the  view 
ikamier  u]mmi  a  -ertamty. 

''loin  til'  iniliable  fact  that  the  seals  thus  obiaiii  tlieir  ascarid  parasites  from 
the-  -  :iii.ii  1..1II.  and  ftoni  the  fact  tlnii.  \%<' are  dealing;'  in  both  cases  with  wild  and 
nuirtii-    .111111.  will  be  seen  that  notniiiiiff  can  be  «lone  to  prevent  infection. 

X.  ABCtSas  SIMPLXS  l.-iiilnl|ilii.  INOtt.  il<t.  Krulilxi,  1X78. 

T  Xf'M .  Jttlttilmimflhtr  ifl'Ofimwi,  l<«iiicrliiiiii;(;ii,  I'ti  ..  \>.'.H.     NoiiiiMi  iinilniii. 

f  1MS9,  j|Mli««MN;i/ni' Knioi  T^i.  iMild/ooniiii  Inst,  iiat.,  II,  II.  p.  170.— KmoLcni,  181!),  Knto7<>oi'iiin 
»>iiii|'i*iN.  |i.  4'.'  — lii'i'VHN(i,  IK'il.  HvMriii;!  heliiiiiiliiiiin,  II,  \>.  15.'>. — \a\  Hkni:iikn,  IH'O.  UiiU. 
Acml.  niy.  Ilelsiiiit:  J  hci-.,  X.\l.K.  .kii.  — (  uitinii.n,  ISTti,  I'roc.  Ziml.  Sm  .  Loudon,  ji.  2!I7. — 
('(iHiioiii,  isiti.  .Ii-'mi.  Linn.  8fic'.  I.omloii,  /.ool.,  XIM,  No.  t)5,  Sept.  I!*.  IsTii,  pp.  |i-i;{. — 
CiiitiioLi).  ISTii,  I'ar  -rtn's,  p.  tlti.  -Coiinoi.i).  188(i,  Liun.  .*^o(•.  .loiirn.,  .\l.\,  pp.  17l)-177, — Mon- 
th Ki.i.i,  IXH'I.  l!ol1.>...  .  NiiMiralisti  Ni.poli,  111,  pp.  l>l»-70. 

f  1819,  jHtiirix  iliiiihiiii  liuuou  ill,  hvc  p.  102, 


i 


i 


AstARIS    SIMPLEX. 


121 


IS.'il,  .l«i'.iri«  iiHiiiiliialriy  Ckkim  IN.  Arrli.  f.  N:iliii-({..  17  .llij;.,  1. 1>I>-  l.">x-lt>(>.  — Miksinu.  istiii,  ,Sit/iin)(Hl)«i', 
k.  Akiiil.  WisH.  Wii-ii,  \I.II.  No.  •-'><.  |)M.  t!.Mi-(i.-.7. 

IH7H,  AHi'iirix  Kimplix  Kriioi.lMli,  of  Ku.xnitK.  ( »vorNi};l  k.  liiiimkn  \'iilriiHkiili.  Si^lMknli  I'orliitiiil..  1S7H,  1. 
!>[>.  I7-I!t,  lin.  'J,  pi.  I.  tif;.  •■  ri-.4iimi>,  i>.  11'.— Von  I.instow  IHH><.  K'iporl  II.  M.  S.  r/mZ/oi./,/-, 
/ool.,  .Will,  imrt  l.xxi.  pp.  •_':(,  pi.  i,  IIks.  1-1.— llitATN  (\«!)1).  Anli.il.  I'r.  d.  Nutiii),'.  i.  M.,  p. 
lit).— .l\'(iKitsKHil.i>  (IS!M).  Iliol.  Kiircri.  Kcirhiiiiill..  Stiickliolin,  111,  No.  7.  p.  i;!2. — .Iaokii.s- 
hii>l.i>.  IH!tl,  /ooL.liilirlt..  Ml.  pp.  17l-17l>,  pi.  \x\lll,  11^'.  II'  — .Stosmcii,  I.HiKi,  lioll.  Soc.  adri- 
.itii'.i  .^-'ci.iiiil..  .Wll.  p.  17. 

t  i.^ll,  .iiiiirin  Kiikfiilliiilii  Coiiit,  Mi'ti  p.  111. 

Dl.vi.Misis.  —  Iiitrriiiriliiili'  lips  iili^eiil  ;  lalxrul  ci'iviital  .iIik-  iiltmiiit  ;  lipsul'  mailv  <'i|ii;il  ni/ti 
(KriililiD),  or  (villi  l.iiiHtow  I  iIoi'nmI  lip  dMJ"""  I  Hiiiallri  tli;iii  \  riilro  IhIiiiiI  lipH  (II.IK)"""  , ;  lips  witli  l\vi> 
iiiilcrior  lolii'H,  riiiiHtrirtcil  IVoiii  tlio  liiisr.  mill  iuiikmI  on  their  inner  Hiirriiri-  with  :i  (IciitiKi'ioiis  riilux; 
i-t-rvinil  papilliii'.  Iloil.v  iittoiiiiatril  inorr  ton-iiril  tlir  iintcrior  thitii  towuril  the  posterior  rtitl.  C'litir- 
iihir  liaiiils 'j:t /f  liroiiil,  with  liiiiu'  Ntriiio  ahoiil  oni'-ri^lith  iih  hroail ;  lateral  liiirs  O.lill /f  Inoail,  iIorNal 
and  vi'iitral  liiifs  M.'j //.  <  t<«;ipliaj;iis  roiii)io.s<'<l  of  two  portions;  anterior  portion  increimes  ;;ia(Iiiallv 
in  ilianii'ter;  poHterior  portion    ii-i^ins  with  a  swelling  and  thei   ileereaHi-s;  caeca  alisciil. 

.Miile:  l!7  to  liW)"""  lon^j  liy  C  !'  to  U. .">"""  in  diaiiietm  ;  tail  with  lateral  alao  aliout  2.."i"""  long;  li  to 
H  ]»airs  of  postanal  papill.io;  of  the.se,  1  jxtirs  arc  near  the  tip,  the  outer  pair  Ihmm;;  the  loiij;i'Kt;  the 
other  2  or  i>  pairs  iiro  shorter  and  noarer  the  iimis;  .")()  or  more  (pairs?)  praeaiial  papilltio;  of  tlnse,  It 
pairH  of  shortly  pediineiilato  papillio'  lie  anturii-latoral  of  the  eloacii .  then  follows  eephalad  on  each 
side  one  row  of  Ion;;  |iapillae,  or  two  rows  which  are  closely  :ippro\ii.>iate;  spicules  loiifr  (l.tiK"""),  with 
NiilxM-like  ciirvatnro  ((iinstow). 

Keniale:  7!>  to  L'Otl"""  Ion;;  liy  2.2  to  2.7."i"""  thick;   vulva  tlir.'C-stni'iiths  the  length   fr the  ante- 
rior em!  (I.instow  ),  a  I  Hint  one  half  (Hii:  72  and  7ii;  l.">ti)  the  len;;th  fi'iiti  the  anterior  end  (.l.igcrskiiiltli. 
KkK'*  >-pliericiil,  .">2  «  with  roiiiulish  elevations. 
Habitat:  ."^toniach  of  marine  nianimals. 


1 1 oin 
and 


Host. 


Locality. 


Collector. 


Authority. 


ttnlaennplfrn  roitrata 

liiiUtmiijitei-a  routrttta 

Ualiiriiaiilird  lailraln 

tiflltfilniitera  itihhalilii .  ... 

I>rliiliiiiaiiten'.i  titiva» 

Diljihiiiiiiili'iiis  leiicas 


Drlphinun  sp 

Jti/fififitnitin  nutratut 

Laijennrhitii^hnx  tilhirosfri^. 

Mt'tttftftun  inoiwfpnia 

Mfiinnlon  tiitniocertLf 


Korea  , 
Kiiri'ii  . 


Olaria  Jnhata 

t'hueifiut  phiti'ivna'* 

I'hiri,  ,.,  ;i/j.  vi'iio'' 

I'laiif'i>'  'tti  nini'jetii'a'' 

''urpoisr.  j^eu.!  h|i.  T' Cliiloc  laiHiid 


SpecitiicnKt'ioinSji.irrc' 

(iret'iiliinil 

Kcpceiiiii'iint'rnin  I.i-v-  I 

iiiHeMot'r'i>|ifnli!i;;i>ii.' 

I'atnKonia 

Kaioc 

DtMiiiiurk '' 

('iiui'iilaiiil j 

Specinieii.sfnniiStrcii-  I 

Mtriip. 
KiTKUi'lcMi  iHlamlfl ; 


.Sclineiiler  of  'I'ninis.f . 
Olrik.  I'liitV,  ,\ii(|i  r«ii 


C'm|ilin,  iN'iT,  p|i.  l.'iS  liio.' 
Kialilic,  \»7if.  p.  I'J. 
.r,iK<rskiiilil.  IH!U,  p.  4"."i. 
.TiiK.  .•■Uiilld.  I-M,  p.  475, 
Ivralilir,  1K7S.  p.  4H. 
.riigirskiiilil.  18a4,  p.  47r.. 


Cliieri'liiH 

SlK'IIHUII 

Ilmpii,  Kcinliart. 
Olrik,  I'lart , 


OlialliiiiKcr  cxpn<lit  inn 


Allturn 

.Vmtcr.snii. ... 
Darwin,  IgUfi. 


Monlicelli,  I8SI).  p,  i)9. 
Kralilie,  18;«,  p,48. 
Knililic,  187H,  p.  48, 
Kralilii',  187H,  p,  4H. 
Dii'siDK,  IHIlii,  p,  0.17. 

hiiiHlow.  IH8S.  p.  2. 
Knililic,  1K78,  p,  4H, 
Kiulolplii.  IKDll   p  I7U. 

Cdiiioiiii,  iK7(i.  p  ■:'.>-. 
<;<iiiiioiii,  issi'i,  p.  tvi;. 


'Hocordod  ati  AsairiH  aiiiiulii"li'i. 


*In  niM'd  of  MTiliratinii,  Her  p.  ]'14. 


i:{.— 

iloN- 


SuMMARY. — Our  (irst  exiicL  .statements  lefjfardiiig  thi.s  spccie.s  we  owe  to  Kiiil»be 
(187.S),  wlio  determined  ('"ttain  worms  from  tootlied  wliales  as  Ascaris  tiinijilcr  l{tidol|ilii, 
and  upon  e.xiunination  of  iiiiitei  ial  eollected  by  Koren,  a  jiart  of  which  was  described  by 
(!replin  {l.S.")l )  as  ,1.  (inoHlirdlvis,  determinetl  the  latter  form  as  identical  witli  the  former. 
AVe  have  at  present  absobiteiy  no  exaut  knowledge  of  tlie  forms  dt'termiiied  as  .1 .  simple. i 
prior  to  the  appearance  of  Krabbe's  wor^:,  and  some  of  the  hiter  determinations  arc 
ex<'eedin}>ly  d(»nbtfttl.  The  exact  status  of  .1.  ^/Wy*/;/))/,  ipioted  by  inctst  authors  tis  a 
synonym  of  .4.  KimpU'.v,  can  not  be  ascertaiued  (.see  p.  U'>2),  but  further  investigation 


! 


122 


iHi;  \'V\i  m:ai,s  uk   iiik  I'liinii.m'  i.slanhs. 


,11  ( 


niiiy  sliuw  Mint  A.  !xiiknifli<ilii  Vohh  (si'c  p.  144)  is  synonymous  with  (li<    (hrni   now 
under  discussion.     In  dciail  tiic  liistoiy  ol'  ,1    •ilmplc.r  is  as  lollows: 

MlSTOKiOAL  Ukvikw.— i{udol|>lii's  (l«(li>,  p.  17(»)  original  diaf;no.«is  nnds  as 
follows: 

35.     t  :'iiriii  Kiiiijilij  li. 

AHi-iiria:  <'ii)>ilv  liuiHore  iiiiuiniiiii  Irnlilmi  ohliisin. 

I(:ib.  :  III  lUitphiiii  I'liomiiiiit  VKiitrioiilii  |iriiiiii  ;ili  iiiii.  AMicis  tiiii};liii  ropia  iupcrfM,  i>t  iiii'i'iiiii 
<'iiiiMiiiinii'at:i. 

Ili'sir.  :   N'i'iiiuis  |i(illi(riii   vol  HUM|iii|>iillii'i'iii  loii^i.  i  r;iHHiii>  riili.  alltiill,  H|iirallt<  r  <'i>iiv(iliil  i. 

Caiiiit  olitiismii,  li'ivalvu,  v.ilv>i!i:t  exi^iiis.  CiMpiiH  iiiMlii|ii<t  ti'iiK,  iiti'iiii|iic,  iiiilroiHiiiii  taiiirii 
iiiai^^U  alti'iiiiatiiin.     Caiula  olitima.     Muiiilmiiiii  liiiiviriH  iiiillilii  ('<Mis])i<  iia. 

I >li!>, :  lairi'  H|ii'ciiiiiiia  |iliiriiiia  vi\  iiiniiii  alturuinvt^ pos.siiUwi,  ciiJiiHriitiM  vol  in  antica  vrl  in  jMotiia 
Iiartii  In  ]>i'i)('uhmiiiii  pulliicitliiin  cl  va(Mi\iiii  protracta  iioii  Hit,  iit  Ascaridr  oliilor  Hprclata  niox  capiil 
iiio\  lamla  variiaapparcat.  Nil  nisi  rmpliysciiiapoHt  iiiortoiii  oliortiini,  ciiti'iii  laxioriMii  taiimii  iiiilicau.s, 
jiliaH  oiiiiii  liacr  in  rri'iiii^  potitis  aliiisHt^t. 

Later  L'ndolpiii  (IHlft,  p.  49)  ailds: 

Akc.  (  MpifiMiiiilii,  loiporr  votriiisiini  craNsiiin',  raiida  (ilitUNa.      *      '  An  liini  n.  K2? 

N.  .S"_'.  to  \vlii<'li  lie  ri-fers,  is  Axito-in  ilclpliiiii.  cited  liy  K'lidoliilii  (ISllI,  pp,  M.  -'!M!) 
as  having  bt'cn  ( olleittvil  by  I  rebeck  in  Drlpliiur.s  (iitiijit'liriis  {  I'Uihinislo  iinutjeliru). 
There  is,  however,  iiothio};  in  Lebeek's  eitation  of  the  woini  whieh  warrants  the 
assumption  tliat  Iris  I'orm  was  AscariH  .siiiijilr.r,  and  althoiifili  nearly  all  anthorseoiisider 
it  .1  synonym  of  that  species,  and  on  this  ground  jiive  .1.  .s/Hjj*/r,rasone  of  the  jiarasites 
of  l*l(fta»ixtii  (jtuKjrtua,  it  seems  tons  mueh  more  logical  to  dispose  of  thedoubtlui 
cpetai'S  ^l.  drifth'nu  by  niakiny  it  a  doubtful  synonym  of  Asmris  Utlntlata,  which  is 
described  from  the  same  host  species  (/'.  ,</((«f/<7/(7f),  or  oy  ifjnorinp  it  entirely.  {See 
p.  102.) 

Ivejiiirdiiifj;  the  worms  which  Dnjardin  (ISIo,  pp.  220,  221)  dtMeruiined  as  Asvuris 
simitlc.r  Itudolphi  s<mie  ditVereiice  of  opinion  exists  auioiifi  authors,  hiesiiifj  (18r>:,  |». 
l.V<i  and  Stossi<-h  i  ISOO,  p.  IT)  accept  the  determination  as  correct,  while  van  Heneden 
(1870,  p.  .'{02)  considers  that  these  parasites  represent  a  distinct  si)eeies  .1.  l>UHSiimic/ii; 
von  liinstow  '1SS8.  p.  .!)  even  doubts  whether  the  Mujardin's  worms  belonj;  to  the 
{icnus  An<<iri>i.  Tlie  host  was  a  dol|»hin,  taken  near  the  Maldives  in  !8'((>.  (See 
p.  101.) 

("leplin  iisr)l.]tp.  1,"»S,  I (iO)  described  und«'i'  the  nume  Anc((fh:  (uifiKlirdh'iii  three 
specimens  of  nematodes  taken  from  lialnena  rostrulo  (  — liitliiriioptiio  ntstrato);  the 
worms  were  n'iven  iohim  by  Oskar  tSchmidt,  who  received  them  in  IS.'iOlroiu  Mr.  Koren, 
ot  liei'fien.  One  of  the  s|ieciineii8  was  deposited  in  the.  Zo(doj;ica!  Mii8"Mm  in  (ireifs- 
wuld.  Morcexactdataconcernin}jtlie,ori„'in  of  specimens  were  not  published.  Orejylin 
was  unable  to  ntili/e  liudolphi'sdiafiiiosis  of /I.  simple.v  in  tryinj;- to  determine  his  own 
sjjeciuieii!^,  since  the  descrijition  was  so  iM.or,  but  he  con8id<'r<'d  his  jiarasite  (ilosely 
related  to,  yet  (terfectly  distinct  from,  the  worms  which  Dnjardin  determined  as 
A.  Kimph.i:     tireplin's  descrijition  reads  as  follows: 

I  tic  iliiM  i(l>('n  erwiilintori  Spcininiiia  lirMtanden  in  cinoni — dcm  Aii.sclii'in  ii;i<li— orwarliNenrii  I'lare 
mill  I'inrni  Jlin;;i!i'pn  Wt'iliilitMi.  .Sit«  waren  siiiiinitllcli  H('hnint/i<;  );rau  von  l-'ailxt.  DaH  Miinni'hun  <I«h 
I'aai'cH  war  nn);rt'iilir  2'i  lan^  "nil  in  dcr  Mittc  ti  dick,  das  Woiliclirn  dosscricn  nlwa  Uk"  lanjj;  nnd 
in  dt'i-  Mitto  lii  '  dick,  has  Jiiiiyicr!'  Wclliclieii  hatte  cine  li;in>;i'  \  on  L'  nnd  oiin^  niiltliic  Oicko  von 
c.  ;  Mi'idi' ( Jcs 'liIcclittM- \v:iit'ii  nacli  vorn  cin  wenig  m«>!ir,  als  na   li  liinlcn,  vciMchliiuchligt;  von 

SeiU'inneniltr.iiii  u  I'cliltu  hicr,  wiu  Itui  Kudulpbi'H  nnd  Diijardiu'x  Species,  jede  Spur. 


ASOAins   SIMPLKX. 


123 


1)ii'  Miiiiilklji)iiii-ii  wai'oii  iiiitinlmlb'sif;  grosH,  ciiki^,  mil  I'iiirc  iiiti'li  iiiiBfieii  Hliirk  \iii'H|iriiiKi'iiiloii 
Kcko,  1111(1  iiiit  Hchicf  von  liiiilch  iiiicli  voni  iil»j;imliit/tiT  Kii(l.s|>it/(<. 

DcH  Miiliiii'liRtiH  Schwitii/llioil  wiir  von  iiiitl'iilloiKlci'  Hiltliin;;,  iiiif  W[\\n  1^  l;iii);i'  Strccki*,  vmii 
Ktulo  iil>  j;orcifliMi't,  niiiiilich  loicht  rinwiii'ts  gikriiiiirnl  iiiiil  von  dcr  Kaiii'lisrilc  daiicbi'ii  lUir  l.iiiiK<' 
mull  tii't'  .■ui'')jelic">lilt;  ilii'  liiiiultT  ilioscr  lliibliiii^  waren  ilirk-wulHti;;  unci  («)nvi'r;;ii-ifii,  .•*<)  wio  hii'Ii 
(Icr  SiliwanztlK'il  oiii  wiviii^;  vi'rm'lini.'ilrrtc,  natli  liiiiti'n,  tratoii  alior  uiii  let/lcii,  sclir  Nliiniprun  I'.iiiU) 
il(iH  SrlnvaiiztJK'ilrt  aiis  rinandcr  iinti  liosacn  liiiT,  ;;aii/  tliciit  vor  ilcr  HlniiiplVii  S]iit/(>  /wUclitMi  sicb 
(■ill  siiin/  1kiii/(!h,  l>iiisteiitViriiiiH:eN  I'ciiis  S|ii<'iiliim  lirraiiBtirtoii,  uml  zwar  tii(  lit  aiH  drr  Mittc  ilircs 
Z\vi«<  ImiiraiiiiifS,  soihUmii  i^iii  wciiijr  nacli  ilcr  ciiicn  ,S(^il«  liiii.  Win  in  amlrrrii  Askai  iilfii-M.'iiimlM'ii 
ifit.  JiMJooli  iiiicli  ill  (lii'sfin  kiMii  oinlaclior  I'uniH  /ii  <<i'wart<'ii,  iinil  <Iiim  iijrr  \  iTiiUHpito  S|ii>'iiliiin  la;; 
(liihcr  olino  /wnilVd  iinr  lu'licii  ilriii  liurvorK<)'^i'lioli<Mii'ii  voiHti'rkt.  Kiiics  Aflcis  ward  icli  iiic  lit 
aiisiclitiK.  Aiif  dor  Kiirknisoito  den  Wninis  /oK  «irli,  "I'lii  rini;rki  iiiniiiltMi  Sidiwan/.tliuii  i-ntlan;;,  no 
w«.it  Nii'ii  iinten  din  Aiwliidiliin;?  er^  I  reck  to,  zwimiliKii  dim  WnlHtriiiidorii  I'iiic^  liolu'.  iibrr^jormidoto 
Ciirina,  win  riii  dritlor.  lii'dicrHr,  dii^kiM'  Wiilsl,  /nin  Scli'iVaii/ende  liiniil).  IMo  scitliilioii  VViilKto  warmi 
Ntark  <;!i<!rK<"'iiii''''''   '•'"'  K'■^*tleif■t,  mid  dii^HiT  gaii/f,  no  ci^rcntliiiiiilicli  ;;i'liild<^tu  Scliwaiiztliidl  /ei^^lo 


oiii  iinssiT  NtratVcs  mid  i'i;;i<lt'H  Aiisttbeu,  (  Diijaidiii  ;;iiilit  von  den  Mliniirlu'ii  Hiim 


'A;'caii.s  .slniplox 


Kiid.''  aii.diiHNdi'i-  rin;;ekriiiiimtu  Iliiiti'itlieil  an  dcr  Itaiii'liHoitu  /wol  ii«'ml<rainiHu,  diircli  s-lil  ra|ii||t! 
H'lmtlit/te  I"Iil!f«d  l"3.-<it/t'.     \'on  Kolclien  war  liior  ki'ino  Spin-  /ii  hoIiom). 

\oii  drill  Wojliclicn  liabo  Icli  wcnig  zii  liuni^rkoii.  jhii-  Kiliprr  ti'iun  liinlcn  dick  mid  ai>;;<wtiiiiiprt, 
oliiiii  XiTscliiiiiiolitiKiiii};  di's  Kndtlicils,  i.iis.  Dcr  Afti-r  stand,  wfiiii  icli  niclit  irre,  an  dcr  I'litur.soite 
dill  Nlmii|il'cii  ICndfi;>it/.p.     I>ii'  N'ulva  wiiiii  iiiir  iiiclit  Niclitliar;  .sic  liclainl  sicli  \uriiiiillilicli  an  ciiicr 


Stdilc 


tinlc  lies  Ki'irpnrs  wcli'lio  dm<'li  Knick  mid  l,iii<'isiliiin;j  ;it)liltcii  liattc,  dcr^l.  sirli  an  dicscm,  wieaii 
dniii  ji|iit;ci'cii  Woibcliuii  liiui'  iiud  <la  t'andoii,  bui  wulchoin  Ift/luni  ii  h  dmiii  dio  N'li'va  obonl'itllH 
vcr^oluMiH  Bllvllttt. 

Vhnratlvr  xjwciii 

.txinriH  aiiiinliralfh  in. 

Ascaris  iiti'iiii|iio,  kciI  aiitioisiini  iniiKis,  attitniiala,  iiiida,  val\  nils  on..*  inedioiribiis.  in  aiii;iil<>iii 
aciitiim  c\trorNiiiii  jMotiactiH,  caiida  maris  inciii'va,  infra  iixcavata,  hii|ii'^'  caiinla,  t'cniinaii  icctu, 
obtiiHNiHsinia. 

Hub.:  SpdRimina  nobis  adducta  in  ISalacna  roHtriita  a  ccl  Kuicn  i'c|icrta  i  laiit, 

(irtiifHwald,  den  5.  Miir/  IK'il. 

DioHiiiii?  (l.sr»I,  |i.  ir>5)  iidd.s  no  new  facts  to  our  Uii(i\vlc(l{;t'  oC  .1.  siiiii,lr.r;  iit' 
iuct'pts  .1.  (lelpliini  tiiddlplii  iiiHl  lMiJiirdin'ssi)e(!iineiis  (  =  ,l,  l>iissiiiiiin-ii):is  idcntii-iil 
witli  this  spcM'ius.  ii  liis  imblicatioii  (lS(»(t,  pp.  (M«Mtr»7)  !i»'  incrptcd  .1.  mifinlirdlris 
its  distintt  from  A.  siiuplr.r.  To  u  <'oiid»'iiso<l  diagnosis  <it' the  roiincr,  im.sed  upon 
Crcpliirs  description,  lio  adds: 

•Speuiniiuu  pliira  Ibniiiica  Miisci  zooloinici  llal'iiicnHi^  c  Miimiiloui,-  ytomunolc  Iccta,  ::  ul.  Stcm- 
gtriip  bciiovobi  coininiinicata,  p<'obaliilit<  r  ali  liac  spc<'it)  \  i\  diversit. 

\'iw  licncdcii  (1S70,  >,».  'MYA)  luid  evidently  not  soon  Asvayis  .^hiijiliui-;  lie  cites  i(  as 
a  jmrasito  of  I'liocucitd  ninuiiiinis  (  /'.  ^>//r*f7r(/«()  simply  staling;  "  (Jo  V(M'  est  sifiiiide 
dans  reatomac  dii  marsoiiin  jiar  liiuiolplii,  Synopsis  A I  et  liiMJ."  Tliis  iiiidiojjiapliic 
citation  refers  to  ^^Anvtiris  <lrlf>hinl  K'udolplii,"  collected  liy  jjelieck,  Init  as  van  iieiie 
den  ineiitionH  this  forni  lisewhere  (ISTO,  p.  .'{."ii))  as  .1.  ililpliini,  aw  eiiof  mtist  be 
ussiiined  ill  liis  bihliojjraphii  ..iference.s,  Ashe  does  not  mcMition  A.  simpler  in  any 
other  spe(!ies  of  I'lioaniiti,  nor  in  any  species  if  Ihlpliiini.s,  his  citiition  of  the  presence 
of  this  worm  in  "/'//ixvjr/m  roiinniinis"  (  =  T,  phoioriKi)  must  refer  to  Alber's  orijjtiiitd 
collection  from  l>ili>liiiuts  pliocacmt  (  =  I'lionwua  pliocacna),  and  his  biblioffruphic;  refer- 
ence ahonld  read  Rudolphi,  Synopsis,  p.  4S. 

Cobbohl  (lS7(i^  p.  -!>7)  «'xainiiied  Ibiir  femide  iisesiiides  <'(>lle(!led  l»y  Dr.  .lohii 
Anderson  from  the  intestine  of  the  dolphin  of  the  Ganges  (l'htt(iiii,slii  (jnnijeUvu)^  the 


J       il 


124 


THK    VVH    NKALS    i  >i'     IIIK    I'lillllhOK    ISLANDS. 


v\^  -a. 


ItU'giist  of  wliifli  iiiciisiircd  !„  jihiIkvs  \\m^:  *MIh\v  pi'«>s«>iit«><l  tlit>  p«'ciiliiirl,v  HummI  stato 
ut' tluM-.liyl<Mis  iiitostiiH-  or  sloniiicli,  us  <lt^scI'ilH'tl  liy  Dnjanlin."  Cohlioh]  dotormiiu-tl 
tlie  worms  as  '•  cliariictoristic  siu'riiiu'iis"  of  .1.  niniplr.r  Kiitlolplii,  and  statt'S  tliat 
".I,  thiiihiiii  of  liutiolplii "  must  ili>arly  he  rt^garded  as  idtMitical  witli  tliis  s|)C(rie8. 

KN'tjardiiiK  <'<>l>l><>ld's  statfineiits,  it  may  liu  reniarlu'd  that  tlicy  wcru  madr  (wo 
years  lictoie  Kialdn'  (IfttMiiiincd  what  a  "  cliaractcristic  spuciiiiuii ''  of  .1.  simi>lr.r  was, 
and  also,  as  his  latvi  artii^U's  siiow,  lie  di<l  not  eloarly  understand  tlie  history  of  .1. 
iiilj>liini.     His  <iett'i'miriations,  liierefore,  an*  wortldess.     (Johbold  iIH7(i'',  )».  I'J)  lefeis 

ajiain  to  tlie  sp<'<'imens  colieclcd  by  Andeisoii,  and.  states 
they  correspond  to  .1.  ,s/«(/>/r.;df  iMiJardin. 

Kiahlie  (IS7S,  p.  t7-l!>.  r  sumi',  p.  1-)  referred  to  .1.  sim 
/>/(  '  all  tlu^  itscarides  foiiml  in  the  toothed  whales  fioin  the 
eo.ist  o(  l>eninirU,  l''ai(»e,  and  <ireenland,  namely.  In  two 
specimens  of  Liit/fiiiirlijiii<:liii.s  tilhii<>stiin  from  Denmark,  in 
seven  speeimens  of  lUhnin  h-iteas  {=  l>elphiii(ii>hriin  leiirns) 
i'vou\  (ireenhmd.  in  one  specimen  of  IliiperumUm  ntstroliis 
from  i-'aroe,  and  in  three  speeinu-ns  of  .Monodim  iiioiiuttfoN 
from  (Ireenland.  lie  also  had  soino  young  speeinu-ns  of  AucuHk  t'nmi  Phocncna  cnm- 
witnix  (  —  /'./)/'()(•«///((),  but  he  could  no!  delinitely  sate  that  tliey  belonge<l  to  A.ximplr.i: 
In  one  lUhnjit  lrii<-iis  177  specimens  wer(^  taken,  .uiout  one  Ihiril  of  which  were  males; 
the  males  measured  I.'ttI""",  the  females  L'OO""".  This  form  (.1.  simplr.v)  belon^eil  to 
Schneider's  (iroup  A  (intermediate  li|»s  abseiil.  labial  denligeroiis  ridge  present). 
The  lips  were  of  nearly  ecpial  size;  each  bore  iiiiteriorly  two  lobes  (tig.  LJ;{),  wliieh 
were  eonstricted  from  tiie  base  and  armed  on  thoir  ii-.ner  Hurfacc  with  a  row  of  snntll 
teeth;  on  tin*  end  of  the  tail  of  the  nmle  (fig.  24)  there  were  four  jiairs  of  (loidcal 
papilliie,  of  which  the  outermost 
was  longest;  between  these  and 
the  chtaca  were  found  tW(»  short 
pai)ilhie,  occasionally  apparently 
united  in  a  donbh^  ])apinae:  oii 
each  side  anterolateral  of  the  clo- 
aca were  six  short  papillae,  then 
followe<l  on  each  side  one  row  ol 
hing  papillae  ov  two  rows  which 
were  closely  ajiproximate.  Krabbe 
obtained  Ironi  Koren  specimens  of 
the  worm  which  (Jrepliu  had  de- 
scribed from  Hiiloniopttrtt  lostnda 
as  Asoiri.s  <(H(ii(Ur<ilris,  but  was 
unable  to  notice  any  specifie  dif- 
ferences between  these  and  the  Ibrm  he  (Krabbe;  had  determined  as  .1.  simpU.i: 
The  following  year  (yobbnhl  (1S7!»,  p.  4-(!)  reverts  to  the  spetiies  .1.  simplrx,  but 
has  de(Md(Mlly  confused  the  history  of  the  worms  he  diseusses.  Me  states  that  A. 
.sim)>l<'x  was  originally  found  in  the  dolphin  of  the  (langes  and  later  by  Albers  in  the 
common  jtorpoise;  he  admits  .1.  I>ii>i.siimii  rii  as  distinct  from  .1.  siiiiplr.r,  hut  claims 
that  *' liebeek's  .1,  (frlfiJiini"  is  identical  with  the  latter  species;  yet  the  worms  from 
the  dolpliin  of  the  (iauges  wliieh  he  ((Joblxdd)  examined  and  determined  aeconliug  to 


Ki;;. -Jl 


lit 


ASCAKIS    SIMPLKX. 


125 


DaJanliii'H  description  (  =  .l.  IhiMsKniierii)  lie  stiil  n'taiiis  iindor  tlir  nanH>  ".1. 
■v/ )/*/>/(■,»."  In  ii  latci'  piiltlitiJition  robbold  (18H(»,  \i\>.  I7(i,  177)  iiu'ntinn.s  sonu'  ascuridtvs 
wliicli  Charles  Darwin  collected  'M'roni  stomach  of  a  ]»or|utise  oil"  tlic  island  orciiiinc, 
.lannary,  ls;{,"»."'  Tiiere  were  thirteen  speciniens,  mostly  i'emah's,  the  i(Mij;est  of  which 
did  not  exceed  .'<  indies.  Tiieso  Oobbohl  determined  as  ".I.  nimitlcr," 
again  stating  that  A.delpliitii  found  by  I.ebcck  beh)!«ged  to  the  same 
species;  tins  view  h<3  "eontirmed  from  an  examinati<»n  of  nematodes 
procaired  from  a  I'liitanixta  timuiftU-it  by  Dr.  .lolin  Anderson,"  a]id  he 
Miiidis  "it  probable  that  tlio  AsenriH  fonnd  by  Krelft  and  Masters  in 
a  dolphin  captnred  in  I'ort  .Ia<  kson  isoftlie  same  species.     Ifsojlie  i'i«  '-"■• 

worm  (K!ciirs  in  IMiiltiinis  ithoctuna,  in  />.  Furstrri,  and  in  I'lafKnisdi  nKHiielini,  and 
|)nibably  in  the  dolphins  generally.  »  »  •  'fjie  ova  from  Mi.  Darwin's  speeimciis 
are  marly  sphtuica!,  fornlshcd  witli  thin,  transparent  chorionai  envelopes.  They  give 
an  average  diameter  «if  „iu  of  an  ineh  from  jiolc  to  pole.     V.  Dnjardin,  'vhose  dcs<Mip 

tion  (if  the  spec'cs  is  (he  best  on  iccord, 
found  tiie  eggs  to  be  a  trilh^  h»nger."  In 
his  bibliograpiiy  of  this  worm  Cobbold 
does  not  cite  i\ral>li»''s  paper. 

it  is  evident  from  Cobbold's  discus 
sion  that  at  no  tini<>  had  Ik  any  dear 
iilea  ttf  Cic  wmins  he  w:is  attemiiting  lo 
describe';  and  all  of  his  statements  e.im 
ceiiimg  them  should  lie  eitl>er  prci-eded 
with  a  prondneni  marl;  ol  intci'mgatnin 
or  r»'iect*^l  hi  loin. 

I,ei<iy  ( J''>8<>.   !••    '11^    next   recorded 
''Asciiris  siiu/tlc.r  Undiilphi  lr«(ni  theslom 
a<'h  of  iijlolphin.  Linn'iioyhyinhii.i.'  I'acilic 
•    re|it>rt,  nis  specimens  belong  (n  Aurmis 


Fit'.  -'«■ 

but  as  '.vc  show  on  jtage  l.'U  of  III 


ocean, 

lllj)UI(, 

Von   liinstow  (ISSS,  pp 


•■{) 


appea 


s   to   lie   Ihc   next  /o<do"i8t   to  examine    .1, 


simpler.     Me    rcHiorus    it    "  trom    the    s(oiiiiidi    of   Ohirin  jiihnhi,    ,lannar.\     J7,    IH7I, 
Iverguden  Island,"  collected  iiy  the  r//fj//rH«/,'/- expedition.     Thirteen  s[»e(!imens(lig-:i;) 

were   taken,   the    largest  measuring   7!» long   anil   2.'J 

broad.  The  dorsal  lip  (lig.  -'(>)  is  described  as  semicircular, 
with  an  anterior  protiiision:  the  jiulp  sends  two  cylindrical 
protrusions  into  tlie  latter,  and  these  arc  rounded  otf  ante- 
riorly; the  anterior  «*T.id  l>ears  a  dentigei'ons  ridge  with 
pointed  teeth:   acct'ssory   lips  wanting;   •^BMsal   liji  (lig.  1.'7) 

(O.li" broad)  smaller  than  ventro  hHi'ral  »iiips  (0.;tO' ).    The 

cutide  exhibits  cuitii'ular  iiancis  L'.'$  /<  broa*i.  with  liiu'r  striae 

about   eight  times  as   narrow;    lateral   lines  O.J.'."""  bioad. 

dorsal  ami  \cntral   liii«s  .!.">  n.     The  male  measures  .57  by  o.'.l" 

with  four  ipairs|  of  ciuiieal  papiltate  on  exrreriMty.  tw()  or  three  j»«hers  ol   round  form 

'•Justin  front  of  the  cluuca."  at  eiwli  side  of  these  six  ot  her  sliortiy  stalke<l  jiapillae. 

and  again  in  front  a.h!  inconstant  row  of  fefty  or  more;  cirri  Umg  (UJS""")  with  saber- 

Hhaped  cii'-  alure.     The    Urwale  attai?is  71* in    length  by  2.2' in  bn'udth;   anus 


vided 


126 


Tin;    KITIJ    8KALH   Ol'   THK    I'laiULOl-'    ISLANDS. 


KlK,  W. 


0.48' rruiii  tlit^  tip,  wlii«r)i  jh  rouiuli^l  and  httaiH  a  hiiuiII  Htyliiorin  |>r()c«^ss  ciiilMMltUMl 

ill  Mio  (Mitiitlo.:  vulva  llir<'(«  Huvnitlis  (»r  tli««  Irii^tli  IVoiii  anterior  «;\truiiiity.     Tlio  ova 
{ttg.  2S)  an*  splirriral,  't'2  n  in  (lianuttcr,  witli  roiintlisli  «>hn'ationH. 

Von  Liiistow  doi's  not  lM'.li«n'»'  that  Dnjardin's  (lHir»)  ''.U(ymm  Miniphtr  Uiid."  (hoo 
A.  IfHHHUiiiirrii)  is  idontii'al  with  thtt  sp«>(;jrs  In-  Ntndittd. 

Monlirrlli  (l.S.S!>,  pp.  (ij>,  70)  nifonls  A  shupli.r  IVoni  llm  stonnn'li  ol' 
'■^  Ihlpli'niiiH  Mp.,  of  I'orlo  La  ^'iinas  {rniKili  /'«/«//(»((/(•»),'' lalwMi  by  <'iipiain 
<!liit'rchia  in  llm  voyajir  of  the  royal  (!orv<^tta  Vrtfor  Pimini.  I  lis  dotfinii- 
inition  was  niiitlf  hy  coniparinf;  thr  spi-cinn-ns  with  thf  worms  (N.  5_'!(,  H'JIh 
at  Ihti  N'icnini  Mnsonni  di'rcrniiin'd  by  Difsin^'.  Il  will  (has  Ix-  socn  that 
IhiH  rt'cord  dcpcntlH  «-ntii'*>ly  upon  a  ih^turniiinitnin  nia<l«^  lu't'oic  Kiiiidu-  ilcliniU^ly 
dt^riniMl  Asiunis  .simpli.r,  and  on  this  ac^'oiint  r.alls  lor  cunllrniation. 

Hianii  (ISDl.p.  1 10)  and  .liif^riskiold  (IHIM)  an-  nol  ai'<-«-SHil>lf  to  us  at  piTMonl. 

.liij,'eiskiold   (IHltl,  pp.  I7I-I7(>)  cxaniinfd   sp«'(ini«n.s  ol     I.  simpli.r  Ironi    Hiluf/u 
IfiiiriiN  {      Ifeliiliiiiiiiili  Ills  li'iii-iis),  wUirU  lie  had  ohiainni  I'roni   Lcvinsfn:   ho  t'oiiiid  the 
biii'Ha  as  well  dcvtiloped  in  tln^se  as  in  A .  inii/iilirnlns  <  rcplin 
IVoni  Uttliii iioi>tirii  lOMlnilii,  ainl  no  lon^t-r  donhts  liai  identity  ol 
till)  Iwo   t'onns.     Me  d«^Hn'ilu>s  tin-  ofsopha^ns  (lij;. '_'!))  as  <roni 
post'd  ol' two  poi'tions,  an  anlrriui  lon^tr  portion,  whittli  incrtMist^s 
;j;i'adually  in  diain«'.t*M,  and  a  scon  d  shorttM  purl  ion,  which  l)o;;ins 
with  a  swctllin^  and  thtMi  ^riMlnally  dtnattasi-s  in  Ni/it;  no  catHia 
iir((   prrs«!nl.     Th«'   intcstint-    s   provided    with   sovcral    rows  ot 
groups  of  t'loiii^ati'  <'*'lls,  t'-.n^  ;;roiip  having  ;i  V  shap«;,  the  apt>\ 
directed  landad.     'PlnMvvoixtory  or^aii  is  alwail  uni'  lhir<l  as  ion>; 

as  lh<^  animal.     The  \ulva  «sas  .'{(>' I'rom  tiic  anlcrioi  end  in  :i 

spccinnMi  7'-" lon;i,aiMl  7<' rnun  the  antciior  end  in  one  IVl 

I«in(;,  these  mnasnreme.nts  tJins  (lillerin;;  eonsideraldy  from  tihoso 
^iiven  l>y  \on  I,inst.ow  iIssH).  The  vai;in:i  is  loii^  and  narrow, 
(he  nt4M'iis  hiiroirn.  .l:i<;ersUiold  iiadine>,  deeidedi.N  lo  the  opinion 
that  .1.  KiikenitliitHi  <;4>lil>,  Irom  Itvlnttti.  Iiiicus  (  hvipliliiaptrnis 
leiiras)  is  identii^al  with  .1.  .v/' »//;/(•,/•  as  delined  l»y  Krahlte,  hut, 
hein;;  nuahle  to  examine  HpueinuaiH  of  <  obb's  sp<>«M«^s,  Im>  re.servt^s 
)Mm!(ive  |nd};mtMil. 

.Stossieii  i  I.S!M»,  p.  17)  aduls  ia>  new  laets  to  onr  l<nowledj;e  of 
A.  HI  1)1  fill r.  lie  eonsidwrH  A  .  >lrliih'nii  ,\\u\  A.  Ihissiniiiiili,  uk  wvW 
HH  A.  iniiiiiliiiilrin.  as  synonyms,  but  >iives  ,1.  Kiikriitlmlii  as  a 
distinct  species. 

IN^fjardiiij;  ,1.  h'iil><iitli<ilii  see  ji.  144. 

Since  linishinjf  this  manuscript  we  have  r<«MMVod  from  l>r.  von  Mare.n/.eller,  of 
tho  Vienna  Masenm,  a  boMie  of  specimens  with  the  label  ^Asrurin  Hiiiiple.r,  Drljiliiniis 
phoiiicnii.'"'  These  worms  we  have  redetermined  as  Asviiris  liipif<i  [W.  \.  1.,  No.  L'S'.IS). 
'l"he  label  does  not  show  whethe.i'  these  parasites  were  determined  by  l)i(*sinp  or  not. 

(i.  CiitiiMihir  li.'iiiil'-  ill)  null  I'sliilill.  IIik  I'iiiim'  Ir.iiiMvnrMii  HirhiK,  lull  k'v)'  a  ni'milc  ,'i|i|ii'iii'aiic  r  t.n  llio 
iiiai'Kiii  '■!'  IIk'  witriii  wlicn  vii^wi'tl  iiiiilcr  a  iiilcnmioiii' ;  ii(^Hti)ilmKual  aii<l  iiil*>Ht.tiial  carr.a 
al>.Hi'iit. 


Klu. 


ASCARIH    rVI'K'A. 


127 


3.  A8CARI8TYPICA  (DiiwiiiK,  fOiO)  ■li<K''i'Hl<><'>l<li  <^'''l- 


f  IHir., 
IMMI, 


'IH7(l, 
Ih7s, 

lX8ti, 


d'inH.  ;mi-."i1.) 

".Ixcrtiid  Himptir  KlUiol.l'ill,  IWKt,"  cil'  Kli.tlliliis,  kic  p.  Kil. 
CitntHriihiiliin  hniiviiH  DlllsiNd,   Sit/miKHlMir.   k.   Akiiil.   WInh.  Wliiii,   XI. II 

l.iNsiow,  ('iiMi|i)iiiiliiiiii:  <l.   Il<-liiiiiilliiilii){ii-,  |i.  ri!).--('AiirH,   IWi:!,  in 

Htai'i'ki'i,  lliiiiilbiii'li  iliir /iMiliiKii',  II,  {>■  Hi-- 
.\Hiniif  DiiKHumiirii  IIknkdkn,  mt  |i.  1(11. 
iKiiiiiH  comiiriihiiliiK  Kkaiiiik,  <l\riHit;t  K.  HiinHkc  N'iilt'ii.Hkiili.  SiilNkiilm  I 

lin.  :!.  pi.  I,  li«.  .'>,  I'Hiinir  p.  l:.'. 
"iHriirhnininriihaln  KllAliliK,*' in  \<>s  I  JNs'luW  ,  Coiiipxniliiiin  :  .Ninhi  imj;, 

1K!«>,  Mdll.  Siu:  iiilriulini  S(ii.  mil.  TriiHln,  \\  II,  pp.  17   IX. 
I'liilniihrtiiix  liipiviiH  ( Ilir..si.V(l,  lH(i(l)  Vi>N  iMtA.'ii.'IIK,  \'«l'liiiiiill.  k.  k.  /imi! 

\\\ll!,  pp.   Ill!l   111,  pi.  Ill,  liKH.  I    !t. 
".lulling  lim/ili  I  i;i  111)1  I'lii,"  iiiisilrtcriiiliii'il,  I.i:i1)N,  rroi',  Aniil.  Nat.  .-^r 
tHniiii  t  I'riilniilirliiiti  ImiiiiiH  illlK'-IMi,  IxiHI)  .1  m,i  Ksmumi,  /niil    .liilirl 


No,  an 
rolrIM, 


Cm 


tlliit.— VllN 

IIH    A     (JlT- 


oilminj..  1,  pp.  I!i  ."il, 

pp.  2.'>,  L'ti.  —  .SiKMMi   II, 
-ImiI.  Ih'H)WIni'Ii.  WiiMi, 


i.  l-liila 
>.,  VII, 


.  P 
p.  I 


:iil. 
.-.;i. 


Diagnosis.  —  liituriiioilinti'  lipH  aliHoiit;  liitrnil  rmvirnl  :ilui<  jli.it'iil  ;  lips  with  vri'V  ilillViriit  oiitliiiti 
ami  with  ilnil  i);iT<iMs  ritlKi' :  •l<>i''<al  lip  with  liaNiil  poitioii  o.  Ill  in  o.'j"""  lnoail  lis  ho  to  xx  /i  Ion;;,  wliicli 
Ih  iliviilt'il  into  two  lai-f;i>  latoial  IoIiuh,  Insuring  in  \Ih  iiii*iliiiii  lino  a  pioiiiiiii'iil  anti^rior  iloiililii-lolKtil 
projrrtion  IK  II  loii^  liy  IH  to  III  /I  limail ;  tlii^  Ijitt^r  coiitailiH  on  cai'li  Hiilr  a  lolio  of  p:ilriirli,\  ni:i  ami 
on  ilN  liiiK  r  Horl'iiCK  a  iliHiliKiM'oMH  riduii;  tlir  lalonil  loins  litiar  lalrrall.v  what  appeals  lo  l>i' a  mt.v 
ili^lirato  ili'iitiui'i'iiiis  riil^)',  Init  what  Ih  iviilintly  a  stri.ition ;  \  cntrolatiMal  lips  with  lar^i',  :iliiioHt 
si'iiiii'ii'i'iilar  Imsal  portion  II.  Hi"""  lii'oail,  littaiiiifr  on  the  innrr  Hinlaio  ol'  llii'  anti'iior  portion  a  par- 
tially ioimimIi'iI  ilinihli'lohcil  projiH'tion  proviih-il  with  a  ilonliKoroiis  i  iil^o;  thcv  boar  lati-rall.v  alMo 
what  appiiai'N  to  \>i\  a  vrry  ilitlicato  ili'iiti^Krons  rid^i',  whirh  r<tHol\<>H  itsill'  into  a  Niriation  ;  rnviral 
papillao  ll.lill"'"'  IVoin  aiitoi  ior  ovtruinity.  Itoily  alt«iiiialo  iiioro  Inward  antnritn-  than  toward  po>ti'rior 
oxlii'iiiily,  whirh  immIh  ronii'ully.     ('iitiiilo  with   rutii'iilar  liandH  'A.i  ii   liroiid,  hut  appairntly  williniit 

IliM'i  striae.     OcHophai^nH  (onipoHfd  oC  two  portions:  antitrior  portion  I hai};  liy  alMoiM).:!  to  II.  I'""' 

in  iliannitfi   at  distal  cml  ;  postcrioi    portion    l.l.'."i lon^  h\  tl.L'.'i"""  in   di.inn't'-r,  Kcnt'iiillv  Nii.;incdd; 

oi'HophiiKoal  anil  inlitsl  iiial  (;aoi'a  alisriit. 

Mlllr  :  :!l    lo  70 loiii;   Ity    I    to   I..~>' in  diitini^l^ir;   tail   t'oinjircss^d   doi>o-\  ontially    wilh   iloiNal 

median  rounded  kind  and  with  latrral  alao.  It  Ih  niivcd  vrntially  and  littars  nninxroiis  papiHar;  !l  In 
III  (oiM'aNioniilly  11)  pairs  of  postanal  papillar,  of  whirh  I,  -,  11  aio  loiiiial  and  iioar  I  ho  tip;  I  lo  II) 
(11)  Nhortir  and  iiiariir  tho  (donca;  11  and  !I,  10,  II  may  m  raHioiially  lio  wanting :  inoro  than  7'>  piaitanal 
papillai'  rarh  Hirlc,  arran;;i'd  in    Ihrrr  rows;  tlioso   ii«aii'r   lliiv  rioara  Hiiiallcr  and   iiioik   irrcLrni.irly 

arran^rd  ;  riciara  <l.-7' Irom  tip  of  tail :  Hpiciilcs  nnri|nal,  hit  spii'iilo  CI""'  i  aliuiil  tliroo  tiinoH  aa  loii;j; 

as  riKlit  Mpifiilo  (O.ill) ). 

I'oiiialr;  :i7  lo  !)(!"""  loli^  hy  l.Ti  to  '.','"'"  ii,  diumrtiM  ;  vdva  in  niiddlo  third  iy;oncrally  near 
niiildlu)  id'  tlio  liody.     I'<kk^  Klohiihir,  l<>  to  .''ilS  /',  sti^tiK^nl  lo  iiiorilla  sla^r  in  thn  !iloriiH. 

'I'ypiw.  I)i(>siiiy:'s  types  in  \'ienna  Miim'nin;  Krahlir's  lyprH  in  KopnihaKili  Miisoiiin.  'I'yidiiil 
Hpi'iiiiKMiH  iStili'sA  llaHsall  dot, )  in  (,'oil.  I.oiily  i  II.S.N.M.  No.  .'ilM.'o  ;  I'l  oni  whiili  spi'iiineiiH  will  he 
diHtrilnited  as  ioIIowh.  I'.S.N.M.No.  I'HI.l;  Coll.  It.  A.  !.  ( 1 1. .•<.%■. .M.  No,  L^HI'.'i;  Coll.  Stiles  (l'.,S.\.M. 
No,  ,'>l,''>ii);  Honth  Kiin.siiiKton  Miminini,  Loiidou;  Ituiliii  ,\|iihoiiiii;  ('oil.  Ii.  Illani  hard,  Talis;  (Jopenha^eii 
MiiHoiiin;  N'ioniia  .MiiHonm. 

iiahitat  :  'Stomaidi  of  inariiie  inaiiiinalH. 


ItOHl.H 


Drllihiiiiin  i'llrlifhit).. 

Itfllihinns  '*\t 

I*hneii'nti  /ihin'ti'iia. , , . 


l.iH'allly. 


Atliiiilii  Ori'iui 

I'liritir  I  lit'Rii 

S|>l-i'ill|e|IH      I'ritlM      Vi 
elllli!    M  IIKI-IMII. 

VriiilrllihiiiiiH Alliiiili,    III 


riiltecl  ii,li. 


llyuoiii 


ilyuoiii.  . 
W',  II  .Imi 


Knililii',  IH7H,  |i.  4'.l, 
Ihillihiiiii  nitu.  I  »ii.( AUuiiUc    ilmaii i  llyn"iii,  IviiHOh,  An-      Knilihr,  IK78,  |>.  IK. 


A  Mill  I 


Anlliiiril  V. 


Ilii',<iiiK,  l.'<liii,  p.  iliiii. 

SMle<  A   l^i,4siiil.  IMII!),  p.  l:t\l 

.siili's.v  iiiisHiill,  iHini,  11.  i:i4. 


I 


ilri'ii. 


II 


II 
I  I 


128 


TIIK    I'WU    SKAl.S    or     I'lIK    I'UIItll.OK    ISLANDS. 


Si'MMAKY. —  .1.  ////>(V,'<(  (Diesiiijj)  l»«loiij;s  (o  l>niiinliirH  Mihpfcniis  AiiiHokiM  (type, 
A.  l>HHHiiiiiii:ni).  It  was  tloscrilM'tl  in  lS<tO  l>y  DiuNiii^uH  tyitt'ol'ii  siiitposcd  iirw  };ciiiih 
<'oniHTithaliis,  but  Kriil)lio  (ISTHj  and  DniRcliu  (1SK.'{)  hIiowoiI  tliat  tlii'  structnn^  upon 
wlii<-)i  tlio  frt'iiiiH  was  hasi'd  was  not  a  part  of  tln^  worm.  Kraltlto  dfsrrihctl  it  as  a 
nt'w  Hp«'('ii's,  A.  iiniDrrjiliithis;  l>i'as(di»  phuicd  it  in  tlic  ^^(niiis  I'erifmrliiliiis;  Luidy 
niisdelormincd  s)MTiaii'iis  IVoni  the  l'a«dli(!  Oroan  an  ^^AnvariH  simpler  limlolplii,"  and 


1       I 


■  1 


Kilt.  3ii. 


Flu.Ul. 


Kill.  :i2. 


it  is  not  at  all  inipossihln  tliat  Dnjardin's  "/t.  .sim/)//'.r  Hudnlpiii"  A.  Dvssumii'rii  is 
identical  witli  tins  lonii  (set-  i».  1(11 ).  In  dctiiil  tlio  history  of  the  spccMos  is  as  follows: 
lllSToUU'AL  WKYIKW. —  Kor  a  discussion  of  Diijardin's  form  sec  paffc,  Mil.  Diosinfj 
(l.S(!0,  p.  (JOIt)  descrilxMl  a  parasit»(  (tlfj.  .{(>)  as  (Umocciihahis  lujiinis,  tyitc  and  only 
species  of  a  sup|»oK('d  new  {jcnus,  as  follows: 

Kuiiiiliu  MI.  CoiKK-ophiiliili'u.     ('liiiructtM' ^riiuriH  uiiid  hIiiiuI  (iiiiiilliie. 

XM.  ('KNocKi'MAi.rs  DioHiii^. 

(?i>r|i\iH  I'jciiijratinii  ItirttUiiHi'iiliiiii.    (.'apiit  coiiiuiiin,  liiiilio  huh  iiiiMtico  I'loiiiilali)  a  coi'ixiro  iliHtantx, 
ri'triictilu.     <>h  in  apicu  capitiH.     ICxtniiiiitiis  faiiilaliH  iiiariH  MttiiiiHpiraliN.  niiIiMih  oxcavata,  papilla 


1 1'  f  N 


AHCAKIS     lYI'lCA. 


129 


iliiiilii'i  Niilil<>niiiiiiili,  rmiiiiiii'  Hiilirttitu.     I'l'iii^  ii|MMliini  uiiriitalm  I'tiiiiiniM  iiiCrii  iiiI'IiuiIh  iiitnliiiiii  Hltu; 
iiUiniH  Hiiii|ilf\,  (ivariiMfl  iiviiliirlilmn  iliiiilniH.     nvi|ii»rii.     In  Ci'liicooriim  V4'iili'ii'iilo  viKlopiiraNilii. 

K'liiiioi'liyix'lioriiiii  iiKirr  i'ii|iiit  Ititiiiii  in  <  iii'|iiin  rulnii-l.iln. 
I.   iUmiiiriiliiiliiH  tiiiiiniH  IliiNiii;!.     'I'iili.  I,  lif;.  I    H. 

('(ii'iiiiH  Niiliii(ii|n»lti,  tritMNVxrHK  Hlrititniii.     Uh   iiiiiiiniiiin.      Lon^il.   nuii'.   utl    'J   ,  cruHHil.   uil    I'', 
I'liMiiiiiKi  III!  I.I  -   ,  <r;iHsil,  1      ,  loiiKit.  rii|iil,iH  ml  '/ 

Ihiliilui'iiliiMi.      DiliihinuH  (  Diljiliiiif):   In  \  cntiiiiilii,  in  iiri-iiiiK  itlhinlii'ii  miii  hilil.  Ii. 'JO    i-l  liiiit(it. 
IHI-.  :i!t    (  MiiH.  llaJ'iiieiiHi  ). 

(1.  SlronHlril|>  H|i(!i'iniiii.i   iionnnliii  k<''i<*i''>*   linjn'*    inf*iKi>i'*   Munko   ('iinMiirro   Vlii<loliiinmiNi  iliinii 
(ilit.illll. 

Kruliho  (I.S7.H,  |)|>.  M»-."il,  n'-NiiiiM"  I'J)  hUiU's  liial  tin*  wurms  Diosiii^,'  obtiiiiiiMl  from 
SStcciiHtruit  wci«)  colUMiU'd  liy  ('apUiii  llygoiii,  uikI  Miat  sovcnil  wim*-,  retaiiiwl  in  tlic 


I'iK.  :i4. 


■d;.  a«. 


Uorsal. 


I'-iK.  :ir.. 


VvntreH. 

v\<i.  ;i7. 


/oolo^ical  iMiisfiiin  of  tlut  I'liivorHJIy  of  Koponlia^tMi.  rpoii  «;\ainjiiati()ii  of  IIiIh 
iiiat4>rial  Kiabixt  <-oiiviiu-e(l  liiiiiscH'  that  tlic  suppusiMl  liooti  on  tlut  licail  was  <-oni]M)scil 
only  ol'coagulatfil  mucus  and  cpitlielial  <'(>lls  from  tlie  mucosa  of  Mih  liost.  \Vli«;n  tliJH 
is  separated  fnnn  the  h«tad,  three  lips  an>  seen  and  an  impr»ssion  of  the  lips  is  noticed 
on  i\w.  inside  of  the  hood.  Kraitbe  has  noticed  similar  stnu^tures  on  aseaiidns  of 
seals,  and  he  explains  Diesinjf's  error  of  inti^epretatiitn  by  the  fact  that  when  tliis 
author  published  his  Itevision  der  Nematoden  he  was  blind,  and  able  to  work  only  by 
the  aid  of  others.  Diesin^'s  li^-  ^^  >■>  ':>< '^t  whiih  is  sn|)poHoil  to  represent  the  iiead 
ret.nuited  into  the  body  similar  to  the  proboscis  of  IJcliinorliynvhun,  in  reality  exhibits 
the  lips  without  forei<,Mi  appendage. 

rmi—v'v ;} — y 


i;{(> 


'rilK    l'l!K    SK.\I,S    OK     llli;    I'KimLOK    ISl.ANhS. 


I'  i 


i    :  i  :  l! 


i:  I  I 


Krublto  propost'd  tlic  iiaiiir  '^Asniris  riniinTphiilus  n.  sp."  lor  this  piiriiHJU^,  which 
was  t'olh'uteil  by  llypim  iiiiH'  liiiics,  Ity  Ivcrsoii  <»iif«',  aiitl  by  Aiulroii  twire,  from  the 
Ht<>niiM;h  of  «hilpliiiis  ut'  tliu  Atliiiitii-  b*'tw<'*'ii  Aiiit'iicii  and  Alrifa,  raii^iiig  troiii  P 
Mouth  hititiidu  to  -0'  iiortli  latitmUs  uikI  IVoin  L'.'i"  to<l7  west  Niii;<:itiul«!.  IN;iiiliai°«It 
dutvrinimMl  tlio  tootliud  wlialt's  in  wiiit-ii  Andioa  t'oiiiid  Mit>  worm  as  bidoii^iii^  to  tho 
^eiius  Vhimruiu  (  l'rinltlitliiiiiis)\  bat  r(>j.ardiiitf  tlio  oliu-r  hosts  ho  was  uiiablo  to 
stato  aiiytiiiiif>'  ditliiiitc. 

Ill  oll(^  hit  of  .'tTO  speciituMis  tho  proportion  of  iiiah's  to  I'fiiiah's  was  1:1.     Thu 

inalt's  attainiul  70' in  h'lit^th,  tlio  l'i'iiial«-s  'Mi Tin'  worms  aro  soincwlial  similar  to 

'^1.  simi>li,i"  '*'■''  <1>l1t)i'  ><>  •'sst'iitial  details  of  the  lips  and  caudal  papillau.  Tin;  lobos 
of  tini  li|»s  are  provided  with  a  denti};eions  rid;,'e,  are  nanowei,  and  moro  distiiuttly 
Huparuted  rroiii  thu  rest  of  tlit^  lip  (see  li^'.  'M)  than  is  the,  uasu  In  .1.  Hiiiiplt.i:  Nino  or 
tun  pairs  <if  ])ostanal  pa|iillae  are  found  on  the  tail  of  tiu^  male  (tta.  [\\i).    Of  thusu 


Viii.  :i«. 


I'iH.  III. 


guiiuially  three  pairs,  oeeasioiially  two  pairs,  are  eonieal  and  near  the  tip.  Thu  other 
suvun  pairs  aru  shorter  and  situated  near  tiu^  eloaea.  The  numerous  praeaiial  papillau 
aru  conieal  and  arranged  on  each  side  in  tlirue  rows,  well  sejiaratud  from  one  another, 
those  situated  nearer  the!  cloaiia  being  shorter  and  more  irregularly  arranged. 

Drasehe  (18S3,  pp.  lO'J-lU),  evidently  overlooking  Krabbe's  paper,  reuxainined 
Diesiiig's  original  specimens.  lie  found  one  male  with  the  uuibrellalike  striieture 
on  the  head,  as  described  and  tigured  by  I)i«isiiig,  one  worm  without  the  hoiul,  and 
two  which  plainly  showed  three  lips.  I'poii  closer  examination  ho  found  that  the 
umbrella  like  structure  on  the  head  was  siin[»ly  a  portion  of  tiie  mucosa  of  the  host. 
Upon  the  removal  of  this  mucosa  the  three  lips  were  plainly  visible.  These  lips 
(figs.  8.'i-;{7)  lirasclie  (p.  110)  describes  as  follows: 

])i()  Lippeii  /orfiiUeu  in  oiiu!  liiickoii  -iiiiil  /wci  ISuiiulilip|i<tii.  Niclit,  iilloin  Judiich  (lass die  orBtoro 
von  (li>ii  lot/.toren  Hchr  vttrHiliieilcn  iHt,  J;i  sclliRt  diu  lt!iii('lili|i]irn  Hind  iiii'ht  ^1111/  Hyiiiinotrlsidi  kii 
lU'niu'ii.  Die  I)orsiilli]i]ii' d'iir.  Ill,  ris;.  (1  mid  7)  Iii^sil/.t  oiiii)  scliriij;  iiach  iiusHon  ?{"""'>;'•'"''•''**  "id 
/.orllillt  in  /.wei  hiilWkrciHliiriuigu  Sjcitunlaiiiiuu  iiud  cinun  zweigutliuilton  Mittullup|iun,     In  lot/.tcrou 


■^'' 


,4         '"^ 


ASCARIS   TYPK  A. 


181 


i{cli«n  /wM  l.iil'i  ''I'l!  ""  wiii'T  Iniii'liwitol mUt  iiiitii  liii.'  liiii  /ir»olilil/t<'  /alm|iliiltr,  «Im'iihii  Uiifil 

iler  VoriliTniml  <iir  ln'idcii  S«ili'iilii|iinMi  niiiii  /.itliiiifiiln'.  I 'it'  I"  iilni  lt:iii('lili|i|ii'ii  IiuIkmi  riiioii 
lialliklciHtilniiiKrii  Viiitlciiiiiiil.  An  ililiT  liimiiHiiln  siiiil  /.woi  /iiliiiplutlcii  /ii  hi'Iii-ii,  wrlcln-  v\\w 
vi.'ll"iMli  /niHclllit/,le  l.iimcllr  Iniyi'ii.  I>ir  l»iuiMilViiiiiij;<>  Vi(nlfiiiiiiil  ilrr  l,i|>|i..  is|  mji  I'luniMi  /.iihiini 
VfiHrlicn.  Wit^  tli«  •.'.Horiitliti  Vorjin'iHscrmin  iTiil'.  Ill,  li^.  1  miil  lIi /i«i«t,  >.iiiil  difHi-  llaiic'lili|>|i«ii 
kiMiu'sweKN  H.vniiiii'lri-oli.  Icli  muss  liirr  iiiisiliiiiKlirli  liciiuTkrii,  iliiss  tlii'  I,i|i)ifii,  oliiin  iliirrli  i-iii 
|)iMU;{liihcln!ii  licsiliwirt  /n  M'iii,  mil  <li  r  Ciimrrii  liiiida  ni'-fi'lu'i'  «  iirilcii.  iIiism  aUit  ilir  xtirsiliicdciin 
(ii'(ttJilt«l<'iH«illM!ii  iii<  III  clwii  illi)  I'ols"  eincr  iiiiKlricln'ii  ( ■oiiiincssii.ii  mtiii  Kaiiii;  iil>ri(;ins  coiislalirld 
lih(li<'AH.viiiiiiutiiiili'i  IliiiiililiiiiH'iiiiii  /.wci  l'.M'm|iliui'ii.  Iliiitrrili'ii  l.ipiiiii  /oi);t>iHlic<'iiliiiilurriiit;i< 
uiiH'ii  Hc.liiiciilriiihtii  It'uiiil. 

DniHrlui  fiirHicr  iiu'iitioiis  tim  iirt'siMicr  of  a   '•  (It'liiHsbimd  "  similiir  to  vvliiit  lui 

loiiiiil  ill  "/V'»(/*((r7/(7»»/.s',"  ill  ti  ri'iiiiili'  10' loiij;,  it  bciii^  iliructiy  IwU  of  tlio  lips  iiiid 

cxtciHliiig  caudml  lor  lid ;  its  greatest  bmidtli  was  1 ',  ami  it  cxlundL'tl  trmii  liu- 


KiK.  41. 


t'ili.  42 


ri;^lit  lateral  line  to  the  ventral  line,  siirroiiiuliii^  a  portion  of  tlie  intestine.  The 
I'luiows  of  the,  intestine  were  partieiilarly  well  developed  in  the  middle  portion.  The 
vulva  was  in  about  the  middle  of  the  animal,  !♦;{"""  from  the  anterior  e.vtremity  in  a 
spetiimen  40"""  long;  vagina  short,  uterus  (hiiible. 

The  tail  of  the  male  (lig.  .">S)  was  eiirved  and  was  provided  with  a  bursa;  ten  post- 
uiial  papilhe  were  observed,  of  whieli  Nos.  1,J,  and  3  were  eonieal;  over  seventy 
pra>aual  papilhe  wore  present,  arranged  in  several  longitudinal  rows;  spieula  wore 
not  observed. 

Drasclie  eoneluded  that  the  muuth  part.s,  "(letiissband,"  bursa,  arraiigemont  of 
the  papilhe  and  presenee  of  an  evertible  jienis  sheath  Hndoubt«'dly  showed  that  this 
worm  belonged  to  Diesing's  genus  I'erilrticlielius,  and  heproi»o.sed  to  name  it  /'.  lypivus. 

In  one  of  Leidy's  (1880,  ]».  .".11)  artieles,  we  (ind  "J.sr«W«  .simpler'^  cited  as  having 
oecurrcMl  in  largo  numbers  in   "the  stoinaeh  of  a  dolphin,  Lut/enorliynvlim'!  I'aciUc 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

{7lii)  872-4503 


132 


THK    VVH    SKALS    OF    TlIK    TUIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


Oceau."  The  collection  was  iiuulo  by  ]3r.  William  H.  .Jones,  U.  S.  N.  Loidy  does  not 
describe  the  specimcus,  but  in  his  collection  we  find  a  bottle  (Coll.  Leidy,  No.  23= 
U.S.N. M.,  No.  flOla)  containing  nu!nerous  specimens  of  Ancaris,  with  the  label  ^^Asairis 
shnplci:  IMphhius.  Dr.  W.  II.  Jones."  As  these  are  the  only  specimens  we  find  in 
Leidy's  collection  bearing  a  label  which  in  any  way  corresponds  to  the  data  given  in 
Leidy's  article,  they  are  probably  the  worms  which  Leidy  had  before  him  at  the  time 
he  quoted  ^^Ascaris  nimplcr"  from  the  Pacitic  Ocean.  These  specimens,  as  will  be 
shown  below,  agree  in  essential  characters  witii  the  description  of  Diesing's  Vonoccph- 
aliis  typieus  as  given  by  Krabbe  and  Draschc. 


JftTsal 


Von  Linstow  (1889,  p.  25)  cites  '■'■Asearls  cunwephaht^^  with  "  donovephalun  Ujpumii'" 
and  '■'■  I'entravhclhis  typicm"  as  synonyms. 

Jiigerskifild  (1894,  j).  45;{)  does  not  state  that  he  has  examined  this  t-pecies;  his 
remarks  are  of  historical  and  nomenclatural  nature,  and  he  accepts  the  uame 
^^AsvariH  (J'eritraeheliiis)  typhus.'''' 

StoBsich  (189G,  pp.  17,  18)  has  evidently  overlooked  Drasclie's  article  on  this 
worm,  but  gives  a  diagnosis  by  which,  however,  it  would  scarcely  be  jmssible  to 
recognize  the  ])arasite.  He  has  evidently  not  examined  specimens,  but  bases  his 
statements  upon  Diesing  (1809)  and  Krabbe  (1878).  He  includes  Leidy's  si)ecimeus 
under  A,  simplex. 


\ 


ASCARIS   TYPICA. 


133 


FiK.  45. 


134 


TIIK    VVn    SKALS    OF    TIIK    IMillULOP    ISLAXDS. 


!  i 


Since  (•«)mi)leti!ig  tin's  iiiiumscript  AV(>  liiivc  itHicivctl  from  the  Vienna  Miisoum  ii 
bottle  contiiininfj  nematodes  labeled  ".l.vmr/.v  simph-.r,  Jhlplihivs  pliocdcud;'"  tliese 
worms  \vc  liavc  lede.tciniined  iis  Asniris  (yinca. 

\ 


I  i_   4(1 


SPKf'iMENS  IN  Lktoy's  roi,T,K('Ti()N.— Tlie  bottlo.  in  Leidy's  collection  (No.  '2',\=- 
r.S.N.Al.,  No,  5015)  contains  abont  lialf  a  i»int  of  nematodes  (liffs.  30,  10,  49),  ratlier 
poorly  preserved. 


ASOAIilS     rVI'ICA. 


13-) 


I  ]\Ius(Mini  ii 
ma;''   these 


No.  23=- 
»),  liitlier 


Vifi.  47. 


Ill  I 


130 


TIIK    VrU    SEALS    OF    TMK    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


'  \4 


<  il!ll 


'Ml 


f 


it 


Tliese  specimens,  which  we  have  determined  as  .1.  fi)pi<((,  iei)resent  various  stages 
of  (U'velopirent,  from  y.»nnj;'  wornjs  10"""  lon^  by  O.tiT"""  ltroa<l  to  fully  grown  worms 
44' long  by  2"""  broad. 

The  head  of  a  female  specimen  examined  measnres  0.288"'"'  broad,  and  0.112""" 
long.    The  base  of  the  dorsal  lij)  measured  0.2"""  broad  by  88  //  long,  while  its  anterior 
projection  measured  only  (14 /<  broad  by48/<  long  (comi)are  figs.  41,  4.5) ;  the  dcuti 
gerous  ridge  of  the  dorsal  lip  lo(!ated  on  the  inner  surface  of  this  dorsal  prolongation* 
as  was  (igured  by  Krabbe. 

Our  observations  also  agree  with  those  of  Krabbe,  in  that  we  find  the  anterior 
margin  (figs.  41,  4.S)  of  the  median  projection  indented  in  the  median  line,  thus 
forming  two  lobes,  and  at  this  point  a  prominent  tooth  is  occasionally  noticed.  The 
parenchyma  forms  an  anterior  lobulate  branch  into  eavh  side  of  the  i)rqjection.  The 
basal  portion  is  divided  into  two  lateral  rouiuled  lobes,  ncin-  the  antero  lateral  margin 
of  which  a  round  papilla  is  plainly  visible.    Drasche  states  that  the  lateial  lobes  also 


Fis-  48. 

bear  a  dentigerous  ridge.  This  we  have  not  been  able  to  verify,  although  on  the  margin 
of  the  lobes  we  noticed  a  strH(!ture  which  might  be  interpreted  as  a  dentigerous  ri<lge, 
but  which  appeared  to  us  more  like  a  striation. 

The  ventro-lateral  lips  do  not,  upon  first  e\aminati(m,  show  the  distinct  division 
into  a  prominent  anterior  narrower  and  a  basal  broader  portion,  such  as  is  described 
for  the  dorsal  lip;  upon  careful  investigation,  however,  and  especially  upon  isolation 
of  the  cuticle,  a  bilobed  anterior  projection  maybe  seen  extending  into  the  space 
between  the  three  lips,  similar  to  but  broader  than  the  bilobed  anterior  portion  of  the 
dorsal  lip;  this  projection  bears  a  dentigerous  ridge;  the  base  of  tlie  lip  is  about 
0.16"""  broad,  and  the  lip  is  0.12"""  thick;  ordinarily  the  ventrolateral  lips  ai>pear 
nearly  semicircular  but  asymmetrical  in  outline.  We  have  not  been  able  to  clearly 
define  any  dentigerous  ridge  on  the  '^ase,  but  we  find  a  number  of  striae,  which  might 
easily  be  mistaken  for  such  a  ridge.  The  usual  papilla  is  found  on  the  basal  portion 
of  each  ventrolateral  lip.  Infermediate  lips  are  absent;  cervical  alae  absent.  The 
cervical  ])apillae  ar.  plainly  visible  O.GO"'"'  from  the  anterior  extremity.  The  cuticle  of 
the  body  is  provided  with  32  /^  transverse  cuticular  bands,  apparently  without  the  finer 


i;     ft 


ASOARIS    TYPK'A. 


137 


'ariona  stages 
grown  worms 

aiHl  0.112""" 
«  its  anterior 
);  tlie  (lenti 
ir«>Iongation» 

the  anterior 
"  ''"e,  thus 
Jticed.  Tlie 
iction.  The 
«J-aI  margin 
i>  lobes  also 


le  margin 
'lis  ridge, 

division 
escribed 
isolation 
'«  space 
"  of  the 
s  about 

ai>I)ear 
'  clearly 
li  migiit 
portion 
t.  The 
1  tide  of 
le  /iner 


striae  seen  in  some  other  species.  Tlie  posterior  edge  of  each  ciiticular  band  projecits 
prominently  beyond  the  imteiior  edge  of  the  one  next  succiceding,  so  that  tlio  edge  of 
the  worm  ai)pears  distinctly  serrate.    The  oesophagus  (fig.  44)  is  divided  into  two 

portions;  an  anterior  portion  about  4 '  long  by  0.4»'"'  in  diameter  at  its  distal  end. 

Tins  part,  which  is  extremely  muscular,  is  followed  by  a  second  portion  of  ditterent 

histological  appearance  and  wider  lumen,  measuring  about  1.2r>"'"'  loug  by  ((.25 •  in 

diameter,  and  in  nil  cases  examined  it  was  sigmoid.  The  distal  end  of  this  body 
leads  directly  into  the  anterior  end  of  the  intestine;  both  oesophageal  and  intestinal 
caeca  are  absent. 


Fifr.  49. 

The  adult  males  (fig.  til)  vary  from  M  to  38"""  long  and  1  to  1.5™">  in  diameter; 
the  proximal  extremity  is  more  attenuate  than  the  distal  end  (tigs.  4r>-47),  which  is 
curled,  Hatteued  (lorso-ventrally,  and  provided  with  lateral  alae;  the  postanal  portion 
18  conical  and  bent  vertically.  Nine  to  ten,  or  possibly  eleven,  pairs  of  i)08tanal  papillae 
are  present;  of  these,  three  occasionally  two  or  two  and  a  lialf  pairs  of  corneal  papillae 
are  nearer  the  tip,  while  six  to  seven,  possibly  eight,  pairs  of  shorter  papillae  are 
nearer  the  cloaca.  The  arrangement  of  the  praeanal  papillae  varies  greatly  in  ditterent 
specimens;  there  may  be  over  seventy-five  on  each  side,  arranged  in  three  irregular 
rows.  The  cloaca  is  0.27"""  from  the  tip  of  the  tail,  and  extruding  from  it  may 
frequently  be  seen  the  spicules.  The  latter  are  of  very  unequal  size,  the  left  siucule 
(3' )  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  right  (O.OC"""  long). 


v\ 


; 


138 


TlIi;    Kl'U    SEALS   OK    IIIK    I'KlHILnP    ISLANDS. 


The  adult  feniivles  (lig.  10)  vary  in  length  from  M  to  44""",  in  breadth  from  1.5  to 
2""",  and  are  attenuated  slightly  toward  each  extremity.  The  vulva,  aecording  to 
Miesing,  lies  distal  of  the  niid<lle  of  the  body;  aeitording  to  Drasehe,  about  in  the 
'  iddle.     In  one  of  our  specimens,  44"""  long,  the  vulva  was  found  li(»"""  from  the  head. 

The  vagina  measured  (»' long,  the  body  of  the  uterus  8 ,  the  horns  S""".    The  eggs 

(Hg.  48)  are  globular,  40  /<  to  5(J  //,  and  undergo  segmentation  in  the  uterus.  The  anus 
is  about  O.lifJ"""  from  the  tip  of  the  eonical  tail. 

XomcnclalKn: — The  speeilic  term  tjntlva  has  i)riority,  whi'e  Diesing's  (bSoO)  name 
I'eritravhcliuH  can  not  bo  applied  t^)  this  form,  either  as  generic  or  snbgeneric  name, 
even  should,  as  Drasehe  thinks,  A.  lypica  be  generically  (or  snl»getuMi('ally)  related  to 
I'eritnirltilius  iiisijinis,  since  .1.  iypliui  belongs  in  Dn.jardin's  (184."))  subgenus  Auisakis, 
of  which  we  make  it  the.  type. 

Yoitiiii  siKcimriis  of  Asc(tris  ti/picK. —  liesides  the  adults  descrilted  above,  H.S.N.M. 
No.  5015  (contains  numerous  si»ecimens  (ligs.  4S*-5li)  of  young  ascarides  corresponding 


Fig.  50. 


i-'iK.  r.i 


to  the  young  'orms  of  .1.  (liTipieiis  described  on  page  110.  They  measure  15  to  22"'"' 
in  length  by  0.25  to  0.;>4"""  in  breadth,  and  present  the  characters  usually  given  for 
^^A.cdpsithtrid,"  The  ventral  tooth  is  slightly  more  prominent  than  in  the  young  of 
A.  (hcipicns.  Specimens  may  be  found  with  the  larval  cuticle,  or  with  this  cuticle 
partially  discarded. 

We  do  not  hesitate  to  look  upon  these  as  tlie  yowngol'  A.  fypira  and  to  assume  that 
the  host  becomes  infected  by  eating  tish. 

4.  ASCARIS  BICOLOR  Baird,  1868  [nee  Rudolpbi,  1793].    Sp.  inq. 

(FiKH.  53-57.) 
f  IHOit,  Aacarix  simplex,  Jliiilolphi,  soi>  pajit's  12()-ll'(i, 

18(!S,  Ascaris  Ucolor  H.Mitl)  [iici^  Krnoi.i'iii,  17it3],l'roc  Zool.  Soc.  London,  p.  71.  figs.  A-C.  —  McRIE, 

1868,  IVdc.  Zool.  So(,'.  Loiulon,  i>ai?('s  ()7-71. — VoN  Linstow,  IS78,  ('oinpmuliiiiii  <lor  Heliuiii- 

thologio,  p.  12. — Stossicii,  ISIK!,  lioll.  Soc.  lulrhiticu  Sci.  iiat.  Trieste,  XVII,  p.  (17. 

PlACXOSis. — Iiit<^rmeili:itc  lips  absent;   liitertil  cervical  iilac   iilmcnt;   lipa  <listinct,   prominent, 

rounded,  of  moderate  siy.r,  more  distinct  and  turner  than  in  .1.  simpler,  and  provided  with  a  deutiger- 

ons  ridge.     Hody  cylindrical,  attennated  anteriorly  (lint  less  so  than  .1.  simplex),  of  a  brownish  cidor, 

except  at  the  anterior  extremity  which  is  white;  the  posterim-  extremity  is  sometimes  red.     C'nticlo 


Ii  from  1.5  to 
K'coi'diiifj-  to 
iii)<)iit  ill  tlie 
>iii  tUo.  liejuj. 

•     Tlio  iiiius 

( I'"*;-'*))  iiiiino 
X'l'ic  iiiiiiio, 
)  reliifcd  to 
Is  Auisakis, 

isH.S.N.M. 
lespondiiig 


ASCAHIS  mcoLOi^. 


139 


to  22'""' 
,'Jvoii  for 
^'oiiiig  oC 

ciiti(;Ie 
iinetlijit 


MiRIK, 

Helniiii- 

niHiieiit, 

nliger- 

ili  color, 

C'lltirJo 


proviiloil  wit-li  fiiticiilar  liamlH  (t.OL'l  linmil,  iMit  witlioiit  Cmut  slriiHS  tlic  UuihIh  f;iv(>  ii  sorrite  ii|i|M'ur- 
ttiii'o  to  tln>  mar^tiu  "I"  tlii'  wonii,  when  sci'ii  iiiiiIim-  llic  iiiicroscoiK".  (  ))>so|i|iuk<i>*  i'ou«iNtM  ol'  two  por- 
tions, an  anterior  Mini  ii  posttirior;  o«so|iliiij;iiiil  nnil  iiitt'stiiiiil  nifcii  ul>soiit. 

Lmi«tli  (ill!  ftiin;il<'sf ):  r.2  to  TiV'"";  bie.nltli  1.'  1o2.ri""". 

Cotypcs:  liritiwli  MuMoiim  Mini  Coll.  II.  A.I.     (U.S.X.M.,  No.  L'SU'4). 

Habitat:  Stomach  of  niMrinr  niMiiiiiialN. 


HORt. 


hOKIlllty. 


Oiillflct4>r. 


(hli'liiniis  riiamartiii Dinl  at  I.iiiiiloii Miiric.  IsiiT 


Anthiiril  V. 


Mnrii'iinil  r.ainl.  IXiiH,  |i|i.  07  71. 


HuMMAiSY. — Tliis  sui>i»ostMl  species  tVom  Tricln'clniH  rosinttrits  (  (hlnUenus  rosinanis) 
aliouM  not  bo  confused  witii  ".I.  hicolor  lludolplii,  179.'J,"  from  Pcnti  Jhiriatilis.  A. 
hiroliir  liaird  was  described  in  1S()S  from  specimens  taken  Iroiii  a  walrus;  it  lias  not 
been  reported  since  that  time.  We  have  examined  sevt'ial  of  I'.aird's  originals,  but 
liaviiifj  no  males  we  are  unable  to  delinitf  ly  place  the  worm,  altlioiifjh  we  are  somewhat 
inclined  to  look  uiion  it  as  identical  with  A.  siiiii)I<:i:  Miirie,  who  collected  the 
nematodes,  considered  them  to  be  the  «'ause  of  death  of  a  walrus  he  examined.  The 
worm  is  cited  by  von  Linstow  (1.S78)  and  Stossich  (IHlMi),  but  the.se  authors  did  not 
examine  specimens.     In  detail  the  history  of  the  parasite  is  as  follows: 

llisToKiCAi,  KF.VIKW.  — As  the  orifiiiial  arti«'le  i»y  Murie  and  liaird  has  an  iniitor 
tant  medical  as  well  as  /.oolojrical  bearing?,  we  qimte  it  liere  in  full,  with  the  (uiginal 
illustrations: 

(i«(i«.)  ri>- <'"i 

4.  Oil  the  Morliid  Appearances olixervcil  in  theWaliiis  iMtelyliviiijj  in  the  Society's  (lanleiiH.  |{y  .laiiies 
Mni'le,M.  1>.,  I'ro.^entor  to  I  lie /oolo;;i(Ml  Society.  Witlia  I  >eMcriiil  ion  oC  a  New  Specie.s  of  .(gcdris 
fouiiil  ill  the  StoiiiMih.     Hy  Dr.  liMinl,  F.  L.  S. 

In  18ri3  the  society  olitaiiieil  a  very  yoiiiifj  walrus  (  Trirhfchiia  roKiiiiinis,  l.iiin.^,  which  H])ni'inieii 
iiiifortiinatcly  only  lived  some  lew  days  after  its  arrival,  from  thai  time  up  to  the  1st  of  Noveiiilier 
last  (ISl)")  no  opjioitnnity  has  olVered  ol'nddiiif;  another  I'XMiiiplo  of  this  e\c<'odiu';ly  inlerestiiiH:aiiiiiial 
to  the  coHection.  When,  therefore,  a  tolerably  well-develoiied,  althoiifih  still  yoniif{,  male  Bea  horse 
was  reported  to  have  arrived  safely  in  the  jrardens,  the  cnriosity  of  the  ini'iiiberHof  the  society  and  the 
])nblic  "generally  naturally  was  aroused,  Notw  ithstMndiiijf  the  inclemency  of  the  weather  the  number 
of  visitors  was  ni'eat. 

The  (iropcr  fooil  ofa  walrus  in  a  stateof  nature  has  been  variously  stated  by  ditl'erent  naturalists. 
Some  assort  it  to  be  a  vei;etablc  eater;  others  believe  it  to  be  entirely  earniverous,  while  a  third  notion 
has  <;aiiied  ground  that  it  may  occasimially  jiartakc  of  food  of  the  one  kind  or  the  other. 

Our  superintendent,  therefore,  uudi^r  these  circnmstMnces,  felt  a  <lit1iciilty  in  deeidiii<!;  what  mifj;ht 
bi'  the  best  fooil  to  fjive  tiieci-catnit^  so  as  to  retain  it  in  as  j;ood  health  as  possible.  'I'he  results  of  bis 
eNperiincntH  conccruiii^  suitable  diet  he  has  himself  laid  befiir<'  the  society's  ineetin^H  on  a  previous 
occasion.  1  shall  Just  reiterate  bis  conclusions,  namely:  It  ii^fused  every  kind  of  seaweed  otl'ercd,  but 
it  greedily  niiljied  up  tln'  soft  bodies  of  Mya  Ininrntii  and  M.  aretuiiia,  which  were  its  ])rinci)>al  food, 
besides  i|iiaiititivs  of  whelks,  mussels,  tisli  cut  up  in  small  strips,  and  the  viscerti  of  fisli:  tli<>so  last, 
however,  having  previously  been  well  washi'd  and  cleaned. 

It  may  be  remarked  that  the  youii};  walrus  disscctiMl  by  rrofessorOwen  in  18511  had  been  fed  durinj; 
its  cajitivity  on  oatmeal,  milk,  and  water.  The  siiecimen  at  present  under  consideration,  when  (irst  cap- 
tured, and  on  shipboard,  had  also  reccivi^l  a  certain  allowMiioe  of  the  above,  aloii;;  with  strips  of  fat  pork, 

I  have  taken  notice  of  the  aniinal's  food  for  the  purpose  of  ilirecting  attention  to  tlit^  question, 
whence  were  the  ova  of  the  ento/oa  cditained  that  ultimately  led  to  the  walrus's  death f 

At  the  perioil  of  arrival  in  the  iianlens  thewalrr.n  looked  thin  and  lean.  There  was  an  amount 
of  loose  skin,  however,  which  iiidicatcil  that  better  re>;iiiieii  than  that  which  he  had  lately  been  under 
would  soon  render  the  body  pliiiu|i  and  comparatively  free  from  tli<^  very  niinicroiis  skin  folds,  The.se 
wrinkles,  it  may  be  observed,  in  several  places  met  each  other,  so  as  ti)  torni  a  scries  of  elongated 
diamoiid-sliaped  inidosnres. 


140 


Tin:  nil!  skai.s  or  tiii:  immhilok  isi.andh. 


'i  ' 


It  was  oarly  iiotictMl  tliiit  llio  roiijiiiirtiMi'  wrrn  hiiU'ii.simI  anil  injected  with  li)no(l.  This  (;nvi"  flip 
nycH  n  (liMii^rotMil)!)'  itppeurancx  (p,  liH{.  Tln>  Miiinnil  lit  tinn'M  cli.'ittri'ril  or  rattltMl  his  t)t(>tli  top'tlu'i  In 
a  VHiy  runinrl<ulili'  ami  noisy  manner.  This  lanl  hahit,  however,  wan  pnt  down  to  temper,  or  an  a 
sl^n  of  hunger;  the  NanKnineouH  elliiHion  to  a  eold  receiveil  dnrinj;  traiiNporl, 

Aftei  the  lapse oC  a  few  weeks  it  wonid  seem  thai  the  liody  and  linilis  aei|nired  more  vifjor;  for 
the  f;alt  heeanin  alt)>rnd;  ho  that  in  walUiiiK  on  all  lours,  se:i-1if!ar  fashion,  the  alidonn'n  and  ehest 
wtiro  raised  from  the  ground,  wluTeas  nt  first  the  Miiinial  rather  trailed  or  drajjKh'd  aloiin  than  walked. 
This  Hhowed  that  tho  animal  was  ^lowinK  stron^ur  in  liody.  an  ei|iiiv:ili'nt  in  sniiin  nieasnru  to  ini|)rove- 
ninnt  in  hnaltli.  It  wiih  notieed  all  the  while  that  it  renialnod  emauiated  and  did  not  inerensx  in 
HtoiitneHS  or  othurwiHe  heeumo  fatter,  although  the  i|iiantity  of  food  it  eonsiiined  was  enoruiinis.  The 
ravoiiousnesH  of  its  nppelittt  was  sonutthin^'  extraordinary,  and  many  thoiiKliI  that  the  animal  was 
nnderfod. 

The  walrus  thus  was  considered  hy  every  one  who  s:iw  it  to  have  had  apparently  uninterrupted 
health  till  Monday  the  lllth  of  Oeneniher.  On  that  day  the  keeper  lirst  lienaii  seriously  to  appreheinl 
that  the  animal  was  out  of  order — as  ho  thnUKht — eonstipated,  lint  meanwhile  it  did  not  refuse  food. 

On  Ml'.  Hartlett  heiny;  rouHiilted,  he  projxised  In  n'^yo  it  some  oily  siilistanee  which  mijtht  aet  as  a 
]>ur};ativo.  One  pound  and  a  half  of  horse  fat,ent  in  strips,  was  therefore  ;;ivoii  tluyiflernnon  follow- 
iu);.  The  next  iniirniu;;  there  were  eopious  alvino  evaenations.  What  passed  at  first  was  hard,  Idack, 
and  fetid,  hut  theexoretions  heeanie  iiioister,  th(iii};h  still  very  dark  eidored. 

When  this  oeeurrud  it  was  thought  relief  was  nlitainedand  that  the  animal  would  no  on  well.  It 
did  not  seem,  however,  to  rall.y,  hut  died  rather  suddenly  on  Thursday  the  I'.Hh. 

The  hody  was  examined  hy  me  a  day  afterwaids  and  diselnsed  ininsiial  ennditions. 

Not  a  particle  of  suhcntaneons  fat  was  jireNuiit,  and  the  mesentery  and  other  ahdominal  parts 
usually  eontaii'ing  fatty  suhstancos  were  equally  destitute  of  such. 

The  viscera  of  the  thorax  and  ahdoinen,  with  the  eseeption  of  the  iiiterioi'  of  the  stomach, 
ap)>cared  quite  sound.     The  hrain  was  also  normal  in  structure.' 

flli),]  On  opeiiiiiK  the  stomach,  which  was  of  nioderate  si/e,  I  was  much  surprised  to  find  that  it 
contained  small,  round  worms,  a  species  of  .hciiris,  in  such  quantities  that,  when  these  were  tiiriiod 
out,  there  was  nlto};ether  iihout  half  a  pailful.  'I'hey  occiii)ied  the  entire  interior  of  the  visciis,  hut 
were  in  greatest  ahiindance  at  the  head  of  the  ]ieeuliar  siphon-like  stomach. 

The  entozoa  swarmed  hetween  the  rngiie,  iind  in  many  cases  were  lirmly  attached  to  the  nieni- 
hrane,  'l"he  mucous  inemhrane  liniiijj  the  interior  was  of  an  intense  red  hue;  hut  here  .and  there  were 
somewhat  poller  patches.  More  rigid  examination  showed  that  these  last  were  oxtensivo  ulcerations, 
the  mucons  nivnihrane  heiiig  entirely  eroded,  and  only  the  mnsciilar  and  a  very  tliiu  lining  of  suhmn- 
cous  tissue  remained,  preventing  perforation  of  the  walls  of  the  stomach.  The  chief  ulcerations  were 
sonic  four  in  numher,  and  varied  in  si/e  and  sitiiati<ui. 

One,  iiearl.v  I'ircular,  threo-fonrtlis  of  an  imh  in  diameter,  occupied  the  anterior  wall  at  a  dis- 
tance of  hetween  5  and  <!  inches  from  the  eanliac  end.  Another,  souuiwhat  diamoiul-shaped,  2A 
inches  hy  1.}  at  widest,  also  existed  on  the  anterior  wall  of  the  viscns  and  ahoiit  its  middle.  In  the 
ulcerated  erosion,  the  mucous  i-oat  was  in  some  parts  so  excavated  underneath  as  to  leave  one-half 
inch  of  an  overhanging  lajipet  of  inemhrane.  On  a  section  heing  made  vertically,  the  Huhmncous 
tissue  was  seen  to  he  iihscnt,  the  muscular  ami  soioms  coats  ahmo  preventing  perforation  of  the  wall. 
At  this  part  of  the  wall  the  stomach  had  a  thickness  of  only  O.l  of  an  imdi,  although  it  seemed  as  if 
the  muscular  tihorswore  slightly  increased  in  niimhers  hero,  jiossihly  from  theotfects  of  the  irritation 

'When  the  hrain  was  taken  out,  its  general  apiicarauce  and  lirnmess  of  texture,  as  implied  ahovc, 
was  that  of  health.  As  it  was  desired  for  anatomical  investigation,  it  was  not  then  ctit  into  or  inter- 
fered with  further  than  cursory  oxaminatinn  jiormittcd.  At  one  point  it  was  noticed  that  unusual 
vascularity  existed;  hut  as  the  diseased  condition  of  the  stomach  was  thought  siittii'ii'ntof  itself  to 
account  for  de.ath,  no  great  attention  was  then  paid  to  this  superficial  cerohellar  congestion,  Suhse- 
qnont  examinations  showed,  however,  that  upon  the  npjier  surface  of  the  cerebellum  (between  the 
posterior  cerebral  lobes)  and  underneath  the  injected  pia  mater  an  abscess  had  begun  to  be  formed. 
The  brain  surface  immediately  underneath  was  very  slightly  softened,  hut  around  it  was  quite  firm. 
The  morbid  deposit  and  inliltration  had  chielly  iuiidicated  the  pia  mater  over  the  superior  vermiform 
process.  Whether  this  lesion  was  the  more  immediate  cause  of  death,  and  not  the  ulcerated  condi- 
tion of  the  stomach,  is  an  ojien  (iiiestioii.  Some  of  the  Nymjttoms  during  life  might,  indeed,  be 
referred  to  it. 


ASCARIS    IllCtH.OK. 


This  t'livc  flio 

'til  td^ri'lllci    ill 

•iiipur,  or  tin  u 

<>r«  \ifr,n;  for 
ii-n  anil  <'lu'Ht 
timii  wnlkrd. 
r*Mo  iiiij)rovc- 
'I  intTi'iiNn  ill 
I'i'iriiiiiM.     'I'll,, 

•'    !lllillllll   WIIR 

niiif((rrii|>tc(l 
♦  "  itppniluMiil 
'Ofllsr  (odd. 

ii«lit  ii(!t  iiHu 
""Oil  Col  low- 
liiml,  iil,i(!k, 

'•II  wisll.     It 


iiiiiial  p.'irls 
in  stoinacli, 


141 


^oiii);  oil  ill  llii'  iM'i;;lilMirlii>iiil  mmiI  witiiiii,  A  lliiiil  iilnr,  of  an  t'iliptiral  t'onn,  Jl  iiirlit'H  Imi;;,  and 
Willi  iiioir  lo^iilar  cd^cs  lliaii  tlic  pioriMling,  had  Ihcii  t'atrii  awa.v  mi  tli<<  iinlt'iim  wall.  iloNr  tntlio 
lo.MHur  riii'vatiiri' of  tlut  Mtiiiiiacli  and  lii'twccn  5  and  0  inrlios  I'loni  tlir  pyluriis.  Ititwri'ii  tlii<  Nccnnd 
and  third  (TiisiiHiB  hi'io  dcscrilicd,  init  on  tht<  posterior  wall  of  tlir  htoinacli,  unothir  M'ly  extniHivu 
patch  of  iilferatiiin  had  taken  place.  'I'hiH  nicer  stiofched  lietwern  the  greater  and  Ichm<t  cnrvatnreH. 
It   had  a  Hoiniliinar   li;;nrc,  was   rather   more    lliaii  I  iinhos  loii);,    possessed  irre;;iilar   liurdcrs,  and 

varied  tnnii  one-half  to  1  inch  in  wiilth.    'riioinncons  coat  around  had  hcen  niidcrmi I  in  anianncrsiini' 

lar  to  that  dcserihc'd  aliove  as  occnrrinn  in  the  second  nicer.  To  the  ri};ht  and  l.ving  parallel  with 
thi.s  lar^e  exeavaticm  were  a  HerioH  of  small  cirenlar  :ind  ovoid  Hpots,  which  had  hecii  eroded  in  like 
manner  with  those  alr(«ad,v  (le.serihed.  The  .-^pots  Just  spoken  of  varied  in  Hi/e  fi'<nn  ahoiit  a  thrce- 
ponn.v  piece  to  a  shilling;,  anil  the.v  evideiitl.v  were  fast  rnnniiig  intoono  single,  lonv;  ulcer,  lescniblinK 
that  upon  the  left  side.  Only  a  very  few  worms  were  fciiind  hero  and  there  in  the  intustiiial  tract ; 
.some  were  observed  to  have  ]iii8Meil  priviously  to  the  lior.se  fat  having  lieon  given. 

Dr.  Itaird,  of  tlit*  itiitish  M:iHcum,  having  cMunincd  some  of  the  ento/.oa,  considers  them  new  to 
science,  and  snllicicnlly  ililV.  lei. .  to  re(|uiro  a  new  spec'ilie  nanio.  He  propo.sod  therefore,  that  of 
.Isitirin  //i((i?o»',  on  acciHiiil  of  a  peculiarity  eomnuMi  to  most  of  |  p.  TO)  them,  viz,  that  the  posturioi- 
half  of  the  hody  is  more  or  less  of  a  reddish  or  pinkish  hue,  the  leiiiaiiiing  .segment  being  pale  <'iilore4l. 
1  myself  incline  to  the  opinion  that  this  coloration  may  not  lie  of  a  spciilic  kind,  but  due  in  Homo 
measure  to  the  intensely  con.L;eated  condition  of  the  st'jmach  and  NanguineoiiM  naturo  of  the  food. 
The  accompanving  ligiires  I  have  had  drawn  under  my  HuperviHion;  and  Dr.  Uaird  is  pleased  to 
consider  them  a  faithful  delinei'tion. 

ASOARIS  BICOLOR,  Bairil. 


hiid  that  it 
vero  tiirnod 
visciiN,  but 

'  the  mom- 
there  were 
lecratiouH, 
of  siihmii- 
tioiis  wore 

it  a  diN- 

ihaped,  L'i 

In  the 

one- half 

llblUUCOUH 

the  wall, 
med  as  if 
iiTitation 

id  abovo, 
or  inter- 
unusual 
itself  to 
Subso- 

'^eeii  the 
formed. 

ito  firm. 

rmiform 

il  eiindi- 

leed,  be 


l''i(..  .",1!. 


Fig.  53. 


Kig.^^l. 


l'''K-  ■'^>-  KiK.  M.  Vit:.  !,1. 

A.  [Figs.  SL'-.M.l  Three  female  specimens,  of  about  the  nalural  .size;  that  to  the  left  shows  the 
manner  in  which  occasionally  the  caudal  end  is  fcmnd  coiled  up. 

15.  [Kig.  .").J  i'ortionncar  the  middle  of  the  body,  onlargodsoos  to  display  the  transverse  striations 
and  how  some  of  them  interdigitate. 

C.  \_Vig.  56.]  Magnified  view  of  the  head  and  labia. 


:^3!*i 


I 


1  I 


i  !:! 


112 


I'm;    I'I'K    SKAl.S    1)1"    Tin;    IMtlltll^oK    ISLAMIS. 


'I'liiTi' Ntill  I'i'iiiaiii  twii  jMiiiitM  wiii'lliN  III' ('iiiiNiiUTU(li>ii  -vi/:  tin' ciiiiHr  nl'  ilriitli,  :iiiil  wlii'iicc  the 
iMlto/.(Ki.  WMr  ilcrivril, 

I,  Mralli  NiMMim  to  liuvK  rrHiiltril  t'loiii  llio  nil  rraliiiii  of  llii'  siuiiiarli.  It.  Ih  mil  rlnir,  IIidiikIi,  why 
tho  itiiiniiil  mIiiiiiIiI  liavn  Hiiritiiiiliril  ho  .siiiIiIimiI.v.  l.itriMlly  H|ir;ikiiiK,  thuN<<  iilrvnitloiis  woro  su 
t'XteiiMJvii  thai  It  Im  ciiriiiim  tlui  tkiiiinal  Mhniihl  liavit  Miirvlvi'il  hu  Iuiik,  'I'hu  rhroiiir  HtuK*'  *>f  the 
nlri-raliiiii  ahiiio  iii'riiii'.iteil  tor  IhJH.  'I'hiN  iiiHtuiiri'  U  iiiir  r\iMii]illt'\  lii^  |iiii'r,  chrmiir  jfaNtrltlN,  ilim, 
no  iliiiiltl,  III  llio  (ii'iMi'iit'i'  iiiHiirh  iiiiiiiliui'.s  of  till-  I'lito/.oa. 

'J.  It  liaH  Ikh'ii  Haiti  liy  Hoiiir  pailicH  Mi;it  tlir  «iitii/iia  wrrit  iionnIIiIv  ilcrivcil  Iroiii  rnoil  ;iivrii  to  Ihu 
walriiN  al't<'i'  its  arrival  at  tho  ^^arilxiiH;  Inn  ihrin  ari'  many  r«aNoiiN  aKaiiist  IIiIh  lii^iii){  a  liki<ly 
i'irriiiimtaiiri<.  In  Ihtt  lirsl  gilari',  lh(<  I'arl  of  the  onto/na  lirliiK  a  now  H|ii'i'ii'S  |iri'iiliar  to  thi>  walrUM 
niilitati'S  a;:aiiiHt  till' alioM' a.sNi'rtion  ||i,  7l|.  A^ain,  tin'  nlri'raliou  a|i]iar«iitl.\  took  a  lon^^cr  iicrioil 
to  attain  th<t  ihionir  NtaKo  uxti'ilt  than  thr  I'i'w  witckH'  rr.siili'nro  of  tho  waJruM  in  tint  ^iirdrnH  wonld 
ari'onnt  for.  I'nrtht'rinoro,  this  iiatnro  of  tin*  fooil  ^{ivcn  at  tin' KanUnm  anil  Ihu  ran;  anil  rtvunlarity 
wllli  whirh  it  waH  I'xaniinvil  nniko  it  iinliki'ly  tha*'  muiIi  HwarniN  of  cnto/oa  wrro  ilnrivril  from  it  anil 
(li'Vi'lojinil  ill  NO  short  a  ]uirioil.  Wlo'thrr  tho  iMito>^iia  hail  ht^rii  ilrriviiil  frmn  tlio  I'ooil  ^rivi'ii  on  lioivrd 
Hhip  or  in  wliat  nianniT  tln<y  hail  iiri;L;inully  roarhrit  tiiu  Ntoniai'li  of  tlio  walrim  are  i|ii<'HtionH  which  I 
am  qnito  nn|>ro|iarril  to  aiiNwcr,  ami  Hpi'i'Mlalion  IravtM  thu  nnittor  i|nitu  a.s  i.niloriiliMl. 

l^r.  Itainl  batt  fiirnittheil  tbeHiiliJoineildcHi'ription  of  tliiH  .iMcdrii,  which  provtto  to  liuluii);  to  a  now 
Mliecii'H. 

ASOARIS  BIOOLOR,  Baird. 

llnail  naked;  labia  distinrt,  )ironiiiii'nt,  ronmh'ii,  ami  of  modoralo  h\/m,  lloth  antrrior  and 
|io.sli'riiir  ]iiirtiiiiiH  iloMtitnIr  of  alai'  or  win^N.  Itmly  of  vnrm  ryliiiilriral,  attonnateil  antrriorly,  of 
a  lirownish  nilnr,  oxri'pt  at  antrrior  rxlrcmity,  wliich  is  whilo;  tho  |iiistrrior  ixlromity  is  somotimuH 
rod.  'I'hr  snrfarr  of  Ibr  liody  i.s  iKsiiililnlly  anil  minntrly  linl  ilistinrlly  striated  arross;  as  sron 
nmlt'r  tlu' mii'rosrupo  i  with  a  power  of  two-thirds  of  un  inch),  Ihr  striao  on  oarli  siili'  torniinatr  in 
smh  a  nninnrr  tliat  tho  <'d<;os  of  tho  body  a|'pt.>ar  as  if  serratnl.  Canilal  I'xtremity  tbickrr  than 
antorior,  obliisc,  and  f{i.'nrrally    iinvnlnicd. 

.\  ^rout  many  Hpi'rimrns  woro  finnid  in  tbi'  slomai'h;  bnt  apparontly  all  wrro  fomaluH. 

The  .l»i«ci»  nimi>lr.r  of  Kmlolii'"!,  I'onnd  in  tlii'  stoinach  of  thr  ]iiirp<iiso  ( I'liocn un  iiiiiiminiiH),  viTy 
nearly  approarhrs  this  HjiiTii's  in  ^[om'ral  .ipiicaranro  an.l  bI/o,  lint  ilillcrs  from  it  in  soveral  respi'its. 

'I'ho  .()(('(iri« /iico^ir  is  Irss  altriinali'd  at  tho  .intorio- extremity  than  the  .(.  .si'm/i/er,  ami  isilesli- 
tnto  of  able  or  w  in<i;H  ri|n.illy  at  thr  postrrlor  ami  at  the  anterior  extremity.  The  striatioiis  on  the 
snrfaie  of  the  body  aio  mnt  b  liner,  ami  the  labia  or  valves  at  tho  month  are  more  cliHtinct  and  lar;;er. 

l.i'n;;th  from  '2\  to  It  imdios;  breaillb  from  '2  to  2}  millimeters. 

Habitat:  i^touiaeb  of  a  yonnj;  nnile  walrus  (.!/««.  Itrll.). 

liKEXAMiNATioN  OF  i'oTYi'Ks. — Aliiiost  at  tlic  iiioiiiiMit  of  goiujx  t<»  pri'Hs  we  liiive 
received  thruiifjii  tlic  kindness  of  I'rof.  J.  .JeH'iey  Uell,  of  tlui  ISriti-sii  Museum,  .several 
of  iiiiird's  ori^iiiiils  of  tliis  wonii.  All  of  tbe  speeiiiieiis  tire  t'eniaies,  aiid  on  tills 
iU'coiiiit  wo  lire  niiiible  to  detiiiitely  place  the  parasites.  They  an  jioorly  preserved, 
Imt  we  were  able  to  dLstiiij^uish  a  tleiitij^ferous  ridge  on  the  li))s;  no  interiiiediate  lips 
were  i»re.seiit;  the  ciitieular  bands  measure  '2-k  /<  broad,  and  are  (ippiirvnfl!/  not  provided 
witli  any  liner  .striiition;  the  oe.soplia};iis  resembles  the  oe.sophii};iis  described  by 
Jiiyerskiiild  for  .1.  simplex,  ocsophajieal  and  intestinal  caeca  beiiifj  iib.sont.  l>'iirther 
than  this  we  are  not  willing  to  make  any  stiitements  upon  the  material  at  hand. 

Wo  refrain  from  proposing  a  new  name  for  the  homonym  ^1.  bivolur  Baird,  as  we 
doubt  the  validity  of  the  si)eeies. 

b.  ItenliKeronti  ridge  donble. 


IHl     WllCIUT     (III) 

r,  tliiiUKli,  why 

Uioils     WOll)    HI) 

i"'  MtHjju  of  the 
RiiNtriliH,  (111,,, 

Ml  wiv.ri  (»  I  hit 
htsiiiK  "  likuly 
'"  Iho  wiilnis 

lolIK''!'  |>ITici(l 

U'linliiiN  Would 
111(1  r«mHuiity 
'I  friiiii  it  tmil 
[^•■11  (III  hoind 
Mlioim  whiuhl 

iloiiK  toil  now 


iMitciior  iiiiil 
iiiilcridrly,  (,(' 
i.s  Hi(iii«tiiiien 
roHs;  as  Ni'jiii 
Iciiiiiiiiiti'  ill 
thicker  than 


1 
I 


ASCAKIH    I'Al'ACiONICA.  I  K5 

5.  ASCARIS  PATAOONICA  Lintitow,  1880. 

(Kig.  r.7.) 

[Hm,  AuriiriM  imldijoiiira  vov  LinsTow  Arch.  Nutiirj;.,  M.VI,  i,  |>|i.  1 1  I:.',  pi.  m,  IIk.  1.— V(»N  LiNsrow 
jKM!!,  ('ompciKliiim.  NiichtniH,  i>.  IS,  —  Siohsicm,  isim,  liiill.  Sdc,  Adriiiticii.Sii.  nut.  TrIuHle, 
XVII.pii.  •-'I'-'-'l. 

|ll.\tlN(>sl>i.  — iiit(M'nii'(liii(c  lipH  ahNcnt;  ccrviciil  :il:i«  aliscnl ;  lips  with  u  ilinililr  il(Mili|;cr(inMriil;;i'; 
in  all  thrvc  lip^,  tliu  pnlpa  ol'  the  inner  Hurl'acc  Ih  <li\  idcil  into  I  wn  mnnili.sh  IoIich;  outer  Nnrt'acc  of 
(lorHal  lip  cliin;;atc,  oval,  with  nurrow  litMc;  lioily  thick  anil  Nollihcnticic  with  rather  hroiid  triiiiNveriiit 
cnticiilar  lianils  toj;etlier  with  very  niiicli  liner  IransveiHe  Ntriae;  tail  clavate. 

Male;  \>H"""  lon)i  liy   l.Jl '   hroad;    tail   witli    olitnHii  roniral  projeclion;  caiiiliil    papillau  very 

iinnieronH  and  (M'owdcd. 

I'enukle:  .'>7"""  Ioiij;  liy  -""•"  hro.id ;  unasi'init  in  diiiniutur,  with  liyaline  ineniliranu  widely  nuparaleil 
from  vitellnM. 

Typo;  Kiel  I'liivcTHity  Mmsimiiii,  No.  I(». 

Ilahitut:  Stoniiicli  i>f  marine  nuimmaiN, 


Hoat. 


Ottiria  jtihafa. 


Kot'iiUty. 
I'liliiuoidii 


C'uUui'tur. 


(») 


Au(liui'il\. 


Viiri  l.iiixtow,  IS8II,  |i.  II. 


\'oii  Liii.stow  (liSSU,  p.  U-ll!)  ill  ■•   I'ihtvl  MiLs  HptH-iert  witli  the  ibllowiii^tUagtiu.siN: 

1.  ASOARIS  PATAGOriOA    ii.  sp.     ili.  Nr.  40). 
Fi}.;.  1  I  Hen  lijr.  .".7|. 


mil II in),  very 
ral  ro.spectH. 
111(1  is  de.Nti. 
tions  on  (|,„ 
Hiid  la  r^er. 


we  liiive 

on  tliis 

iiite  lip.s 
)i'()Vi(k>(I 
ilu'd  by 
Further 
1(1. 
il,  as  we 


I'lK.  58. 

Alls  ilein  Ma(;en  von  I'hiicajubnla.     I'ata^jonicn. 

Dio  (i(!Htalt'  ist  dick  nnd  Kedrnii<;(;n.  Lippen  ohne  /.\viMclienlip]iun  iiiit  dnpp(dten  /.ahiileiNten; 
liei  alien  dreien  ist  din  I'nip.'i  un  dur  Iiinen.seitu  in  /wei  riiiidliche  AiiHliiiifer  guspalten.  Die  An.ssen- 
scite  derOltorlippe  ist  liingHoval  mit  Hchmalor  Basis.  Die  Hant  /cij;t  (^nerstreifoii  in  /i(!mlich  liriiten 
Alistiinden,  j^wisoheii  denen  wiodor  viol  loiuore  (^ncr.striclie  eng  j;eilriingt  stohen.  Das  8uliwan/und(i 
ist  kolliij;,  buini  .Miinuchon  in  eine  Htiiiuplo,  conische  Spitze  unsgu/.ogcn. 

Die  Liinge  (Ids  Miinnolions  botriigt  28,  die  Hrcito  l;V""';  die  raidllon  am  Huhwaiizondc  Ht(dion 
Hohr  dicht  und  Bind  /.ehr  ^olilreich. 

[p  \'l].    Das  Woilichen  hat  oino  L.'iiigo  von  ."  nnd  eine  llroito  von  2  mm. 

Die  Kier  sind  kngolriind  siu  haben  eino  hyaline,  von  dem  Dnttor  woit  almtohunde  lliillo  und 
eiuon  Durchmussor  von  O.OG""". 


M 


I 


144 


THE    FUR   SKALS   OF   THE   PRIIULOF   ISLANDS. 


I 


I 


;    :    f 


t 


Die  l)okiiiintuii  Kuniiun,  wel(;hui-  liier  iu  Kr:t);ekomiiieu  koiintuii,  siml  Ancaris  oaciilalu,  devipienH 
mid  similia  wulcho  von  diusur  Form  diiic^haiiH  vcrHchiodun  siiul,  wie  aiiH  Krabbe'.s  nuiiester  (1878) 
DaratolluiiK  dor  in  Kobben  iind  Walton  gefiindonen  AHcarm-Artoii  crt)icbtlich  int. 

No  otlK  ?•  original  observations  have  been  uiaiie  npon  this  parasite. 

H.  Tb«  veutro- lateral  lips,  Haul  to  boar  a  iiupilla  arn>ud  with  6  toTsniall  tuotb  [-:^iluntij;croua  rid(;e  ou 
u  bilobed  projuclioiif]. 

6.  ASCARIS  KttKBNTHALII  Cobb,  1888.    Sp.  iuq. 

(Fit,'N.58-(U.) 

?  1809,  A8cnris  aimplex  Runoi.l'lll,  sco  p.aKo  121. 

1888,  Ascurin  liiiknithalU  Conn,  .Icnaiscbe  Zeitschr.  f.  Naturw.,  XXIII  (n.  F.  XVI),  I,  Dec.  8, 1888,  pp. 
H-5!t,  pis.  Ill,  ligs.  1-11,  IV,  ll'-3().— Conn,  I8«!»,  Aruhiv  f.  Naturj,'.,  .fi,".  .Ilij;.,  I,  pi>.  14!^-15(», 
pi.  \ii,  lifjs.  4-6. — Stossicii,  ISSKJ,  HoU.  Soc.  adriatiuu  8ci.  nat.,  XVII,  p.  53. 

18'J't,  Ascaris  KiikenthalH  Conn,  as  probable  syuonyiu  of  A.  simplejc  liud.,  Jauku»ki<")L1>,  Zuoi.  Jahrb., 
VII,  pp.  471-171!. 

DlAONOsm. — IntiTMiediati!  lii)s  absent;  lateral  cervical  alae  absent;  head  (male)  Bcart'ely  O.!^*""' 
broad,  lips  of  nearly  ei|iial  si/e;  lobes  not  niiMitioncd;  dentif.;uroiiH  ridge  not  mentioned,  but  one 
papilla  on  each  ventro-lateral  lip  .said  to  bear  tt'cth ;  dorsal  lip  bears  a  symmetrical  pair  of  papillae, 
the  veutro-latural  lips  said  to  possess  '.i  ])upillae  each;  an  npper  one  [double  lobod  projection?]  with 
6  to  7  teeth,  a  lower  one  ou  which  uo  teeth  were  visible,  and  a  very  snuill  one  about  in  the  middle  of 
the  inner  side;  cervical  papillae  1"""  from  the  head.  Excretory  organ  tlischarges  between  the 
vop.tro-lateral  lips.  ISody  attenuated  toward  both  eNtreniities.  Transverse  cuticular  bands  30  fi. 
Oesophagus  composed  of  two  portions;  anterior  portion  5"""  long  by  1"""  in  diameter  (distal  eud); 
posterior  portion  2  to  2.5"""  long,  generally  sigmoid;  caeca  apparently  absent. 

Male :  70  to  90"""  long  by  2  to  3"""  thick ;  tail  with  lateral  alai  >'7  to  8  pairs  of  postanal  papillae ; 
1  to  4  near  the  tip;  5  to  8  near  the  cloaca,  of  which  G  and  7  are  donblo;  about  !K)  jiairs  of  praeaual 
papillae  ex  tending  about  10"'"'  forward  from  tip  of  tail;  of  those' tt^vyo  jiairs  of  short  papillae  lie 
antero-lateral  of  the  cloaca;  then  follows  cephalad  on  each  side  a  row  of  longer  papillae;  apparently 
two  median  pai)illae  immediately  in  front  of  the  cloaca;  lelt  s|iic:ilum  (2.3""")  slightly  larger  than 
the  right  (1.7"""). 

Female:  80  to  100"""  long  with  maximum  breadth  of  2.5' ;  vulva  a  little  anterior  to  middle  of 

the  body.     Eggs  reach  the  morula  stage  iu  the  uterus. 

Habitat:  tistomach  of  uiarino  animula. 


Ilust. 

Loeulity. 

Culleotur. 
Kiikviithul  

Aiitliorily. 

Advont    liny,    Wust 

Spit/.tHTficll. 

Cobb,  1888,  |>.  ii ;  188'J,  p.  149. 
.SIoHsicli,  18'J«,  p.  5a. 

HiSTOitiCAi.  Review. — This  species  was  tlescribed  by  Cobb,  but  Jiigerskirdtl 
thinks  it  i)robably  identical  with  .1.  dmplrx.  In  detail  the  history  of  the  species  is  as 
follows : 

Axvaris  Kiiki'iithalii,  collected  by  Kiikeiithal,  Angust,  1881;,  from  the  stomach  of 
lieliKja  leueiiH  (Drlphinajif'inis  leucas)  in  the  Advent  Uay  (West  Spit/.borgen),  was 
described  as  a  new  species  by  Cobb  (1888,  pp.  44-59).  While  his  anatomical  discus- 
sion is  e.vcellent,  he  omits  some  extremely  important  points  of  systematic  value; 
apparently  ho  was  not  ac<iuainted  with  Krabbe's  work  upon  the  i»arasites  from  this 
host. 

He  describes  the  male  (flg.  58)  as  7((  to  !)0"'"'  long,  by  li  to  3"'"'  broad:  head 
scarcely  0.33"""  broad;  body  attenuate  anteriorly,  and  very  slightly  pointed  pos- 
teriorly; tail  is  curved  and  provided  with  a  bursa;  the  papillae  are  figured  (tig.  til) 


ASCARIS    KIKKNTIIALII. 


145 


roiiB  rid^e  on 


/(tul.  Jiilirb., 


to  middle  of 


eciC8  18  U8 


and  ngrw  to  n  great  extent  with  the  ]>apilhic  tigured  by  Ivrabbe  for  .1.  Kimplv.r;  there 
are  ibiir  pairs  near  the  tii>  of  the  tail,  three  other  pairs  (jlosely  posterior  to  (•h)a«'a,  an 
ii  legnlar  row  of  simple  papillae  on  each  side  antero  lateral  to  eloaea,  and  a  row  of 
longer  papillae  anterior  to  these;  one  larger  and  one  small  ])ai)illa  aitpear  to  be  present 
in  the  median  line  immediately  anterior  to  the  cloaca;  in  ail  abont  100  paitiUae  are 
present  on  each  side,  exteiuling  abont  10"""  forward  from  tip  of  tail.  The  cuticnlar 
bands  measure  .'U»  ,  .  The  left  spicule  ('2.3'"'")  is  slightly  larger  than  the  right  (1.7"""). 
The  d(»rsal  lip  (fig.  <>2)  bears  in  the  middle  a  symmetrical  pair  of  i)apillae  (evidently 
a  double  lobed  projection);  the  ventrolateral  lips  apparently  possess  three  papillae 
each;  an  ui)i)cr  one  with  (>  to  7  small  teeth  (possibly  another  double  lobed  projection), 
a  lower  one  on  which  no  teeth  were  visible,  and  about  in  the  middle  of  the  inner  side 
a  third  of  very  small  dimensions. 


Kij;.  ri'.l.  Kif,M!l. 

The  female  (lig.  <>;$)  is  described  as  80  to  100"""  long,  with  a  maximum  breadth  of 
2.5""";  the  vulva  is  live-elevenths  of  the  lengtli  of  the  body  from  the  anterior  extremity 

(a  little  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  body) ;  the  vagina  measures  10 long,  the  bicorn 

uterus  1.M)""",  the  receptacuhi  seminis  10""";  the  ovaries  210  to  21(5""",  the  entire  female 
genital  organs  thus  being  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  worm.  Eggs  reach  the 
morula  stage  in  the  uterus. 

The  oesophagus  (tig.  (U)  is  divided  into  two  portions;  an  anterior  i)art  r>""»  long 
by  nearly  1"""  in  diameter  (at  posterior  end),  and  a  posterior  portion  2  to  2..")"""  long, 
generally  sigmoid.  The  intestine  has  three  rows  of  V-shaped  cellular  bodies,  such  as 
Jiigerskiold  (1894)  described  for  .1.  simpler.  Intestinal  caeca  are  app-ireni'y  not 
present.  The  sub  intestiiuil  glaruls  (back  of  the  oesophagus)  measure  0.(J"""  broad  by 
30  to  40"""  long.  The  sub-oesophageal  excretory  organs  are  2"""  broad  ami  extend 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  body.  The  cervhuil  papillae  are  situated  1"""  fioni  the  head. 
5947— PT  .{ 10 


i  ^ 


146 


THE    FUK   SEALS   OF   THK    PRinil-OK   ISLANDS. 


i  i 


ti 


I  i 


!-■ 


i|    ,li 


I    ff; 


Cobb's  se(;oud  (1S80,  pp.  149,  ir»0)  article  is  for  the  most  part  a  reprint  of  page  44 
of  his  first  article. 

.Tiigcrskiiild  (1S94,  pp.  474-470)  calls  attention  to  the  resemblance  of  .1.  KiilenthaHi 
to  ^l.  simphw;  he  inclines  decitledly  to  tlie  view  that  the  two  forms  fire  identical,  but 
in  the  absence  of  specimens  of  .1.  KUkenthalii  for  comparison  he  reserves  Judgment. 
Stossicdi  (1896,  p.  "),'{)  cites  .1.  Kiikentlialii  as  a  distinct  species,  gives  a  condensed 
diagnosis  taken  from  Cobb's  description,  and  adds  I'hova  harhata  as  a  host.  This  new 
host,  for  whicli  Stossich  docs  not  give  his  authority,  is  probably  an  error,  and  might 
have  occurred  while  referring  to  (3obb's  second  article. 

From  the  above  review  it  will  be  clear  that  .1.  KiikentliaUi  hears  a  close  resem- 
blance to  A.  simpler;  we  agree  with  Jiigerskiold  that  the  two  forms  are  probably 
identical;  in  fact,  wc  think  there  can  be  scarcely  any  doubt  regarding  this  jtoint. 
(%)l)b's  median  symmetrical  papilhc  of  the  dorsal  lip  would  <!orrespond  to  the  small 
anteiior  bilobcd  projection  of  ^1.  siinplcv,  as  his  figure  (see  fig.  GL') shows;  the  armed 
papilla  of  eacih  ventral  lip  wouiil  (correspond  to  dentigerous  ridge  of  the  ventral  lips  of 


FiR.  «:). 


Fis.  04. 


A,  simphr;  the  other  essential  characters  are  practically  the  same  in  both  forms.  Not 
having  specimens  of  either  A.  simpler  or  ^l.  Kiihentlialii,  however,  we  follow  Jiigerskiold 
in  retaining  the  .sjiecies  as  distinct,  h(»ping  that  the  originals  of  .1.  KiikeHthalii  maybe 
found  and  reexamined. 

C.  Data  conccrniug  tlio  (leiitigi'i'oim  ridge  wtititing, 

7.  ASCARIS  SIMILIS,  Baird,  1853.    Sp.  inq. 

(Figs.fi.5-69.) 

1853,  Ascaris  similia,  Baiuii,  Catiilojjiio  Eiitozoa  Urit.  Mits.,  p.  19,pl.  i,  figs,  la-il. — nAiitn,  l&'S,  Proo.  Zool. 
.Soc.  London,  I'art  XXI,  p.  IS.— lUlUl).  185!"i,  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  2  scr.,  XV,  pp.  69,  70.— 
DlEsiNii,  1H60,  Sitzungsbor.  Akud.  \Vi,sH.  VVien,  XLII,  no.  2S,  p.  t«5(!.— VoN  Linstow,  1878, 
Conipcndiiini  der  Il<dniintliologi<-,  j).  41. — Stossu'h,  1896,  Holl.  Soc.  adriatica  Sci.  nat.  Trieste, 
XVII,  p.  63. 

Diagnosis. — lutermcdiatc  lipsulmvnt;  lipH  of  about  ei|nal  si/e,  slightly  prujoctiiig  beyond  the 
margin ;  dentigeroim  ridgo  ( f ) ;  body  attcunatod  mori'  toward  anterior  than  toward  posterior  extrem- 
ity, which  iN  thick,  round,  and  ol)tuHe;  wing  extending  along  the  whole  length  and  becoming  thicker 
and  Ntrouger  at  inferior  extroniity ;  cuticle  with  fine  tran.sverse  stria'. 

Male  (female?):  About  50"""  long  by  2"""  broad;  straight  to  within  a  short  distauco  of  tail, 
which  is  iutlectod;  of  a  wliitish  color. 


I    i' 


A8CARIS   SIMILI8. 


147 


)rms.     Not 


Keniiile  (male?):  Aliout  S7"""  loug  by  1.5"""  broad;  spirally  twisted  iu  many  cuuvuliitious;  of 
a  (lark-olivo  color. 

Typt's:  'ii  liritish  Musoiim. 

Habitat :  Stomach  of  marine  niummuls. 


Host. 


Loi'idity. 


Collector. 


Antarctic  si'al.p'ii..'  sp. .'  .Viitatitic, 


(I) 


Aiitliority. 
Itaird,  18.'i:<,  i>.  IU. 


IIiSTouicAL  REVIKW. — Tliis  form  was  described  by  Baird  in  IS"*;),  and  has  not 
been  found  oi'  examined  since  tiiat  time.  I'lofessor  Hell  writes  to  ns  that  the  types 
are  in  very  poor  coiulition.     Baird's  (18"»3,  p.  10)  original  diagnosis  reads  as  follows — 


ACARIS  SIMILIS,  Baird. 


Ki(f.  BO. 


Fig.li7. 


Fig.  OH. 


Fi-.  Ii!t. 


Len>;tb  cif  iii.ili'L'  inclicH.  brradth  1  line.  Length  of  female  U  inclies,  breadth  thrtM--fonrtli.'4  of  aline. 
Anterior  jiortioii  iniieh  narrower  than  posterior.  Head  Hmall,  month  with  three  small  vtilve.s  .slightly 
projecting  beyond  the  margin,  'fail  ronnded,  thick,  obtuse.  Fejuiiles  spirally  twisted  in  many  con- 
volutions, of  a  dark-olive  color.  Male  straight  to  within  a  .short  distance  of  tail,  wliicli  is  intlected; 
of  a  whitish  color.  Skin  minutely  and  finely  striated  across.  Wingextending  along  the  wliole  length 
and  becoming  thicker  and  stronger  at  inferior  extronuty.  DitVers  from  preceding  species (./.  oneiilala) 
in  having  the  wing  stronger  and  thicker  at  inferior  extremity,  in  hr.ving  the  hi^ail  and  month  smaller, 
and  having  the  skin  finely  striated  across. 

Habitat:  .'Stomach  of  a  seal  from  .Xntarctic  ri'gions. 

Collected  during  the  late  Antarctic  expedition.     Presented  by  the  Admiralty. 

Baird's  lignres  show  that  the  intermediate  lips  are  absent;  his  (ignre  lo,  of  a  sup- 
posed male,  is  probably  a  female,  wliile  If.  of  a  sui)posed  female,  is  probably  a  male. 
In  his  .sec(md  paper  Baird  ( 18r>;{,  p.  18)  repeats  his  original  diagnosis,  with  some  slight 
verbal  t'haiiges.  The  diagnosis  in  his  thinl  paper  ( 1855,  pp.  (il),  70)  is  a  rei)rint  of  the 
diagnosis  given  in  the  second  paper. 

Neither  Diesing  (18(»(»,  p.  65G),  von  Linstow  (1878,  p.  44),  nor  Stossich  (1890,  p.  03) 
add  any  original  observations. 

8.  ABCARIS  HALICORIS  Owen  iu  Baird,  1859. 

(Figs.  70-75.) 

(1833),  Jncaria  ImlirlioriH  OwKN,  Catalogue  of  the  Physiological  Series  of  Comparative  Anatomy, 
Mnseiim  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  p.  121,  London,  Nomen  nudum.  (Quoted  from  liaird, 
1859.) 

(1834), f R(^i-pi;i,i.,  Abhandl.  Senkenberg.  .Museum,  I,  ji.  106. 

1838,  "AtoaridiH"  in  Dngoug  Owkn,  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  Part  VI,  p.  30. 

1839,  "AsmrtH  oi  a  Dugong,"  Owkn,  .\rt.  Knto/oa,  Todd's  Cyclopiedia  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology, 

II,  p.  130. 
1851,  Aiicaiia  dityonin  Diksin  i,  Hystema  Holminthum,  II,  p.  101.  Nomen   nudum,  liefers  to  UUppell, 
1834. 


yf^: 


148 


THE   FUK    SKALS   OP   THK    I'RIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


1  : 


i^  ! 


I^i!     : 


1859,  Asearis  halichoriii  lUlllD,  Proc,  Zool.  Soc.  Londnii,  Part  XXVII,  pp.  148,  149,  pi.  l.\l,  (igs.  2-2c. — 
Repriiitt'il  withmit  tigiires,  Maiho,  1860,  Auii.  Nat.  Hist.,  3  Her.,  ^',  No.  2H,  April,  |>p.  32!l- 
;«1.— DlKsiNd,  IXtiO,  SitziiUKsbor.  k.  Akad.  Wiss.  Wioii.,  XLIl  (IWO),  No.  28,  p.  (i(!2.— Von 
Ll.NSTow,  1878,  ('ompundiiiiii  der  ll('linintliolo>;i<',  p.  59. — C.  I'ahona,  1889,  Ann.  Mils,  civico, 
Storia  iiat.  CJouova,  2  ser.,  \II  (XXVII),  10  <  )ct  ,  pp,  751-701,  lig.s.  1-3,  pi.  xiii,  tiifs.  1-16. — 
Srnssu'li,  185M!,  Holl.  Soc.  adriatica  8ci.  nat.  Trieste,  XVII,  p.  68. 

I)lA(i.N<i>is.— Iiitenuediati'  lips  and  lateral  ccrviral  alae  alisent;  lips  of  nearly  txinal  size,  dorsal 
lip  Hll^htly  broader  than  veiitro-latoral  lip.s;  d<-iiti;j;urons  ridge  f;  body  atterniatud  toward  both 
extremities;  cutiele  witli  line  transverse  striae;  intestiinil  eaeeini  ll"""  long,  arises  about  17"""  from 
nioMtli,  and  extemlH  ee|ihalad  ])arallel  to  oesopbagUH. 

Male:  85  to  115"""  long;  tail  in  a  spiral;  caudal  papillae  syniinetriual,  one  ])air  postanal,  near  the 
(doaea,  four  pairs  praoaual ;  spicules  very  short. 

Kemale:  85  to  144"'"'  loug,  with  niaxinui  diameter  of  3. 5""";  vulva  about  two-thirds  the  length 
from  the  anterior  extremity  (Baird),  one-third  the  length  from  the  anterior  extremity  ( I'arona) ;  eggs 
segment  to  morula  in  the  uterus. 

Types:  In  Hrilisb  .Museum. 

Habitat:  Stomach  of  Dugongs, 


Host. 


Locality. 


I 


(%»llert»r. 


Aiilhority. 


Diigoiiy  tttuion Peiiaug Oweii Ovvt'ii.lSJIS.  |i  30. 

IHigoiKj duijon Ked  Sea Riippell liaird.lH.W,  j)|i.  148, Hit. 

J>u<iongtlii'iinn Assab KagB/.7.i I'urona,  1H8!I. 


Historical  kkvikw. — According  to  liaird  (1S5!),  p.  148),  Profes.sor  Owen  in 
IS31  prepared  a  spe(!iinen  of  an  Asatrifi  from  tlie  .stomacli  of  a  Dugong,  and  dei)osited 
the  .same  in  tin;  niuseuin  of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  London;  Itairtl  also  refers  to  the 
Catalogue  of  tiie  lMiysiologi«;al  Series  of  Comparative  Anatomy,  which  was  pub- 
lished l»y  the  college  iu  183.3,  in  a  way  which  leads  the  reader  to  assume  that  Owen 
named  the  species  Anatrin  halicoris.  This  catalogue  is  not  at  our  disposal,  but  as 
ISaird  adds  (18.")t),  p.  149)  tiiat  ".Iswow  li(il>.eori.s,  tliougii  named  long  ago,  has  never 
been  fully  described  or  ligured,'' it  may  safely  be  assumed  that  Owen's  name  was  a 
vomi'H  lilt il II m,i\iid  hence  not  entitled  to  further  consideration. 

Riippell,  according  to  Baird,  "found  the  same  species  of  worm  in  the  stomach  f 
the  same  species  of  annual.  He  very  briefly  notices  this  in  describing  a  1  )ugong  win: 
he  fcmiul  in  the  Ued  Sea,"  but  merely  mentions  that  the  eutozoa '-were  found  in  - 
clustered  glandular  apparatus  iu  the  stomatdi  and  were  ">  inches  long."  His  descrip- 
tion of  tlie  Dugong  was  sent  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Stimmering,  aiul  is  dated  from  the  island 
of  Dalialac,  on  the  Abyssinian  coast  of  the  lied  Sea,  in  the  month  of  .lanuary,  18.32. 
This  paper  was  published  iu  the  tirst  volume  of  the  Museum  Senckenbergiauum,  iu 
1834.'' 

Owen  (1838,  p.  30),  iu  discus.sing  the  stomach  of  the  Dugong,  refers  to  his  speci- 
mens with  the  sentence:  "And  in  each  case  the  gland  was  infested  by  Amariihs,  here- 
after to  be  described,  which  left  impressions  upon  the  spiral  membrane." 

Owen  (1839,  j).  1.36)  again  refers  to  this  parasite,  iii  discussing  the  accessory 
glands  of  the  digestive  system  of  entozoa,  as  foHows: 

The  second  example  of  au  accessory  digestive  gland  occurs  iu  a  species  of  .Iscariit  infesting  the 
stomach  of  the  Dugong.  Here  a  single  elongated  caecum  is  developed  from  the  intestine  at  a  distance 
of  half  an  inch  from  the  month,  and  is  continued  upward,  lying  by  the  side  of  the  lioginning  of  the 
intestine,  with  its  l)liud  extremity  close  to  the  month;  from  the  position  where  the  seerction  of  this 
caecum  cnt<>rs  the  intestine,  it  may  be  regarded  as  representing  arudiiuental  liver.  (.See  the  Prupara- 
tiim.  No.  429A,  Mus.  C'(dl.  Surgeons,  Phys.  Catalogue,  p.  121.) 


ASCAHIS    IIAMCOKIS. 


149 


Hrandt  (184G,  p.  1!)-')  simply  moutioiis  the  worms  found  by  Kiippell  uiul  Owen  in 
connection  witli  the  ascarides  of  Stellei's  sea  cow. 

Later  Brandt  (1849,  p.  100)  briefly  refers  to  these  parasites  as  follows: 

III  veiitriciilii  ii'iuniiii  uec  noii  ulaiululiie  cavo  et  duodiMio  iiivciiit  (StcUoiuH)  liiiiiliriciiH  ciiiididos 
(Ascaii(leB)  iiuinmosoH  i  lougos.  Similn  (luiil  oliscrviuniit  Hiiiipeliu.s  (MiiHeiiin  Senkcnlt.,  1,  p.  lO(i)  et 
Oweiiius  (Zoolog.  |iiocecU.,  1'.  VI,  p.  30)  in  Hulicon?. 

It  is  evidently  this  passage  upon  which  the  citation  by  some  authors  of  the  occur- 
rence of  .1.  hnlivoris  in  h'tii/tina  stillcri  {  =  Jlyiho(liim(ili,s  ijinns)  has  been  based.  It  is 
clear,  liowever,  that  from  the  data  at  hand  there  is  no  justilication  for  assuming  that 
the  parasites  from  the  two  hosts  are  identical. 

Dieslng (1851,  p.  101 )  next  cites  this  i)arasite  as "vl«ra>/»  Dufjonix  Ilrandt"  among 
his  species  inqidrendrte,  referring  to  the  articles  by  Hiippell  and  Hrandt  (184(i  and 
1840).  Tlie  name  was  not  used  by  Brandt;  it  is  to  all  purposes  a  nomin  nnilum,  as  the 
description  reads  only  "Lougit.  corp.  5." 

From  a  noinenclatural  standpoint  the  parasite  was  not  described  until  1859,  when 
Baird  (1850,  pp.  148, 140,  pi.  LVi)  figured  it,  and  gave  the  following  description: 


I 

V 


was  a 


I'cessory 


■atiug  the 
distaiin' 
ill};  (if  till" 
on  ut'  this 
I'ropara- 


ASOARIS  HALICHORIS  Owen. 

Caput  iiiiiliiiii,  opitlorniideBti'icto  iiduata;  os  laliiis  lutiiiidatiH,  pomcti.s;  i'di'iiiiii,  in  iitroi|m'  suxii, 
fxticiuitatiliiiN  iiiasis  atteiinatis:  cxtrriiiitato  caiidali  brevi,  subiilata.  niida. 

J.ong.  tVminai',  '.ii  niic. ;  maris,  2i  iiiic. 

Tho  body  is  <>l'a  whitish  color,  thickest  in  tlie  center,  gradually  tapcriiif^  tiieaeh  extremity.  'I'lie 
body  is  strongly  striated  across;  iu  the  femiilc,  apparently  ill!  its  length;  in  tho  male,  till  nearly 
about  half  an  inch  from  its  posterior  extremity.  This  latter  portion  is  smooth  or  slightly  striated 
lengthways.  In  the  female  the  vagina  is  situated  at  about  two-thirds  of  its  length  from  tho  anterior 
extremity.  The  spiciila  of  the  male  appear  very  short.  Tho  intestine,  as  <lescribed  by  Professor 
Owen,  has  a  caecum  di'veloped  from  it  at  the  distance  of  about  half  an  inch  from  the  mouth,  and  is 
continued  upward,  lying  by  its  side,  and  terminating  in  a  blind  extremity  near  the  mouth.  The 
Kpei'iineu.s,  now  iu  the  British  Museum,  are  shorter  than  those  noticed  by  Kiippell. 

(The  liguros  will  explain  this  structure.) 

In  the  eollcction  of  tho  British  Museum. 

Baird's  (1860,  pp.  329-331)  second  article  is  jtractically  a  reprint  of  his  first  dis- 
cussion (1859), 

Diesing's  (1860,  p.  662)  diagnosis  is  based  upon  Baird's  (1850)  description;  Htos 
sich  (1806,  i».  68)  gives  a  citation  of  this  worm  by  Diesing  (1861,  Sitzungsber.  k.  AUad. 
Wiss.  Wien,  XI;VII,  p.  277),  but  we  have  been  unable  to  verify  the  reference. 

Von  Liustow  (1878,  p.  50)  gives  both  Hitlicori'  vetttrcd  and  h'lii/fina  stcllcri  as  har- 
boring A.  ImUvaris,  but  does  not  cite  his  authority  for  the  latter  host. 

Parona  (1880)  appears  to  be  the  next  to  discuss  Asraris  iHiliroris.  lie  studied 
si»ecimciis  ot  ascarides  collected  by  Vincezo  Kaga/.zi  in  two  Dugongs  (*'IlaIicore  ceta- 
eea")  in  Assab.  After  an  historical  review  of  the  parasite  he  des(ail)es  tiie  anatomy 
of  Itagazzi's  specimens,  the  description  (littering  in  some  particulars  from  the  diag- 
nosis given  by  Baird.     According  to  Parona  the  females  measure<l  85  to  1-14"""  in 

length;  with   a  maximum   diameter  of  3.5""";   the  males  n\easured  85  to  115 '  in 

length.  The  head  is  apparently  without  intermediate  li|)s,  and  no  mention  is  made 
of  lal)ial  dentition.  A  caecunt  is, present  running  parallel  to  the  oesophagus,  as 
described  by  Owen;  in  a  female  135"""  long  this  caecum  opens  into  the  intestinal 
tract  17"""  from  tho  mouth  and  measured  11"""  in  length.    The  vulva  was  about  on 


f    •,: 


n 


If 


150 


THK    FUR    SEALS    OF   THE    PRIHIKOF    ISLANDS. 


the  border  between  the  tirsi)  aud  second  thirds  of  the  body,  42"""  from  the  anterior 

cxtremitj'  in  a  specimen  124"""  long,  46"""  in  one  l.'ij '  long,  and  40"""  in  one  110'""' 

long.  13aird  states  that  of  his  specimens  "the  vagina  is  sitnated  at  about  two-thirds 
of  its  length  from  tlie  anterior  extremity."  The  position  of  the  vulva  is  the  great 
point  of  diilereuce  between  the  descriptions  of  the  worms  studied  by  Baird  aud 


FiK. 


m' 


m 


Vi'i.  70. 


Fig.  72. 


Fig.  73. 


Parona.  Whether  Baird  accidentally  measured  from  the  tail  instead  of  the  liead,  we 
do  not  care  to  state;  such  an  error  would  be  ])ossible,  but  hardly  probable.  That  such 
a  variation  in  the  position  of  the  vulva  would  occur,  seems  improbable.  The  vaginal 
canal  measured  0.5""'  in  length,  the  double  uteri  20"'"'. 

Baird  described  the  cuticle  of  the  female  as  transversely  striated  the  entire  length 
of  the  body,  while  the  striae  of  the  male  extended  only  to  within  half  an  inch  of  the 


IWbi 


A8CARI8    HALIC'OKIS. 


ir.i 


le  anterior 

one  110 

two-thirds 

the  great 

liaird  aud 


lead,  we 

hat  such 

vaginal 

e  length 
ii  of  the 


end  of  the  tail;  I'aroiia,  on  the  other  hand,  found  the  striation  of  the  mah'  preHeut  on 
the  tail  as  well  as  on  the  other  portions  of  the  body. 

Unfortunately  Parona's  figures  of  the  tail  of  the  nnile  are  rather  unsatisfactory. 
He  states  that  the  tail  is  spirally  wound;  that  the  spicules  are  short,  not  protruding 
more  than  2""",  and  that  five  synunotrical  pairs  of  papillae  are  present.  .Judging 
from  his  figure,  four  pairs  of  these  papillae  are  praeanal  and  one  pair  postanal. 


FlR.  74. 

Stossich  (1896,  p.  08)  places  Ascnris  halieoriH  among  the  doubtful  species;  his  diag- 
nosis is  evidently  based  upon  I'arona's  work,  and  he  cites  both  Haiivorf  indiva  and 
Rhytiiia  stellcri  as  hosts. 
II.  Iiitermeiliiitc  li|m  prcsunt. 

9.  ASCARIS  OSCULATA  K'liilolplii,  1802,  dot.  Hcliiieiilor,  1S6<). 

(FigB.  7t^-92.) 

f  1802,  .ixcarin  owiilala  Runoi.i'Hi,  ArcL.  f.  /o<il.  iiiul  /ootomio,  11,  ii,  pj).  14,  l.">.— HuDoi.nii,  18()!>. 
Kntozoornui  hist,  nat.,  !!,  l,  pp.  i;{5-13(!. — Ruuoi.l'iil,  1810,  Kiito/.ooniiii  Hvuopsis,  pp.  3!t, 
().51-a52.— Bui.Ll.NciliAM,  1844,  Ann.  ami  .Mag.  Xiit.  Hist.,  .Mil,  p.  l(i!J.— Uimaukin,  184.5,  Hist, 
nat.  lies  lleluiinthi's,  p.  164. — DiesiNO,  1851.  .Systcma  helniinthiiin,  II.  p  Kill.— Haikk,  I85H, 
Cat.  Kntoz.  Hrit.  Miis.,  p.  18. — Bastain,  186ti,  Phil.  Trans.  K.  Soc.  London.  CLVI,  pp.  54.")-()38, 
111.  x.wi,  tigs,  ti-12. 

f  1803,  Fiisaria  onciiluta  (l{l!l)Ol,l'ni,  1802),  Zkdri!,  Aulcitung  /,.  Naturg.  Kingeweidcw.,  p.  105. 

1866,  AHcaris  osciilala  Kliioi.PllI,  1802,  of  ScuNKlKKlt,  Muuographio  d.  Noniatodon,  p.  44,  with  tig.,  pi.  i, 
tig.  VX — Kkaiuik,  1878,  Oversigt  K.  Dansko  Videuskab.  .Selskatis  Korhimd.,  p.  4.5,  pi.  i,  tig.  1. — 
CoBIioi.K,  1879,  r.'vrasites,  pp.  313,  314,  tign.  59a-h.— Von  I.ix.stow,  1880,  Arch.  f.  Natnrg., 
46  Jhg.,  I,  pp.  14,  45.— VON  Marknzki.lku  (1882-83),  Internat.  I'olarforst'li.  Wicn..  p.  18.— 
NKiiKlMi,  1884,  Sit/iingsber.  (iescllscli.  naturl'.  l''renn<le  Ilerlin,  no.  4,  p.  .59.— Hkaun  (1891), 
Arch.  d.  I'r.  Natnrg.  i.  M.,  p.  110.— .l.uiKHSKliiLl)  ( 1893),  Akadetn.  At'handl.  Stockholni,  pp.  10- 
16,  pis.  II,  tig.  12,  IV,  a5,  v,39.— VoN  I-iNSTow.  1892,  .lahr.  Hanih.  wi.ss.  An.staltcn,  I.\,  2,  pp. 
8,9,  pi.  II.  tigs.  11-16.— ,jA(iKH.sKl(')LD.  1894,  Zool.  .Jalirh.  VII,  pp.  457-103,  pis.  xxv.  tig.  12, 
XXVII,  3,5,  36,  XXVIII,  38.— Vo.s  Linstow,  18!t5,  Archiv.  f.  niikr.  Anat.,  XLIV,  pp.  528-531, 
pi.  XXXI,  tigs.  1-14.— Stos.sicii,  1896,  l?oll.  Soc.  ardiatic.i  Sci.  nat.  Trieste,  XVII,  pi>.  37-38. 

Diagnosis. — Interiue.liato  lips  present;  lateral  corvical  alac  absent;  lijis  large,  iif  abont  t'qnal 
size,  with  au  inner  lateral  dentate  projection,  but  witiiout  dentigerous  ridge.  Innntuliatrly  itack  of 
the  head  for  about  0.13"'"',  the  anterior  border  of  the  each  cutionlar  ring  covers  the  posterior  border 
of  the  ring  inimiHliately  in  fro:it;  beyond  this  peculiarly  formed  ditferentiation  the  posterior  inarg'" 
ot  each  cuticular  ring  covers  the  anterior  luargiu  of  flie  next  ring.  Cutienlar  bands  H  /(  liroatl 
without  finer  striatiou.  Oesophagus  composed  of  two  ])ortious;  distal  ]iortion  generally  with  caecal 
appeiKlage;  oesophageal  and  intestinal  caeca  ]>resent. 

Male:  34  to  70"""  long  by  1..5"""  in  diameter;  tail  hooked  or  curled  ventrally,  with  narrow  or 
broader  alae;  8  to  11  pairs  of  postanal  papillae;  of  these  1  to  4  are  near  the  ti));  one  |iair  of  double 
papillae  and  several  (3  or  more)  pairs  of  single  papillae  nearer  the  cloaca;  30  or  nuire  pairs  of 
praeanal  papillae  arranged  on  each  side  somewhat  irregularly  or  iu  two  rows;  spicules  eijual  3.7""" 
(tou  Liuituw),  6  to  8"""  (Stiles  aud  Uassall)  long. 


!l 


.  .1 


i 
If 


11 


lo: 


THK    FIK    SKALS    ol"    TlIK    I'KIUlLol'    ISl.ANHfi. 


Koiimlu:  40  to  80"""  l<m>r  '•>'  l-'i  to  "J"""  in  (liuiiictt'r;  vulva  on  a  pidiiiinciit  tiaiisvori«e  riilgc  alioiit 
oiio-thinl  the  (listniico  from  thu  anterior  (miiI.  K^gH  Hjilioriral,  07  to  s:t /<  .sKj^nicntin;;  to  tli«  morula 
Btnge  in  thi'  utcrnM. 

Habitiit;  tStomach  of  nnirino  nmmniulH. 


Boat. 


L.Hullty. 


Colleiliir. 


Aiitlmrily. 


llalidKieiuu  iirii)'"'  ■ 

llaliehnerui  griiima. . 
ilunaeliu.1  aViirenter. 


Ctittnphnin  rri'lata (treonlaiiil Olrik Kriihbo,  1S78.  ii.4ri. 

Kriijnnthiiii  liarhatut Ireland Tliii'iipiiiaiiii Dh'Hii];;.  IH'il.  p.  lOU 

Krigiialhim  hailititwi HiiHinii  Hay Ur  l.i'iicli Hainl.  l.s.Vl,  p.  is. 

Krii)iinthv»  hailiadm (Irceiilaiiil Kliik Kralilii',  187K,  |i.  4.'i. 

Kriij  ixithUD  barliatu* .SiicciiiieiiN  I'miii  Yiviiua  St  Him  miil  ihiKsall.  l^ll'.•.  p.  l.'iT. 

MllHCUIII. 

Kiimetiipiuxelel.leri I  Herinj;  Sea Liuas.  18l)() ,  StiliH  and  lla«»all.  IMI'.i.  p.  I'li*. 

IlaliclKierin  iiniftu I Crrplin DUisinj;.  IfSl,  p.  Hill;    Kialibii,  1878, 

p.  45. 

SpiTinicnn     friini     Kiel' I.iu8t»w,  188(1,  p.  44. 

Mnai'Uiu, 

Kii|Bi<n Nidiriny Nohiinj;,  1884.  p. .IB. 

Spv('iMi(-UH    in    Vienna  I Iiicsiii);,  18lil,  p.  100. 

MiiaiMini.  ' 

Muiiaehuii  (iWiieiilir .Speiiineim  I'roni  Vienna    Stili'H  and  Ilassall,  l.<l)»,  ]).  1,57. 

MiiHfnni. 

I)dubrnu$  raniiiaiuii (inrnland I  Olrik KialilH',  1878,  |i,  4.'i. 

iMaria  itihata I'aliiKonia (0  I'arona,  <'atalii^-U('  MS. 

J'hoca/oelida Specinn'HH     in    tirell's-  i Difshi);,  1K,')1.  p,  lti!i. 

nald  Mii.'O'nni. 

I'hnea iiroi'iilatuliea Jireiiiser Kndiilphi.  181!),  p.  tWl. 

rhnca)iroeiilaniliea Ureenland i  liieseke Diusing,  18,M,  p.  l(i». 

I'horaijroenlaniliea Iceland !  Tliicni'niann DiiHinu.  1851,  p.  ItiD. 

I'hoca  :iriifiil(inilira |.... Scloiiidcr,  IHiiti.  p.  44. 

Vhuca'iriienlaiittiai tirevniand i  Valil.    Mnrrli.    Olrik.  Kraldic,  1878.  p.  45. 

I'lair. 

J'fiofft  iininilatiilicfj SpiH'irncns  Crnni  \'ienna    Stilfs  and  lln.-^sall.  IHltO.  p.  ir>8. 

MuNeuni.  i 

I'hiirn  paiilhiriiia (ircenland (iiesi^kc DleHuif;.  l^.'il.  p.  Ifii). 

I'hiica  iniiilhiniia Specinivna  t'luni  Vienna  [ StiU's  and  Ha^.^all,  18U',i,  p.  I.'i7. 

Mn'ii'nm.  ' 

I'kdca  riluliiia Greil'Hwald  IJinlolplii Kiidolplii,  1809.  p.  i:i5:  18 111,  p.  .'1:1. 

I'hiiea  riluliiia ( .' )  Wi'wet/.er Uudiilplii,  18li!l,  p.  i:i.'i. 

I'hoea  rihilitia Bukker Kudulphi,  181it.  p.  tiol. 

I'hoca  I'iliilina Specimens  of  ouUectiim    lli'llinuhani.  1844.  p.  Itil);  Haird,  18M, 

iif    Siebolii,     British  ji.  18. 

Mnncinn.  1  I 

J'hoca  riliilina Oresiiml 1  Kini'knwstriiin {  ,Tagerfikiiild.  18U),  p.  457. 

I'httca  Htulina S]>i'(iini"nB  from  Vienna  ! Stiles  and  Ha8.'<all,  1899,  p.  157. 

Mnseiini. 

StennrhyneliKuleptonyi Antarrtie.  Siiiilli  (ieor-     Hamburg' MiLseiini  ...  Linstnu.  18911,  p. 80. 

ilia  Land. 

Seal,  (.'en.  .'.  s-p.  / Faroe Miiller Krablie.  1878.  p.  45. 

Seal,  gen.  I,  »p.  1 Iceland i  Steincke [  Do. 

Seal,  gen.  I,  »p.  1 Greenland i  Jiirgenseu Du, 

...     J  ■  i .  .._ 

SuMMAUY. — This  worm,  tbiiiid  iu  tlie  stomacb  of  the  sea  lion  of  Heriiig  Sea,  is  iden- 
tical with  the  form  described  by  lludolphi  in  1802,  as  defiut'd  by  Schneider  in  18(iG.  It 
is  also  found  in  Iceland,  (rreenland,  and  elsowliere.     In  detail  its  history  is  as  follows: 

IIiSToEicAL  iiEviEW. — Kudolphi  (1802,  pp.  14,  1."))  was  evidently  the  first  to 
describe  Ascnris  osi'itlata  ;  his  article  is  not  at  onr  disposal  at  present.  The  following 
year  Zeder  (1803,,  j).  105)  placed  lludolphi's  species  iu  the  genus  Fusario,  giving  the 
following  short  diagnosis,  taken  from  Kndoliihi: 

Osi'ttlata  I'lisar.  capitin  coritore  angiiHtiuris  valviiliH  urbiL'iilaribiiK  maifj^inatis,  caiida  biuvissinia 
acuta. 

Habitat  in  voiitriL'tilo  phocae  vittiliuae. 

Kudolphi  (1800,  p.  l.'iS.  13G)  next  describes  the  worm  as  follows: 

7.  ASCARIS  OSOOLATA.     R. 

Asearis:  CnpHis  ralnilU  orbicularibiia  manjinatis ;  curporc  aeqiiali,  Hiica  laieraU  imn  exstanlt,  cauria 
acuta. 

Hub. :  luter  vontriciili  I'hocae  vitulinae  plicas  spi'ciinina  compltira  Novcmbri  otVoiidi. 

Descr.  Vermes  qnimiiie  ail  decern  linear  longi,  tenucs,  albi  ant  tlavcscontcH, 

Caput  corpore  parnm  an,u:iistin8,  valvulm  tribii.'^  orbiciilaribuH  nia^iiis.  distiiK'to  inarginatiH,  et»iib 
vermis  motu  foriuum  uiiituutibuii,  ut  cum  Taeuiarum  osculis  mictoriiH  (iinde  nomen  triviak  duMumsi) 


ASCABIS    OSCILATA. 


153 


iiilodiiiumixlu  (oiiveiiiiiiit.  CoriMis  iiti'iiii|iii'  Huliiittuiiuiitiim,  aMtroHiiiii  Irir  tfimiiiH.  Ciimlii  bri>viH- 
siniii  ucutii.  Gtiiiitiiliii  t'lmiiiiuo  ut  in  reli<iiii«;  maris  diiplo  miiioris  x|ii(iila  i'x»eita  mm  villi,  'rnliiis 
eibariilH  pro  more. 

01)«.  1.  Voniies  jihocai'  ante  Itidunni  orciNat)  vividiHsiml,  vascnlo  ui|nao  loplotn  ct  fiiiim  (nnmr  ct 
nioiUi't'  tantnin  calcfuctol  iniimsito  commissi,  iiycthonioron,  Uti  lioraH  et  iiltnv  vixero. 

0I>8.  L'.  CI.  Ili'lhvij;  spLTiincn  u  il.  iinondani  Wowcti.or,  Med.  ('and.  in  I'lioca  vitniina,  iicscio  n»o 
loco,  repoitiim  nn'cum  cornnmiiiiavit,  nioiB  diiplo  nia.jns.  cra.ssinsculinn,  ciijun  pars  post  ica  antrrioro 
oniniiut  I'rassiiirest,  cetiTiini  vi'io,  i|nantiini  in  vernio  niortno  ooUNpioeio  liL-tt,  line  portiuoio  vitletnr, 
at  AMcaris  nostra  lorsan  iu\  sct'tioiifni  <|nintani  ainandandu  sit. 

Liiter  (ISl!),  pp.  .'i9.  aiul  (i5l-<M-*)  ]u>  ineiiti<»iis  that  it  was  at  lireilswald  tliat  lie 
foiiiitl  his  specimens;  that  liakker  fouud  speciiiions  which  were  hirger  than  his,  and 


Fis.  77. 


Kifi.  7(i. 


Via.  78. 


that  Hremser  found  specimens  in  Phoctt  flroeiilamlica,  of  which  th».'  male  was  15,  die 
female  is  to  li4  lines  h)ng.     In  desciibing  the  worms,  Kudolphi  adds: 

Caput  valvnlis  inaJnscnliH  niui'^inatis,  Nuborbiciilarilins,  a  iinibns  noincn  dcMiinmi,  instrnctnin. 
Corpus  ]>o.steriiira  M-rsns  ininns  attennatnni;  canda  craHsa,  iiiaiis  inlloxa,  apicii  brovissiino  aciito,  ante 
i|Ui'Ui  spicnla  duo  lon^issiina,  incnrva:  oaiula  I'eniinau  recta  obtiisa  cnm  brcvissiuio  fi  lenni  apicc 
aouto,  Monibrana  lateralis  in  apicc  colli  latior  obtnsiu.Hcula,  tuni  tttnnis  ducurruns,  brcvi  tenui.ssiniu 
et  fore  invisibilis. 

Speciinina  nit'a  pnsilla  eouiparavi,  ot  lioruni  ((Utxino  roperi,  quilius  pars  posterii>r  crassior  <'st, 
relitjna  convcninnt. 

1!ellingham  (1844,  p.  Wd)  mentions  the  presence  of  A.  onvidnta  in  the  oesophagus 
and  posterior  nareaof  Phoca  ritulina,  but  makes  no  further  observations  on  the  species. 

Dujardin  (1845,  p.  164)  takes  his  description  from  Kudolphi  (1801»  and  181!))  an<l 
does  not  appear  to  have  seen  this  form.  Diesing  (18.~)1,  p,  100)  adds  nothing  in  the 
way  of  anatomical  characters,  but  gives  several  additional  hosts,  namely,  I'lioni  paii- 
therina  [  =  *|,  V.  gryphua  (  —  HnHvhxtns  iiri/pus),  P.  hispida  {  —  P.  focfiila),  P.  barbata 
[  =  Eriyntithus  barbatux),  and  /'.  monnchus  {  —  Monavlmti  ulbinnter). 


154 


THE    FIK    SKAI.S    (>F    THK    I'KIHU.OF    ISLANDS. 


Biiird  (1H53,  p.  IH)  citu8  A.  ouch  la  to  hi  tliti  culleutioiior  tlio  MritiHli'IMiiHi'iiiii,  tliu 
Hi)o<;iiiicn.s  coining  from  tliu  Htoniuch  of  I'liuca  ritiilina  (collection  of  Sicbold)  ivnd  of 
P.  Imrhata  {  =  Hritjnutkiiti  harhtUuii),  collected  by  Leiicli  at  KatlinM  Hay. 

Schneider  (ISdli,  j).  44)  appeiirs  to  be  tlie  first  to  clearly  define  tins  worm  and  to 
figure  it  (see  figH.  7<i  and  77) ;  bia  diagnosis  reads: 

C.  Lippeu  oLiiu  /uhnleistu  luit  AiirikiWii  iiud  /wiHuhuiilipiicii. 

14.  ASOARIS  OSOULATA      U. 

9  50 '.      .^  M)<""<. 

Kck/iilin  khtiii  iniil  Ntiiiiipr,  liiiitt'ier  It'iind  tier  Aurikelii  1i<');iiiiit  iiiit  <'iii<<iii  t'lmvoxi'ii  nii);eii. 
liiiiiie  tiel'.     An  ilur  KiisIh  dor  Lipiiuii  uiid  /widclitiiilippciii  iiiiler  Uur  Hunt  liiiit'l  rings  liuruni  oin  cur- 


Tig.  79. 


~rZ. 


I'iK.Sl. 


I'ig.  80. 


Kijj.  H'_'. 


uiiiii'othtir  Pipiientstreif.     iScliwiinx  doN  d  H  I'iipillrn  hiutur  dcin  After,  1  iind  2  iiiit  kugelfVtrmifror 
Pulpa,  7  und  8  )>ildon  eino  l)op]M'lpii)iillo,  daun  t'olgon  vor  deni  Aftoi'  20  iiud  niolir  Papillun  nnregol- 
miiNNig  /u  2,  '3,  und  4,  iind  ziilet/t  cine  Kuibu  Pa]>jllen.     Im  (iauxcn  70  goziiblt. 
I'hoca  groenlandiia.    Diirm. 

Bastain  (1860)  in  bis  extensive  discussion  of  the  anatomy  of  nematodes  refers  a 
number  of  times  to  a  worm  determined  as  A.  osciilatn.  One  of  bis  figures  of  tbo 
anterior  extremity  shows  three  lips,  but  no  intermediate  lips;  he  states  that  the 
intestinal  caecum  is  present,  but  the  oesophageal  caecum  absent.  It  is  not  at  ail 
improbable  that  IJastain  hsid  some  other  form,  possibly  A .  decipientt^  as  suggested  by 
von  Linstow,  rather  than  A.  oncutata. 

Krabbe  (1878,  p.  45)  mentions  the  worm  from  various  hosts.  It  was  found  ten 
times  in  Phoca  groenlandica,  in  Greenland,  by  Vahl,  Morch,  Olrik,  and  Pl'aff;  iu 


ASCAKIS    OS(;ULArA. 


155 


Iccliiiul,  by  ItiilliiH;  t\vi(!c  in  I'liora  hurhdtti  (—  Ih-it/niithux  hmhtitm),  by  Olrik,  in 
(irt'onland;  tliro«  times  in  llaliehorniH  urifpitM,  locality  not  given;  once  in  CjiKtophora 
itristatd,  by  (Hriii,  in  (Jrcenliind;  twice  in  Trivhecun  ronmuniM  (=  (hlulu'HUH  roxiunrtiH), 
by  Ob'iii,  in  tfieenlanil,  und  five  times  in  uii(l<>tenniiie(l  seiilH,  on  Kiiroe,  by  Miiller; 
Iceland,  by  Steinc-lie,  and  Greenlunti,  by  .liirgunsen  and  Miiller.  As  many  us  'J(M)  to 
3(lU  were  occasionally  tbiind  in  a  single  seal,  the  |)ro])orti()n  of  nuiles  to  females  being 
about  li:i5. 

While  Schneider  gives  the  measurements  of  the  male  as  10""",  of  the  fennile  "••»""", 
Krabbe  found  the  nnvles  attaining  (H>""",  the  females  80"'"'  in  length.  He  was  unable 
to  observe  the  carmine  pigment  ring  mentioned  by  Schneider. 

Cobbold  (1870,  pp.  lU.'l,  ;il4),  states  that  AKcuriH  oKCiilata  seems  to  be  present  in 
full-grown  seals  of  every  kind.  In  18(>2-18(M  he  conducted  a  series  of  e\periin(!uts 
with  the  eggs  of  this  worm,  rearing  embryos  both  in  salt  and  fresh  watei',  but  the 
feeding  of  the  young  worms  to  various  animals  led  to  no  result,     lie  watched  the 


Kiii.  Kl- 


Ki«.  Kl 


h'i-.  85. 


growth  of  the  embryos  until  they  had  acquired  well-marlvcd  digestive  organs  and  a 
length  of  one  twenty-lifth  of  an  inch,  their  size  when  emerging  from  the  egg  shell  in 
the  water  having  been  about  one  onc-huudred-and-liftieth  of  an  inch  only.  His  tiguro 
of  the  female  shows  a  (characteristic  prominent  transverse  ridge  at  the  position  of  the 
vulva,  about  on  the  border  of  the  first  and  seconti  anterior  thirds  of  the  body. 

Von  I-instow  (1880,  pp.  44,  45)  recoids  the  same  species  from  the  stomach  of 
Haliclioenm  uri/inoi  (Zool.  Mus.  Univ.,  of  Kiel,  No.  !>).  His  observations  on  the  dorsal 
lip  differ  somewhat  from  Krabbe's,  as  he  found  the  margin  i»rovided  with  teeth;  the 
rounded  lateral  projections  belong  to  au  inner  layer  and  lie  in  the  same  plane  with 
the  outer  surface. 

Von  Marenzeller's  (1882-8;{,  p.  18)  article  is  not  at  our  disposal. 

Nehring  (1881,  i).  .')!>)  states  that  he  found  numerous  specimens  in  n  TlalielioirvH 
shot  at  Goehren  (Riigeii)  in  1882;  he  also  found  an  A.scariii  in  1884,  in  Haiichoeruit 
(jrypm;  the  parasites  were  not  determined  definitely,  but  Karsch  stated  to  him  that 
they  were  closely  related  to  A.  oncuUtta. 


II 


i.')(; 


Till.    I'lK    SKAI.S    Oh-   Tin;    I'KIIIII.OK    ISKANKS. 


Voii  liiiistow  (ISHli,  p.  Hi!)  refolds  .[miiriM  Dseiilnhi  from  stomiifli  of  Stninrhi/nrhuH 
Ifjitonifj;  ill  Silil  (tcoi'K'ieii,  Aiitarctit-  (Iliuiibiir^  MiiHt'iiiii,  Nu.  IM'JVt),    Tlie  ciitictila  is 

rv};iilarly  striati'«1  sit  tlistaiuu's  of  7  to  8;<;  tho  rvrvi(;al  papilla*'  arc  situated  IKH.'> > 

from  the  anterior  em! ;  tiie  lips  are  lar}>e  and  witlioiit  any  deiitifjerous  rid^u;  the  dorsal 
lip  measnres  (externally  O.OSH"""  loiijj  by  0.12"""  broad,  and  on  its  inner  anterior  surfacu 
it  is  pi'(doiij;red  laterally  on  eaeh  sitle  in  an  angular  projection.  Immediately  back  of 
the  lips  the  cuticle  possesses  deep  folds.  In  both  sexes  the  tail  is  conically  pointed. 
The  oe.sopha|j;us  is  1  8.4  as  long  as  the  body.  Oesophageal  and  intestinal  caeca  are 
present.    Thu  males  attained  lU"""  iu  luugth  by  1.5"""  in  diamuter;  spiuulua  oipial  and 


^:  I 


Ki);.  Nli 

very  long  (3.7"'"');  tail  1  91  as  long  as  body;  caudal  bunsa  present;  about  45  pairs  of 
caudal  papillae  are  present,  of  which  about  15  pairs  are  tignred  as  postanal,  one  |iair 
i>f  large  double  papillae  being  present  about  halfway  between  the  cloca  and  tip  of  the 
tail.  The  females  attain  54'""'  in  length  by  1.58"""  in  diameter;  the  vagina  is  situated 
about  one-third  the  length  from  the  head;  eggs  measure  83  by  07  //. 

JiigersUiiild's  (189;J)  article  is  not  at  our  disposal  at  present.  In  his  second  i)aper 
(1894,  pp.  457-403)  JiigerskiOld  dis(;usses  specimens  collected  by  Klinckowstrom  from 
the  nasal  cavity  of  I'hova  vitulina  at  Oresuud.  lie  ttuds  the  vulva  situiited  onethird 
the  length  of  the  body  from  the  head,  and  describes  the  oesophageal  and  intestinal 
caeca  as  preseut  (tig.  83);  his  other  statements  are  chietly  regarding  the  microscopic 


ASCAIIIS    itSm.A'IA. 


If)" 


(limtoiiiy  himI  liiHtolofjy  of  t\u'  iiiU^stiiml  tract  ami  ^'liiiiils;  tlui  oxcrctory  pore  is  toiiiui 
closely  back  of  the  ventral  iiitcrincdiiitc  lip. 

Von  LiiiHtow  (18!)r>,  pp.  rt2H-5.{l)  contiilMitcs  an  liistcdoyical  discnssion  of  sonic 
jHtrtions  of  the  \v(Min;  he  believes  that  Hiistain'H  (!«««!)  Hpeeiniens  were  probably 
A.  ili'iipiens  rather  than  .1.  nsriihila, 

Stossich  (IH'Ml,  pp.  ;n,  .W)  gives  a  short  diagnosis  of  the  worm,  ineliidinjj  Anniris 
liiilbom  Cobb  (see  p.  Ill)  as  synonym. 

In  I.eidy's  eollection  we  llnd  a  bottle  (No.  :,'"»!»  =  H. S.N. .M.,  No.  ."id.")!  (containing 
nicniatodcs  with  the  label  '■'AsvuriH  oMciilnta,  Miirrorhi)iiinttn!iunf>f'>nf>'i»^  I>r.  <5ha|tman," 
which  we  cited  in  a  former  publi«'atioii  (Stiles  iS:  llassall,  18!U,  p.  .110.)     We  have  as 


Kiu.  87. 


yet  been  nnable  to  find  where  Leidy  pnblished  this  determination,  or  Avhether  he 
imblished  it  at  all.  A  reexamination  of  the  i>ara.site  has  resulted  in  changing  the 
determination  to  Ascaris  deeipiena  (see  p.  112). 

Since  finishing  this  report  we  have  received  several  bottles  of  p.xrasites  from  the 
Vienna  Museum,  which  we  have  examined  with  the  following  results:  One  bottle 
labeled  ^^Ascuria  onculata,  Phoca  bnrbiita''^  contained  both  .1.  oscnUitn  (B.  A.  I.,  No. 
28;J1)  and  A.  deoipiem  (B.  A.  I.,  No.  2841).  One  bottle  with  label  '■'■AsmriH  osntUidt, 
Phoea  rituUna^''  we  have  redetermined  as  /I.  ^?e(;ijneH.v  (B.  A.  1.,  No.  2.S.'{2).  A  bottle 
(B.  A.  I.,  No.  28.'W)  labeled  '■^Ancnris  oseiilata,  Leptonyx  monwhus''''  is  correctly 
determined.    A  bottle (B.  A.  I.,  No.  2834)  labeled  ''^ Ascarh  onculata,  Phoca  punfherina^^ 


158 


THE    FUK    SF.ALS    iW    TIIK    PRIHILOF    ISI^ANDS. 


i 


contains  very  iM)orly  lyreserved  specimens,  but  the  detorniination  is  "videiitly  c<)rre«'t. 
A  bottlc!  labeled  ^^Ascnri»  ogculata,  Phoca  {irotnliduHca^''  contains  both  A,  mvulaia 
(B.  A.  I.,  No.  28;?r.)  and  A.  decipiem  (li.  A.  I.^  No.  2843). 

Specimens  kuom  Kumetopias  Stei.leim. — In  the  material  brought  to  Wash- 
ington by  the  seal  conunission  are  three  bottles  <»f  worms  taken  from  the  stomachs  of 
three  specimens  of  Kumrtopiuft  Stillcri,  The  worms  were  collecte«l  by  Mr.  Lucas  in 
August,  185H»,  on  St.  George  Island,  liering  Sea,  and  ;\vo  of  the  lots  represent  very 


Fig.  88. 


Kit;.  «•• 


heavy  infections.  One  lot  (tag  of  seal  commission  82)  contained  both  Ascaris  decipiens 
(U.S.N.M.,  No.  2822)  and  .4.  osculata  (U.8.N.M.,  No.  2767),  while  the  other  two  lots 
(tag  of  seal  commission  84=U.S.N.M.,  No.  2704,  and  tag  8r.=U.S.N.M.,  No.  2760) 
apparently  contained  only  Asmrix  osculata. 

Our  determination  of  these  worms  (ligs.  84,  85)  as  AneariH  osviilata  is  based  upon 
the  following  details: 

Intermediate  lips  present  (figs.  8(5,  87);  lips  with  lateral  projections;  oesophageal 
and  intestinal  caeca  present;  cuticular  bands  without  tiner  striae;  cuticular  folds 
back  of  lips  (Hg.  88). 


M 


AS(;AHI8   OSCUl.ATA. 


159 


tly  correct. 
A,  oscHlnta 


t  to  Wash- 
itoinachs  of 
r.  liiicas  in 
•escnt  very 


Male:  9  to  10  pairs  of  postanal  papillae  (lig.  89),  of  wliich  I  to  4  are  near  the  tip; 
1  pair  of  d  able  ]>apillac  and  3  to  4  pairs  of  single  papillae  neariM-  tiie  cloaca;  spicules 
very  long,  6  to  8""". 

Female:  I'loniinent  valvular  ridge  about  on  border  between  first  ami  second 
anterior  thirds  of  body. 

As  the  species  is  quite  well  studied  from  a  systematic  standpoint,  we  will  not  give 
a  detailed  discussion  of  the  worm  found  in  Bering  Sea,  but  will  conlino  ourselves  to 
the  following  statements: 

Von  Linstow  mentions  deep  outicular  folds  immediately  bacU  of  the  li|»s.  These 
folds,  which  are  very  prominent  in  our  specimens,  are  due  t<t  the  arrangement  of  the 
cuticular  bar.<ls  (tig.  8S).  For  a  distance  of  about  (M3"""  back  of  the  lips  the  anterior 
border  of  each  band  <!xtends  for  some  <listance  over  the  post«'rior  bonb'r  of  the  baiul 
immediatf;ly  in  front  of  it,  while  on  the  rest  of  the  body  the  posterior  border  of  each 
bantl  extends  only  very  slightly  over  the  anteri<u'  border  of  the  band  immediately 
distal  to  it.  The  portion  of  the  body  to  which  the  lips  are  attached  is  thus  ditt'eren- 
tiated  into  a  peculiar  and  quite  characteristic  manner.  On  the  body  the  cuticular 
bands  are  about  8  /<  broad,  but  the  liner  intermediate  striation  is  lacking.  The  eervical 
papillae  are  found  about  0.!)"""  from  the  head. 

We  find  considerable  variation  in  the  arrangement  of  the  caudal  ])ai)illae  in  the 
males,  but  the  arrangement  of  fiuir  ]>airs  of  papillae  near  the  tip  of  the  tail  and  a  pair 
of  double  papillae  between  t'r.ese  and  the  clo.aca  appear  quite  constant. 

The  prominent  transverse  .ulvular  ridge  figured  by  Oobbold  is  quit<H!h;.i'acteristic. 
We  also  find  that  the  e;4gs  ((>8  to  72  /()  segment  to  the  morula  stage  in  the  ateiun. 


10.  ASCARIS  I.OBULATA  Schneider,  1866. 


(Figs.  JH)-i)2.) 


is  decipiens 
Br  two  lots 
No.  27G0) 

l>ased  upcui 

esophageal 
cular  folds 


?  181!),  Asrnriii  delpliiHi  RrnoLPUi,  nfso  v.'ifjo  102. 

IStMi,  Asciirh  lobiilata  Scunkikkk,  Mono^i'ivphio  der  Neiimtoilt'ii,  \t.  41,  oiio  fij;.  ,?  tiiil. — KRAnitK,  1878, 
Oversint  K.  Diiniske  X'ideiiskiib.  Scdskiibs  Korlianil,  1,  ]).  47,  ]>\.  i,  li;;.  2. — ,)'\<;Bit8Ki(">i.i>, 
ISiH,  /oiil.  .lalirliiic.h,  VII,  J).  I(i7,  i»l.  xx\iii,  li>;.  ;i7.— Srossicii,  IKilti,  Holl.  Soc.  uilriiitica 
Sci.  Nut.  TrieMtn,  XVII,  )..  43. 

DiAONO.sis. — Inteniiudiatc  lipHprcHrnt;  lutcral  eervii'iil  iiliir  i;  lip.s  similar  totlioso  uf  .-(.  oaiiihilu, 
hut  Htroiigur;  the  auti^i'ior  lolics  of  tlic  |iii1pa  n\t<aiil  into  tlit>  latoral  projections;  riiticiilar  Btriatioiif 
Mesopliagus  composed  of  two  poitions;  posterior  portion  iiiiiisiially  sliort  in  proportion  to  anterior 
portion;  oesophageal  and  intestinal  eaeca  present.     Kxeretc  y  organ  similar  to  that  of  .1.  uHciiliita, 

Male:  40"""  long;  tail  with  12  pairs  of  jiostanul  papillae,  of  which  1  pair  is  conical  and  lateral,  but 
varying  in  position;  1,  2,  3  in  a  row  near  tln'  tip;  4  to  12  irregularly  arranged  in  groups  of  two  and 
three    ])raoanal  papillae  in  a  single  row;  spicules? 

Female:  6()"'"'  long;  vagina  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  tlie  body  from  the  head;  eggs? 

Habitat:  Intestinal  tract  of  marine  niamnuila. 


Host. 


I.iicality. 


('fillec.tor. 


AiiMiurity. 


Vtiilirnixta  gamjtUca I  ScIiiikIiIit.  1800,  p.  44. 

VlataniKtu  ijanijfiica lloiit'lily  Kiver,  iiciir  Ciilciittii Keiiilmnlt Krabbe,  1878,  p.  47. 

I'latanitla  ijani/etiea i  Speiiiiioiis  ti'niii  iCi)|ieiiliUK>!U  Museum   Iiigvri<ki<ilcl,18U4,p.407. 


il:^ 


I     ' 


;  •: 

'■'  i;' 
,     ii  i 


IGO 


TIIK    ini{    SKALS   OP   THE    PltlHILOP   ISLANDS. 


Historical  REVIEW. — For  the  history  o{  Ascar is  delithini  me  \y,ige  102.  Schneider 
(18»)G,  p.  44)  originally  described  Ancaris  lobulata  with  the  following  diagnosi.s: 

<'.  Lippeii  i>]iiu>  ZahnloiHti!  iiiit  Aiirikvlii  iind  /\vischoulip])oii. 

15.  AtcariB  lobulata  n.  ap.     ,f  iiiiil  V  40''"". 

Riiiui'  tiff.  Die  Spit/.o  rtes  Kckzaliim  bildct  eincn  iccliten  Winkel.  Die  Lobeii  reiclicu  in  die 
Auriculae.  Vulva?  Scliwaii/  <lt'H  ^  leiclit  jNrekriiinnit,  iiiif  dcr  HancliBoit)'  fjlatt.  12  Piipilleii  hintor 
dciii  After,  eiiio  an  nnicjjolniiissiger  .'^tellc  init  ronisli  veiliiiigcrter  Piilpa  Neitlicli.  1,  2,  3  hinter 
einander  nalie  an  dcr  Spit/o,  1-12  iiiireKeliiiiisslg'  xii  2  iind  'A  nelien  einander,  vor  deni  After  eino  Keihe 
Pupillon. 

Delphinim  jiaityitivim.     CraH.siiin. 


Fig.  UO. 


F.iu.!". 


Fig.  92. 


Krabbe  (1S78,  p.  47)  examined  specimens  deposited  in  the  uiuseiini  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  ivopeidia}j;en ;  tiiey  were  collected  on  tiie  (ralatliea  expedition  of  Professor 
Keiuhardt  from  the  buccal  cavity  oi  dolphins  of  the  Ganges  in  Hooghly  Itiver  near 
Calcutta.  The  lips  (fig.  91)  resemble  those  of  Axearis  osaulatn,  but  are  more  strongly 
budt. 

Jiigerskiold  (1894,  p.  401)  e.xaniined  specimens  from  the  buccal  of  Plutanuta 
(jangelica,  which*  he  received  from  Levinsen,  of  the  Kopenhagen  Zoological  Museum. 
These  may  possibly  have  been  the  same  specimens  which    Krabbe  studied,   but 

-Tiigerskiiild  does  not  state  so.    He  found  the  vulva  0' from  the  head  in  a  female 

25"""  long.  The  exctretory  organ  agrees  with  the  same  organ  in  A.  siiivuliuera  nud 
A.  osculata;  the  posterior  division  of  the  oesophagus  (fig.  9-')  is  unusually  short,  and 
possesses  a  caecum;  the  intestinal  caecum  is  also  present. 


i     ■'■ 


A8CARI.S    LOBULATA. 


161 


JStoHsich  (189<»,  i>.  43)  takes  bis  diuijiiuHis  t'luiu  the  uther  uutUurs  aud  evidently  did 
nut  exiunine  specimens. 

III.  Data  coni'urning  thu  iiitcrmutliatu  Iii>H  ai'«  wuiitliig. 
a.  Spicules  uuequsvl. 

11.  ASCARIS   DUSSUMIERII  Benedeu,  1870.    Sp.  inq. 

1845,  "Ascaria  simplex  Kudui.piii,  ISO!)"  niiH<lt;teriiiiuiHl,  Dr.iAitDi.N,  184.5,  IliHi.  Nat.  HelminthoB,  itp. 

L'20-L'L>1. 
f  IHliO,  ConooeiihuliiK  lijpiciit  Dik.sino,  see  p.  127. 
1870,  Asvaiis Diissiimierii  Hknkdkn,  Bull.  Aciiil.  U.  Bolgi<|uu,  2 ser.,  XXIX, No.  4,  \>.  362-36H.     DuJanliu'H 

BpeiMiiiuuN  rouiimcd. 

I)iA<i\osi.s.— Intermediiite  lIpHf;  lattM'iil  oervical  aluo  abMont ;  hoiul  olttUHU,  0.4"""  broad;  lips 
Hinall,  body  wbitiuh,  qiiitu  tliicU,  Mli^htly  iiioru  attituuutx'd  toward  tlio  head  than  toward  the  tail. 
Cuticle  with  cuticular  baiulH  20  to  HO  /<  broad,  giving  the  margin  of  the  worm  a  Morrato  appi^arance. 
First  portion  of  thi'  oesophagus  .5  to  ,"),.">'""'  long,  O..')"""  broad;  followed  by  a  .second  portion,  v  hich  is 
sigmoid,  1.5"'"'  long  0.4"'"'  broad;  intestinal  and  oesophageal  caeca  f 

Male:  79"""  long  by  2.2'""'  in  diameter;  tail  curled,  with  lateral  alao  and  8  to  10  (pairs?)  papillae; 
spicules  unc(iual,  one  27'"'"  (2.7"""f)  the  other  l.">'""'  (1.5'"'"f)  long. 

Female:  70  to  100'""'  long  by  2  to  2.5"""  in  dianifter;  tail  very  sliort;  vulva  in  anterior  half  of  body 
25  to  40"""  from  anterior  end.     Kggs  globular,  smooth,  41  to  43/^     Anus  0.2"""  from  tip  of  tail. 

Habitat:  Intestine  of  marine  mammals. 


IS 

1 


Uost. 


Locality. 


Dolphin  (gull. ot  MP  0 WoHt  ot'MaldivelHlanils Diishuiujit !  Uiijardin,  184K,  p.  221 


Collector. 


Authority. 


Summary. — Dujardiu  (1845)  determined  some  worms,  collected  by  Dussumier,  as 
AncnriH  .simplex;  as  tlie  form  di iters  essentially  from  .1.  simplex  of  other  authors  van 
Benedeu  (1870)  proposed  to  make  it  a  distinct  species,  A,  Dimsumierii;  von  Linstf>\r 
(1888)  thinks  tiie  worm  may  belong  to  some  other  genus  than  Ascarin;  Stossich  (185Mi) 
considers  it  identical  with  ^1.  nimplex.  The  (piestion  can  not  be  detiiiit«ly  decided 
without  a  reexamination  of  the  type  specimens,  but  Judging  from  the  description  we 
are  Bus])ici(ms  that  Dujardiu's  form  is  identi  jal  with  Anearis  typica.  In  detail  the 
history  of  the  species  is  as  follows: 

HisTOKiCAL  iiEViEW. — Dujardlu  (1845,  jip.  220,  221)  proposed  the  subgenus 
Anisakis  in  the  genus  A8<-aris  for  forms  in  which  the  spicules  are  unequal.  Me  cites 
as  members  of  this  subgenus  A,  diskms  Kudolphi,  which  he  had  evidently  not 
examined,  and  the  supjiosed  ".4.  simplex  Kudolphi"  (  =  .l.  Dussiimierii)  wiiicii  he  had 
studied.  We  designate  this  latter  form  as  type  of  the  proposed  subgenus.  Dujardiu's 
diagnosis  reads  as  follows : 

ANISAKIS, 
III"  Sous-genre. 

Mi\le  ayant  deux  spicules  in(^gaiix. 

77    Asoaride  den  Daupliiiia.    Asvarig  «im/)/t'j;— KiiDoi.i'iii.     EntoK.,  II,  1,  )».  170,  et  Syuops,  p.  (50  L4'J]» 
No.  5;t. 

Corps  blauchiltre,  asse/.  rpais,  trenle-six  a  (|uarante  fois  aussi  long  <iue  large,  un  pen  plus  aminci 
en  avaut;  t6te  obtuse,  large  de  0""",  4  it  trois  lobes  tres-petits ;  sans  aucune  trace  d'ailes  ou  membranes 
lat<^rales;  oesophagt;  hing  de  5  ii.  5""",  5,  un  p6u  rvut\6,  en  massue  et  large  de  0'"",  5,  suivi  d'uu 
vfiitrioute  mince  flvxueux,  long  de  1'"'",  5,  large  de  0""",  4;  iiitestiu  opais,  large  de  1"'"';  queue  tris- 
courto,  oblust' ;  tt^gument  a  stries  transvorses,  tres-prouonc^'-es,  distantes de  O'"'",  02  ii  O"'"',  03,  et  comue 
dent6  en  scie  latdralement. 

6947— PT  3 11 


J^ 


I 


I 


I 


■  ^  :| 


■{     i 


l! 


"•^ 


162 


'PHK    KUU    SKAI.S    OK    THK    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


Mule  long  (l«  7!t""",  largo  do  2'""',  2;  partie  poattU'ioino  onrtmlro  »^t  iiiniiii)  do  dfiix  iiiltw  on  nieiii- 
lirant'H  latrialiis,  ('troitcs,  Hoiitoiincs  i>ar  hiiit  a  dix  ]iapillea  a  la  face  vcntralu;  di'iix  HpiuiiIuB  imyaiix^ 
■III  poll  ar(|ii('s,  larjfos  dc  0""",  04,  run  long  do  27""",  I'aiitri^  long  do  l,")""". 

I'Vniidlo  longuo  do  70  a  1(K)""",  large  do  2""",  a  2'""',  5,  a  (|ueut>  t'ono'itle  (ri's-conrto;  anns  a  0""",  2 
do  r«'xtr(''niit(' ;  vnlve  situt'O  on  avant  du  niilien  (a  25  on  10"""  dc  la  ttMe) ;  iitoruH  tri'.s-aniple,  long  do 
2S  a  HO""",  dirigt'  en  arrirro,  conimonvant  par  uno  partio  pros(|Uo  lilifbriiio  (vagin),  longuo  do  .">  a  8""", 
puis  devonant  cyHndri(inc,  largo  de  1""",  8,  dans  uno  longueur  do  10  a  17""",  et  so  ilivlBant  onliu  on 
deux  braucdioH  parallMcs  contigars,  largoB  do  I""",  longuos  do  7  a  10""",  ipii  no  rotrc^cisHont  a  la  fois 
pour  NO  continuor  I'liarnno  avec  I'oviducte  et  I'ovairitlillforniocorroHpondant,  dont  Irsroplis  nonibroux 
oocu))out  toute  la  partie  poHtoriout'o  du  corps,  :i  partir  do  la  vnlve;  (uiil's  globulenx,  Hhsoh,  largoH  de 
0""",  on  aO""",  013. 

Jo  docriH  ahiHi  dos  heliuinthea  aisno/  iiouibrenx  do  la  collootion  du  .MiiHouni  do  Paris,  I'tiiiuott'H 
<!onnno  tronvos  par  M.  Dn.sHnniior  dans  un  dauphin,  no  5,  a  I'ont'st  dos  ilos  Maldives,  on  IH'M,  et  ,jo  no 
doute  pas  <|u'ils  no  soiont  idontiques  avuc  ceux  ({uo  Kudolpbi  a  docrits  sons  eo  nionie  noni  conimo 
trouvds  dans  lo  ])r('niiiT  ostomac  d'un  niarsiuiiu  (Delphiniin phovirna). 

Xm\  Beneden  (1870,  pp.  3G2, 3(i.'})  did  not  consider  Dujardiu's  dotermi nation  as 
correct,  and  proposed  to  call  the  worms  A.  DHssumierii. 

No  one  appears  to  have  restudied  the  species  or  to  have  found  it  again,  bnt  von 
Linstow  (1888,  p.  3)  agrees  with  van  Beneden  that  the  determination  by  Dujardin 
is  incorrect,  and  he  even  doubts  whether  the  worm  belongs  to  the  genus  Ascarin. 
Stossi(!h  (1894,  p.  17),  on  the  other  hand,  accepts  Dujardiu's  determination  as  correct. 

In  the  absence  of  specimens  it  is  impossible  to  give  a  definite  opinion  upon  the 
form,  but  wo  incline  to  the  view  that  .l.  Dufisumivril  may  jterhaps  be  identical  with 
A.  lypim  and  that  Dujardin  made  an  error  in  his  decimals  in  the  length  of  the  spicules. 

1i.  Uuidontiliablo  forms. 

12.  ASCARIS  DELPHINI  Rudolphi,  1819. 

IHOl,  "Asoaridos"  of  I.KIieck,  Neuo  Sclirifton  Naturforscli.     Kronndo  liorlin,  III,  )>.  281. 

181!t,  ./»(V(W.>i  (lulphini  Kudoi.imii,  Kntozooruni  synopsis,  jip.  .")l,  2!I6.     Uofors  to  I.eboc's  spooiinuns. — 

DiMAlilMN,  1845,  Hist.  Nat.    Ilolniinthes,   p.  221.— van   Uk.nkdk.n,    1870,   Hull.   Acad.  Hoy. 

l!olgii|uc,  2  scr.,  XXIX,  p.  :',".'.». 
1851,    .Isairin  ilelphini  ijangvlici   Diksini;   as  synonym  sub  ./.  simplex,  .Systomu  liolminthuni,   II,  p. 

l5ii.=^Ascari8  iMphini  Hudolplii,  ISli). 
?  18()(),  Aficarig  lobulala  Sciixeikeu,  soe  p.  1.5!). 
1878,  "AscariK  simplex  Rud.,"  vox  Linstow,  Compendium  dor  Ilelminthologiu,  \t.  tiO,  iis  parasite  of 

riatanista  ganijetica. 

DiAdNOSLS. — Over  an  inch  long. 

Habitat:  Month  and  stomach  of  dol|>bin  of  the  (ianges. 


Host. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

Authority. 

Platanintti  rtannctiea 

Near  Calcutta 

IjOIhscIc 

I.ebuck,1801,ii.2gl. 

Lebeck  (1801,  p.  281)  found  some  ascarides  in  a  specimen  of  "/><'/p/n'H«.v //rtJi^t'<icM.v" 
{  =  I'latanista  (lannetica)  taken  in  November,  17!>7,  iie;ir  Calcutta.  Regarding  the 
parasites  he  simply  states:  "Sowohl  in  seinem  Muiide  als  Magen,  waren  viele 
lebendige  und  ilber  einen  Zoll  lange  Ascarides — L.  wio  audi  imlctzternNellu-Koruer." 

Rudolphi  (1819,  pj).  ;>4-296)  named  these  worms  Aavaris  delphini,  but  did  not 
study  them;  he  suspects  that  they  are  identical  with  Ancaris  simplex.  Dujardin 
(ISlo,  p.  221)  simply  mentions  the  worms,  while  Diesing  (1851,  p.  155)  refers  them  to 
.^1.  nimplcx  under  the  triuomial  synonym  '■'■Ascaris  Delphini  gangetiei,"  while  van 


•  1 


ASOARIS    DKKPHINI. 


163 


liciu'deii  (1870,  p.  ;J51»)  iigaiii  reverts  to  "Aswrrw  ddphini,^^  citiiip  liclicitk's  reference 
lis  t«)  tlio  ocinirrom;e  of  paraijites  in  the  dolphin  of  the  (hinges  rialanista  t/nni/etiva 
( PelpluHHS  yaugctiviin).  Von  Linstow  (1878,  p.  (iO)  cites  Aamris  shnphw  as  parasite  of 
I'lutauisfa  fieufictim,  l>nt  iiiidoubtediy  he  refers  to  the  supposed  synonym  .1.  dvlphim. 
8tossich  (185t(!,  p.  17)  also  makes  .1.  delphini  a  synonym  of  .1.  HiiiqUcv  and  eites 
Plataiiinta  as  host. 

It  is  impossible  to  identify  this  worm,  but  Schneider  has  described  .1.  lobulata 
from  the  same  host  (p.  159),  and  the  two  forms  may  jiossibly  be  identical. 

13.  ASCARIS  RYTINAE  Diesiiig,  1851. 

17,">1    "Liiiiil»i-ici  candiili'' of  Stki,i-ku,  Nov.  CoiiiiiK'Ht.  Aoiitl.  S(^i.  liiiii.  I'etropol.,  11,  iul  Ann.  1749, 

1).  311. 
1841),  "A»cari(les"()f  MicANirr,  Bull.  I'livHico-Miitli.  Acad.  Imp.  Sci.  St.  I'otorHbourK,  V,  i>.  192,     Kofors 

to  Stellcr's  specimens. 
1851,  Aiirarix  njtiiiac  DiKSixci,  S.vstemii  i.elmintlnim,  II,  p.  191).     Species  iniiuirenda;  refers  to  Steller 

iiiul  lirantU. 
IKil,  .lacarix  rhytinav  SteUiri  in  symiiiyniy,  l)iK.siN(i,  Systema  holmintlium,  II,  p.  IIH). 
1878,  "  .tacai-'iH  rhiitinuf  HuANDT,"  in  von  I.instow,  Compeiiilimii  dor  Ilelmintholof^ie,  p.  ."i!t.— St()8.sich, 

1890,  Holl.  Soc.  adriatica  Sci.  nat.  Trieste,  XVII,  p.  09. 

l>lA<iN08l8.— Length  0  inclios. 

Habitat:  Stomach  and  duodcMiiiii  of  the  Nurthurn  extinct  sea  cow. 


Host. 


Ilf/iliotlaiiialin  iiiiiau. 


Lo<!iiUty. 


(!uI!o<itur. 


lioriiiKSoa '  Steller. 


Aiitliority. 
Steller,  I7al,ii.ail. 


Summary. — Our  entire  knowledge  of  this  worm  is  ba.sed  ni)oii  the  statement  by 
Steller  (1751)  that  specimens  were  present  in  the  stomach  and  duodenum  of  the  now 
extinct  sea  cow.  Brandt  (184(»)  thought  they  must  be  ascarides  since  Uiippel  and 
Dwen  found  ascarides  in  the  stomach  of  the  dugong,  Diesing  named  the  worm  more 
than  a  century  after  Steller  fouud  it.  The  parasite  is  un identifiable.  In  detail  the 
history  of  the  worm  is  as  follows : 

ITiSToiiiCAL  REVIEW. — Steller  (1751,  p.  311)  in  his  "De  bestiis  marinis"  found 
some  worms  of  the  stomach  and  duodenum  of  a  sea  cow  on  .July  lli,  1712,  taken  in 
the  Bering  Sea.     lie  refers  to  the  parasites  in  the  following  passage: 

Interior  ventriunli  tunica  a  himhriciscandidis  A  pedeni  lougis,  ijuihus  totus  ventriculus,  pylorum 
et  duodenum  scatidiat,  perforata  erat,  et  Inmbrici  in  ^landulae  cauiim,  vsijue  iienotrauerant,  gliiudnla 
discisaa  copioHum,  succnni  siindebat.  Non  licuit  postliac  |ilures  vontriculos  examinare  ob  id,  <|Uod 
neoessario  auxilio  carebam,  \h'o  uuin  paueis  animal  semel  inueiiiru  iiicens  in  dorsum  vertere  possem, 
propterca  diibito,  an  haec  glandula  res  constans,  vot  )iotiu8  niorbidum  i|uid  fnerit. 

Brandt  (]84(»,  p.  19()-1!»2)  in  referring  to  the  ectoparasites  mentioned  by  Steller 
(1751,  pp.  298,  3-'4,  330),  and  for  which  he  (Brandt)  proposed  the  genus  SiremcyamuK 
and  the  specific  name  <S'.  h'hj/tinae,  also  cites  the  worms  found  by  Steller;  he  believed 
them  to  be  "vLsm/jytev,"  but  did  not  uame  or  describe  them.  He  also  refers  to  the 
worms  found  by  Uiippel  and  Owen,  but  does  not  uame  or  describe  them.  Diesing 
(1861,  p.  190)  cites  " Ascor/s  Uhytinae  IJrandt ''  among  the  species  iiuimrendae;  the  term 
18  practically  a  nomen  nudum,  the  only  description  being  "Longit.  J","  and  refers  to 
the  worms  found  by  Steller  in  July,  1742;  von  Linstow  (1878,  p.  59)  mentions  the 
parasites  as  "Ast'rtm  rlii/tinde  Brandt."  Stossich  (189«!,  p.  09)  also  refers  to  the  same 
worms  as  a  species  iimuirenil<t,  giving  the  length  as  100""". 


« 


-I,p— I 


: 


I : 


164 


THE    Kl'K    SKAl.S    OK    THE    PIUIUI.oK    ISLANDS. 


■    1 


!       I 


f 


As  Stellcr's  sea  cow  irf  now  extinct  it  can  never  be  demonstrated  wluifc  H|)ecie8 
Stellor  found.  The  names  A.  rytiiuw  and  .1,  rhytinae  nniy,  therefore,  be  Ituried,  and 
all  time  used  in  specnhiting  as  to  the  atlhiities  of  this  worui  with  corresponding  para- 
sites iu  other  hosts  way  be  considered  lost. 

14.  "ASCARIS  CAPSULARIA." 

Axearu  capsxluria  is  a  nai.ie  applied  to  immature  nematodes,  supposed  to  bo 
aacaridcs,  and  found  in  fish.  Numerous  supposed  species  have  been  separated  under 
distinct  sj)ecific  names,  {>enerally  taken  from  the  names  of  the  hosts,  the  generic  mimes 
AfiaiiionvHKi,  Xnnutoidcum,  or  Ascttrin  beinjj  used  by  various  author.^.  Personally,  we 
must  confess  our  iimbility  to  distinguish  at  present  these  numerous  forms  from  each 
other  or  to  determine  from  the  published  descriptions  of  the  worms  whi(!h  forms  should 
be  considered  synonyms,  which  forms  should  be  looked  upon  as  distinct,  and  which 
forms  should  be  associated  with  this,  that,  or  the  other  adult  .l»mn"».  We  do  not  deny 
that  other  authors  are  correct  in  their  interpretations  of  these  larval  worms,  but  we 
would  suggest  that  a  thorough  study  of  the  exact  food  habits  of  lish-eating  mammals 
in  connection  with  this  subject  would  aid  in  solving  the  problem  of  the  life  history  of 
many  of  these  parasites. 

III.— Family  STRONGTLIDAE. 

DiAiiNosis. — Neinatoda  with  tioily  ulougatc,  cylimliifal,  riirely  filiroriii.  Month  is  ])robftbty 
always  provided  with  six  papillae,  of  whii'h  the  foiirsulimedian  arc  fjcin'ially  Naliunt  in  101111  of  nodulea 
or  conical  points.  In  some  cases  the  month  is  in  the  axis  of  (he  body;  in  others,  tnrued  dorsally  or 
ventrally.  and  occasionally  provide<l  with  a  chitinons  armature.  Ousopha^ns  more  or  less  swollen  in 
jiosterior  portion,  but  without  forming  a  distinct  oesophageal  bulb.  Malos  provided  with  a  caudal 
bursa,  open  or  closed,  entire  or  divided,  with  one  or  two  spicules.  Kcnuiles  with  one  or  two  ovaries; 
■iilva  anterior  or  posterior  to  iniddlo.  in  some  cases  near  the  anus.  Eggs  deposited  during  segmenta- 
tion, in  some  cases  containing  embryo. 

Type:  Ulroiiyj/lun,  O.  V,  Miillev. 

Subn»inil.y    SCI..KUOS'POMIT^^VT(^ 

l)l\(iN()sis. — Strongylida<i;  meromyaria;  mouth  with  more  or  less  complete  chitiiious  armature. 
Slale  with  two  t^iual  spicules;  caudal  bursa  with  rays,  the  )iostcro- median  and  posteru-external  being 
united  iu  a  common  base.     Female  with  two  ovaries,  except  iu  Ollitlaniis. 
Typo:  Sderostoma,  Blainvillo,  1828. 

Genus  UNCINARIA  Frolich,  1789. 

1780,  Uvcinaria  FrOmch,  Der  Naturforscher,  XXIV,  pp.  137-13i».    Type,  riiciiiariaviiliHH  Krillicli,  1780. 
lHi3, Aijchyloatoma  Duiiixi,  Anuiil.  uuivers.  di  medic.     Milauo,  L'VI,  April,  p)t.  5-13.     Ty\te,  AiirliyluH- 

Ivma  ihiodenale  Dubini,  1KI3. 
181."),  Ancijlostomd  Chkplin,  Archiv.  f,  Xatnrg.,  11  .Ihg.,  I,  )>.  32."i.     Kor  Aijikyloatoma  Dubini,  1S13. 
1815,  Dochmiui  Dujaijdin,  llistoiro  naturellc  il.  helmintbcs,  pp. 2()7-27r>.     Typo,  J)ochmiiin  trigoiiocei>li- 

aliiH  (Kndolphi,  1800)  — -  fncinaria  nilpis  rrolich,  1780. 
(1S4G),  Anchjilostoma  Dki.i.e  Cmia.ie  Kondicon.  dell  Accad.  delle  Sci.  Napoli,  V,  p.  330. 
18,">1,  AndiyloHtomiim  Die.sini;,  Systcma  helminthum,  II,  p.  321-322.     For  Aijclnjlonloma  Ditbini,  1813. 
1805,  Anoyhstomum  Kt-CHKN.MKl.sTEli,  Die  in  und  aiif  d.  Kiirper  d.  lebeuden  Menschen  vorkommend. 

I'arasiten,  I,  p.  207. 
1861,  MoiwiloHlim    Moi.iN  [nee  Monodontu  Lamarck,  1700],  II  Sottordine  degli  Acrofulli,  pp.  11-43. 

Type,  M.  aemicirciilaris  Molio,  iMtil. 

DiAKXoais. — Sclcrestominae  with  anterior  extremity  curved  dorsally;  mouth  round  to  oval,  open- 
ing oblbinely,  limited  by  a  transparent  border  and  followed  by  achitinous  buccal  capsule;  the  dorsal 
portion  of  the  capsule  is  shorter  than  the  ventral,  and  is  supported  by  a  conical  structure  the  point 
of  which  sometimes  extends  into  the  cavity:  ventral  at  the  base  of  the  buccal  capsule  are  found  two 


i 


-^ 


■"^ 


UNCIXARIA. 


165 


teeth;  towftnl  the  inner  Ireo  horihM-  tho  vontial  wall  hoais  on  oaoli  Hide  of  the  mediim  lino  uliitinouH 
Hti'iK'tiin'H  or  teeth  often  recnivt!<l  In  sliapo  of  hooks;  the  inner  dorsal  wall  may  also  hear  tooth. 
Type,  Uticinaria  rulpU  Krilllch,  I7«!l. 

This  irt  an  extrt'inely  important  genus  from  a  medical  standpoint  as  it  contains  a 
parasite  ( l'.  ihiodetml'tH)  wiiicli  (uiuses  a  serious  disease  in  man,  and  two  parasites 
(  U.  viilph  and  T.  sieiiovephaltis)  wliitili  cause  serious  trouble  in  young  dogs. 

Lucas  found  live  specimens  of  worms  of  this  genus  in  a  .'(months  old  fur  seal 
which  had  starve<l  t<»  «leath. 

15.  UNCINARIA  sp. 

( Fig.s.  !t;Mtt!. ) 

DiAONO.iis. — Rody  wliito.  Diicoal  capsnle  apparently  with  a  sinfjle  pair  ofrathor  weak  anterior 
ventral  recnrv<Ml  teeth,  and  with  posterior  ventral  chitinon.s  laniellao. 

Male:  (i.,5"""  lonf?;  eandal  hiirsa  very  similar  to  that  of  I',  (hioileiialh,  spioiilos  very  slender, 
eipial,  O.")"""  long. 

Kemalo:  12"""  long;  tail  avuniinato;  vulva  slightly  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  hody.  Kggs 
elllptieal  llM  to  132  ^  hy  84  to  88  fi. 

Ilahitat:  Intestine  of  fur  seal  (CallorhinuH  urainua)  Bering  Sea.     Type:  II.S.N.M.,  No.  L'Sl.5. 


^     ) 

KiR.  !):i.     Fis.  04. 


Our  material  of  this  form  does  not  permit  a  detailed  study  of  the 
mouth,  and  on  this  account  we  hesitate  to  place  the  worm  si)ecilically. 

No  other  species  of   Unvinaria   is  known  for 
marine  mammals. 

The  few  specimens  whidi  Lucas  collected  certainly 
could  have  been  of  uo  importance  in  the  economy  of  the 
host,  but  as  Uncinaria  is  a  blood  sucker  of  the  worst  tyjje, 
and  as  allied  species  produce  serious  troubles  in  man  and 
dogs,  analogy  would  imply  that  a  heavy  infection  of  the 
seal  would  produce  similar  troubles  in  that  liost.  Analogy 
would  also  imply  that  the  develoi>meiit  of  the  parasite  is 
direct,  without  intermediate  host,  and  that  a  crowdeil  con- 
dition of  the  rookeries  would  render  an  e})izootic  probable. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  worm  might  play  an  impor- 
tant rCAii  in  the  mortality  of  the  seal  i)Hps,  more  especially 
if  the  latter  were  deprived  of  food  by  reason  of  the  killing 
of  their  mothers  by  i)elagic  sealing. 

SUPPLEMKNTARY   NOTK    TO    Till',    ISCINARIA    OF  THE    FUR 

SKAl.. 

During  the  season  of  18!>7  Lu((as  collected  a  number  of 
specimens  of  Uncinaria  from  seals,  and  fully  verified  the 
prophecy  made  above.  In  connection  with  the  study  of  the 
new  materia],  the  seal  commission  has  requested  us  to  pre- 
pare a  monograph  of  tlie  genus  ('Hvinaria,  discussing  the 
subject  from  a  medical  as  well  as  from  a  zoological  stand- 
'''*■'  "■'  jioint.    This  monograph  is  now  in  course  of  i)rei)ararion, 

but  it  is  impossible  to  com])lcte  it  in  time  for  incorporation  in  this  report,  owing  to 
the  absence  of  one  of  our  number  from  the  country. 


m: 


!i 


ili! 


111! 


166 


THE    FUR    SEALS    OV   THE    PIUIUT-OK    ISLANDS. 


In  compliance  with  roquost,  we  will  llniali  the  work  Inter  and  submit  it  for  pnlili- 
cation  as  a  supplement  to  tliis  present  article.  We  here  add  oidy  tlie  following;  very 
brief  Nummary : 

From  our  studies  this  Car  we  are  inclined  to  look  ujton  the  seal  I'nviiiorin  as  a 
new  species,  but  are  not  williuj;  to  <-ommit  ourselves  until  fuither  comparison  with 


//                ri 

'. 

'A 

v.,       // 

^  \      1  ' 

1 '     /' 
1 1     // 

II        /  J 

'1         '  1 

1    (  ' 

V 

1    / « 

1  " 
'.III 

.                1             l{\ 

:  4 


I  ii  I 


I  I 


> 


«  fik.  no. 

types  of  other  species.    Should  our  i)re8cnt  view  on  this  point  be  confirmed  by  our 
later  study,  we  shall  dedicate  the  species  to  its  original  collector,  Mr.  I<\  A.  Lucas. 

There  is  at  present  no  reason  to  assume  that  the  uncinariosis  of  the  seal  will 
differ  essentially  from  tlie  same  disease  in  man,  dogs,  and  cats.  The  injury  to  the 
host  caused  by  worms  of  this  genus  results  (1)  from  loss  of  blood  and  (li)  from  the 


!n; 


ITNCINAHIA. 


in7 


iiiiibility  to  absorb  nourisliinent,  <Uki  to  tlio  diseaaed  «:oiu1itioii  of  the  intestinal 
niucoHa.  VVIu'tlier  the  i)ai'asitos  imxluc©  a  siu'cilir  poison  wbicb  allW-.ts  tli«'  host  is 
stil]  an  open  <|ii«>stion;  the  intense  iiitiamniation  of  the  small  intestine  «-an  easily  be 
explained  by  the  wounds  produced  by  the  bnceal  armature. 

We  ;it  present  see  no  imasible  outlook  either  in  the  line  of  treatment  or  ]>revention, 
so  tar  as  this  disease  in  the  seals  is  <-oncernod.  In  man  thymol  is  a  speeilie.  It  is 
ditlie.ult  to  disinfect  ajtainst  the  eggs  of  the  genus. 

The  symptoms  and  pathological  lesions  in  various  aninnds  will  lie  described  in 
the  later  paper.' 

LiKK  HisToUY. — In  the  case  of  two  species  (U.  ntlftis  and  /'.  dinulnialis)  it  has 
been  experinuMitally  demonstrated  that  these  worms  are  autoecutus  parasites — that  is, 
that  they  require  no  intermediate  host  Cor  their  deveh)pment.  The  lite  cycle,  which 
will  be  given  more  in  detail  later,  is  essentiidly  as  tbllows:  The  eggs  laid  by  the 
parasitic'  females  are  in  the  lirst  stages  of  segmentati<m;  upon  being  passed  with  the 
faeces  they  develop  into  a  rhabditiforni  embryo,  the  time  required  varying  from  twelve 
hours  to  twelve  days  or  more,  according  to  the  conditions  of  the  me«lium  in  which  they 
are  found,  the  temperature  and  the  accessibility  of  air;  the  eggs  find  their  most 
favorable  conditions  in  the  superficial  i)ortioii  of  rather  compact  faecal  matter.  The 
embryos,  which  measure  about  (>.•'{  mm.  in  length,  take  nourishment,  and  after  about 
two  or  three  diiys  undergo  the  first  ecdysis,  during  which  the  pointed  tail  is  itartially 
lost.  A  second  ecdysis  begins  about  fiv«'  to  seven  days  after  the  escape  from  the  egg, 
and  the  worm  is  soon  ready  to  enter  upon  its  parasitic  life;  it  has  lost  its  rhabditiforni 
character  and  with  its  ability  to  take  food  during  its  free  life.  About  live  days  alter 
entering  their  host  (by  means  of  drinking  water  or  contaminate(l  tbod)  the  worms 
submit  to  a  third  ecdysis,  during  which  a  provisional  buccal  csipsule  is  formed.  A  final 
(fourth)  ecdysis  then  occurs,  four  to  ten  days  later,  which  transforms  the  parasite  into 
its  d(^tinit(t  form.  About  four  to  live  weeks  appear  to  be  necessary  for  the  development 
fnmi  the  egg  to  the  fully  mature  stage. 

There  is  no  reason  to  assume  that  the  life  history  of  the  seal  Uncinxria  will  be 
nnitcrially  difVerent  from  the  lif(!  history  of  U.  ntlpis  and  1h  tluotlenalis,  but  slight 
variations  in  the  length  of  the  different  stages  may  occur  because  of  the  colder 
climate. 

IV.— Family  BOTHRIOCEPHALIDAE. 

Diagnosis.— Cestoda;  Imnd  iirovidnl  with  two  fjrooviMH'  .slit-likit  NiickorH;  roHtolliiiii  wantiuK; 
uterus  with  spt'i'ial  poro;  <:;eiiitiil  ))i)ros  p>iirr:ill,v  doi'Hul  or  viMitinl. 
Type.   ItotliriuctplialHH  UiuUdphi,  ISOS. 

SMl>i:iinil.v     Ht)'ri-TI4IOOKI»H^VI<I>rA.K. 

Diagnosis. — Hnthriorvphnlidatt  with  tlieitliu-t  extiTiial  Hi'^nieiitatioii ;  hoiid  witli  two  I'loii^ato 
Hlit  or  ^rodvu-liko  Huckura. 

Type.  Holhrioveiihaliin  Uudolphl,  ISOS. 

Genus  BOTHRIOCEPH ALUS'  Rudolphi,  1808,  emend.  R.  Blanchard. 

DiAC.Nosis, — Hothrininphiiliniio  with  two  Niirkcrs;  pi'iiis,  vulva,  and  utt'i'im  o]i{mi  veiiM'D-inodiaii. 
Type.  /{.  hilim-  (LiiinaudH,  1758)  HroiiiHoi. 


II 

f 

ii 


'.S«e  pp. 77-82  111" this  volume,  where  the  siiliject  is  diHciiHscd  by  Lucas. 

'Wo  fail  to  see  how  this  Koiioric  iiimic,  <'ati  be  lii-ld  for  the  uroiip  to  which  It  is  now  itssiKiird; 
certainly  H.  latm  can  not  he  taken  as  the  typo  of  llotliriiwephiiliia.  We  refrain  from  atti-m|)tinK  to 
straiiihten  the  synonymy,  as  a  nnmhcr  of  names  are  involved  and  ..  proper  interprvtiition  of  the 
genera  deniiinds  a  most  eantions  revision  of  the  entire  family. 


i  I 


i 


\ 


16H  THK    FlIK   SKALS   OF    TUT,    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 

16.  BOTHRIOCBPHALUS  sp. 

(FiRg.  !t7-ino.) 

In  the  material  collooted  by  Lucas  we  tiiid  Hevoral  speeiineiis  of  n  JMhriocephnhm 
taken  from  the  fur  seal.  liUcaN  Htates  that  tai>eworniH  were  f'oiniil  in  about  10  per 
cent  of  the  seals  examined. 

To  i)roi)erly  phice  this  parasite  wonhl  reqnire  an  extensive  stndy  of  the  family 
Hothriocephalidae,  and  for  this  we  iiave  not  the  necessary  time  at  our  disposal  at 


Via.  'M. 


Fie.  97. 


Fig.  98. 


Fig.  KiO. 


present.    We  will  simply  remark  that  analogy  would  point  to  the  fish  as  the  source  of 
infection  by  this  worm. 

Tlie  specimens  collected  by  Lucas  have  been  entered  in  the  Ilelminthological 
collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  as  Nos.  27<».'),  27<58,  27fi!>,  2817. 

v.— COMPENDIUM  OF  PABASITES,  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THEIR  HOSTS. 

This  compendium  covers  only  the  genera  Ancaris,  Unrinaria,  and  Bothriocephalufi; 
for  all  other  parasites  see  von  Linstow  (1878  and  188'J)  and  van  Beueden  (1870  and 
1889.) 

MAUINK  MAMMALS. 

We  have  personally  examined  those  forms  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  under  the 
various  hosts.  We  can  not,  of  course,  guarantee  the  original  determinations  of  the 
hosts,  but  taking  the  determinations  given  on  the  labels  or  by  other  authors  we  have 
corrected  the  names  to  those  now  used  in  nninnnalogy.  In  all  cases  of  doubt  we  have 
been  guided  by  the  advice  of  Dr.  V.  W.  True,  of  the  Unittid  States  ^'atioual  Museum. 

270.  Hai.aenoptf.ua  rostkata. 

Aacaris  simplex. 

271.  Balaknopteka  siiuiai.oii  Gray. 

Ancaris  simplex. 


;9 


COMPENDIIIM    OK    PAkASITKS. 


tea 


2flr>l>.    HKHIOA   I.KI'CAH  Heo    |)KI.I>lll\ArTKUIIS    I.KI'CAM. 
('AI.I.OHIIIN'I'S    I'liHINltH. 

'  AHvariH  ihi-ipieiit. 

*  I'liciiiariit  Hp. 

'  llolliHitcrjilialiiH  n\t. 

U7Ht.    Cl.VMKNIA    sou  I'lKIUKI.PIIINlm, 
l!t7,   CVHUH'IIOKA   <  HISTAIA. 

.txcuiiH  (liTii)iins. 

.iHvaria  onvulaln. 

liolhriuirphiihtH  uniliorr}>haliiH. 

Holhrioi'epltaliiH  rlei/uim. 

Kvabhea  vaiiahiliH  (Hollirioifplialiia  riifiahilit). 
2ft51).  DKLi-iiiXAi'TKUrs  i.KiicAs  (I'alliiH). 

.invaris  Kiiknitlialii. 

AHcaris  simplex. 
2(>:t.  Dki.piiim's  a.ma/onicuh  huo  Inia  (IKOKI  kovi. 
257.  Dki.imiin'I's  dki.i-iiis  Linnii'iis. 

AHciiriH  li/picti, 

2ri(!.    DKLIMIINrs    I'llOCAKNA    Nl'«    I'llOCAKNA    I'lloCAKNA. 
UK.I.rillM'S  8]). 

DoiJ-iiiN,  geiiiisf  species?     .Maldive  IhIuuiU. 

AaciniH  DuMumieni. 

OOI.I'HIN,  jrOIIIIHf  HpecieM? 

'  Awarin  ijnticii. 
DoM'iiiN,  genimf  apei^ieHf 
AavuriH  HimjiUx. 
2.14.    Hl'liOMi  DlKioN. 

A^rariK  lialicoris. 

liW.    KliUi.NATIII'.S  BARBATrS. 

'Amiirit  (leoipietiH. 
'Aitvariii  osciilata. 

liothriuifplialitaanthocfphaliis. 

ItolliriocepliiilitK  fordaliiii, 

llolliriocephulua  hiaiig. 

liothrUicephalua  laiivvolnlitx. 

h'ralihm  rtiriabilia  (liolliriuirplialux  laiiahilia). 

KUMETOl'IAS  STKl.l.KKI. 

'Aacaria  decipienx. 
*AavnriH  oHculata. 

IStt.    HaUCIIOKICCS  (iUYIT.S. 

Aacaria  deripirna. 
Aacaria  oaciilala. 

2.54.    HaI.ICHOKE  CKTACKA  see  DlHJONO  DIM iON. 

254.  Hai.k  iioHK  i)i(iON«i  see  Uiokno  itrc.oN. 

255.  Hydhoda.mai.is  (ii<iA.s.    E.\tiiict. 

Aacaria  rylinae. 
'2(Wi.  lIvi'KRooDoN  kostkahtm  (Clieiniiitz). 

Aararia  aimplex. 
2(i;?.  Inia  holiviexsis,  see  Inia  (iKOKKHovi. 
2(>,S.  Inia  (jEoiTuoYi  (DesniareHt). 

I'eritrachiliua  inaiynia,  see  p.  107. 
Laijenokhynchis  ai.birostris,  (iia.\ . 

Aacaria  aimpler, 
196.  Lei'tonyx  monachus  see  195a  Monachus  ai.bivkntkr, 

MACRORIirNITH  ANCrSTIROSTRIS. 

'Aacaria  decipieiia. 
253.  Manatus  BxiJN<iCi.s  see  Manatis  inunocis. 


170 


rilK    ITU    SKAI.a    OF     I'lIK    riUltlLOK    I»I-ANI)H 


\!Ki.  Manatim  iNrNoiis. 

IliU'rorlirilu^  hniiraliiH  Mfi'  |i.  107. 
Mk.H(ipi.<»im»n  iiikkns  (Sowvrliy). 
.In  nrin  Kiiiiiilr.r. 

MKSoriODON  SlIWKIilllKNSI.S,  N(»-  ,Mksii|'I.*)I>i)N  IIIUKNM. 
I!l.*in.    MoNACIiON  AI.IIIN  KNIKII. 

\liciiriii  oHviilnlti. 
ItolliriurrpliiiliiH  hiaim. 
2)1'!,  MoNiiDoN  Mu.NocKiius  l.innii'iiN. 
.Uviirix  fimiiler. 

l!t|.    UlMlltK.NUS  ItO.S.MAUI'H, 

.l»c((/'i«  hiooliir, 
.lHC(irii>  iln'ipienH. 
.(«rrici»  oHfiilttla. 
HolhriixepliiihiH  corilahm. 
20;U(,  Otahia  .iniAiA. 

.■(«cart>  om'iiUiin. 
Am'urit  iialniiimifii. 
.iHcarix  HitHiilix. 

l.'(K).  I'llOCA  AN.NKI.I.A  lA  H«(l  I'lMK.'A  FOKTIKA. 

1!IH.  I'llOCA  IIAIIIIA'I'A  Hl'O  KlIKlNATIIl'.S  IIAKIIA'I'I'S. 

lit".  I'llOCA  tMtlSTAi'A  HIT  (!  Vsll  II'IIOIIA  CRISTAI'A. 

L'OO.  I'iKtCA  KiKTIDA. 

.IsviiriK  <liTii)iitiiH. 

.tsearin  oHvulala. 

Ilolhrioccjthuhis  liiiinx. 

Krahheii  fmn'iala  ( Itttlhriorephdluii  I'lisrinliiH). 

1!K).    I'llOCA  (iltOK.NI.AN'DICA. 

'  .1  star  in  divipiens. 
.tHcariH  OHciilaln. 

I'liOCA  CiltVriU'S  SCO  llAI.ICIIOKItlTS  liKYPIIITS. 
L'l)3a.    I'llOCA  IIIHPIMA  M'M  I'llOCA  KOi'VliMA. 
I'llOCA   I.AIidllA  I'ltlltlS. 

'Ascaris  ilfripieim. 

PlIfH'A  MONACIirS  8P0  Mo\A(nilI.S  AI.UIX  KNTKK. 
201.    I'llOCA  I'ANTIIUKINA    -   ? 

'AKvariH  OHCiiluin. 

20U.    PliOCA   \  ITI-I.INA. 

'Asnirin  (h'cipieiil. 
Ascurin  ofciilaln. 
JiothriocipliitliiH  ileiiann, 
l<otliriocei>lialiin  liians. 
liolhriooephaliis  [or  liral>lifa?\  tetraptmis. 
Kralihia  i-ariabiUa  (liiiihriotrphnliis  raiinhilh). 

256.   PlIOCAKNA  CO.M.MIJNI.S  SCO  rilOCAK:';^  I'llOCAENA. 
2.'i4i.   PlIOCAKNA  IMIOCAKNA  ( LIllIlirllH). 

" AHcaris  (■apKitlaria"  in  llie  mIomiiI' fi. 

AxvariB  simplex. 

Hoihriocepliahis  slrmmaceph <i i •m. 
264.  Platani.sta  oAXdinn  a  (Lebeck^ 

AncuriH  delphini  sp.  iiii), 

Ascaris  lolmlata. 

fAKcnriH  nit>ii>U'jr. 
PoKl'OlsK,  geiiiiH?,  H]ie<4eN?,  Cliilo(<  Isiaiuls. 

JsvariH  sivipli'j-. 


V\ 


(I'n 

ItAIKK, 

i«r.; 
i«r. 

isn 

1«! 
IS 

IJ" 

ItKI.I.I 


Bbni 

1 


COMPF.NDIUM    OK    IAKAHITK8. 


171 


L»7II>.  l'nor)Ki,i'riiNrK  sp. 

.tHctiriH  l/iiiiea. 

UiVi.    UllVTINA  STKI  l.Kltl   1«W1  TTvhHonAMAMS  IIKIAM. 

'JU',i.  Skai.,  noinis!,  iin'cj.'ttf,  Aiitiiritii', 
.lacarii  /•nnHiH. 

ItollinoiriihiihiH  [or  A>(l/(/)0(i.'|  iinliirilivHU. 
Mkai.s,  Koii'Tivf  sprcioHf,  Kiiior. 
Anearin  ihTiiiUnn. 
AiPiiriK  oHfiihild. 

HKM,H,  HCnOI'ftf,  HpOciCHf,   (iftM'llljHlll. 

Axcarix  ilrciitieiin. 

.tHrariH  oiiuluta. 
HkaI.."*,  KOiuTllf,  Hprcii'H?,  Ic'cliiinl. 

.tularin  ili'viiiicim. 

AsniriH  oHculaln. 
HTKNOIlllVNCinm  I.KI'TONVX. 

Anciii'h  itHciiIala, 
lill.  'rRICllKl'lll'f*  UOHMAIII'H  am  ODOIIKNI'S  iiosmaiuts. 

KIHII. 


I 


'•5 


For  tho  puriisites  of  fish,  see  voii  Liiistow,  1S7S  mid  ISSU,  uiwl  iStoHHicli,  1804, 
Oadus  macicockpiiai.iis. 
'Ancarin  drcipiiiis. 

l'OI.I.A(:iIirS  CIIAI.COCiKAMMrH  Nce  TllKKAtiKA  rllAI.t'llCltAM.MA. 
'I'llKltACIIA  CIIAI.COdllAMMA. 

'AavnrtH  devipiens. 

VI— BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

(Vapors  tlio  tliitrs  of  which  nro  incloHiMl  in  parciitliom^H  liiivo  not  boon  veiiliod.) 
Haiku,  W. 

l!C>:t*.  (^'atalngiit^  of  thi«  >S|iocioH  of  Kntoitoa,  or  Iiitositiiial  Worms,  Roiitaiiutil  In  tlic  I'ollflntion  of 

the  ItritiHh  Mnseiiin,  London,  i;i2  pa<;os;  2  platus. 
18511".  DoHcriptioiiH  of  Boiiit"  now  Spucies  of  Kiito/.oa  from  tli<i  CoHrctloM  of  tlie  Mritish  Miis('nn»<^ 

I'roo.  /ool.  Koo.  London,  XXL  pp.  18--"',  pis.  xxx-xxxi. 
IS.">.  DesvriptionH  of  Honm  new  species  of  Knto/oa  fioni  thf  Collei'tiou  of  the  liritisli  Mns«nin>< 

Ann.  and  Mag.  of  Natural  History,  /oid.  lint,  (iool.,  XV,  2  sor..  p]).  tiU-Tti.     (  K'ejiriiit  of 

liaiid,  18.".:$".) 

1859.  Desi'ription  of  a  rare  Ento/.oon  from  the  stomach  of  the  OngonK  <l'roc.  ''-""L  So(!.  Loixlon, 

XXVII,  pp.  MS-14!t,  pi.  l.vi,  ligs.  2-2c. 

1860.  Description  of  a  rare  Knto/oou  from  the  stomach  of  the  Diigong  <Aini.  and  Mag,  of  Natural 

History,  V,  3  sit.,  pp.  32!>-:WL     ( Kcprint  of  llaiid,  18,-))».) 
18(58.  Description  of  a  new  Sj.ecics  of  Asrnris  fouiKl  in  the  .Stomacli  of  a  Walrus  <,l'roc,  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  p.  71,     (See  Murie,  1868,) 

ItKI.I.INMillAM,   O'HllYKN 

1HI4.  ('atalogiic  of  Irish  Kntozoa,  with  observations  <Ann.  anil  Mag.  of  Natural  History,  XIII,  pp. 
101-1(15,  1(17-171.  254-2(«),  :t.«.->-34(),  422-43(»;  XIV,  pp.  I(i2-1(!5,  251-2.5(i,  :il7-;{2:i,  3iM!-403, 
471-47!), 

HENKI<KN,    I*.   .1,    VAN 

1870.  Les  o<'^tao<^s,  leur  conimensaux  ct  lenrs  ]>arasitos  ^Hull.  Acud.  Koyale  Helglqno,  2  s^^r.,  XXIX, 

pt.  I,  pp.  347-3H8,  7  ligs. 
1889.  Histoire  natiirelle  des  cetaci^s  des  iiiers  d'Kuropo.     Itrnxelles,     (!(i4  pp.     Reprinted  from  < 

M^-m.  courouii<>s  et  autres  Mem.  Acad.  roy.  des  sci.  lutt.  et  des  hcaux-arts  de  Belg.,  T. 

XXX VIII,  XLI,  XLIll. 


m 


I 


ill! 


II 


4  P  ' 


172 


THK    FUU    SKALS    OK    TlIK    I'WIHILOF    ISI.ANDS. 


Hhani.t,  .1.  V. 

1M4G.  ('l>or  (lull  gloich/citifj  init  dor  Aiisrottiiiiij;  der  Pllnjjoinnttor  beworkHtellijjtnii  gesrhii'htlich 
iiachwfisbnroii  lliitei'^taiij;  riiior  kleiiii'ii  piiraHitiHclu'ii  Krelisart  iCiiiimitH.'  odor  i'ii'lili);rer 
vkdloii'hfc  SirinocjidiitiiH  Ulnithitif)  mid  nines  Kiii){t'\v»Md<nviiriiis  dor  .l«t/l  wolt  <l!iill.  d.  1. 
(MiiHH«  i)li,VHic<>-miitli.  d.  I'Aciid.  Iiii|i.  d.  Sci.,  St..  I't'tnrslioiirjc,  No.  lOS,  V,  No.  11',  pii. 
l«!t-l!12.  (I'lildisliod  April  L'O,  ISIt!. ) 
ISIt).  Syinliolau  sirtMiolo^iciic,  i|iiiliiis  |>r<>('i\)iii'  rh.vtinuo  liistoriii  iiatiiriilis  illiiHtraliir  <Mr^iii.  do 
r.'Veiid.  Inii).  d.  Sci.  d.  St.  I'ntcrsliourfr,  (i  srr.,  \',  pt.  ll,  Srioiiccs  iiitturollos,  /oologic 
ot  l'liysiolo){it',  i))).  l-l(i(),  )ils.  i-\'. 
Hkatn,  Max 

(18!U.)  Verzt'icliniss  von  KingowcidewiirniiMi  mmh  Mecklonlnirij  <[Ar<'h.  d.  Vor.  d.  Frodo.  d.  Natnrjf, 
i.  Mockl.,  I,">.llifr.,  n|).  117-1I7. 

(JARUS,  .7.   ViCTOl! 

1803.  Riidertliiert',  Wiirnier,  Koliinodornion,  roi'lciitt'iatcn  iiiid  I'rotuzocu  <H!indl>ncli  der/oologie 
von  I'oters,  1':ivuh  und  (Jcr.stiii'cker.     Lio|)/i<;.     II,  )))>.  (N'uiinrB)  l'JL'-()(i(). 
Conn,  N.  A. 

18X8.  Heitriiffc  znr  Au.-iloniie  mid  Oiitoncnio  ilor  Nonuitodcn -C^.leniiischf  Zcitscbr.   f.  Niitnrwiss. 

.Will,  N.  K.  XVI.  ',  |.[  .  Il-7(i,  pis.  iii-v.     (iHsnod  D.-r.  S,  IS8S.) 
IS8!t.  None  piirasltisclii'  Neinay.oi'o.i  i  lUdtr.'ij;!'  /nr  Kanna  Spitzl>i'rj{<'ns)<Arrli.  ;".  Nat.iirj;.,"),"!  .111}?., 
I,  lip.  149-1,M.  pi.  VII,  tifjs.    1-10. 
C'onnm.D,  T.  Si-knc^kk 

187(1*.  Noti'Stin  Kntozoa,  Part  IVXPr'""-  '/'"o}.  Sue.  London,  pp.  L'!tl-29S,  (il.  \xi. 

187(i".  Truiiiatodo  Parasites  from  tlii'  Dolpliins  of  tlio  (ianjjes.     I'Uitaiiixta  iiaiKjfliva  and  Omila 

lirti'iroKtris<^.]onvn.  I.imioaii  Soc.  London.  XIII,  \>\>.  H.">-lll,  [il.  \,  1  tl^-.  in  trxt. 
187!t.  I'ara.siti's,  a  tioatisoon  tlie  Kntozoa  of  M;in  and   Animals,  including  sonii"  acroimts  of  t.lio 

Kotozoa.     London,  XI  +  •"'•"^  PK"--  '*■"'  lijl"' 
188ti.  Notes  on   Parasites   cullerted  liy    llie    late   Charles    Darwin,    Ks(|.<^Liiiiiean    Soe.  .loiinial 
London,  XIX,  lip.  171-178,  1  lij;. 
Chki'I.in,  Kk. 

IS.'il.  Asearis  aiifiiilivalis  eine  none  Spnlwiirmart,  aiis  deiii  SchiialmlwaUisoIio  <;Ari'li.   f.  NatnrK- 
n.llij;.,  I,  pp.  l."iS-l(iO. 
DlKsiNii,  K.  M. 

1851.  S.vHloiiui  heliiiintlimn,  II,  N'indolionnao,  588  pjrs. 

18(i0.   Kovision  dor  Nomatoden  <Silziinf;s\ier.   k.  Akad.  Wien,  XLTI,  pp.  ."i!t,"i-7:{t!,  i  pi. 
Drasciik  |{.  von 

1882.  Znr  Cliaraktoristik    der    Nematodon-Oattmiff    PirHriirhiliiin    IMnsiiifj  <^V»Mlian'!l.  d.    k.   k. 

Zoid. -hot.  (Jes.  in  Wien  (.llifr.  18811,  XXXI,  pp.  1S7-11II.  pi.  xii. 
188;{,   Revision  der  in   der  Neniatodon— Sanimlmi};  des   k.   k.   Zooloffi.selien    IlofealiinnleH  InHnil- 
lielion   Ori^jiiial  — Kxeiiiplaro    l)iesin<;'s    mid    Molin's <^\'erli,nidl.    <1.   k.    k.    Zool.-liot. 
(iosellsoh.,  XXXIII,  pp.  107-118,  pis.  lll-v,  lijrs.  1-1,  pp.  l!i;i-J18,  pis.  Xl-Xiv. 
I;.  .lARliIN',  V. 

I84."i.  Ilistoire  naturello  des  llelinintlies,  on  vers  intestiiianx.     Paris.     (H.')  p^s.,  jils.  i-xii. 
Kl.i.lirn,  II.  \V. 

1882.  A  Monojjraph  of  the  Seal  Islands  of  .Vlaska  ':^Speeial   llulletin  No.  17ti,  IT.  S.  Comiiiissiuii  of 
P'kIi  and  Fisheries,  Wasliiiijjton.     17t)  iiys.     21)  plates,  li^s.  and  maps. 

(iMRI.IN. 

17!tO.  Liniii>'s  Systema  naturae,  l;{  od..  I.  vi.  pp.  ;!021-3!»l(l. 
fi(IK/.K,  .1.  A.  K. 

1782.  Versneli  eiiur  .\atnr;;eseliichle  der  Kin^eweiilowiiriiier  tliierischer  Kiirpor.     Hlanknnbnrf;. 
171  paK  **■  "  plates. 

.lAllKltSKIlil.n,  L.  \. 

(1891).  Kiiiiges   iiher  die  Sehniarot'.er  der  NoidaHantisehen  ltaIaenopteriden<^i'i">"!!ai'.ti.   iiiidoy;. 

I'Yirnn.  Stockholm,  III,  7,  iip.  127-1.'M. 
(18(111).   Itidra^  till  kiiiinodomen  om  Neiiiatodeina  <^Akad.  Afliand..  pp.  1-8(i,  ,"i  vi\a. 
18!l.l.   Itreitriige  znr  Kcnntnis  der  Nemaloden  -  ^/ool.  .lalirh.  Aid.  f.  Anat.   ii.  Ontog.,  \'1I,  :<,  pp. 

44»»-riH2,  pis.  xxn-xxviii. 


ly 


'% 


■Jm:% 


HIHLTOORAIMIY. 


173 


111(1   (h-rrlln 


KitARnK,  II. 

1X78,  Siii'lcrni's  og  'rniullivalnnios  Spoloriiio  <(>vciNif;f,.  K<i;\.  Daiisk.  N'itloiiHktib  SolHkii)i.  Korhitiid- 
liii^i'i',  I,  pp.  Ili-.">1,  pi.  1  and  li};.s.  1-3  ill  text.  (IssiumI  iS<?pt.  IL*,  1S7H. )  .Mistiiirtcil  iis  Siir 
luH  AMi.'ari(lf.s  iIch  I'liiiiiiicHct  iles  ItaleiiiuH  a  Dutit  <^K('Hiimi''du  ItiiU.  Acad.  Ituy.  Muiiiiistt  d. 
Sci.  ct  d.  Lcttrcs  pour  raiiiiro  1878,  pp.  11-11.'. 

I.RIIKCK,  II.  .1. 

1801.  helpliiniiK  iiiimjftitua  lii'sohriulifii  s^Dit  (icHollHch.  Natrf.  Vr.  zii  Itorlin,  Neiio  iSvhi'ifteii,  III, 
pp.  -.'SO-J^L'. 

I.KIDY,  .1. 

188(>.   Notircs  1)1"  Nrmatdid  Wihiiih  <l'r<ir.  Ai;a(l.  Nat.  Sci.  I'liila.,  pp.  Ii()8-;11H,  1  lij;. 
1,1NST<>\V,(».  \().N 

1878.  ('(iiiipcndiiiiii  diT  llrliiiiiiMiolojiir.     Ilaiiiiovcr. 

l.'>!8().   Ih'liiiiiiMioln^iHtdio  rnUTHii<liiinj;«'ii  <Ar('li.  f.  Natiir};.,  XI. \I.  i,  pp.  U-."!!,  pi.  iii. 

1888.  K'dport  «>ii  tli(i  Kiit()/iia  collortrd  by  II.  M.  S.  Cliallnijitr  during  tlir  jfaiH  l87;{-7(>  v^li'opi  it  on 

tlio  Moiriitid."  veHidtH  of  the  voyaf;»i  of  II.  M.  S,  I'halleiijicr  diiriiij;  tlic  years  18'  {-7t!. 
Zoolofjy,  Vol.  X.XIII,  pt.  l,xxi,18  p{;«.,  plH.  i-ii. 

1889.  ConipiMidiiiin  dor  llflmiiilholo;;io:  Nachtra;;.  Hannover. 

18i>2.   llclinintlicii  von  Siid-(!('or>;i<)u  •^.laliili.  d.  llainl).  Wi.ss.  Aiist.  IX,  2,  1!1  jip.,  pin.  l-lll. 

18it5.  rnttirsiu'litinijt'n  an  NcniatodcMi  <Arcli.  I'.  iniUro.s.  Aiiat.  XM\'.  pp. 50H-."):!I>.  ]iIh.  \xx-.\.\xi. 

18!W>.  Nt'inatlielniintlu'n  <llanil>iir^er  MaKalliucnHiHcliu  Saninudrcisc,  L'l  pji.,  1  |d. 
Mdntuki.i.i,  Fua.  S.w. 

1881).  r.liMK  II  du^tli  Klininti  rarcolti  dni  capitano  (i.  ('IiitMrliia  <lnrunt(>  il  via^^'"  *'<  <'ircilinniivl){u- 
zioiu)  dt'lla  \i.  Corvotta  "  Vntfor  I'isiiiii."  <;noll.  Son.  Nal.  N'apidi,  III,  I'asr.  I,  pp.  Ii7-7I. 
MUKii:,  J. 

1808.  On  tlio  Morliid  .VpiiearaiiccM  olmorvcd  in  tlirWuliiis  lately  living  in  I  lie  SociotyV  Gardens 

<l'roe.  Zool.  .*^oc.  London,  pp.  t!7-71. 
OwKN,  K. 

(18;i;i),  Citalofiue  of  the  I'by.'iioloffical  Ncries  of  Comparative  Anatomy,  Miinenni  ol'  the  Collejje  of 

.Siiriieons.      London. 
18;t.'^.  On  the  .\iia(oiiiy  ol'  the  Miif^oni;  <■  I'roe. /o(d.  Soe.  London.  \'l,  pp.  LM-Mi. 
18:!!l.   Kuto/oa  <^'rodd'.s '.  yclopuedia  of  .\iintoniy  and  I'liy.siojofry,  II,  p.  l;!t!, 

18811.   ,'ntorno  all  .Imitrin  /la/icoriw,  ( )\ven  ed  :i  <|naielie  allro  nomaXode  raco  .  i  in  .\HNali  dill  Dotl.  v, 

Ivajja/./.i  <Ann.  d.  .Mus.  ei\ .  (ieiiova,  '2  ser.,  VII,  pp.  7."il-7(!l.  '2  pis. 
ISIKt.  .'<opra   una    straordinaria    polloliniiiliaKi   da  i^cliinorineo   iiel   lllohici-iihalits    ^riiieral    l''low., 

jieseato  nel  mare  di  (ieiiova  -^Atli  .>^oc-.  Lii;u«tie,i  Sei.  nat.,  I\',  11  pp.,  pi.  X. 
KriMii.iMii,  ('.  A. 

17!IH.  Observationes  eirea  N'ennes  intostinabiH,  etc..  Merlin,  Diss. 

ISO'-'.  Kortselzuns  dor  Ueobatrlitungen  iibor  Kingowoidowiirmer  <;Areli.  {'.  Zool.  u.  /outoinlu,  II, 

II,  pp.  I-(>7,  111.  I. 
IHOl.   Uenierkiingrn  ans   dein  (iobiet  der  Natiiry;eMeliiclite,   Mcdiein    nnd    'riiierarxnoyklinde,  anf 

einer  Keise  diireli  cinen  'I'liuil  von   DeiilNcliland,  Holland,  nnd  I'nuikri'ieh.     Ilurlin,  I. 

J!t(i  pp. 

1809,  I'lito/uoriini.  xive  veriniiiin  intestinaliinn  lii"loria  nalnnili  II,  ii,  .\inslehiudanii. 
IMIM.   I'.ntozooMini  Synopsis,  ete.     Iii^.olini,  X  ^  811  pp.,  pis.  i-iil. 

Ki  ii'Ki.i,. 

(18HI).  t <Al>hundl.  Suiikeiiberg.  Mnseiiin,  I,  ji.  1(H;. 

Si^iiNKiuKi),  Anton. 

lH(!(i.  Monogrttpliie  (t(^r  Neinatoden.     Merlin,  ,'t.">7  pp.,  pl.s.  i   \  win,  also  ligs.  in  text. 
.STKM.I  I!,  (i.  \V. 

17.">1.  l>o  besliis  niarinis  ^Nov.  Coinmenl,  Aoad.  fSci.  Imp.  I'drol.,  II  ad  .Viin.  MDCCLI.X,  pp. 
287-:i98. 

.STII.K8,  Ch.  Wakiu'M,  and  IIa.s.sai.i,,  Ai.iiKRr. 

1894.  A  pridiniinaiy  Catalogue  of  Parasites  eoolained  In  tlie  ColIe<'tionB  of  tlie  II.  S.  Bureau  uf 
Animal  Industry,  I'.S.  Aiinj  .Medical  Mu.sdiini,  Miologieal  Departmentof  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  (I'oll.  Liddyi,  and  in  Coll.  Stiles  and  Coll.  Ilassall  <'rhe  Veterinary 
Magazine,  I,  No.  4,  pp.  L'l.'i-li.'hi-No.  .">,  pp.  ;i31-H.")l. 


f 


:i,  ■ 


3 


iHt 


li  I 


174 


THE    FUR    SRA1.S   OF    THK    1'HIBILUF    ISLANDS. 


Siii,K>,  Cli.  Waki>ki.i,  ariil   IIassai.i.,  Ai.iikisi  — ('ontiiinod. 

18!>9.   Inteitiiil  paraHituH  of  the  Fur  Si'ul.     The  prem'iit  papt'i-,  jip.  lKI-177,  W  I'ikb.  in  text. 
Stossicii,  M. 

I8ilt).  II  jjenero  Amarin  raiiiit'  <|Biill.  Sor.  iidriiitira  Si'i.  uat.  Trieste,  XVll,  pp.  !i-ll.'0. 
Zkhkr,  .1.  O.  II. 

1803.  Anleitiiiig /iir  Niitiirgt'gchicliti' iIdi' Kiii<;e\vei<lewiiriii<T.     Hiiiiiliur^.     i;{2  pp..  8  ,  I  (ila. 

DESOKIITIO.N  OF  FKillKFS. 

Fig.  1.   OoFHiil  lip  of  Ascarh  decipiciin.  sliowiiij;  the  Imsal  |iiii'tioii,  the  uiiluriiir  liilobcd  proji'ctiuii  aiitl 

lluMleiiti;;eri>ii8  riiljjo.     x  MX*.     After  Krnhbe,  1X78,  p|.  i,  (ifr,  ',i. 
Fig.  2.  Tail  of  male  specimen  of  .Ixcitrin  derijiieim,  ventral  view,  Hliowiiig  the  cloaca,  the  nix  pairs  of 

jioHtuniil  papillae,  and  some  of  the  prueaiial  papillae.     \  KM).     After  Kruhlie.  1878,  p.  Iti, 

lig.  1. 
Fig.  3.  Dissoctioii  of  a  male  specimen  of  .lucitrix  Imlhona  (  -./.  ilccijiiinn)  from  Kriijnalhux  haihalns:  "  h., 

liulli  of  the  oesophagus;  </.,  intcstiiio;  <le.,  dnclns  cjacnlatorius;  to.,  excretory  org;,    ,  li., 

testicles;  mh.,  Iiursal  mnsuli;;  sf.,  lateral  line;  »!.,  vas  deferens;  kx.,  vesiciila  sennnalis 

("Sameiischlaiich").     x  2.     After  Cobb,  1888,  pi.  v,  lig.  2!». 
Fig.  I.  Ventral  view  of  tail  of  .tscdris  hiilhoaa  (=-=A.  dt'tipivim)  from  I'lriiimitlius  harhalim,  showing  the 

cloaca  and  the  caudal  papillae,     x  8U.     It  will  be  notiied  that  postanal  pai>illae  r>  ffi  are 

double;  otherwise  this  (iguro  agrees  essentially  with  KrabUe's  figure  givoi.  ..bove  (lig.  2;. 

After  Cobb,  1888,  pi.  \ ,  tig.  30. 
Figs.  r>  ami  tf.  Two  variatious  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the  intestinal  tract  of  Abiiu\h  (.',  ci/  ■'.• »«  from 

lldliclioiTiia  ijrupiii.     Cf.  tigs.  Hi  antl  17.     F'g.  5  shows  the  two  portioiis     '"tin    .     (I'li.iigus, 

the  oesophageal  caecum,  the  pmximal  portion  of  the  intestine  and  tiic    .'i-  *',.  .    -  n  Miin. 

Fig.  tl  shows  the  two  portions  of  the  oos<ipliagU8  without    forinati<u.  ui   ..(i  >>'.    ij,ih»geal 

caecum,  and  tlu^  proximal  portion  of  the  intestine  with  intestinal  caecum,     /.iss  2/A2. 

.\ftor  Jiigorskiiild,  18iM.  pi.  xxviii,  tigs.  10  and    II. 
Figs.  7  and  8.  Two  fcm.ilo  specinieus  of  .Ixroriv  (/ec/'yiieiis  from  the  Alaskan  fur  seal  and  tlie  hair  seal. 

The  transverse  ridge  on  the  ventral  surface  designates  the  jtosition  of  the  vulva.     Natural 

size.     Original. 
Fig.  !•.  Male  specimen  of  .Iscarin  decipidin  from  the  .Maskan  fur  si'al,  showing  the  curved,  llattod  tail. 

Natural  si/e.     Origimd. 
Fig.  lit.    Transverse  section  of  the  head  of  Axcarin  ilctiiiifiin  from  the  .\laskau  fur  si'al.  showing  three 

lips  with  their  sense-papillae;  the  triangnhir  lumen  of  the  oesoidnigiis,  with  apex  extend- 
ing   between    the    ventral    lips.     The   scctitui    i.s   slightly     iliagonal.     Zeiss     1/8,  stage. 

Original. 
Fig.  II.   .\i)ex  view  of  tliecuticlo  of  the  lips  of  Ancarii  dtvipiins  from  the  .Vlaskau  fui'  seal.      The  excre- 
tory pore  is  seen  between  thr  ventral  lips.     Zeiss  t/8,  stage.     Original. 
Fig.  12.   Dorsal  vii'w  of  the  anterior  portion  of  Ixciirix  ileviiiicnx  tViun  the  .Maskan  fur  seal,  showing  the 

dorsal  and  ventral  lips  anil  the  cervical  papillae.     Zeiss  l/K!,  stage.     Original. 
Fig.  13.  Ventral  view  of  the  anterior  portion  of  .Ixcaris  dvcipiciiii  from  the  Alaskan  fur  seal,  showing 

the  ventral  lips  and  cervical  papillae.     Zeiss  l/Iti,  stage.     Original. 
Fig.  11.  Ai)ex  view  of  the  lips  of  Axcurix  detijiienx  t'rom  the  .Vlaskau   fur  seal,  showing  the  auteric. 

double-lobed  projections;  the  excretory   jiorc   is  seen   between  the   ventral  lips.      Frei 

band  drawing  under  a  magnifying  glass.     <  trigimil. 
Fig.  l.">.  Transvt^rso  stu'tion  through  anterior  uxtromity  of  the  lijisof  Amnrixilrcipiens  from  the  .Vlaskau 

fur  seal,  showi.ig  the  double-lobed  itro.jections  with  dentigerous  ridge.     Zeiss  l/i,  .itage, 

afterwards  reduced  one-half.     Original. 
Figs.  It),  17.    Two  views  of  the  ))roxiinal  portion  of  the   intestinal  tract  of  Aaiarix  dei'ipiiiix  from  the 

.Vlaskau  fur  seal.     Cf.  tigs  .")  and  li.     Zeiss  I/a   10,  stage,  afterwards  reduceil  (Uic-half. 
Fig.  18.  Lateral  view  of  tail  of  male  of  AHvarin  deiipii  iis  fnuu  the  Alaskan  fur  seal,  showing  carinated 

dorsal  ridge,  lateral  alae,  concave  ventral  surface,  sense  pa])illae,  and  spicides.     Zeiss 

l/lfi,  stage.     Original. 
Fig.  lit.  Ventral  view  of  tail  of  male  of  .Imarix  ilaipirnx  from  the  Alaskan  fur  seal,  showing  sunie- 

what  the  swollen  lateral  alae,  the  cloaca,  and  8e'>s()  papillae.     Original. 


DKSCKIPTION    OK    FKUIKKS. 


175 


riiifctioii  jiiul 


Fig.  20. 

KiK.  -'L'. 

Via.  -':»• 

V-xiX.  U'4. 


Fig.  25. 
Fij-.  L't). 

Fig.  27. 

Fig.  2«. 
Fig.  2S». 


Fig.  :«). 


'.•■ig.  :n. 
Fig. :«. 

Fig.  lilt. 

Fig.  :ii. 
Fig.  ;>.■>. 
1-ig.  ;t.i. 

Fig.HT. 

Fig.;fs. 

Fig.  :i!t. 

Fig.  Id. 
Fig.  11. 

Fig.  12. 

Fig.  13. 


.\  yiiiiTig  .inrariH  t'oiiiicl  in  tln'  Mtiuiiiu'li  of  tin-  AlaHl--:iii  fur  somI,  aii'l  c(>rreH|)(in<liiig  to  "./.  c<ij>- 
KiiUiviu."    Zftiss  l/ii"  1(1,  Htiigi",  iit'lorwiirtl.s  ifiliifeil  unu-lliird.     Drigiiiiil. 

Antorim  nxtioiuity  dT  siiiue.     Zeiss  1/S,  stivgc,  iiftcrwiirilH  redm^od  (I'u'-thiril.     Original. 

I'ostrrior  oxtroniity  of  saiiie.     Zeiss  l/X,  stage,  nt'terwards  reduced  uiK^-third.     Original. 

Dorsul  lip  of  .l«c«ri«  simplex,  showing  basal  portion  with  hilolied  aiitt>;'ior  pri)jivti'>;i  and 
denligiToiis  ridge.     After  Kraltbe.  1K7IS,  pi.  I,  lig. -I. 

Ventral  view  of  tail  "f  male  spt^oiinrii  of  Asiaris  limiiUj-,  showing  eloaca  and  sense  pa|)illa<'. 
The  postanal  papillae  are  divided  into  two  groups;  four  ]iaii'H  of  conical  papillae  near  the 
tip;  one  and  a  half  pairs  of  sessile  ])Mpillae  near  the  cloaca;  the  praeanul  papillae  near 
the  cloaca  are  le.ss  prominent  than  those  sitnaled  fnrther  ccphalad.  x  !()().  After  Krabho, 
1S7S.  p.  IH,  lig.  2. 

.(scrtcit  aimplcr  from  Otaria  jubaUi.     Natnral  .size.     After  vow  l.instow,  1S8X,  j)!.  I,  lig.  1. 

borsal  view  of  dorsal  lip  of  Aicarin  simplex  from  Olnria  jubata.  After  von  hinstow,  1«8X, 
pi.  I,  lig.  2. 

Apex  view  of  lips  of  Axearis  »implex{ton\  OUtriajnlmlu:  <i.,  npper  lij);  //.,  month  ;  c,  ventral  lip. 
After  von  Linstow,  IKSK,  pi.  i,  tig.  H. 

Kgg  of  Ascaria  Kimplex  from  Otaria  jubata.     After  von  Mnstow,  1«KS,  pi.  i,  lig.  I. 

Proximal  end  of  intestinal  tract  of  Asva>is  xhiiiilix  from  Halaenopttra  sibbaldii,  showing  two 
divisions  of  the  oesophagus  and  provimnl  end  of  the  intestine.  Zeiss  2/A"2.  After 
.liigerskiold,  ISDl,  pi.  xxvill.  tig.  12. 

One  of  Diesing's  original  lignres  of  "'((noctvi/ia/HN  liiiiieaa"  { —  Isearis  lypicn).  The  drawing 
shows  !i  i)artially  dissected  female,  with  the  umbrella-lilie  strnclnie  on  the  head  whi(di 
was  mistaken  for  a  generic  character;  the  intestine  and  one  of  the  longitudinal  lines  are 
visible  in  the  body  cavity;  the  vulva  is  distal  to  the  middle  of  the  body;  an  error  has 
nndonbtedly  been  made  in  the  original  drawing  in  the  structure  of  the  genital  tract,  since 
the  vagina  and  body  of  the  iiterns  shunhl  Ih' conii)aratively  short.  .Vfter  l>ie8ing,  IMtK), 
lig.  10. 

Doro.-J  '';^ ',''"  "Awaris  cunocephaliis"  (^^AKcarix  li/piia),  showing  the strnctn res  dcscrihi'd  in  the 
text.     X  100.     Afte,'  Krabho,  187«,  pi.  i,  tig. ."). 

Ventral  view  of  tail  of  male  B|)eeimen  of  "IxiiiriH  tonureplialim"  ( —  AxiariH  ti/piea),  showing 
the  candal  ji:M)illae  as  described  by  Krabbe.     x  100.     .Mter  Kiabbe,  1S7H,  p.  ,"iO,  lig. ;!. 

Ventral  view  of  dois.il  Up  of  '•I'lrilracheliiix  ti/iiiiii.'i"  (  -  A  ma  i  in  ti/piKi),  showing  the  strnctn  re 
described  in  the  text,     x  12.">.     Aftci'  Itrasche,  188:i,  pi.  111.  tig.  6. 

I  >orsal  view  of  d(n-.sal  lip  of  "I'tritrneheliim  l\ipieun''  (~  Ascarh  tjipiva),  showing  the  strnet  nre.s 
described  ii.  the  text,     x  12.">.     Alter  l»iaschc,  ISKt.  pi.  ill,  lig. 7. 

Inner  surface  of  ventio-lateral  lip  of  "I'erilracheliiis  iiipinis"  (  =  .l»t'ori»  /i//)ic(i),  showing  the 
structure  described  in  the  text,     x  2S0.     After  Diasi'he,  18M!,  pi.  iii,  tig.  1. 

Inner  surface  of  right  vent  ro-lateral  lipof  "  I'entracUrliits  lijiucus'  (-  Axrarix  ////iica  I,  showing 
the  structure  described  in  the  text,     x  280.     After  Drasche,  188:!,  pi.  m,  li^r.  o 

Apex  view  of  lips  and  month  of  "I'eritraeheliiix  typiciix"  (  —  .licurin  lypica),  showing  the  rela- 
tive ]io8ition  of  the  lips  and  the  absence  of  intermediate  lips,  x  12."i.  After  Drasche,  188;{, 
pi.  Ill,  tig..'). 

N'entral  view  of  tail  of  male  specimen  of  •'I'erilracheliiia  fiipieim''  {  —  Axcaria  tijpira),  showing 
the  cloaca  and  candal  papillae  as  seen  by  Drasche.     x  t>0.     .\fter  Drasche,  188.'),  pi.  m,  (iir.  <). 

Male  s])ccimen  of  Axrarix  ti/pica  from  I.eidy's  collection  (n..S.N.M..  NO.  r>01,"))  detennined  by 
I.eidy  as  "Axearis  xiiiiplex."    Natural  size.     Original. 

Femi^o  specimen  of  Axcaiix  ttipiva  from  I'.S.N.M.,  No.  ."lOI,").     Natnral  size.     Original. 

Dorsal  -  i:  w  of  anterior  portion  of  Axearis  tjipiea  from  ir..S..\.M.,  No.  oOl.'i,  showing  dorsal  lip, 
vertro-lateral  lips,  and  cei>ieal  papillae.     Zeiss  1/1(1,  stage.     Original. 

Veiitn.l  view  of  anterior  portion  of  Axearis  tifpiea  from  U.S.N.M.,  No.  .")()ir>,  showing  ventral 
lips  and  cervical  pa])ilae.     Zeiss  1/1(5,  stagi .     Original. 

Apex  view  of  isolated  cuticle  of  lips  of  .l»((in«  typiea  Irom  U.S.N.M.,  No.  .")Oir>,  showing  gen- 
eral form  of  lips  and  the  denligerons  iidg<\  The  cuticle  of  thi'  dorsal  lip  is  somewhat 
misplaced.     Zeiss  4/4,  stage,  afterwards  reituced  one-half     Original. 


176 


THK    FUR   SEALS   OF   THE   PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


:'       !■' 


Fig.  41.  Oi^aophiiKUB  of  .ttcaris  typku  from  IJ.8.N.M.,  No. 5015,  (lividoil  into  uii  anterior  Htraiglit  portion 

and  a,  posterior  sigmoid  portiou.     Iiitestiiuil  and  oesophageal  cai'ra  uro  alisont.    Zeiss 

4/a*iii.    Original. 
Fig.  15.  Lateral  view  of  tall  of  male  oi  Aicuris  ijipica  from  I'.S.N.M.,  No.  j015,  to  show  the  Mtruutures 

described  in  the  text.     Zeiss  4/lt!,  stage.     Original. 
Figs.  4t»-47.  Ventral  view  of  the  tails  of  two  mak,  spucimeim  of  .Iscarin  Himplcr  I'roni  I'.S.N.M.,  No. 

5015,  showing  the  uuecinal  spicnles  ar.d  variations  in  the  position  of  the  cundarpapillau. 

Zeiss  4/lt),  stage.    Original. 
Fig.  48.  Eggs  of  .Isencifi  simplex  from  IJ.S.N.M..  No.  r>015,  in  varions  stages  of  segmi'iitution.     Zeiss 

4/4,  stage.    Original. 
Fig.  4!).  A  young  specimen  of  Aacaris  lypica  from  U.S.N.M.,  No.  5015,  partially  Nnrroundcd  liy  its  larval 

cuticle.     Zeiss  l/a"iii. 
Fig.  .^t).  Anterior  extremity  of  a  young  specimen  of  ^«c'an;< /i/picu  which  has  cast  part  of  its  larval 

cuticle.     Zeiss  4/8,  stage.     Original. 
Fig.  51.  Caudal  extremity  of  a  young  speciiueu  of  Jacaria  lypiva  before  the  larval  cuticle  has  been 

cast.     Zeiss  4/8,  stage.     Original. 
Figs.  52-5()  are  given  in  text. 
Fig.  57.  Dorsal  lip  of  .iKcari*  paUujonica,  showing  the  double  dcntigerous  ridge  and  other  structures 

given  in  the  diagnosis.     After  von  Liustow,  1880,  pi.  Ill,  Hg.  I. 
Fig.  ,">8.  Male  of  Awaria  Kiikeiithalii.     Natural  size.    After  Cobb,  1888,  pi.  ill,  tig.  1. 
lig.  5!t.  Ma!i'  of.lgcan'g  h'iikenthaUi,  opened  on  the  left  side  to  show  the  anatomy:  /».,  bulbns'  of  the 

,,/   0  ■"  T'-  sj  de.,  "end  portion  of  the  intestine"  (or  ductus  ejaculatoriusO;  <"''.)  rectum; 

eo.,  ry  organ;  A.,  testicle;  kind.,  smaller  portion  of  the  intestine;   /.,  glandular 

oi'gau .  mouth;   mb.,  bursal  muscles;   md.,   intestine;   map.,  muscles  of  a  spicule; 

oe.. oesophagus;  8{.,vas deferens;  ap.,  spicules;  s8.,  vesiculasemiuaiisC'Samensehlaucb"). 

After  ("obb,  1888,  pi.  in,  lig.  7. 
Fig.  (>0.    Tail    of  male  of  Aaearia    Kiikenthalii,   opened   veiitrally  to  show  the  anatomy:   a.,  anus; 

(If.,  ductus  ejaculatorius;   dim.,  dorsal  longitudinal  muscle;    rd.,  rectum;    h.,  testicle; 

»iA,,  bursal  muscle;  if.,  lateral  lino;   afh.,  broadened  portion  of  lateral  liiu';   al.,  viis 

deferens;  «/>.,  spicules;   «».,  vesicula  seininalis  ("  Sameiischlauch").     x  2.     After  Cobb, 

1888,  pi.  Ill,  lig.  5. 
fig.  til.  Ventral  view  of  tail  of  male  of  .taairia  liiikeniha  ii,  sl'-i'ving  the  cloaca  and  caudal  papillae  as 

as  seen  by  Cobb.     After  Cobb,  1888,  pi.  in,  li^,.  ;>. 
Fig.  tj2.  Apex  view  of  head,  showing  the  position  of  the  lips:  jie,  excretory  pore,     x  50.    ^.fter  Cobb, 

1888,  pi.  in,  lig.  11. 
Fig.  t)3.  Female  specinien  of  Aacaria  Kiikenthalii.     Natural  size.     After  Cobb,  1888,  jil.  in,  lig.  2. 
Fig.  (14.  Anterior  extremity  o(  Ascaria  Kiikenllinlii,  opened  ventrally  to  show  the  anatomy  :  «//.,  termi- 

niil  duct  of  excretory  organ;    ro.,  excretory  organ;    ««/.,  constriction  of  lateral   field; 

geo.,  duct  of  excretory  organ;  »(.,  mouth;  >»(/.,  intestine;  nr.,  iieunil  ring;  urn.,  muscle; 

rn.,  dorsal  nerve;  «/.,  lateral  Hue.    x  2.    After  Cobb,  1888,  pi.  ni,  lig.  4. 
Fig.  65.  Aacaria  aimilia,  natural  size,  after  Uaird,  1853,  pi.  l,  fig.  la.     Baird  states  that  this  is  a  male, 

but  it  is  more  probably  a  female. 
Fig.  66.  Head  of  male,  magnitled,  showing  three  lips;   intermediate  lips  are  absent.     After  Haird, 

18.53,  pi.  1,  lig.  Id.    After  Haird,  18.53,  pi.  i,  lig.  l/». 
Fig.  67.  J8cari«  aimilia,  natural  si/o,  after  Haird,  1853,  pi.  i,  tig.  Ic.     Haird  states  that  this  is  a  female, 

but  it  is  more  probably  a  male. 
Fig.  68.  Head  of  female,  magnilhtd,  after  Haird,  1853,  pi.  i,  lig.  Id. 
Fig.  ti!l.  Tail  of  female,  magnitied,  after  Haird,  1853,  ]il.  i,  tig.  Ic. 
Fig.  70.  Aavaria  halicoria,  after  Haird,  185!>,  pi.  i.vi,  tig.  2. 
Fig.  71.  Head  o{  Aacaria  halicoria,  showing  the  three  lips;  intermediate  lips  are  absent.     After  Haird, 

1859,  pi.  l.vi,  lig.  2o. 
Fig.  72.  Tall  of  .l«cai'ifi  halicoria,  after  Haird,  1850,  pi.  LVi,  lig.  26. 
Fig.  73.  Anterior  portiou  of  Aacaria  halicoria,  dissected  to  show  the*  oesophagus,  intestine,  iiitestiual 

caecum,  and  a  portion  of  the  genital  organs.    After  Haird,  18.5U,  pi.  i.vi,  tig  2r. 
Fig.  74.  Transverse  section  of  head  of  Aacaria  halicoria,  showing  the  relative  position  of  the  three  lips 

and  the  absence  of  intermediate  lips.    After  Parona,  1881),  pi.  .\ni,  tig.  3. 


nESCRIPTION    OF    FIGURES. 


177 


the  striiutiire.s 


ler  Htriirtiircs 


Fig.  75,  Vi'utnil  view  of  tail  of  .tscaria  lialicuri»,  iifter  Parona,  ISXit,  p.  760,  tig.  2. 

Fig.  76.  Tail  of  raalf  of  .lncnriH  osciilata  from  I'liocn  grocniandica,  showing  cloaca  iiiiil  caudal  papillae. 

Voiitiiil  view.     X  iM).     After  Schneider,  1«66,  p.  II. 
Fin- 77.  Inner  view  of  dorsal  lip  of  .tnciirin  onciilala  from  I'hoca  ijrocnlaiidica ;  the  intermediate  lips 

are  not  figured,     x  90.  After  Schueidcr,  1866,  pi.  l,  lig.  13. 
Fig.  7H.   Dorsal  lip  of  .Iwarix  oaciilala,  showiug  intermediate  lips,     x  1(K).     After  Krablie,  1878,  pi.  I, 

liK.l. 
Fig.  7H.   Dorsal  view  of  anterior  end  of  .l«cnn'»oiit'M/«(rt  froiii  SletiorlnjnrhiiH  Jeyi/oiii/j,  showing:  i7., dorsal 

lip;  i7/.,  vcntro-Iiiteral  liji;  nl.,  intermediate  lij):  the  foldNof  the  cuticle  near  the  lips  are 

visihlo.     After  von  I/instow,  1802,  pi.  il,  fig  11. 
Fig.  HO.  Transverse  .section  of  lips  near  the  hase,  showing  the  relative  position  of  lips  and  interine<liate 

lijisof  .Ixcaris  asviiInU}  from  Slrtiorliniiihiin  l('i>ti>iiiix.     After  von  I.instow,  ISiC',  pi.  ii,  lig.  1 1. 
Fig.  81.  'I'r.'insvers(^  section  of  same  near  the  apex.     After  von  i.instow,  I8)tL',  pi.  ii,  lig.  I."). 
Fig.  ^'J.  Ventral  view  of  tail  of  male  of  .tsrnris  omiilnta  from  SlriiorliyiirhiiK  hjiloiiii.r.  showing  l.tUual 

caudal  alae,  caudal  papillae,  and  two  spicules.     After  viui  I.instow,  IKi)2,  pi.  li,  lig.  16. 
Fig.  x:>.  Oesophagus  of  Ancuris  osiiilahi  from    I'lioni  rUiiliiia.     Zeiss  L'/A-.     After  ,liigerskiidd,  1801, 

]d.  xwiii,  lig.  :iS. 
I'ig.  ."<l.   Male  of  .iMViriv  onruliila  from  ICiimelo}>i(ix  Slilliri.     Natural  si/e.     Original. 
I"ig.  .'^S.   I'euiale  .Ikkici'.s  otciiliiiri  from  i:iimitoinas  Slilleri.     Natural  si/e.     Original. 
I'igM.  8l!  aim  87.   Dorsal  (tig.  8(!)   anil   ventral   (lig.  87)   views  of  anterior  extremity  of  t'eiutile  .iHcniiK 

nsfiilata  (II. S.N  M.,  No.  2767)  from  I'^umrlnpids  Slellvii.     Zeiss  4/16,  stage.     Original. 
Fig.  XX.  Margin  of  .•interior  extremity  of  .Iscari/i  osciiliila  from  hUimetojiUm  Stelleri,  to  show  the  peculiar 

cnticul.ir  folds,     Zeiss  1/8,  stage.     Original, 
Fig.  80.  Ventral  view,  tail  of  male  of  Asrarii  onculata  ( I'.S.N.M.,  No.  2766>  Kiimelopiiis  Stilleri,  showing 

narrow  lateral  alac,  caudal  |)a])illne,  and  cloaca.     Original. 
Fig.  00,  Ventral  view,  tail  of  male  of  .Igfarix  loliiilala  from  I'latmiinta  iianyit'ivii,  showing  cloaca  and 

caudal  papillae,     x  90.     After  Schneider,  186t;,  p.  II. 
Fig.  01.  Dorsal  lip,  inner  surface,  of  .Iscarix  luhiilata,  from  I'lntaiiitlti  fiantietica.    x  10(1,    .\lter  Krahlie, 

1878,  pi,  I,  lig.  •>. 
Fig.  02.  Oesophagus  and  anterior  portion  of  intestine  o(  Aacuiix  hhnlaUt,  showing  the  long  anterior 

portion  of  the  oesopbagns,  the  short  posterior  portion  with  oesophageal  caecnni,  and  the 

intcBtine  with  intestinal  caecnni.     Zeiss  2/.\;,  extended  tuhe.     After  .I.'igerskliild,  1801, 

pi    xxvill,  lig.  117. 
Fig,  OS,  Adult  male  I'nrinarid  sp,  from  the  intestine  of  an  Alaskan  fur-seal  pup,  l',iS,N,M,,  No.  2815. 

Natural  size.     Original, 
Fig,  91,  Adult  female  I'licitKiriii  sp,  from  the  intestine  of  an  .Muskan  fur-seal  pup,  l',S,N.>l.,  No,  2815, 

Natural  si/e.     Original, 
Fig,  05.  Anterior  end  of  rHciiiaria  sp.,  II,S,N,M,,  No,  2815,  showing  the  mouth,  buccal  capsule,  and 

oesophagus,     Zeiss  1/16.  stage.     Original. 
Fig.  96.  Dorsal  view  of  I'auilal  extremity  of  lig.  OH,  showing  the  luirs.i   willtits  rays,  and  the  two 

spicules.     Zeiss  4/8,  stage.     Original, 
Fig,  07.  liitthriowphaUi*  sp.,  r,S,N,M,,  No,  2768,  fiom  the  intestine  of  the  .Ah-isUan  fur  seal.     Natural 

si/e.    Original, 
Figs.  98-100.   Head  of  same,  enlarged.     Zi'iss  4/a"ii,,  stage.     Origiual. 
51»47— I'T  3 12 


if 


il 


'n 


I    ] 


{li 


tr  V 


VIII -THE  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  NORTHERN  FUR  SEALS. 


THE  BEASTS  OF  THE  SEA,  BY  GEORGE  WILLIAM  STELLER. 


Trauslati'il  by 

Waltku  Mii.lrk, 

I'ro/nsor  of  CUistical  I'hiMoiiy,  l.eluiid  SUinford  •liinior  I'niveritity, 

and 
.Jknnii':  Kmkkson  Millkk. 


PREFACE. 

Steller's  work,  i)nblished  in  1751  iu  the  memoirs  of  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  St.  I'etersbuifj  for  the  year  1749,  is  a  posthnmous  i)iiblication.  The  greater 
jiart  of  the  worlv  was  finished  in  1742,  and  Steller  himself  died,  while  on  his  way  from 
Siberia  to  St.  Petersburg,  in  November,  174,5.  He  was  the  naturalist  (a  volunteer) 
of  the  Uussian  expedition  sent  out  to  explore  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America 
and  to  ascertain  definitely  whether  it  was  or  was  not  .joined  to  Asia,  and  to  search 
for  the  imaginary  island  known  as  Oompagnie  Land. 

The  following  pages  contain  a  translation  of  those  parts  of  Steller's  report  which 
treat  of  the  Mauatir,  or  sea  cow  (Vol.  11,  pp.  28!)-;{30),  and  the  natural  hist(M'y  of  the 
sea  bear  (fur  seal)  (pp.  34(>-35»),  sea  lion  (pp.  ;{)»l-{{(5(>),  and  sea  otter  (pp.  382-.{()8). 
The  measurements  and  descriptions  of  the  last  three  are  omitted,  inasnuich  as  they  can 
be  made  better  and  with  more  scientific  ac(!uracy  in  our  own  tinu's.  Hut  as  the  sea 
cow  is  extinct,  and  as  lunirly  all  knowledge  of  it  is  to  be  obtaine<l  from  Steller's 
account,  that  portion  of  his  work  is  given  in  full. 

<'ircum.stances  have  combined  to  render  the  work  of  translation  diflicult;  not 
only  is  Steller's  account  written  in  the  zoological  Latin  of  the  eighteenth  century,  but, 
as  i)rinte(l,  it  contains  errors  and  omissions  due  to  the  fact  that  it  was  |)ublished 
after  Steller's  death,  and  consequently  without  revision.  FiinUly,it  has  been  necessary 
to  rely  on  a  type-written  copy,  the  original  not  being  accessible  to  the  translator. 

Thanks  are  due  to  President  David  Starr  Jordan  and  to  Professor  Oliver  Peebles 
.lenkins  for  much  kind  assistance  with  the  technical,  scientific,  physi«)logicaI,  and 
anatomical  ]>arts  of  the  work. 

SEA  BEASTS.! 

No  one  who  has  studied  various  lands  doubts  that  the  vast  ocean  contains  many 
animals  ^vhich  to-day  are  unknown,  and  that  there  are  very  many  regions  in  the  ocean 

'The  full  title  of  Steller's  woik  is  m  follows;  l)e  \  Rt'stiis  inaiiiiis  |  Avotore  |  (ieiirg.  Willielin. 
Stellero  |  Nuyi  |  l.'ouiiuentarii  |  Acudeiuiae  Svientianini  |  Iinperialis  |  I'vtropolitniiue  |  Tom.  II  |  ad 
auuiim  MUCCXLIX  |  I'etropuli  |  Typis  Acadeuiiae  Kcieutiaiuui  |  MDCULI. 

179 


180 


THE    PUR    SEALS    OF   THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


li 


i,! 

>ii 
1  I 

i' 


11    A 


where  tlie  curious  iiiul  venturcsoine  inquiries  ol'  Kuropeans  liave  nut  yet  penetrated ; 
and  HO  no  one  lias  been  able  to  examine  their  contents.  Thus  it  stands  with  the  animals 
of  the  sea  as  compared  with  the  animals  of  the  land.  Some  live  anywhere  and  every- 
where, and  tlirough  louff  association  come  to  vary  their  species  in  acconlance  with 
differences  of  climate  and  food,  not  only  in  respect  to  si/.c  and  color,  but  also  in  respect 
to  the  softness  and  thickness  of  their  hair;  but  when  transferred  to  a  different  climate, 
after  a  long  interval  of  time  they  lose  again  their  specific  difference  and  revert  to  the 
firat.  Ho  European  horses  when  transferred  to  Siberia  become  perceptibly  smaller  and 
hardier;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  wlien  taken  to  India  or  China  they  become  so  much 
slighter  and  smaller  that  after  a  lapse  of  time  they  form  a  peculiar  species.  Yakut 
cattle  when  transported  to  Kamchatka  become  not  only  larger,  but  more  ]>rolific;  and 
this  is  the  ('ase  also  with  cattle  that  are  sent  to  the  port  of  Archangel.  With  English 
sheep  that  a»'e  taken  to  Sweden  on  account  of  the  exiiellence  of  their  wool,  not  only 
the  wool  changes  after  a  short  time,  but  also  their  siz4!.  If  one  did  not  observe  this, 
it  would  seem  that  the  species  of  animals  increased  gradually  in  Siberia  alone;  for 
example,  the  squirrels  on  the  Obi  are  large,  and  covered  with  long,  ashy  gray  fur; 
Obdctric  srpiirrels  are  one  third  smaller,  and  covered  with  short  but  thictker  fur;  liar- 
gusian  sfpiirrels  are  covered  with  black,  and  Werchoian  scjuirrels  are  mottled  with 
black  and  ash-colored  fur.  AH  this  difference,  as  far  as  concerns  size  and  thickness 
of  fur,  is  due  to  climate,  and  as  far  as  concerns  the  color  it  is  due  to  the  food.  Where 
evergreen  larches,  or,  as  they  are  <'ommonly  called,  spruce  and  pines,  grow,  there  the 
fur  is  a  bright,  ashy  gray;  where  the  larches  are  deciduous,  there  they  grow  with 
black  fur. 

Among  animals  the  seal  (phoea)  is  the  only  one  wliich  lives  not  only  in  every  part 
of  the  ocean,  but  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  lakes  which  have  no  com- 
munication with  the  sea,  as  in  Lakes  l^aikal  and  Oron;  it  is  found  everywhere  at  all 
times  of  the  year.  Notwithstanding,  this  difference  occurs,  that  the  ocean  seal  {phoea 
oceanica)  is  more  common  and  is  distinguished  in  color  from  all  the  rest;  it  is  covered 
with  muddy  gray  fur,  and  on  the  back  of  its  body  it  1ms  a  large  siK)t  that  is  chestnut 
colored  and  covers  one-third  of  the  whole  hide. 

Now,  I  divide  seals  into  three  varieties  on  the  basis  of  size.  (1 )  The  largest,  which 
is  greater  in  size  than  a  bull,  grows  only  in  the  eastern  ocean  from  the  degrees  iid  to 
59  north  latitude,  and  is  called  by  the  Kamchatkans  "  LachtHl:^'  (2)  Those  of  medium 
size  are  all  as  large  as  a  tiger,  and  are  marked  with  many  smaller  spots.  (iJ)  The 
smallest  ones  —  the  ocean  se.al,  for  ('xamjde  —  are  found  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  as  well  as 
in  the  port  of  Archangel,  in  Sweden,  Norway,  America,  and  Kam(;hatka,  and  in  fresh- 
water lakes.  They  are  monochroiis;  that  is,  of  one  color;  for  example,  those  found 
in  Baikal  are  of  a  silvery  gray  color.  If  we  inquire  why  this  sort  of  amphibian  alone 
lives  in  every  ocean  and  lake,  I  reply,  because  it  lives  upon  a  sort  of  food  which  is  to 
be  had  everywhere  in  the  world,  and  upon  flesh.  But  the  case  of  the  sea  cow  (Manalee) 
is  ditterent.  It  feeds  only  upon  certain  sorts  of  sea  weeds  not  found  everywhere,  and 
on  account  of  the  structure  of  its  body  can  not  live  everywhere  even  in  shallow  places. 
But  the  sea  otter,  although  it  lives  ni)on  crustaceans  and  shellfish,  can  not  find  this 
sort  of  food  everywhere  beneath  a  certain  depth  of  water  on  account  of  fts  closed 
foramen  ovale;  and  hence  it  inhabits  the  rocky,  rugged,  shallow  shoals  of  America,  of 
the  islands  in  the  channel,  and  of  the  land  of  Kamchatka.  The  sea  lion  and  the  sea  bear 
are  migratory  animals,  and  seek  the  recesses  of  the  sea  and  uninhabited  islands  in  the 


h^ 


S'lELLKUa    A(  C'OINT    oK    THK    SKA    (  u\V. 


ISI 


Haiiu'.  way  us  (;ecse  mid  swans,  m«>  that  tliuro  tlicy  may  get  rid  ot*  thoir  tat,  topiilato, 
and  give  hirtli,  and  wliun  that  is  done  they  retnru  home  in  the  same  way  as  birds. 

The  amphibions  lliclufia,  a  moat  voracious  animal,  selects  those  piacies  wliere  th<M'o 
are  Umg  inlets  of  the  sea;  they  generally  wander  about  very  widely,  where  they  can 
<lri\'b  the  fishes  together  and  devour  them  more  <iuickly  in  larger  numbers  —  such 
place's  as  are  at  the  numth  of  the  Ud  and  Ochotsk  and  the  arm  of  the  sea  at  the  month 
of  the  river  Olutora.  The  walrus,  from  liis  love  of  ease,  seeks  out  desolate  and  unin- 
habited places,  and  because  of  his  fatness  selects  a  cold  jthuie  in  the  midst  of  ice,  and 
because  he  finds  these  conditions  at  any  time  of  the  year  at  the  month  of  the  river 
Obi,  Venisee,  Lena,  and  Kolima,  and  around  ('ape  Tschutschi,  he  is  fond  of  those 
regions.  The  right  whale  (bahteno),  bet^anse  it  is  fond  of  peace,  chooses  those  parts 
of  the  sea  less  frequented  by  ships,  and  since  those  places  are  for  the  most  part  in  the 
north,  whales  live  there  and  select  those  regions  for  sleep,  for  giving  birth  to  their 
young,  and  for  breeding. 

Accordingly,  the  reason  why  other  am))hibi(ms  animala  inhabit  not  all  but  only 
some  certain  regions  of  the  ocean,  must  be  looked  for  in  the  nature  of  the  animals 
themselves.  For  some  the  food  that  they  eat,  for  others  their  love  of  ease,  for  others 
still  ditt'erent  characteristics  fix  their  boundaries  and  determine  their  dwelling  places. 

|{ut  all  sea  animals  have  something,  either  in  appearance  or  in  habits,  in  common 
with  land  animals,  on  account  of  which  even  at  first  sight  they  are  compared  by  the  com- 
mon people  to  these  animals,  and  thus  get  their  names.  So  the  host  of  natural  piiiloso- 
phers  talk  abcnit  bulls,  horses,  wolves,  and,  dreaming  of  allegories,  bring  in  nuniks  and 
other  men.  It  has  seemed  to  me  worth  mentioning  that  Kutlicnian  saihtrs  when  they 
first  saw  the  manatee  called  it  "A'o/vxvi  Morskida,^'  with  exacitly  the  same  propriety  as 
the  English  and  Dutch  called  it  a  "sea-cow;''  "«S'/f«/<7/«"  they  called  "sea-lion,'' and 
"  h'ot,'"  "sea-bear."  Not  noticing  the  criteria  ottered  by  nature,  they  less  appropriately 
called  the  "sea  otter"  "  Hobr  Morakoi."'  But  all  these  animals  became  known  only  half 
a  century  ago;  in  fact,  Marcgraf  makes  mention  of  the  sea  otter,  but  somewhat  briefly 
and  obscurely.  The  navigator  Dampier,  a  tireless  explorer,  speaks  of  the  sea  lion  and 
the  sea  bear;  and  many  learned  men,  and  Dampier  as  well,  mention  the  numatee. 
But  I  must  admit  that  the  accounts  given  by  the  scholars  ar«>  fragmentary  and  imper- 
fect and  for  the  most  ])art  fabulous  and  false.  Dampier,  on  the  other  hand,  has  by 
many  parasangs  excelled  them  with  a  most  accurate  description,  as  good  as  could 
be  expected  from  an  uidearned  man. 

But  one  must  not  suppose  that  these  places  do  not  contain  more  great  and  won- 
derful animals  that  are  still  unknown,  besides  those  which  I  shall  describe.  For  if 
weather,  time,  and  place  had  favored  my  desire  I  should  have  enri(!hed  natural  history 
with  many  curiosities  of  that  sort,  as  indeed  I  desired  when  I  took  the  risk  of  this 
journey  to  parts  so  distant  and  unexplored.  Thus,  for  instance,  1  describe  the  traces 
of  a  certain  unknown  animal  upon  the  island  of  Shumagin,  and  I  insert  a  sketch  of  a 
sea  ape,  and  with  this  imperfect  account  1  must  content  myself  and  others. 

In  what  order  I  shall  next  year  examine  the  shores  of  the  sea  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Kolima  time  will  tell.  My  zeal  is  fired  by  those  mammoth  skeletons  and  the 
slight  .accounts  of  them.  And  1  do  not  doubt  that  the  American  shores  are  to  become 
better  known  to  us,  and  with  them  this  wonderful  subject  as  well.  As  long  as  things 
escape  us  and  perish  unknown  with  our  consent,  and  through  our  silence  are  counted  as 
fabulous — things  which  may  be  seeu  with  little  labor  in  the  very  land  where  we,  with  all 


.1 
I 

11 


I 


» 


I  i  m 


1 


182  THE   FUR   SEALS   OK   THE   PUIDILOF    ISLANDS. 

our  iuiiuisitiveDess,  live — it  is  uot  Mtraugu  that  these  things,  wliich  we  are  preveuted 
fruiii  observing  by  the  groat  sea  that  lies  between,  have  remained  to  the  present  time 
unknown  and  une\i>lorvd.  lu  the  t'aither  coutiues  of  Asia  and  the  Kussiau  Empire  I 
learned  that  the  "(S'«/(«<'"ot'  the  Scythians  wis  regarded  as  fabulous.  I  a'so  learned 
that  in  the  Desert  of  Azof,  and  in  that  where  the  Saporo/.kiensian  Cossacks  live,  the 
one-horned  goat  bears  the  same  name — an  animal  very  common  and  very  well  known 
upon  their  tables.  There  is  likewise  a  Hcythian  wolf,  black  in  color,  and  described  by 
Aristotle  iis  longer  than  the  common  wolf  but  with  shorter  logs,  exceedingly  tierce 
and  savage.  There  is  also  in  the  neighborhood  of  V'oroneseh  and  Astracan  an  animal 
that  barks  like  a  dog.  It  is  sly  and  blo«)dthirsty  and  will  attack  people  lying  asleep 
or  steal  whatever  it  can  from  the  household  stores.  This  may  be  the  hyena  of  ancient 
times.  And  1  desire  nothing  more  than  that,  after  I  have  explored  Siberia,  the 
authorities  may  think  well  to  intrust  to  me  the  exploration  of  the  deserts — provided 
no  one  else  undertakes  it;  and  I  hope  that  if  my  efforts  prove  acceptable  I  may  be 
sent  into  exile  for  .'-everal  years  on  their  account,  that  1  may  spend  there  a  long  time, 
which  I  prophesy  will  prove  but  too  brief. 

THE  MANATEE. 

The  following  is  a  description  of  the  manatee,  or,  as  it  is  called  by  the  Dutch, 
Vavca  wt«rm«  (sea  cow),  by  the  Knglish,  "sea  cow,"  and  by  the  Russians,  ^^Momkaia 
Korova;^^  the  description  is  made  from  a  female  killed  on  the  12th  of  July,  1742,  on 
Bering  Island,  which  lies  in  the  channel  between  America  and  Asia.  It  had,  accord- 
ing to  the  English  scale  of  measurement,  the  following  dimensions: 

Iiiohra. 

Longth  from  the  extremity  of  the  upper  lip  to  the  oxtrt'ine  right  coriiii  of  the  caudal  fork 290.  CK) 

From  the  extremity  of  the  upper  lip  to  th«  iiares H.W 

From  the  niiritil  septum  (voliimiia  iiariitm)  to  the  tintcrior  angle  of  the  eye 13.50 

From  the  anterior  angle  to  tb")  posterior  angle  of  the  eye .80 

Distance  between  the  eyes  at  the  anterior  angles 17. 40 

Distance  between  the  eyes  at  the  posterior  angles 22.  20 

The  breadth  of  the  narial  septum  (columna  iiariiim)  at  its  base 1.50 

Height  of  the  nares 2. 50 

Breadth  of  the  nares 2.50 

From  the  extremity  of  the  ujiper  lip  to  the  angle  of  the  mouth  {orin  froennm) 15.50 

From  the  extremity  of  the  upper  lip  to  the  shoulder , .52.00 

From  the  extremity  of  the  upper  lip  to  the  opening  of  the  vulva 194.00 

Length  of  the  vulva 10.20 

Length  of  the  tail  from  the  anal  s|ihineter  to  the  region  of  the  caudal  tin 75.50 

Circumference  of  the  head  abo-»-e  the  nostrils  (supra  nares) HI.  00 

Circumference  of  the  head  at  the  eyes 48.00 

Circnmference  of  the  neck  at  the  nape  (nucha) 82. 00 

Height  of  the  end  of  the  snout 8.40 

Circumference  of  the  body  at  the  shoulders 144. 00 

The  greatest  circnmlerence  about  the  middle  of  the  abdomen 244. 00 

The  circumforenee  of  the  tail  at  the  origin  {iusertio)  of  the  tin 5B  '¥> 

Distance  between  the  extreme  points  of  the  caudal  fin  (this  is  the  breadth  of  the  tin) 78.00 

Height  of  the  tin 8.80 

The  whole  length  of  the  inner  lip,  which  is  villous  and  rough,  like  a  brush 5. 20 

"Width  of  the  same 2.50 

The  width  of  the  exterior  upper  lip,  which  stands  obli(|uely  to  the  lower  jaw  and  is  covered  all 

over  with  rather  long,  white  bristles  . . ; 14. 00 

Height  of  the  same 10.00 


I 


3  preveuted 
>rtisuut  time 
lu  Empire  I 
I'so  learned 
ks  live,  the 
well  kiiowu 
escribed  by 
iiigly  fierce 
11  uii  uuiinal 
yiuii  usleep 
a  of  ancient 
Liberia,  the 
I— provided 
B  I  may  be 
'  long  time, 


the  iJiitcb, 

^'•Mornkaia 

ly,  1742,  on 

ad,  accord- 

.  - . .       2!Mi.  00 
H.  (Ht 
13. 50 
.80 
17. 40 
22. 20 
1.50 
2. 50 
2.50 
15. 50 
.52. 00 
1U4.00 
10.  20 
75.50 

:n.  00 

4«.00 

82.00 

8.40 

144.00 

244.00 

ofi  <Vi 

78.00 

8.80 

5. 20 

2.50 


til 


14.00 
10.00 


stellek's  account  of  Till;  si;.\  cow.  183 

Inclii'H 
The  lireudtli  of  tlitt  lower  lip,  whirli  Ih  ha irIeHH,  black.  HDiooth,  mid  HJopcx  toward  tiiflnterniiiii, 

and  in  Imart-sliapotl 7.  40 

ll«ti({lit  o»'  tilts  Maiiio <>  8(1 

Kroui  the  lower  lip  to  the  stcrniiiii 54.  (M) 

Tim  (liuiiioter  III  the  inoiith  at  tlie  annle  (dHh  froenwm) 20  40 

From  tho  pharynx  tn  Mici  end  of  tlir  oiHopliafjUH ;i2. (M) 

The  width,  or  rather  luiii;tli,  of  the  itloiiiach 44  ()() 

The  whole  iulestinal  tract,  froiii  pbar.vii.x  to  uiiiih 5,  (WW.  txi 

(Aud  Bu  it  IH  20A  tiiiiu!4  ax  loiiK  as  the  whole  auiuial.) 

From  pudenila  to  aual  spliiiuter 8.  (lO 

Diaiiittcr  of  tim  truchoa  holow  the  glottis 4.20 

HfiKht  ol  the  heart 22. 00 

Width  of  the  heart 25. 00 

Length  of  the  kidneys 32.00 

Width  of  the  kidneys 18.00 

LonKth  of  the  tongue 12.  (K) 

Width  of  the  toiiKiie 2, 50 

Length  of  the  nipples 4.(H) 

Width  of  the  hiiiuoriis - 14.50 

Length  of  the  ulna 12.  20 

Length  of  the  Hknll  from  nares  to  occiiint 27.00 

Width  of  the  oeciput - 10.  ,50 

DESCEU'TION  OF   THE   EXTERNAL   I'AKTS. 

Tiiis  animiil  beluiiK-s  practically  to  the  .sea,  and  is  not  ainpliibioiis,  although  some 
authorities  have  so  narrated;  but  tliey  have  misunderstood  tlie  stories  of  some  others 
who  tell  of  its  feedin;,'  upon  vegetation  abctut  the  shores  of  the  .sea  ai'.ii  rivers.  IJut 
by  this  was  :iieant  not  tlie  vegetation  of  the  hind,  but  .seaweed  tliat  gro-,vs  out  in  the 
water  on  the  shore  of  tlie  sea.  This  seemed  tpiite  an  unwelcome  fact  (that  it  fed  on 
seaweed)  and  mostab.surd  to  Celsius  Clusiiis,  who  had  seen  a  who!'>  hide  stuUed  witli 
straw;  but  it  is  found  to  be  so  also  in  the  case  of  tlie  living  beast  (strange  as  it  is 
true),  if  one  will  but  have  regard  to  its  form,  movements,  and  habits. 

It  is  covered  with  a  thick  hide,  more  like  unto  tlie  bark  of  an  ancient  oak  tliau 
unto  the  skin  of  an  animal;  the  manatee's  hide  is  black,  mangy,  wrinkled,  rough, 
hard,  and  tough;  it  is  void  of  hairs,  and  almost  impoirvioustoiui  ax  or  to  the  point  of 
a  hook.  It  is  an  inch  thick,  and  a  transverse  section  of  it  is  very  like  unto  ebony 
both  in  smoothness  and  in  color.  This  exterior  cortex,  however,  is  not  skin  (eitlis), 
but  cuticle  (vuticiila);  but  in  the  dorsal  region  it  is  smooth.  From  the  nape  to  the 
caudal  tin  the  surface  is  uneven  with  nothing  but  circular  wrinkles,  but  the  sides  are 
exceedingly  rough,  especially  about  the  head,  and  bristling  with  many  cup-shaped 
prominences  like  steniless  mushrooms  (peiiiean).  This  cuticle  winch  surrounds  the 
whole  body  like  a  crust  is  frequently  an  inch  in  thickness;  and  it  is  composed  of 
notliing  but  tubules,  in  the  same  way  as  we  observe  in  the  Spanish  cane  or  Mambit 
of  the  Indians  and  Chinese  («<•  in  arundinv  ri  u  'ii  s  Jlispdnicorf  Mtiinhn  Indonim  et 
ISineHKinm).  The  structure  of  thc^e  tubules  is  j;  ,  lendicidar  to  the  skin,  hongitudi 
nally  they  can  not  be  torn  or  separated  I'nmi  one  another.  The  tubules  are  implanted 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  skin;  they  are  roundish,  convex,  bulbous,  atid  henco  pieces 
of  the  skin  that  are  torn  off  from  the  cuticle  are  full  of  tubercles  like  Spanish  bark, 
and  the  underlying  cutis  is  excavated  with  a  great  many  very  small  holes,  like  a 
thimble   (netricuni    tUijUale),   which    were    before    the    receptacles  of   the    bulbous 


y:' 


111 


i 


I  SI 


TFIK    l'UI{    SKALS    (»K     I'HK    I'WIIUKOK    IS|,ANI»S 


tiibiilvH  of  the  cutit'lt'.  Now,  tlicMu  tiibiileK  rwHt  upon  one  iiiiotluM'  vt'iy  cUmi'ly;  Mioy 
aio  tuiiiicJoiiH,  wot,  and  tumid,  and  tlioy  do  not  appear  wlirn  tlic  rntioUi  in  vut 
liori/ontally,  but  the  sui-tacu  is  smooth,  as  tii«;  iiool's  of  certain  aninnds  when  they  arc 
cut.  Mut  as  soon  as  it  is  \i\\ug  up  in  pieces  and  exposed  to  the  sun  and  liecomes  dry, 
it  lias  pcrpendicnhii'  fissures  ami  can  ho  broken  like  bark,  and  then  tiiis  tuhuhnis 
stru<'ture  conu's  ek'arly  to  view.  Throujjh  these  tubes  a  tliin,  serous  inuciis  is  exuded, 
in  larger  i|uantities  on  the  siiles  and  about  the  head,  and  in  snialler  quantitios  on  the 
back.  When  the  animal  has  lain  lor  some  hours  upon  the  dry  shore,  the  bauk  becomes 
dry,  but  the  head  and  Hides  are  always  wet. 

Now,  this  thick  ituticle  seems  {riven  to  the  animal  for  two  purpose.'  principally: 
(1)  That,  iiiasniuuh  as  the  auiinal  is  (;onipelled,  for  the  sake  of  getting  a  living,  to  live 
contiuously  in  rough  and  rugged  places,  and  in  the  winter  among  the  ice,  it  may  not 
rub  off  the  skin,  or  that  it  may  not  be  beaten  by  the  heavy  waves  and  brui.sed  with 
the  stones,  and  when  pursued  it  is  protected  by  this  coat  of  mail;  (2)  t'lat  the  natural 
heat  may  not  be  dissipated  in  the  summer  by  too  profuse  perspiration  {iiimiiim  tnais- 
piniitilo),  or  completely  counteracted  by  the  cold  of  winter.  And  that  would  be 
natural,  for  it  has' to  live,  not  in  the  depths  of  the  sea  as  other  animals  and  llshes,  but 
it  is  always  compelled  in  feeding  to  expose  half  of  its  body  to  tlie  cold. 

I  have  observed  in  the  case  of  many  that  were  cast  up  dead  upon  the  shore  of  the 
sea,  that  the  cuticle  had  been  broken  off  on  one  side  or  the  other,  and  that  that  had 
been  the  cause  of  their  death;  and  this  happens  priii<M|)ally  in  the  winter  time  from 
the  ice. 

And  I  observed'  many  times  in  animals  that  had  been  captured  and  drawn  on 
shore  with  a  hook,  that  great  i)ieces  of  cuticle  lia<l  been  pulled  off  in  conseciuence  of 
the  violent  thrashing  of  its  body  and  tail  and  its  resisting  with  its  front  feet  iid  that 
the  broken  piece  of  cuticle  that  covered  the  arms  and  caudal  fin  was  like  of;  all 

this  goes  to  make  my  opinion  stronger.    Ciititde  of  exactly  the  same  sort  i  the 

whale  (hitlxviKt),  although  no  mention  is  made  of  it  by  the  aiit'.iorities;  and  almost  the 
whide  of  the  cuticle  was  rubbed  off  from  a  whale  that  was  washed  up  dead  upon  our 
island  on  the  1st  day  of  Aiigusi,  for  during  several  days  it  had  been  tossed  about  by 
the  waves,  this  way  and  that,  and  bruised  upon  the  rocks  before  it  (%imc  to  our  shore. 

While  this  cuticle  is  wel  it  is  tiuviiy  black,  like  the  skin  (»f  a  smoked  ham,  but 
when  it  is  dry  it  is  wholly  black.  In  certain  animals  i(  is  marked  with  rather  largo 
white  spots  and  /(iiies,  and  this  cohtr  penetrates  clear  to  tiie  cutis.  This  cuticle 
about  tlie  head,  eyes,  ears,  breasts,  and  under  the  arms,  where  it  is  rough,  is  tiiickly 
infested  by  insects,  and  it  freiiueiitly  happens  that  they  jierforate  the  cuticle  and 
wound  even  the  cutis  ilself.  When  this  happens,  large,  thick,  varty  proiniiuMices 
arise  from  the  lymph  of  the  cutis,  or  from  the  lu'oken  glands  that  j)reserve  the  oil,  as 
It  were,  in  the  little  cells,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  whales,  and  ot'entimes  make  the 
above-mentioned  jilaces  foul. 

rntler  the  cuticle  lies  the  cutis  surrounding  the  whole  body.  This  is  L'  lines 
thick,  soft,  white,  very  ttrni  in  strength  and  structure  just  like  that  of  the  whale,  and 
it  can  be  put  to  the  same  uses. 

In  comparison  with  the  huge  mass  of  the  restof  its  body  the  hea*'.  is  small,  short, 
and  closely  connected  with  the  body;  in  figure  it  is  a  square  oblong,  widening  from 
the  top  toward  the  lower  jaw.  The  top  itself  is  Hat  and  covered  with  a  black  cuticle, 
exceedingly  scraggly  and  a  third  part  thinner  than  the  rest  of  thf  cuticle  and  more 


&P. 


""•^ata 


HTKLIiKUH    ArCOUNT    t»l'     IIIK    SKA    (nW. 


185 


easily  toni  nIV.  Ttu*  licad  slopfs  t'roiii  tlio  o(;ri|Hit  to  tlu>  tian-s  iiiid  .sIu|m>.s  ii;;iiiii  Iroin 
tliM  niiroH  to  tlir  |j|)s.  Tho  iMid  of  tho  Hiioiit  is  H  iiu-liDs  \i'\ii\i  uiid  };rowM  rupidly  tliirkor 
(mm  Mie  nose  to  tin-  (M't;i|tut. 

'riie  opeiiiii^'  of  tlio  inoiitli  i  rictus  oris)  is  not  iiiiderneiith  isiiinims),  hut  in  ii  lint) 
witli  tlio  sides;  hut  the  exterior  iippor  lip  is  ho  Iiir^fe,  hroiid,  and  ohlitjue  to  tlie  nuaUi 
of  the  mouth,  iind  len^tiiened  out  so  much  ahovu  the  inferior  luiindihle,  that  to  one 
who  looks  at  the  heatl  alone  the  openin;j  seems  to  be  located  underneatli. 

Tlie  openin^r  of  the  mouth  itself  is  not  very  hir^e  in  proportion  to  the  aiumal,  nor 
is  it  nt'«'essary  that  it  should  he.  as  it  lives  on  seaweed. 

Till'  lips,  both  the  upper  and  the  lower,  are  double  and  divided  into  external  and 
internal  lips. 

'I'he  external  upper  lip.  liuishini;  the  enil  of  the  snout  obliipu'ly,  is  like  a  half 
eirele;  it  is  tiat,  tumid,  thiek,  14  inches  broad,  10  iiu'hes  hijrh,  in  color  a  jjloHsy  white, 
and  overjirowu  with  a  j-reat  many  little  hills  or  tubercles,  from  the  center  of  each  one 
of  which  grows  a  white,  translucent  bristle  4  or  '>  inches  louf;'. 

The  internal  upper  lip  is  ."»  iiu-hes  loufj  anil  -'A  inches  wide.  It  is  everywhere 
detached  Iroin  the  external  lip,  and  fastened  to  it  only  at  the  base;  it  overhang's  the 
palate,  and  it  looks  like  a  calf's  toufjue,  all  villous  and  rouj^ii  like  a  brush.  It  closes 
the  mouth  tlrmly  above;  it  is  movable,  and  by  its  own  motion  serves  to  ti'ar  otf  the 
seaweed  and  brin^  it  into  its  mouih;  for  it  feeds  in  the  same  way  as  horses  and  cattle, 
l>y  itrotrudinj,'  its  lips  and  beiidiii};  them  outward. 

The  lower  lip  is  likewise  double;  the  external  lip  is  black,  and  smooth,  and 
without  bri.stles;  it  is  rougbly  heart  liaped-iind  like  a  chin,  if  we  may  so  call  it;  it  is 
7  iiiidies  wide  and  (>..S  inches  high. 

The  interna!  lower  lip  is  separated  likewise  from  the  external;  it  is  villous  ami  is 
not  visible  when  the  mouth  is  clo.sed,  because  the  external  lip  reaches  out  and  covers 
it;  and  beinjj  set  opposite  tlie  internal  upper  lip  it  closes  the  mouth  tirmly. 

When  tiu*  lower  mandible  is  apitlied  to  the  upper,  the  space  which  intervenes 
when  both  are  closed  is  tilled  up  with  a  dense  array  of  very  thick  white  bristles  U 
inches  long.  These  bristles  previ^nt  anything  from  falling  out  of  the  mouth  while 
tiie  animal  masticates,  or  from  being  washed  ont  with  water  which  Hows  into  the 
mouth  aiul  is  driven  out  again  through  the  oi)ening  when  the  nu)uth  is  closed. 

Tiie  bristles  are  as  thick  as  a  dove's  iiuill;  they  are  white,  luillow  inside,  bulbous 
lielow,  and,  even  without  the  aid  of  a  micro.scope,  they  .show  clearly  the  structure  of 
the  hunuui  hair. 

If  the  animal  lies  prone  upon  its  belly,  the  end  of  its  snout  on  a  line  per])cndicular 
from  the  nares  to  the  lips  is  8  indies  high  and  is  rounded  in  front,  like  a  ball,  from 
the  nose  to  the  ends  of  the  lips  and  also  to  the  lateral  regions  of  the  upi»er  Jaw. 
It  grows  thicker  and  increases  rapidly  in  circumference.  The  external  lips  are  very 
])rominent,  thick  and  swollen,  and  perforated  with  a  great  many  large  pores,  like  a  cat's, 
from  each  one  of  which  grows  a  strong  white  bristle;  these  bristles  are  perceptibly 
stouter  the  nearer  they  are  tc  the  opening  of  the  mouth  itself.  Of  the  bristles  those  were 
especially  iu)ticeable  for  thickness  which  grow  between  the  lipp  of  either  jaw.  They 
take  the  place  of  teeth  in  iinlliug  ott"  the  seaweed  and  jyrevent  anything  from  falling 
out  of  the  mouth  while  the  aninuil  masticates.  The  inferior  ma.xilla  is  shorter  than 
the  superior;  it  alone  is  movable,  but  the  lij)s  of  both  maxillae  move,  as  do  the  lips 
of  cattle.     With  these  tiie  submarine  ])lants  which  tliey  tear  oH'  from  the  rocks  with 


I 

F    I 


ill 


iib 


i-r 

''$:. 


!     i: 


18fi 


THE   FUR   SEALS   OF   THE    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


tlu'ir  alius  ure  su  cut  off  from  the  hard,  iiueatiible  roots  and  stenis  that  they  .seem 
to  be  cut  off  with  the  edge  of  a  dull  knife.  When  the  tide  cjomes  in  these  roots 
and  steJUK  are  washed  ashore,  and  lying  there  in  great  heaps  on  tlie  seashore  they 
betray  tj  ^he  visitor  the  jireseut  quarters  of  tliese  guests;  inasmuch  as  the  stems  of 
sea  plants  are  tougher  and  thicker  than  those  of  land  plants,  the  lips  are  made  much 
stronger  and  harder  than  are  the  lips  of  any  of  the  land  animals;  therefore  the  lii>s 
are  also  inedible,  and  can  not  be  softened  by  boiling  or  in  any  other  way.  The  internal 
structure  of  the  lips  is  so  arranged  that  when  cut  they  are  like  a  checkerboard, 
consisting  of  very  small  scjuarcs;  there  are  countless  very  small,  thick,  red,  rhomboid 
or  trapezoid  s(|uares,  with  which  others  that  are  white,  tendinous,  full  of  cells  like 
n(^twork  and  containing  litpiid  oii,  are  interspersed  in  etpial  numbers.  These  lips 
when  boiled  in  water  very  easily  yield  a  great  amount  of  oil,  and  when  this  oil  is 
tried  out  the  white  colls  appear  like  so  much  tendinous  network.  The  purpose  of 
this  strutturc  seems  to  me  to  be  a  threefold  one :  (1)  That  the  .strength  and  density 
of  the  lips  may  be  increased,  and  that  they  nniy  not  be  so  easily  exposed  to  any 
danger  from  without;  (2)  that  the  heavy  lips  may  be  more  easily  raised  and  moved, 
inasnuu^h  as  the  origin  and  insertion  of  the  muscles  (cnpiit  ct  ((twine  liornm  muscH- 
litrum )  are  so  disposed  that  the  origin  of  the  muscles  is  set  obliquely  to  the  opening 
of  the  mouth,  and  the  insertion  of  the  muscles  obliquely  to  the  top  of  the  head;  so 
that  with  their  beginnings  and  ends  the  lips  make,  as  it  were,  a  wreath  of  muscles; 
(.'>)  that  by  means  of  this  structure  the  lips  may  be  moved  with  a  sort  of  spiral  motion, 
and  that,  since  the  hvz.'.  on  account  of  the  continuous  thick  crust  can  be  moved  oidy 
with  diliiculty,  it  may  not  be  necessary  for  them  to  move  the  whole  bo«i y  as  often  as 
they  wish  to  pull  off  the  tenacious  seaweed. 

They  masticate  differently  from  all  other  animals;  not  with  teeth,  which  they 
lack  altogether,  but  witli  two  strong  white  bones,  or  solid  tooth  masses,  one  of  which 
is  set  in  the  palate  and  the  other  is  fastened  in  the  inferior  maxilla,  and  corresponds  to 
the  first. 

The  insertion  itself,  or  connection,  is  entirely  anomalous,  and  would  be  expressed 
by  no  known  name;  nomplitmii  we  can  not  call  it,  be(!au8e  the  bones  are  not  fa.stened 
in  the  maxillae,  but  each  is  held  by  many  papillae  sun!  pores,  i)ores  and  ]»,tpillae 
alternatiuu,  in  the  palate  and  in  the  inferior  mandible.  Hesides,  in  front  it  is  inserted 
into  the  pajullary  membrane  «)f  the  internal  upper  lip,  and  at  the  sides  in  the  grooved 
edge  of  the  bone,  and  at  the  back,  with  a  double  i)roce.s8,  into  the  ]>alate  and  infeiior 
maxilla,  and  is  in  this  way  made  firm. 

These  molar  bones  are  perforated  below  with  many  little  holes,  like  a  thimble 
(netricum  duiitnle),  or  like  a  sponge,  in  nhich  the  arteries  and  uerv;,s  are  inserted  in 
the  sanu>.  way  as  in  the  teeth  of  «)ther  animals.  Above  they  are  smooth  iiud  »'xcavated 
with  many  winding,  wavy  canal.s,  and  between  them  areemincat  es  which  in  nnistication 
lit  into  the  canals  of  the  corresponding  bone  so  j)erfectly  that  the  seaweed  (fi(ci)  is 
ground  and  nuished  between  them  as  between  a  fuller's  beams  or  between  millstones. 
I  have  had  a  drawing  made  of  these  bones,  which  will  explain  more  cl"  irly  what  is 
less  intelligible  from  the  descri])tion. 

The  nose  is  situated  in  the  farthest  tip  of  the  head,  as  in  the  horse;  there  are  two 
nostrils,  and  a  thick  cartilaginous  column  U  inches  wide  between  them.  The  nostrils 
themselves  are  -'  inches  long  and  .just  as  wide  in  diameter.  They  are  flat,  and  stretch 
back  with  many  curves  or  labyrinths.     Inside,  the  nostrils  are  very  wide,  wrinkled,  and 


»«• 


STELLEKS    ACCOUNI'    OF    THE    SEA    CUW. 


.KS7 


covered  over  with  a  nervous  lueinbrajjc,  which  is  perforated  with  inniiy  bliutk  jiures. 
From  each  pore  grows  a  bristle  as  tbiclv  as  cobbli'r's  waxedend,  a  hail'  inch  ions; 
they  are  oasy  to  pull  out,  and  tiiey  take  the  jdact-  of  rihrissaf  iii  other  a'lirnals. 

The  eyes  are  situated  exactly  half  way  betwtjen  tiie  end  of  the  snout  ami  the  ears 
in  a  line  parallel  with  tie  top  of  tiie  nostrils,  or  just  a  very  littler  hi^iher.  They  are 
very  small  in  i)n»p()rtion  to  so  huye  a  body,  beiii};  no  larger  than  a  sheep's  » yes.  They 
are  not  provided  with  shutters,  or  lids,  or  any  other  external  a|»|iiiratus,  but  protrude 
from  the  skin  through  a  round  opening,  scarcely  a  half  inch  in  diainetfr.  The  iris  of 
the  eye  is  black,  lie  ball  livid:  thecanthi  of  the  eye  are  not  seen  except  when  the  skin 
is  cut  away  around  the  opening  of  the  eye.  At  the  inner  cantlms  of  the  eye  there  is 
a  cartilaginous  crest  (preciselj'  like  that  of  the  sea  otter),  which,  when  necessity  arises, 
covers  over  the  whole  eye  and  takes  tlie  place  of  a  nictitating;  ineinbrane  adapted  to 
warding  off  and  removing  any  injury  tiiat  might  chance  to  fall  while  the  animal  feeds. 
This  cartilaginous  crest  in  the  back  ])art  constitutes  one  wall  ol  the  lachrymal  sac, 
with  which  it  is.joined  by  a  common  nervous  membrane.  When  the  lachrymal  sac  is 
cuL  a  great  amount  of  .sticky  mucus  i.s  found  in  its  cavity.  The  sac  itself  would 
easily  hold  a  chestnut,  and  inside  it  is  enveloped  in  a  glandular  membrane. 

The  ears  outside  opeu  only  with  a  small  hole,  like  the  seal's.  There  i8  not  the 
slightest  trace  of  an  evternal  ear,  and  the  holes  can  be  .seen  only  by  examining  very 
ch)sely;  for  the  opening  of  the  ears  can  not  be  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  the  pores, 
and  would  scarcely  admit  the  (juill  of  a  chicken's  feather.  The  internal  canal  of  the 
ears  is  smooth  and  covered  with  a  highly  polished  black  skin,  and  when  the  muscles 
of  the  occiput  are  separated  from  it,  as  they  may  easily  be,  it  betrays  itself  l)y  its 
own  color  and  can  be  seen. 

The  tongue  i)--  V2  inches  long  and  2A  inches  wide,  and  is  like  that  of  an  ox.  It  is 
jwinted  at  the  end  and  the  surface  is  rough  with  short  papillae  like  a  lile.  It  is  so 
dieeply  hidden  away  in  the  fauces  that  to  many  the  animal  has  seemed  to  be  without 
a  tongue;  for  drawn  as  far  forward  as  it  may  be  by  the  hand,  it  still  can  not  be  made 
to  reach  the  froenitDi,  but  will  fall  short  of  it  by  lA  inches.  If  it  were  longer,  as  in 
other  animals,  it  would  be  in  the  way  in  mastication. 

The  'uead,  like  the  neck,  is  ill  detined,  and  joins  the  body  iu  such  a  way  that  a 
line  of  distinction  is  nowhtire  visible,  as  is  the  case  with  all  lishes;  but  what  obscurjly 
sug'^ests  a  neck  is  shorter  by  onelialf  than  the  head  itself,  and  is  cylindrical  ami  m  )ni 
i*ieiider  (haii  the  occiput  in  circumference.  Notwithstanding,  it  is  not  only  constructed 
with  movable  vertebrae,  but  has  its  independent  action,  a  motion  observed  in  the 
living  animal  only  when  it  feeds;  for  it  bends  its  head  in  the  same  way  as  cattle  on 
dry  land,  but  the  tiiick  and  shapeless  cuticle  makes  the  (luiet  or  dead  animal  look 
as  though  it  were  provided  with  an  immovable  iwick,  for  no  trace  of  vt-rtebrae  is  to 
l>e  seen  at  all. 

From  the  shoulders  toward  t!!J>  umbilical  region  it  gniws  rapidly  wider,  and 
from  there  on  to  the  anus  it  again  i;i()ws  rapidly  slender;  the  sides  are  roundish  and 
pauuched  like  a  belly  wliish  is  «\v.  iien  with  a  great  mass  of  intestines,  and  elastic  and 
putfed  up  like  an  inllated  skIii,  auu  diminishes  in  size  from  the  uribilical  region  toward 
the  anus,  and  again  from  the  mamniie  toward  the  neck. 

When  the  animals  are  fat,  as  they  are  in  spring  and  suaimer,  the  back  is  slightly 
convex;  but  in  winter,  when  they  are  thin,  the  back  is  flat  and  excavated  at  the  spine 
with  a  lioHow  on  either  side,  and  at  such  times  all  the  vortebriu!  with  their  spinous 
lu'ocesses  can  be  seen. 


!:if 


m 


i- 


m 


m 


i        '" 

I    1  Iji 
li 

I     ^!i 

la 


ill! 


:i^1 


I8S 


INK    •|-'U1{    8KA1,S    OK     I'lIK    riniill.DI'    Isl,ANIiS. 


The  I'ihH  rist'  on  both  sides  in  an  iuvh  to  the  hack,  and  when-  Wwy  art-  joined  lo 
tiie  vertelirae  of  tlie  back  by  lonphiarthrosis,  as  tiiey  are  in  a  man,  tiiey  extend  down- 
ward ''ke  a  bow,  and  in  the  ]»lace  wiiere  they  are. i'.»i  nod  on  both  sides  to  tiie  vertebrae 
tliey  make  a  double  hollow  on  the  back. 

At  the  twenty-sixth  vertebra  the  tail  be{jins,  and  continues  with  thirty-fiv«i  ver- 
tebrae. The  tail  grows  jiercieptibly  thinner  towanl  the  fin.  It  is  not  so  much  tlat  as 
rather  somewhat  (luadranjjular,  for  ail  the  vertebrae  <»f  the  tail  have  two  ei)ii)hyses 
[zypapophyse  .]  and  four  prociesses.  Of  tiiese  the  lateral  |>roci'sses  are  broad,  tlat.  and 
blunt  at  the  » .oint .  The  spinous  juocess  on  the  dorsal  side  or  spine  ( prDrcsHits  superior 
in  ilorxo  sen  ipina)  Is  .sharp«'ned;  t'ae  lower  one  is  a  bioad,  tlat  bone,  like  unto  a  (ireek 
lambda.  This  is  Joined  by  a  cord  to  the  main  body  of  the  tail  aiul  is  l'asten«>d  to  it 
with  very  strong  lifjanients  and  tendon.s.  As  a  result  of  this  quatlruple  position  the 
nuisdes  of  the  tail  till  these  cavities  of  the  vertebrae  and  the  anj^les  between  the 
pri»cesses,  and  so  the  tail  itself  j^ets  the  form  of  a  square  obloiijj  with  obtuse  angles. 

For  the  rest  the  tail  is  thick,  very  powerful,  and  ends  in  a  very  hard,  stilf,  black 
tin,  which  is  not  <livide«l  into  ra's,  but  solid,  and  is  in  substance  like  prepared  whale- 
bone, and  consists  of  nothinj;'  but  layers,  one  upon  the  other,  as  it  one  solid  piece. 
This  tin  is  frayed  out  for  a  distance  of  \)  incihes  from  the  extremity,  and  is  something 
like  the  tins  of  lislies  that  are  spined  with  a  ruder  sort  of  spines.  The  tin  it.seif  tliat 
ends  the  tail  is  78  inches  wide  or  long,  7.."»  inches  high,  and  l.")  inches  thick,  and  ig 
inserted  in  the  mustdes  of  the  tail  as  if  by  tioiiiiiliosis.  or  a  triangular  caiuil.' 

The  tin  of  the  tail  is  somewhat  forked,  and  both  cornua,  ditlerently  from  the  tail 
tins  of  larger  sea  tishes,  as  the  shark  and  the  like,  are  of  the  same  magnitude,  in  this 
respect  it  agre«'s  with  the  whale.  And  so  the  caudal  fln  is  parallel  with  the  sides,  as 
is  the  ease  of  the  phucacna  and  balaena,  and  not  with  the  back,  as  is  the  ease  with 
most  fishes.  With  a  gentle  sidewi.se  motion  of  its  tail  it  swims  gently  fbrwanl  ;  with 
an  up-anddown  motion  of  the  tail  it  drives  itself  violently  f<u'ward  and  struggles  to 
escape  from  the  hands  of  enemies  who  are  trying  to  draw  it  in. 

The  .strangest  feature  of  all,  in  which  this  animal  ditVers  from  all  other  animals 
both  of  land  and  nea  and  from  amphibia,  is  its  arms,  or,  if  you  i)lea8e,  its  front  feet; 
tor  two  arms,  'JUS*  inches  htng,  consisting  of  two  articulations,  are  Joined  inunediately 
to  the  shoulders  at  the  neck.  The  end  of  the  humerus  is  Joined  to  the  scapula  by 
arthrixlio. 

The  ulna  and  radius  are  like  a  man's;  the  ulna  and  radius  Utrnnnate  bluntly  with 
tarsus  and  metatarsus.  There  are  no  tra<'es  of  fingers,  nor  are  there  any  ot  nails  (U' 
hoofs;  but  the  tarsus  and  metatarsus  are  covered  with  solid  fat,  many  temlons  ami 
ligaments,  cutis  and  cuticle,  as  an  amputated  human  limb  is  covered  with  skin.  But  both 
the  cutis,  and  esi>ecially  the  cuticle,  are  much  thicker,  harder,  ami  drier  there,  and  so 
the  cikIs  (»f  the  arms  are  something  like  claws,  or  rather  liki*  a  horse's  lund";  but  a 
horse's  hoof  is  sharper  and  more  pointed,  and  .so  better  «uited  to  dijrging.  On  the 
back  (siipinr)  these  claws  are  smooth  and  convex,  but  underneath  they  are  tlat  an<l 
hollowed  out  in  a  v.ay,  and  rough  w'th  countless  very  clo.sely  .set  bristles,  half  an  inch 
long  and  hard  likt;  a  brush. 

'TluM'niHiin  iivhiiMit  oiiiiHsion  here,  as  tlieito  iiieaHiiremiMitH  wmilil  giv<<  tho  iiniiiiiil  mm  iiliHiirtlly 
narrow  tiiil,  wliorciis  \v(i  Vtiiow  from  the  rofVrmiiMs  to  tlio  power  of  tlio  iiniin:i),  as  woU  ii,m  from  tlio 
tiniirps  tliat  li;m'  lioen  iin^siTvfil,  that  tlm  lliiltiw  were  liroad  and  powerful.  The  v«irtol)rii'  aiid  tlieir 
miisrles  lie  in  thu  til>r<inN  niuHB  ot'tlio  tluli(>s  an  if  driveti  in. — Ki>. 


t 


STKLLERS    ACCOrNT    OK     11  IK    SKA    COW. 


189 


I  have  soeii  in  one  aninial  tlicse  claws  dividcul  into  two  parts,  like  an  ox's  lioof. 
Tlie  division,  liowevcr,  was  no  nioro  tiniii  inarketi,  and  that  only  in  tlic  <'nli»k>;  tins 
liaj)i)en(Ml  more  by  mere  cbaiu-e  tlnin  by  thv  will  of  nainie,  and  was  tlio  iiioic  oasy 
and  llio  nioiv  p(»ssible  as  tlie  cuticlo  tliat  covoirtl  tlic  <laws  was  disposed  on  awonnt 
of  its  dryness  to  crack. 

Now,  this  Platonic;  man,  as  the  eminent  -lolin  Hay  was  pleased  in  jest  to  cidl  iiim, 
performs  with  these  arms  various otlices:  with  these  he  swims,  as  with  branchial  tins; 
with  these  he  walks  on  the  sinillows  of  the  shore,  as  with  feet;  with  these  he  braces 
and  supports  liimself  on  the  slipi»ery  roi'ks;  with  these  lie  dijis  out  and  tears  ott' the 
al^jae  and  senprasses  from  the  rocks,  as  a  hors«'  would  do  with  its  front  feet ;  Mith  these 
he  (itrhts,  and  when  taken  with  a  luxdc  and  <lrag}ied  from  the  water  upon  dry  land 
he  resists  HO  velnMnently  thnt  the  cuticle  snrroundini;  these  arms  is  olten  torn  and 
pulled  oil"  ill  pieces;  and  llnally  with  these  tiie  female  when  smitten  with  the  stiii};"  of 
passion,  swiinining  prone  upon  her  back,  embraces  her  covering  lover  and  holds  him 
and  permits  herself  in  turn  to  be  embraced. 

'V\n^  two  breasts  are  difl'erent  from  those  of  most  otlu-r  animals,  but  in  place  and 
form  are  exact  ly  as  in  nam  ;  tiiey  are  situated  oiu'  under  each  aim ;  and  one  breast  is  a 
foot  and  a  half  in  diameter,  convex,  rouj,'h  with  nmny  spiral  wrinkles,  full  of  }>!amls, 
very  hard — harder  than  ac<iw's — and  without  ;iiiy  interininfiliufj  fat.  iJut  the  adipose 
tissue  tii.it  surrounds  the  whole  body  rests  upon  them  only  with  the  saiiK  thickness 
as  every  where  else,  but  the  cuticle  is  ihinner  there  and  softer,  and  more  wrinkled, 
and  the])apiilae  arc  likewise  suriounded  with  a  black  cuticle  with  circular  wrinkles, 
but  soft.  I'nder  the  arm  itself,  or  axilla,  the  breast  hangs,  and  when  the  animal  is 
in  milk  the  nipple  is  4  inches  long  and  \\  inches  in  diameter;  in  those,  however, 
wiiich  have  gtuie  dry,  ni  ha\«!  not  yet  given  birtli,  it  is  so  short  and  «'ontracteil  liiat 
it  seems  nothing  more  than  a  chaiK^e  wart,  for  the  breast  is  not  swollen. 

Tiie  milk  is  very  rich  and  sweet,  and  in  consistency  is  very  much  like  slieep's 
milk,  and  very  often  it  was  my  wont  to  get  the  milk  in  large  i|iiantities  from  dead 
ones  in  the  same  way  as  from  (tows.  Tlic  nipide  is  very  much  wrinkled  and  a  little 
higher  than  tlu^  rest  of  the  br  ist.  Winn  the  glaiuls  are  cut  they  give  out  milk 
which  is  like  that  which  I  c(dh  1  by  s(|uee/.ing  the  pa])illae.  Ten  or  twelve  lacteal 
(butts  open  into  each  papilla.  Tin  '>reasts  when  boiled  are  a  litth  harder  than  beef, 
and  gi\(>out  the  odor  of  game,  but  mild. 

They  come  together  after  the  human  la.siiKui.  tin  male  above  and  the  female  below. 
The  penis  of  the  male  is  .'JU  inches  long,  and  wiiu  its  sheatn  is  bound  lirinly  in  front 
to  the  abdomen,  and   reaches  clear  to  the  navel — in  a   won!,  it   isvciy  coarse  and 
obscene  to  look  ii)Km,  very  much  like  that  of  a  horse,  and  ends  w  itli  the  same  sort  of 
a  gland,  only  larger. 

The  fennile  i)udenda  lie  8  inches  above  the  anus.  The  n[»eniiigof  the  vulva  is 
almost  a  triangle,  and  wider  above,  where  the  clitoris  lies,  and  narrower  toward  the 
anus.  The  opening  itself  would  without  dilliculty  admit  imp  lingers  together.  The 
clitoris  is  about  1.^  inches  long.  It  is  cartilaginous  and  sinic  icd  with  a  very  strong, 
smooth  skin,  and  is  uneven,  with  many  short  wrinkles  thi  d  together,  The  skin  is 
variegated  with  yellow  and  white,  and  so  is  Hie  vulva.  I'lie  labia  vulvae  iire  very 
rigid  and  hard.  The  )irethra  empties  into  the  vulva  iibont  .">  inches  from  tlie  opening 
of  the  vulva.  Jiehtw  this  is  stretched  a  strong,  crescent-shaped  membrane,  jiartly 
muscular  and    partly  teiidiiuuis,  which   sejiarates  the  vulva  from  the  vtniina   uteri, 


ii 


i 

i 
t 

i 

\  I 


\ 


II 


190 


THE   PUR   SP:ALS   OP   THK   PRIBILOP    ISLANDS. 


properly  so  called,  with  a  sort  of  vestibule,  and  makes  a  kind  of  hymen.  T$ut  the 
aperture  between  the  coriiua  of  this  membrane  is  so  large  that  the  penis  of  the  male 
can  without  any  ditticulty  enter  the  vagina.  The  vagina  itself  is  OA  inches  long  and 
covered  with  a  very  strong,  fibrous  membrane,  which  is  ribbed  longitudinally  and 
hollowed  out  upon  its  surface  with  many  furrows;  between  these  furrows  are  seen  a 
great  many  glands  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head,  which  set-rete  the  nuu;us  with  which 
the  vagina  is  covered  all  over.  Next  appears  the  uterus  itself,  spherical  in  shape, 
in  size  as  large  as  the  head  of  a  cat.  When  I  cut  it  open  it  was  covered  with  niu«!iis 
in  the  same  way  as  the  vagiust,  and  wrinkled  with  a  great  number  ot  folds  half  an 
inch  wide.  The  substance  of  the  vagina  was  so  hanl  that  I  could  scarcj'ly  cut  it  with 
a  knife.  The  ligaments  of  the  uterus  aiul  of  the  fallopian  tubes  had  i>recisely  the  same 
structure  as  tliose  of  a  horse. 

The  anus  is  situated  8A  inches  below  the  pudenda.  It  is  closetl  by  a  sphincter 
that  is  not  very  tightly  contracted.  In  diameter  it  is  4  inches  wide.  The  sphincter  is 
white;  the  inside  coating  of  the  rectal  intestine  is  smooth,  slippery,  olive-gray,  just 
as  in  horses,  where  it  is  sometimes  black,  sometimes  white  spotted. 

DESCBIPTION  OF  THE  INTEKNAL  PARTS. 

I  opened  the  heads  of  four  animals,  and  with  the  greatest  painstaking  I  searched 
for  the  stones,  incorrectly  so  called,  of  the  manatee.  I^nt  so  far  was  I  from  being  able 
to  tind  anything  in  the  least  like  a  dtone  or  bone  that  from  this  I  decided  tliat  either 
those  bones  were  not  found  in  all  of  them,  or  were  found  only  in  certain  i;limates,  or, 
what  seemed  more  probable,  that  Schrtider  and  others  wlio  describe  these  bones  as 
having  the  form  of  a  ball,  had,  like  too  superticial  and  untrustworthy  compilers,  given 
it  this  round  form  after  the  analogy  of  the  be/.oar  stone,  and  that  they  had  never 
with  their  eyes  seen  stones  or  bones  of  the  manacee  as  they  described;  and  so  we 
should  rather  uudersland  that  they  meant  the  masticatory  bones,  or  those  white  tooth 
nmsses  to  be  found  in  the  palate  and  inferior  maxilla;  and  this  was  the  more  likely, 
as  the  description  given  by  the  eminent  Samuel  von  Dale  in  his  Pharinacologia 
coincides  with  my  own;  and  his  description  also  corresponds  to  these  masticatory 
bones.  For  he  fiives,  ])erhapH  from  autopsy  {c,r  tfrTn.)' in),  because  he  did  not  under- 
stand the  nu'c'aanism  of  these  bones,  the  following  description:  "The  stone  <»f  the 
manatee  isawiiitecrnstaceous  bone  similar  to  ivory,  taken  from  the  head,  and  it  is  of 
various  forms,"  by  which  he  no  doubt  meant  to  indicate  the  openings  and  meanderings 
of  various  forms  to  be  seen  upon  the  surfa<!e  of  both  bones.' 

The  cranium  is  very  solid;  it  has  but  little  cerebrum,  and  the  cerebrum  is  not 
separated  from  the  cerebellum  by  any  bony  plate.  Of  the  rest  1  could  observe  nothing 
striking. 

The  oesophagus  er  gullet  is  very  capacious.  Inside  it  is  surrounded  with  a 
very  tough,  white,  fibrous  meml>rane,  and  with  nuiuy  perpeiulicular  wrinkles  and  folds 
it  goefi  to  the  stomach,  and  there,  before  it  ends,  it  conchules  with  a  large  number 
of  litrJe  triangular  appendices  one  line  long,  which  turn  back  upward  toward  the 
oesophagus.    The  use  of  these  is,  I  think,  that  they  may  hinder  tlie  reflux  of  the  food 


'  TlieH)^  hoiiog  iiro  uiuluubtedly  tho  ear  bunoH,  uiul  that  8t*'1ler  I'liilnil  to  liiid  tlifiii  is  duo  to  tli« 
fm  t  thiit  lui  looked  for  thoni  innide  the  cruniul  citvity.  Tho  eur  Imhihh  of  liylina  iirc  not  iinliko  tlioHe 
of  the  existing  Miinatue. — Ui>, 


STELt.ERS   ACCOUNT    OP   THK    SEA   COW. 


191 


back  into  the  grliat,  and  at  ttrst  sight  they  refute  the  prt'posterou.s  opinion  that  lias 
l>eeu  hehl  in  regard  to  the  aniniaVs  being  a  ruminant. 

The  oesopiiagua  is  inserted  into  the  8toina<di  nearly  at  tlie  middle,  as  in  the  horse 
and  tiie  hare. 

The  stomach  is  of  stupendous  size,  0  feet  long,  o  feet  wide,  and  so  stulJc*!  with  food 
and  SLUWced  that  four  str«»ng  mm  with  a  rope  attached  to  it  could  with  great  ctVort 
scarcely  move  it  from  its  place  and  drag  it  out. 

The  coats  of  the  stomach  could  not  by  any  nunins  be  separated;  together  ihey 
were  .'i  lines  thi(^k.  A  very  strange  fat  omentum  li  lines  thick  surrounds  the  stomach. 
Ill  tlie  upper  part  it  adheres  lirmly  at  the  middle  to  the  membranous  coat  of  the 
.stomach;  for  the  rest,  it  is  detached  and  seems  more  to  warm  the  stomach  with  its 
own  heat  than  to  hold  it  in  place.  The  inner  coat  of  the  stomach  is  white,  smooth, 
and  not  wrinkled  nor  villous.  But  what  was  most  peculiar,  and  perha])S  increv.ible 
to  many,  is  that  I  found  contained  in  the  stomach,  and  not  far  from  the  entrance  «)f 
the  oesophagus  into  the  stomach,  an  oval  gland  as  large  as  a  man's  head,  and  grown 
fast  to  it  something  like  a  large  aneurism  between  the  mus(Milar  and  fibrous  (nvrrona) 
coat;  this  gland  opened  through  the  villous  coat  with  many  pores  and  openings  and 
exuded  into  the  cavity  of  the  stomach  a  great  quantity  of  whitish  liquid,  in  consis- 
tency and  color  like  pancreatic  juice.  I  had  as  a  witness  of  this  curious  phenomenon 
the  assistant  surgeon,  Bettge.  What  the  character  of  this  ,jiii«!e  was  I  discovered  by 
a  double  «rhance  experiment;  when  I  inserted  a  silver  tube  through  the  pores  of 
tho  inner  coat,  in  «»rder  to  discover  by  blowing  into  them  the  excretory  ducts,  the 
tube  came  out  black,  as  is  wont  to  happen  when  silver  touches  sulphurous  a(;id.  I 
observed  the  same  thing  when  I  ordered  Archippus  Konovalow,  the  helper  of  the 
assistant  surgeon,  to  take  out  the  contents  of  the  sttmiach  with  his  hands,  and  when 
this  was  done  a  silver  ring  that  he  had  upon  histingcr  was  stained  with  the  same  color. 

The  inner  coat  of  the  stonuich  was  perforated  by  white  worms  half  a  foot  long, 
with  whi<di  the  whole  stomach,  pylorus  and  duodeninn,  swarmed;  and  the  worms  had 
penetrated  clear  into  the  cstvity  of  the  glands.  The  gland  when  cut  poured  out  a 
great  <iiuintity  of  Juice.  After  that  I  could  not  examine  any  more  stomacths,  because 
I  lacked  the  necessary  assistance;  and  with  the  few  men  I  had  1  could  not,  if  I  found 
an  animal  lying  anywhere,  turn  it  over  upon  its  back;  and  therefore  I  am  in  d<mbt 
whether  this  gland  is  a  con.stant  thing  or  rather  the  result  of  some  disease. 

The  pylorus  was  so  large  and  tumid  that  at  first  sight  I  took  it  for  a  second 
stouuK-h  and  was  anxious  to  tiiid  the  two  others,  too.  because  I  thought  the  animal 
was  a  ruminant.  But  when  I  cnt  into  the  i)ylorus  I  was  otherwi.se  informed,  a?id 
from  its  being  like  the  stomach  I  saw  that  it  was  the  pylorus.  But  to  my  misfortune 
it  hapitened  that  thc!  jiancreas  along  with  the  duct  into  the  duodenum  and  the  ductus 
cludedochus  were  cut,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the  stonuich  could  not  be  taken  out 
whole  with  the  liver  on  account  of  its  great  size,  and  besides,  my  assistants,  who  had 
been  hired  for  Just  one  hour  with  tobacco,  whi«'h  took  the  place  of  money,  became 
tiled  of  the  w(n-k.  Yet  I  re(!ogni/,ed  that  the  pan(;reas  was  divided  into  two  lobes 
and  composed  of  many  Hat,  lather  large  glands,  and  that  it  was,  for  so  large  an 
anir  al,  conqiaratively  small;  for  it  did  not  extend  in  length  beyond  4  inches. 

There  arc  more  intestines  in  this  animal  thai,  in  any  other,  except,  perhaps,  the 
whale  alone,  which  hitherto  I  have  not  been  in  a  position  to  inspect.    Thc  abdominal 


J  I 


III 


• 


i 


192 


THK    FUK    SEALS   OF   THK   PRIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


cavity  was  so  full  that  the  abduineii  was  tumid  aud  .swuliuii  liku  an  iiilhited  skin. 
Hence,  when  the  common  coverinj^s  and  muscles  of  the  abdomen  were  removed  and  the 
l)erit4)nenm  received  ever  so  slight  a  wound,  the  winil  came  out  v,  jth  such  a  whistle  aud 
hum  as  it  is  wont  to  come  from  an  aeolipile.  For  the  same  reason  the  whole  abdomen 
is  covered  with  a  very  strong  double,  membranous,  librous  peritoneum  for  lioldin^  in 
the  intestines.  The  peritoneum  reaches  from  the  os  i)ubis  to  the  sternum,  and  is 
attach(>d  on  both  sides  to  the  false  ribs,  from  each  one  of  which  strong  tendons, 
spreading;' out  in  many  rectilinear  branches,  run  from  both  isides  to  the  linea  alba;  and 
when  the  muscles  of  the  abdomen  on  the  surface  of  the  ))e:itoiuMim  are  removed  tiie 
tendons  meeting  each  other  and  crossing  each  other  make  tiii>  surface  of  tlu>,  ]ieritonciim 
tessellated  like  a  checkerboard,  and  present  a  pleasing  spectjK^le  to  tlu'  eye.  Other  like 
ttmdonsgrow  from  the  inner  side  of  the  ribs  and  are  seen  to  intertwine  (impcii)  tightly 
with  the  peritoneum  on  the  inside,  increasing  its  tirmness  as  with  hori/.(uital  jn'ocesscs. 
Both  membranes  run  int<»  a  single  one  in  the  middle  about  ti<e  iinea  alba,  but  toward 
the  sides  they  arc  double. 

When  the  peritoneum  is  cut  the  intestines  gush  out  violently,  and  without  any 
outside  assistance  they  move  from  their  original  ])la(;e,  because  they  are  fouiul  always 
so  tightly  stuffed  that  from  oesophagus  to  anus  they  make  a  solid  i)ack  without  any 
open  space.  The  thin  intestines  are  smooth,  rolled  up  in  a  great  amount  of  fat;  they 
are  round  and  <•  inches  broad  in  diameter.  If  only  a  very  slight  aperture  should  be 
made  with  the  i)oint  of  a  knife,  the  licjuid  excrement  (a  ri(licuh)us  thing  to  behold)  w«»uld 
sipiirt  out  violently  like  blood  from  a  ruptured  vein;  and  not  infrciiuently  the  face  of 
the  spectator  would  be  drenched  by  this  springing  fountain  whenever  some  one  opened 
a  <;anal  upon  his  neighbor  opposite,  for  a  joke. 

The  coecum  was  very  large,  as  was  also  the  colon,  and  by  a  ligament  that  extended 
lengthwise  on  either  side  was  divided  into  many  little  cells.  But  the  valve  of  the  colon 
1  could  not  lind,  search  as  I  might.  To  be  brief,  the  intestines  were  ditl'erent  from  a 
horse/s  in  size  and  capacity  alone,  but  not  in  structure.  And  so  the  tinal  ])rodu(;t  of 
this  workshop  is  so  like  the  excrement  of  horses,  in  shape,  size,  smell,  and  <!olor,  and 
all  other  attributes,  that  it  would  deceive  the  most  expert  stable  boy.  And  I  will 
not  deny  t  Jilt  on  the  tirst  days  .after  our  arriviil  on  the  island  I  was  ignominiously 
deceived;  I  considered  it  no  slight  marvel,  but  I  did  not  make  the  boast  to  have  found 
what  the  boys  did  in  the  beans  [  faha ;  J'abula  (.')).  when  I  found  the  stuff  frozen 
together  aiul  so  inexplicable  (cimmcUum).  Now,  I,  not  knowing  from  whence;  it  came, 
argued  from  utterly  false  premises  to  an  absolutely  true  conclusion  that  America  lay 
opposite  this  island  and  not  far  away  (for  up  to  that  time  the  continent  had  not  been 
seen  on  account  of  the  autumnal  fog).  Hut  since  horses  are  not  kept  in  Kamchatka, 
but  are  kept  in  parts  of  America,  the  fact  that  the  dung  was  brought  over  there 
whole  and  not  dissolved,  was  an  unquestionable  proof  of  the  proximity  of  lanil. 

The  whole  intestinal  tract,  from  gullet  to  anus,  when  this  Augean  stable  was 
thoroughly  cleansed,  measured  fully  5,968  inches,  and  so  the  intestines  are  twenty  and 
a  half  times  as  long  as  the  whole  living  animal. 

The  mesentery  is  exceedingly  thick  and  haU'oovered  with  a  mass  of  little  glands, 
varying  in  size  from  that  of  the  acorn  to  that  of  the  walnut.  The  lacteal,  as  well  as 
the  lymphatic  vess«(ls,  I  could  not  observe  because  of  the  opacity  of  the  very  fat,  thick 
mesentery,  although  I  seandied  while  the  intestines  were  still  warm,  for  th«>  -  ins  are 
only  obscurely  and  darkly  transparent,  inasmuch  as  they  are  as  thick  as  one's  linger. 


stkllek's  account  uv  tiik  sea  cow. 


193 


A  very  strong,  doiiblu  iiit'inbranu  cuiistitiites  tho  pluura.  liiHuiu  this,  one  con- 
tinuous nniMcle  an  ineli  thick  is  interposed  and  e«>vers  botli  sides. 

The  urinary  bladder,  li  lines  tiiick,  was  very  stroiif;:,  but  not  larger  than  a  man's 
head,  and  smaller  tiian  the  bladder  of  an  ox. 

The  tra('hea  is  composed  of  lon^,  cartilaginous  circles  or  semicircles,  but  has  an 
entirely  anomalous  structures  One  continuous  piece  of  cartilage  is  twisted  into  a 
spiral  and  covered  with  a  strong  continuous  nu-mbrane,  both  inside  and  outside.  But 
the  spirals  of  the  trachea  are  not  everywhere  eciual  in  l)readth,  but  in  some  places  the 
edge  ol'  the  upper  circle  is  holl<»wed  out  to  receive  tlie  opposite  endnence  of  the  lower 
circle,  and  so  makes  it  crooked.  And  so,  by  the  hel|)  of  this  double  membraue  that 
encircles  the  trachea,  the  spirals  are  kept  from  being  «lislocated,  either  inside  or  «)ut- 
side.  Through  this  nuUual  intertwining  tlie  rings  are  prevented  fntm  being  loosened 
laterally.  Ily  this  spiral  strjicture  the  trachea  is  separated  into  branches  below  the 
glottis  and  reaches  to  the  broiujhi,  and  is  seen  to  be  S4ieh  in  the  very  substance  of  the 
lungs;  it  is  so  (;onstructetl  for  no  other  reason,  perhaps,  than  that  by  the  continuity 
of  these  si)irals  the  huge  mass  of  luugs  may  be  more  easily  lilted  up  in  breathing;  for 
neither  nuiscles  nor  anything  else  give  so  much  help  to  the  motion  of  luugs,  which 
are  situated  in  the  back. 

The  glottis  is  like  tliat  of  an  ox,  but  is  closed  by  the  epiglottis  nuich  more  closely 
and  Arndy  than  is  the  case  in  the  land  (piadrnpeds,  so  the  epiglottis  is  in  proportion 
nuich  thicker.     The  diameter  of  the  tracihea  below  the  glottis  is  4.2  inches. 

The  thyroid  gland  is  very  large,  and  when  cut  it  p(uired  out  a  large  quantity  of 
liijuid  of  double  consistoiusy  and  color:  that  which  came  from  the  larger  e.\teri«»r 
glands  when  cut  was  of  the  color  of  milk,  but  thicker  than  sheep's  milk,  and  sweet 
to  the  taste;  that  whicii  came  from  the  middle  portion  of  the  glaiul  or  receptacle  for 
the  gland  was  contained  in  a  mendiranous  sac  of  its  own;  it  was  glutinous  and  had 
the  consistency  of  meal  poultice;  it  was  somewhat  sweet,  with  a  very  slight  taste  of 
bitter,  and  was  yellowish-white  in  cohu*.  It  occurred  to  me  only  in  the  last  animal 
that  1  opened  to  nud;e  a  closer  inspection  of  this  gland.  I  am  very  .sorry  that  I  did 
not  think  of  it  soon«'r,  and  take;  tiie  pains  to  hive  the  trachea,  with  the  gullet,  heart, 
an('  the  rest  of  the  viscera  taken  out  entire-  IJut  it  was  not  ])Ossil)le  without  the 
help  of  many  men  to  do  so  with  an  auinnil  so  huge.  If  1  had  been  in  a  position  to  do 
that,  I  should  have  observed  whether  or  not  it  unloaded  this  li<iuid  through  some  tube 
into  a  duct  of  its  own,  or  into  the  stonuich,  as  Vercellouius  thought,  or  somewhere 
else.  I  saw  the  duct  only  after  it  was  cut,  but  whither  it  led  1  neither  saw  nor  do  I 
wish  to  conjecture. 

As  to  the  heart  it  ditfers  in  numy  respects  trom  the  heart  of  all  other  animals:  (1) 
In  regard  to  situation,  the  ai»cx  of  tlu!  heart  stands  in  a  line  oblique  to  the  sternun), 
the  base  in  a  line  oblique  to  the  back.  (2)  As  to  connection,  the  heart  does  not  rest 
against  the  mediastinum,  but  is  detached  on  every  side  and  has  no  mediastinum  at 
all.  (.'{)  It  has  a  peri(rardium  (but  this  does  not  envelope  the  heart  closely)  and 
a  sac;  but  it  forms  rather  a  species  of  cavity  in  the  thorax  and  lines  the  thorax. 
Toward  the  back  ami  the  base  of  the  heart  the  pericardium  is  nearer  to  the  heart  than 
it  is  anywhere  else.  When  the  aninud  is  feeding,  the  heart  itself,  with  the  pericar- 
dium, hangs  not  quite  perpeiulicularly  but  somewhat  obli(|uely  from  back  to  sterimm; 
aiul  so  theie  the  pericardium  takes  the  place  of  a  mediastinum.  Lower  d.  wn  toward 
the  abdomen  the  pericardium  is  fastened  to  the  inner  wall  of  the  diaphragm,  and  with 
51)  i7-  I'T  a 16 


It 


194 


THK    FUR   SEALS    OF   THK    PRIUILOF    ISLANDS. 


n 


it  coiiHtitutcH  oiiu  wall;  iiiul  so  it  roHts  agiiinst  tlic  ])luura  at  the  hIcIoh.  (4)  Ah  to  si/e, 
wlicii  placed  ill  a  Hcale  it  wei^^Iied  341}  poniida,  and  was  tVoiii  base  to  apices  '2  fcut  2 
inches  long,  and  from  the  extremity  of  one  auricle  to  the  other  L'A  feet  bi-oiid;  and  so 
it  was  broader  than  it  was  long.  (5)  As  to  fttrm,  it  was  broad  and  thick,  rather 
than  long,  and  what  was  the  greatest  peculiarity  of  all  it  ended,  not  like  a  top  in 
one  apex  but,  in  accordance  with  the  number  of  ventricles,  in  two  apicL's.  Now,  this 
slit  in  the  apex  extends  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  heart,  and  from  there  on  the 
two  apices  coalesce  in  one  and  form  the  septum  of  the  heart,  dividing  the  ventricles. 
The  left  apex  is  Just  a  little  longer  than  the  right  and  thicker  in  circumference.  The 
ventricles  of  the  heart  are  extended  farther  below  the  septum,  each  into  its  own  apex. 
The  chordae  tendiiieae  and  the  columuae  carniao  (cordix  trabvH)  or  nulvi  (furrows) 
exceed  the  equipment  of  the  human  heart,  not  only  in  size  and  strength  but  also  in 
number.  The  valves  are  the  same  in  the  pulmonary  vein,  the  vena  cava,  the  aorta, 
and  the  pulmonary  artery,  as  in  a  man.  The  base  of  the  heart  is  surrounded 
with  a  great  (juaiitity  of  thick  fat  that  is  placed  around  it  like  iia(;kiiig,  distributed 
everywhere  to  the  thickness  of  half  an  inch.  Below  this  the  large  coronary  veins  of 
the  heart  are  seen,  covered  inside  with  little  valves  which  I  have  never  observed  any- 
where else  before  in  any  other  animal.  With  great  care  I  searched  for  the  foramen 
ovale  and  for  the  ductus  arteriosus  Botalli,  but  in  vain.  When  I  cut  through  the 
cavity  of  the  pericardium  I  found  it  half  full  of  liipiid,  so  that  even  by  this  (|uatitity 
alone  I  was  led  to  believe  that  this  liquid  was  unnatural  {prtteter  naturalem),  and  that 
at  the  end  it  had  been  collected  into  this  cavity,  from  whatsoever  source  it  may  have 
been  secreted,  in  consequence  of  the  slow  and  distressing  death  of  the  animal. 

The  lungs  are  two  very  long,  white  lobes  that  extend  to  the  middle  of  the 
abdomen,  one  on  either  side  along  the  dorsal  spine.  They  are,  however,  detached, 
and  not  fastened  anywhere,  in  which  respect  they  ditt'er  from  the  lungs  of  birds, 
although  they  agree  with  them  in  respect  to  their  iM>sition  in  the  back.  Either  lobe 
is  covered  outside  with  a  very  strong  membrane,  and  so  if  one  should  think  only  of 
the  external  structure  and  color  of  the  lungs  one  would  scarcely  consider  them  to  be 
lungs  at  all. 

The  liver  consists  of  two  very  large  lobes  and  a  third  of  (|uite  peculiar  form;  the 
third  is  almost  square  and  looks  like  a  blacksmith's  anvil.  It  is  situated  halfway 
between  the  two  larger  lobes,  and  is  raised  above  them  and  lies  immediately  under  the 
sternum.  Outside,  the  liver  is  covered  with  a  very  strong  fibrous  membrane,  so  that 
it  suggests  anything  but  a  liver.  Through  this  membrane,  in  the  gibbous  part,  the 
branches  of  the  coeliac  vessels  (renae  celiacac)  excessively  tumid,  shine  through  like 
a  tree,  blue  in  color.  When  this  membrane  was  cut  the  substance  of  the  liver 
appeared,  in  color  a  tawny  yellow,  like  that  of  an  ox,  but  externally  soft  and  most 
delicate  in  structure,  so  that  at  the  touch  it  dissolved  as  if  putrid  under  my  hand. 

The  animal  has  no  gall  bladder.  But  the  ductus  choledochus,  like  that  of  a  horse, 
would  easily  admit  five  fingers  together;  and  so  it  was  very  capacious;  it  was  half  a 
line  thick  and  very  strong,  whitish  outside  and  yellow  inside,  and,  opening  into  the 
duodenum,  it  coalesces  along  with  the  pancreatic  duct  into  one  canal. 

The  kidneys  are  hidden  away  in  a  cavity  of  the  lumbar  region  on  either  side  of 
the  dorsal  spine.  They  are  32  inches  long  and  18  inches  wide;  they  have  the  ordinary 
form  of  kidneys  and  are  included  in  a  very  strong  membrane;  when  this  was  removed 
there  apneared  a  great  number  of  renules  of  the  same  form,  as  in  the  seal  and  the 


''nf  \\ 


STELLKKS    ACCOirNT    OF   TIIK    SEA    COW. 


195 


sea  otter,  but  in  size  tliey  were  iimch  hirj^cr  than  tlie.se.  Tliey  wore  2  inchcH  lonp 
and  1.]  inclics  wide  on  tlio  sufCiwtc,  and  they  were  ])yrainidal  in  form  toward  the 
interior.  Kadi  one  of  these  lobules  (rcnHiwuli)  is  provided  with  an  urethra,  papillae, 
and  artery  of  its  own.  The  urethras  form  si.v  larger  principal  branches,  and  at  last 
carry  down  the  urine  through  one  canal  to  the  urinary  bladder.  Hut  the  pelvis  is 
like  an  elephant's. 

I  overlooked  tin;  suprarenal  capsid(!S  {c(tpsuliie  atribilarUic),  and  also  the  s\>leen, 
and  likewise  the  internal  organs  of  generation,  and  many  other  things  which  occurred 
to  me  in  order  only  when  1  had  no  longer  time  nor  opportunity  for  making  full  obser- 
vations. 

nillKF    DKSOBIl'TION   OK   THK   UONK«. 

As  to  the  bones  «»f  the  manatee,  the  bones  of  the  head  in  respect  to  strength  and 
nrmncss  arc  like  those  of  a  horse,  but  in  respect  to  size  and  thickness  they  surpass 
the  bcmes  of  all  animals  of  the  land. 

The  bones  of  the  hea<l  taken  together  are  not  larger  than  a  honse's  head,  nor  are 
they  very  ditferent  in  respect  to  form  aiul  articulation. 

The  cranium  is  anteriorly  entire,  without  any  suture,  extending  t<»ward  the  nasal 
bones'  in  two  hard  jirocesses,  and  joining  the  nasal  and  maxillary  bones  by  an 
arthrodia,  while  the  nasals  Join  the  maxillaries  by  ginglimus.  The  nasal  bones  meet 
in  a  rough  suture.  The  temporal  bone  Joins  the  cranium  by  suture,  but  the  occipital 
by  coalescence,  being  very  hard  and  almost  like  rock.  The  inferior  nuixillary  in 
adults  consists  of  one  bone,  in  calves  of  two. 

The  head  from  the  nares  to  the  o(;ciput  is  1!7  inches  long,  and  at  the  occiput  13^ 
inches  wide.' 

There  are  sixty  vertebrae  in  all:  Six  in  the  neck,  nineteen  iu  the  back,  and 
thirty-live  in  the  tail. 

There  are  live  pairs  of  true  ribs  ami  twelve  of  false. 

The  body  of  the  vertebrae  of  the  nettk  is  narrow,  in  general  structure  like  the 
vertebrae  of  the  horse's  neck.  How  much  they  differ  in  certain  special  features  1  will 
not  indicate,  as  I  have  no  books  nor  a  horse's  skeleton,  nor  should  I  trust  my  memory 
or  imagination. 

The  spines  of  the  dorsal  vertebrae  are  sharp  and  broad,  and  in  lean  animals,  as 
there  is  no  thick  cuticle  or  thick  adipose  tissue  in  the  way,  they  are  perfectly  visible. 

The  vertebrae  of  the  back  in  the  region  of  the  stomach  and  liver  are  ridged  on 
the  inside,  but  all  the  rest  are  rouiuled  and  lack  this  sharpened  prominence. 

The  vertebrae  of  the  tail  have  each  four  processes;  the  lateral  processes  are  long 
aiul  broad;  the  superior  i)rocess  is  like  the  lateral  process  in  width  but  is  shorter;  and 
the  inferior  processes  (cdievrons)  are  single  bones  like  the  Greek  lambda  in  shape, 
and  are  fastened  to  the  body  of  the  vertebrae  by  a  cord  an<l  held  tirmly  with  very 
strong  ligaments.  All  the  vertebrae  are  Joined  together  longitudinally  by  a  great 
number  of  very  strong,  broad  tendons,  and  are  everywhere  so  covered  up  that  because 
of  them  the  bones  can  not  be  seen. 

The  five  pairs  of  true  ribs  are  Joined  to  the  sternum  with  cartilage.  Moth  the 
true  and  the  false  ribs  are  all  solid  and  very  heavy  and  thick. 


11' 


'  UeiiUy  the  t'rontalH. — Ed. 


'Given  in  the  previous  tulile  as  10^. — Eu. 


i' 


II: 


I' 

i: 


'■'*  I 


\\i. 


196 


TIIK    KUK    SKALS    Ml"    THK    l'lflHII,«»F    ISLANDS. 


Tilt;  stvrniiiii  in  the  ii])|)er  portion  wlicro  tin;  ribs  arc  liiHtoiiud  on  is  ciirtiiaginoiis; 
in  tlic  lower  portion  toward  the  notch  of  tlie  lieart  (Hcfobu^ulum  corilis)  it  is  bony  to  a 
ilistanue  ol'  a  toot  and  a  halt'. 

In  phice  «>r  the  innominate  [)one  of  the  hi|)  tliere  an;  two  bones,  one  on  eaeh  side 
in  si/.e  and  t'orni  liive  tiie  ulna  of  tiie  ininian  skeli^'on,  aid  joined  wit  li  very  strong; 
ligaments  to  tiie  thirty- tilth  vertebra  on  one  side  and  to  the  os  pubis  on  the  other.  It 
has  no  clavicles. 

The  arms  eousiat  of  two  bones,  tarsus  and  metatarsus. 

KKSniill'TION   OV   ITS   IIAIUTS   AND   NATtlKK. 

I  shouUl  have  abstained  from  an  extouded  description  of  this  animal  if  I  had  not 
observed  that  there  are  in  existence  some  brief  and  impeifect  histories  of  the 
numatee,  swarming  with  fables  and  false  theories  after  the  manner  of  the  last 
century  and  the  century  before,  in  which  the  writers  of  natural  history  saw  only 
through  a  lattice  what  they  might  have  seen  with  their  eyes;  when  investigating  the 
unkn(»wii  habits  of  animals,  their  character,  and  a  thousand  other  things  that  have 
nothing  to  do  with  their  subject,  they  only  involved  the  best  known  facts  in  more 
than  Cimmerian  darknes.s. 

Therefore  I  have  endeavored  to  give  a  clear  aiul  succiuct  idea  of  its  external  form 
and  that  of  the  structure  of  its  internal  parts  by  stating  its  agreement  and  disagree- 
ment with  others,  next  by  explaining  the  mechanism  and  nature  of  the  animal,  and 
after  that  the  use  of  its  ]iarts  for  food,  medicine,  and  other  things,  and  tlnally  to  add 
in  perfect  truth  what  I  observed  with  my  own  eyes  in  regard  to  the  movements,  nature, 
and  habits  of  the  living  animal. 

Various  things  combined  to  cause  me  many  disappointments.  The  weather  at 
the  time  when  the  animals  were  captured  was  almost  constantly  rainy  and  cold;  my 
observations  had  to  be  ujade  in  the  daytime;  then  there  were  the  tides  of  the  sea; 
and  the  droves  of  blue  foxes  (/w^V/r-s)  would  spoil  everything  with  their  teeth  and 
steal  from  under  my  very  hands;  they  carried  away  my  maps,  book,  and  ink  when  I 
was  studying  the  animal  and  worried  me  when  I  was  writing;  the  great  size  «if  the 
animal  itself  and  the  bulk  of  its  parts  were  also  a  hindrance,  as  I  had  to  be  both 
observer  and  workniau,  as  all  the  rest  were  anxious  about  the  (-onstruction  of  a  ship 
and  our  liberation  from  the  islard.  At  my  own  exi)ense  I  could  hire  them  for  barely 
an  hour  at  evening  tinu'  for  .so'ae  '>f  the  simpler  assistance,  and  in  their  ignoran(;eand 
dislike  for  the  work  they  would  te.ir  everything  to  pieces,  and  acted  according  to  their 
own  inclinations;  so  the  injury  tL  iy  wrought  and  the  loss  they  caused  ought  to  be 
commended  in  that  they  did  not  dc:,ert  mv.  entirely.  Not  a  single  gut  could  1  get  out 
entire,  iu)r  unfold  if  I  had  got  it  out,  so  us  to  do  anything  worth  wiiile;  so  that  for  all 
the  pleasure  1  got  from  certain  observations  I  had  twice  as  much  trouble  and  annoy- 
ance in  conseipience  of  those  useful  things  whi(;h  I  had  to  leave  alone.  So  I  beg  of 
my  kind  readers,  when  they  have  finished  reading  this  feelde  description,  that  they 
will  judge  it  by  uiy  will  and  my  zeal  rather  than  by  the  circumstances. 

I  had  prepared  a  skeleton  of  a  manatee  calf,  and  i  had  taken  the  cutis  with  the 
cuticle  separated  from  it  and  stutled  it  with  grass  to  bring  it  home  with  me;  but  when  I 
saw  that  on  account  of  the  small  size  of  our  craft  this  was  imjtossible  1  wanted  to  bring 
with  me  at  least  the  spoils  (skin),  but,  even  this  wish  was  vain.     I  intended  to  do  the 


^^ 


iL-_ 


STELLRU's    ACCOUNT    OF   THE   8i;A   COW. 


197 


saiiui  with  tlio  Roa  lion,  tiio  st^n  bciir  aiul  tho  st'ii  uttor,  but  I  was  ruckoniii};  without 
my  liost,  for  in  Katn(;iiiitka  tiiero  is  ii(»  liope  of^fottin},'  ('V«'rythiii<j. 

lint  let  Miu  ceaso  tVoni  iiarratin;,^  my  complaints  and  my  hintlrances. 

Tliii  manat«>(^  is  not  the;  s«a  cow  of  Aristotle,  for  it  never  eomes  npon  dry  land  to 
feed.  Anil  it  is  of  little  eon.sequenee  wlietlnT  it  is  the  same  oniol,  for  it  is  not  this 
animal  that  he  de.sciihed ;  indeed,  he  never  saw  it  and  never  heard  any  tinner  about  it 
to  tell.  In  the  second  place,  I  remark  that  IiO])e/  Krancisco  lleiiiandes  tliomselves 
saw  the  animals,  and  that  ('larissimus  riusius  and  Uay,  misinfornu>d  by  them,  have 
allirmed  many  thing's  of  the  animal  that  are  inconsistent  with  truth  and  autopsy. 

1.  The  aninuil  has  no  hair  at  all  that  ran  |U'operly  bt^  called  hair.  It  has  bristles 
rather,  or  hollow  (piills,  and  these  are  found  oidy  around  the  mouth  and  under  the  feet. 

U.  The  head  (»f  this  animal  is  not  that  of  a  call,  as  CI.  Clusius  says;  not  that  of 
an  ox,  as  llernan<lcs  was  pleased  toilescribe  it;  but  in  theeharaciter  of  its  coverintj  it 
is  like  no  other  animal,  but  has  its  own  peculiar  appearau(u>. 

3.  The  feet  are  entirely  without  claws.  luU  skin  covers  them  as  it  does  the  bono 
of  an  amputated  limb,  mo  that  the  animal  moves  upon  a  skin  that  is  rou^h  with 
bristles. 

4.  As  to  the  fact  that  Ilernandes  attributes  to  this  animal  nails  like  those  which 
men  have,  in  order  to  nuike  it  more  like  the  Platonic  man,  that  is  e«|ually  false,  for 
the  animal  luiH  no  fln}{ers  at  all  any  more  than  nails,  unless  perchance  the  hoof  of  a 
horse,  to  which  it  bears  a  certain  resemblance,  impresses  anyone  as  beiiifj  like  a 
human  nail. 

r».  And  so,  by  the  way,  it  is  evident  even  from  this  how  much  obscurity  envelops 
this  snbjei^t  if  we  start  with  falsi'  jtremises  and  arrive  at  worse  conclusions.  For 
instance,  all  authors  with  one  consent  a^^ree  tliat  this  animal  ascends  rivers  and  feeds 
up<Hi  the  },niiss  that  it  may  manaH;e  to  }?et  along  the  banks,  l<ir  tliey  may  perhaps  have 
heard  from  th(^  people  that  it  feeds  on  herbs;  but  those  are  not  land  herbs,  but  sea- 
weeds. 

Nor  does  the  statement  have  the  appearance  ol'  truth,  that  they  are  in  tlu^  habit 
of  lyiiifi'  ui)on  the  rocks  and  of  coming  up  on  the  land,  even  if  I  say  notiiiii};-  of  the 
fact  that  the  strutiture  of  the  aninnil  is  totally  unlitted  for  moving  on  dry  land. 
Indeed,  it  happened  that  as  the  tide  went  cmt  tlic  waves  receded  from  under  one  of 
the  aninuils  sound  asleep  and  left  him  high  and  dry  U|)(in  tlie  shore;  but  he  was  help- 
less and  unable  to  get  away,  a  pitiable  object,  at  the  mercy  of  our  cudgels  and  axes. 

That  this  animal  should  be  tamed  seems  more  likely  than  do  the  anecdotes  that 
are  given  of  its  remarkable  sagacity,  since  even  the  untamable  can  be  lamed  thnmgli 
its  stupidity  and  greediness.  It  hapi>ened  to  me  on  on«^  unlucky  occasion  that  1  crould 
watch  the  habits  and  ways  of  these  bea.sts  daily  for  ten  months  from  the  door  of  my 
hut,  and  1  will  brietly  note  down  the  observations  that  1  made  with  great  care. 

These  animals  are  fond  of  shallow  sandy  places  along  the  seashore,  but  they  like 
especially  t»»  live  around  the  mouths  of  rivers  and  creeks,  for  they  love  fresh  running 
water,  and  they  always  live  in  herds.  They  keep  the  young  and  the  halfgrowu 
before  them  while  they  feed,  but  they  are  careful  {<>  surround  them  on  the  tiank  and 
rear  and  always  to  keej)  them  in  the  middle  of  the  herd.  When  the  tide  came  in  they 
came  up  so  close  to  the  shore  that  1  often  hunted  them  with  my  stick  or  lance,  and 
sometimes  even  stroked  their  backs  with  my  hand.  If  they  were  badly  hurt,  they  did 
nothing  but  withilraw  to  a  distance  from  the  shore,  and  after  a  short  time  they  would 


"^h 


1!>S 


TIIK    VVn    SKALH   OK   THK    I'UIHILor    ISLANDS. 


11 


II 


1^: 


.i; 


1 1 


i!    I 


Ibi'^ut  llitMi'  injury  and  ronic  hark.  M<mt  coiiinioiily  wlioU*  t'liinilit's  livt^  t«>f;ctli(*i'  in 
one  coninmnity,  the  male  with  one  p'o^vn  I'tMiiaU^  anil  tlieir  tender  litth'  olVsprin);. 
They  appear  to  nie  to  \w  nionoKamons.  Tlie  yonn^  an*  born  at  any  tinu^  of  y«'ar,  bnt 
most  frt'qnontly  in  antunin,  as  I  Jiulgotl  from  tho  ntn\  born  littlt>on<'s  tiiat  I  Haw  abont 
that  time.  From  this  I'act,  as  I  not  iced  liiat  tiit-y  copulattMl  by  pn'I'ercnce  in  tlie  oarly 
spring,  I  cont-huUMl  that  the  IbctnH  runiaineil  more  tlian  a  year  i]i  the  womb.  Kroni 
tiio  slioitness  of  tlie  |nterine{  (ornua  {r.r  (•iirntiiim  hrrrHtiti),  and  IVoni  the  lad  that 
there  are  oidy  two  niamnne,  1  inter  that  they  have  but  one  ealT,  and  I  have  never  seen 
more  than  one  with  the  mother  at  a  time. 

These  animalH  are  very  voraeions  and  eat  incessantly,  and  beeanse  they  are  «o 
{greedy  they  keep  theii'  head.s  alwayR  under  water,  without  regard  to  life  and  safety. 
Hence  a  nnm  in  a  boat,  or  swimming;  naked,  can  nntve  amoii^  them  without  ilan^(M- 
and  select  at  ease  the  one  of  the  herd  he  desires  to  strike — and  accomplish  it  all  while 
they  are  feed  in;,'.  When  they  raise  their  noses  abov««  the  water,  as  they  tlo  tnrry 
four  or  tlve  ininutes,  they  blow  out  the  air  and  a  little  water  with  a  snort  sat  h  as  a 
horse  nnikes  in  blowing  his  nose.  As  th<-y  feed  thoy  move  lirst  one  foot  and  then  the 
other,  as  eattht  and  sheep  do  when  they  graze,  and  thus  with  a  gentle  motion  half 
swim  and  half  walk.  Half  of  the  botly — the  back  and  shies — projects  above  the  water. 
While  they  feed,  the  gulls  are  wont  to  perch  npon  their  backs  and  to  feast  u|)on  the 
vermin  that  infest  their  skin,  in  the  same  way  as  crows  do  upon  the  lice  of  hogs  and 
sheop.  The  nninatees  do  not  eat  all  seaweeds  without  distinction,  but  especially  (1) 
(U-ispitm  lirnsHicitr  Sabinnlicdr,  with  cancellate  leaf  [sea  (labbagej;  (li)  that  which  has 
the  shape  of  a  dub;  (3)  that  which  has  the  shape  of  an  ancient  Koman  shield;  ( t)  a 
very  long  seaweed  with  a  wavy  rullhi  along  the  stalk.  Where  they  have  stopped,  even 
for  a  day,  great  heai>s  of  roots  and  stems  are  to  bo  seen  <'ast  ujion  the  shore  by  the 
waves.  When  their  sioiuachs  are  full  some  of  them  go  to  sleep  flat  on  their  backs, 
and  go  out  a  distance  from  the  .shore  that  they  may  not  bc^  left  on  the  dry  saml  win  n 
the  tide  goes  out.  In  winter  they  are  often  sutt'ocated  by  the  ice  that  tloats  about 
the  shore  and  are  ca.st  uiuui  the  beach  dead.  This  als«)  happens  when  they  get  caught 
among  the  rocks  and  are  dashed  by  the  waves  violently  upon  them.  In  the  winter 
the  aninnils  become  so  thin  that,  Itesides  the  bones  of  the  spine,  all  the  ribs  show. 
In  the  spring  they  come  together  in  the  human  fashion,  and  especially  about  evening 
iu  a  snn)oth  sea.  But  befiu-e  they  come  together  tliey  i)ractice  nniny  amorous  preludes. 
The  fennde  swims  gently  to  and  tro  iu  the  water,  the  male  following  her.  The  fennile 
eludes  him  with  many  twists  and  turns  until  she  herself,  impatient  of  longer  delay, 
as  if  tired  and  under  compiUsion,  throws  herself  upon  her  back,  when  the  male, 
rushing  upon  her,  pays  the  tribute  of  his  i)assion,  and  they  rush  into  each  other's 
embi-ace. 

Their  capture  used  to  be  elVected  with  a  large  iron  hook  whose  point  resembled  an 
anchor's  tluke.  The  other  end  was  secured  by  a  very  long,  stout  rope  to  an  iron  ring. 
A  strong  nnui  took  this  hook  and  entered  the  boat  with  four  or  live  others,  ami  while 
one  held  the  rudder  three  or  four  rowed  gently  toward  the  herd.  The  si)earnnin  stood 
in  the  prow  of  the  boat  holding  the  hook  in  his  hand,  and  struck  as  soon  as  ho  was 
near  enough.  As  soon  as  this  was  done,  thirty  n>en  stan<ling  on  the  shore  with  the 
other  end  of  the  rope  in  their  hands  held  the  animal,  and  in  spite  of  its  frantic  ettbrts 
at  resistance  they  dragged  him  laboriously  toward  the  shore.  The  boat  was  held  steiuly 
by  another  rope,  and  the  men  wore  the  animal  out  by  (>onstant  blows,  until,  tired  and 


I'jl 


STKI.LKU's    ACCtHiNr   OK    THE    SEA    (-'OW. 


19i) 


ri>ii«l(>r(Ml  tlioiou^Iily  psiHHivt^  by  tliw  HiH<urH,  it  wuh  lliiislird  hy  tluiir  kiiivoH  iind  otiivr 
wt'iipoiiH  aiul  di-iiwii  to  liuid.  (irtMit  pifccH  \v»nM;iit  from  Uw  iiiiiinal  wliilt^  Htill  alivr, 
hilt  all  Miat  li<^  did  waH  tti  work  liiH  tail  vip)roiisly  and  to  hraco  liiiiiHulf  with  Iiih  foro 
t'vitt,  HO  Miat  ;;i'<^al  pi«u;os  ot'Nkin  \v«ru  often  torn  otV.  ItoHiduM,  \w.  breathed  heavily,  iih 
with  a  ({I'oan,  and  tlie  blood  IVoin  the  wounded  back  Hpurted  up  like  a  founlain.  Ah 
htn;;  as  he  kept  liiBhe.i<l  iuiiIim-  water  thu  blood  did  not  How  out,  but  as  Hoonas  h»  raisud 
his  head  to  breathe  the  blood  leaped  forth  anew.  This  liappened  because  the  Iuii^h, 
bein;;'  situated  at  the  baek,  weru  wounded  lirst,  and  as  ot'teii  as  they  were  tilled  with 
air  they  increased  the  force  '<f  spurt iiif;  blood.  From  this  I  have  4ronclu(b>d  that  thu 
circulation  of  tlu^  bhiod  in  liiis  animal,  as  in  the  seal,  is  in  a  double  fashion — in  the 
open  air,  thr«iu};h  the  lunjrs,  but  under  water,  throufrji  the  finamra  orale  and  ductutt 


althoii^rh  I  did 


d  both,     ibit  I  think  it  hap 


they 


breatho 

ditl'erently  from  fishes,  s(»  that  they  can  better  swallow  solid  foo<l,  rather  than  for  the 
sake  of  proiiiotiii);  circulation  (/troptir  (UijUtfltiuium  solitlorum  potiuHqunm  proiUer  eir- 
ciihilhrntni  ptouioi'itKhtiii ). 

The  full^niwn,  very  large  aiiiinalH  are  more  easily  taken  than  the  ytuing  ones, 
bccaus«'  the  young  move  about  far  more  vigorously,  and  even  if  a  whole  htok  should 
be  fixe<I  in  one  of  them  it  can  get  free  by  tearing  the  hook  out  of  the  skin.  We  saw 
this  done  more  than  once. 

But  if  one  aiiimnl  is  caught  with  the  hook  and  begins  to  plunge  about  rather  vio 
htntly  those  near  him  in  the  herd  are  thrown  into  commoti(Ui  as  well  ami  endeavor  to 
assist  him.  To  this  end  some  of  them  try  to  upset  the  bctat  with  their  backs,  others 
bear  down  upon  the  rope  and  try  to  break  it,  or  endeavor  to  extract  the  hook  from  the 
hiU'k  of  their  wounded  companion  with  a  blow  from  their  tails,  and  several  times  they 
pr(»v«!d  siu'.(;cssfiil.  It  is  a  very  curious  evidttiuie  of  tlnsir  natun;  and  of  their  conjugal 
atl'ection  that  when  a  female  was  (taught  the  male,  after  trying  with  all  his  strength, 
Itiit  in  vain,  to  free  his  captured  mate,  would  follow  her  <|uite  to  the  shtu'c,  even 
though  we  stru(;k  him  many  blows,  and  that  when  she  was  dead  he  would  sometimes 
cimie  up  to  her  as  unexpectedly  and  as  swiftly  as  an  arrow.  When  we  came  the  next 
<lay,  early  in  the  morning,  to  cut  up  the  tiesli  and  take  it  home,  wetbund  the  male  still 
waiting  nitar  his  mate;  and  1  saw  this  again  on  the  third  day  when  I  (;ame  alone  tor 
the  purpose  of  examining  the  entrails. 

Ah  to  voice,  the  animal  is  dumb  and  utters  n(»  s<mnd,  but  only  breathes  heavily  and 
seems  to  sigh  when  wounded.  I  will  not  venture  to  assert  how  much  their  eyes  and 
ears  are.  w«>rth.  Anyway,  they  see  and  heai'  but  little,  bec^ause  they  k«>cp  their  heads 
under  water.  At  all  events,  the  animal  himself  seems  to  neglect  and  despise  the  use  of 
these  organs. 

Of  all  those  who  have  writtiMi  about  the  manatee,  no  one  has  given  a  fuller  or 
more  carelul  u^tcount  than  that  most  curious  and  painstaking  explorer,  Captain 
Dampier,  in  his  travels,  published  in  Knglish  in  London  in  17b2.  As  I  read  it  I  could 
find  no  fault  with  it,  although  a  few  statements  did  not  ttorrespond  with  our  animal.' 
For  instance,  he  says  that  there  ai-e  two  species  of  manatees,  in  one  of  which  the  eyes 
are  better  than  the  ears,  and  in  the  other  of  which  the  ears  are  better  than  the  eyes. 
What  he  says  about  the  manner  of  hunting  the  eiiimal,  namely,  that  the  Americans 
approach  without  any  noise  and  without  speaking,  so  as  not  to  frighten  the  manatee, 


'It  U  uf  coiirHo  to  111-  ntnieiiilmi'ol   lliul    Diiiiiiiicr  wuh  spuuking  of  tlie  true  luauatetiH  IVtoAecAuti 
iniinijiiin  an<l  T,  latiroHtrlx. 


1' 


I 


i 


I 


200 


THK    Fl'U    SKALS    OF    'I'lIK    I'UIHIl.OF    ISLANDS. 


I 


is  no  (Uiiibt  true  of  places  where  tlwy  nro  Ciuiffht  in  jrreivt  niiinhers  an<l  have  learned 
by  Ion};;  experience  that  men  are  (kinj-erous  to  tliein.  It  was  tlie  same  way  with  the 
otter,  seal,  and  l>lne  fox  ( /.sv(//.v),  wiiitdi  lived  in  tliis  desert  island  and  never  saw  a 
man  before  and  never  weii'  disrurix^d  while  iyinj^  at  their  ease.  They  were  slain  with 
uo  trouble  sit  all  when  we  first  came  to  lierinj;  Island,  bnt  now  they  have  become  Just 
as  wild  as  those  livinfT  in  Kamchatka,  and  take  tliyht  at  once  as  they  <lisco>"i',  not 
only  with  their  eyes,  bnt  even  with  their  sense  ol  smell,  the  approach  of  an  <  iiemy. 

It  sometimes  occurred  that  thtme  animals  were  cast  nj)  dead  by  "torms  around 
the  cape  called  Kronotskoi.  as  well  as  about  Avatcha  liay.  IJecanse  of  the  food  tliey 
eat  they  are  <-alied  bv  fhc  iidiabitants,  in  their  lanKuajje,  ''■K-:,iiiKtnik^'  (Kraut  Ksser; 
weed  eaters);  this  I  learned  niter  my  return  in  18IL'. 

Now.  I  nnist  tell  the  uses  r,o  which  the  p:"r;s  of  this  animal  are  jmt.  The  skins, 
which  are  verj  thick,  tirm,  a  id  tiin.j;!i,  i>ie  u.sed  by  the  .\iiu'iicans,  according;  to 
Uernandes,  for  'he  soles  ol  sIkm's  iind  foi  belt.s.  I  undersraiid  that  the  Tschuktschi 
u.se  the  skins  for  boai"^=:  that  they  stret.'h  it  witii  sticks  and  use  it  in  the  same  way  as 
the  Koriaks  u.se  the  skins  .  '  the  larii:;\st  sort  of  seals,  called  ••  iMi'litah." 

The  fat  underlies  the  cutn-le  and  the  skin  and  covers  tlie  whole  body  to  the  dei)th 
of  a  span,  and  in  some  parts  is  almost  '.)  inches  thick.  It  is  ^ilandiilous.  stiff,  and 
white,  but  when  exposed  to  the  sun  it  liecomes  yellow  like  May  butter  (/*«/;/>/ /»(((/«//«). 
Its  odor  and  flavor  ar<^  so  aj;reeal>le  that'  It  can  not  he  i-omparcd  witli  the  tat  of  any 
other  sea  beast.  Imlced,  it  is  by  far  preferable  lo  that  of  any  other  i|nadrui)ed. 
Mcneover,  it  can  be  kejit  a  \  fry  lonj;  time,  even  in  tin-  iiottesi  wrathei.  without  liecom- 
iii};  rancid  or  strong.  When  tried  out  it  is  so  sweet  and  lim^  llavoicd  that  we  lost  all 
desire  for  butter.  In  flavor  it  approxinnites  nearly  the  oil  of  sweet  almonds  and  can 
be  used  for  the  same  purposes  us  butter.  In  a  lamji  it  burn.-*  <'lear.  without  smoke  or 
smell.  And,  indeiMl,  its  use  in  nuMlicme  is  not  lo  Ite  despised,  for  it  moves  the  bowels 
gently,  producing  no  loss  of  a))petite  or  nausea,  even  when  diniidv  from  a  cup:  and,  in 
my  opinion,  il  would  do  cah'uloiis  jtersoiis  more  gtMid  than  the  nnisticatory  bones  or 
so  called  stones  (hipides)  of  the  manatee.  The  latot  rhe  tail  i-  harder  and  stiifer  and 
so  more  delicate  when  tried  out.  The  tlesh  has  a  grain  somewhat  tonistwr  and  coarser 
than  beef,  and  is  redder  than  the  flesh  of  land  animals:  and  wiiat  is  remarkable,  even 
iu  the  hottest  days  it  can  be  kept  in  tli«oi)en  aii  tor  a  very  long  time  without  any  bad 
odor,  even  though  all  full  of  worm**.  I  attrilnite  this  to  the  fact  tlnit  tlie  animal  lives 
entirely  up<tn  scniweed  and  sea  plants.  Tiiese  weeds  contain  a  smaller  |)roportioii  ol' 
8ul])hur  and  more  sea  salt  and  nitre.  This  salt  jireveiits  the  loss  of  suliihur  and  the 
softenijig  and  decaying  of  the  tlesh,  preserving  it  In  the  sanie  way  as  salt  or  brine 
sprinkled  ui)on  meat:  but  they  work  even  nn>re  powerfully,  as  tlie.se  salts  are  more 
intimately  mingled  with  the  siibstaiiice  of  the  tlesh  and  are  coml)ined  more  ])ermanently 
with  the  sulphurous  parts  (or  piuiticles  of  sulpluu  .'i  (cinii  niilpliiifcis  iKutihiix  forlhiK 
vohiifrfiinf). 

.Vlthongli  the  flesh  needs  to  be  co*»ked  longer,  yet  when  done  it  has  an  excellent 
taste,  not  easy  to  distinguish  fVoi..  thai  of  beef.  The  lal  of  the  (halves  resembles  fresh 
lard,  so  that  you  can  hardly  tell  the  ditference:  but  their  flesh  is  just  like  veal.  When 
boiled  it  soon  becomes  tender,  and  il  the  boiling  is  rontinned  it  swells  up  like  young 
pork  so  that  it  takes  up  twi<-e  as  mucti  space  in  the  pot  as  it  did  before  boiling:  but 
the  muscles  of  the  abdimien,  back,  and  sides  are  far  iietter.  The  flesh  does  not  really 
refuse  to  be  salted,  as  many  have  thought,  but  the  salt  only  modilies  it,  so  that  it 
becomes  quit*',  like  corned  beef  and  very  excellent  in  flavor. 


»   i 


STEI.LKKS    ACCOUNT    OF    THi;    KUK    SEAL. 


201 


vo,  leii.riio<l 
y  witli  the 
ver  saw  a 
sliiiii  wjtii 
M'oiiu^iust, 
iCOV'«',  not 
<  iieiiiy. 
IIS  aroiiiid 
food  tlipy 
lilt  Ksser; 

riin  skins, 
oidiiif^  to 
icliiiktsclii 
nu'  way  as 

tli«>  tU'ptli 
.  still',  and 
•('  tiiiddlis). 
(at  of  any 
iia<l!'n]U'd. 
mt  lifconi- 
«('  lost  all 
s  and  <;aii 
.  sinok<^  or 
lie  bowels 
p;  and, in 
•  boues  or 
itiiU'r  and 
id  coarstM- 
ible,  even 
t  any  l>ad 
iinal  Uves 
loi'tion  of 
r  and  the 
or  brine 
are  more 
manently 
UK  Jnrlhis 

excel  lent 
>les  fresh 
\.  When 
ke  yonnfj 
injj;  Imt 
lot  really 
o  that  it 


The  internal  organs — In'art.  kidneys,  and  liver — are  very  tonfjh,  and  we  did  not  try 
to  do  liiueii  '.vitli  them,  because  we  iiad  a  <jreat  abundance  of  moat  without. 

A  full-grown  animal  weighs  about  S,(MI0  pounds,  or  so  hundredweight,  or  'JOO 


RusHi 


'■piul.' 


VU 


th 


animals  about  this  one  island 
t'mt  they  would  sutlice  to  sup])ort  all  the  inhabitants  of  Kamchatka. 

The  manatee  is  infested  with  a  peculiar  insect  something  like  a  louse,  which  is 
wont  to  occupy  and  inhabit  in  great  numbers  especially  the  wrinkletl  arms,  the  udder, 
the  teal,  the  pudenda,  the  anus,  and  the  rough  hollows  ot  the  skin.  When  Ihey  bore 
through  the  cuticle  and  the  cutis,  here  and  there  wart-like  prondneiu^es  are  produced 
by  the  lymphatic  moisture  that  exiules.  So  these  insects  attract  the  gidls  to  perch 
n])on  the  backs  of  the  animals  and  hunt  this  dainty  witii  their  sharp  beaks,  thus 
rendering  the  animals,  whicii  are  worried  by  the  vermin,  a  friendly  and  welcome 
service. 

These  insects  are  for  the  most  part  half  an  inch  long,  articulated,  six  footed, 
translucent,  white  or  yellowish.  The  head  is  oblong,  sharp,  larger  than  a  millet  seed. 
In  front  extend  two  short,  Jointed  little  antenuic  half  a  line  long.  In  place  of  a  lower 
mandible  it  has  two  slender,  two  jointed  little  arms  like  a  shrimp,  very  shari>  and 
|)ointed  on  the  end.  Furthermore,  in  ac(!ordance  with  the  number  of  his  feet,  he  is  com- 
posed of  six  articulations,  ctuivex  on  the  back,  and  one-thini  of  a  line  wide,  lint 
the  ring  of  the  thorax  is  twice  as  wide,  and  they  grow  narrower  toward  the  tail.  The 
ling  of  the  thorax  resembles  the  half  ol'  a  lentil.  On  the  sides  of  this  a  ])air  of  thick 
claws  grows,  with  two  joints  each.  Kav-h  claw  ends  in  a  tlexible  point,  by  means  of 
which  it  holds  fast  to  the  skin  of  the  manatee;  the  rest  of  the  legs  are  rather  slender, 
all  eniling  in  prickly  i»oints,  and  gradually  shorter.  Tlu'  last  two  are  the  shortest, 
and,  growing  out  from  the  orbi<'nlar  ring  of  the  tail,  Ibrm  the  eiul  of  the  body  itself 
and  steer  the  insect  as  it  moves. 

THE    HABITS   AND  CHARACTERISTICS   OF   THE  SEA   BEAR. 

Dainpierhas  given  us  a  de.scri])tion  of  this  animal,  called  Kot  by  the  llussians, 
wliitih  is,  to  be  sure,  brief  and  ini])erfect;  but  he  mentions  its  «rharacteristics  so 
detinitely  and  plainly  and  so  clearly  at  iirst  sight  that  I  can  not  doubt  that  the 
animal  is  his  "  sea  bear." 

Report,  as  1  gather  from  the  account  of  the  peo|)le,  has  declare<l  that  the  sea  bear, 
Hs  it  is  called  by  the  Ivutheni  and  othei'  people,  is  dilVeient.  They  say  it  is  an  amphib- 
ious sea  beast  very  like  the  bear,  but  very  (lerce,  both  on  land  and  in  the  water. 
They  told,  likewise,  that  in  the  year  IT.'W  it  had  (»vertiirned  a  boat  and  torn  two  men 
to  pieces;  that  they  were  very  much  alarmed  when  they  heard  the  sound  of  its  voice, 
whiirh  was  like  the  growl  of  a  bear,  and  that  they  Ih'd  from  their  chase  of  otter  and 
seals  on  the  sea  and  iiastened  back  t<»  land.  They  say  that  it  is  covered  with  white 
fur;  that  it  lives  near  the  Kuril  Islands,  and  is  more  iiiimenHis  toward  .Iai»an;  that 
here  it  is  seldom  seen.  I  myself  do  not  know  how  far  to  b«^lieve  this  rcjiort,  lor  no 
one  has  tner  seen  one,  either  slain  or  c;ist  up  dead  upon  the  shore. 

This  is  certain,  whether  we  consider  the  ai)pe  trance  of  the  body  or  the  habits  of 
the  beast,  it  is  more  nearly  related  and  more  similar  to  no  other  land  animal  than  to 
a  bear. 

They  are  never  seen  in  the  gulf  <»r  the  I'eiisliin  Sea  nor  in  the  land  of  Kam- 
chatka, nor  do  they   g'<»  on  shore  in  the   Kuril   Islands  except  very  seldom;  they  are 


li: 


Hl'!5l 


202 


THK    rnt    SEALS    OF    THK    PKIHll.OF    ISLANDS. 


not  taken  except  on  three  Kuril  Islands,  and  from  there  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  of 
Kamchatka,  in  the  so-called  Bobrovi  |Hea  otter  |  Sea,  from  latitude  r»0'^  to  56"  N.  These 
beam  pass  by  the  Kuril  Islands  in  the  oarly  sprinjj,  and  in  September  they  are  taken 
in  small  numbers  about  the  mouth  of  the  river  called  Shupanova  and  from  there 
to  Cape  Kronotski  in  {jreator  numbers.  Here,  to  be  sure,  between  the  two  capes, 
Kronotski  and  Shi|)unski,  the  sea  is  quieter  and  there  are  mor*^  inlets  and  recesses; 
hence  the  animals  delay  here  louj^er  as  they  pass  by  and  ntore  of  them  are  caught. 
Almost  all  thataro  caught  in  the  spring;  are  fenuiles.  and  have  the  young  almost  ready 
for  birth  within  them.  The  fo'tuses,  when  removed, are  called  "  IV/xxo/AJ."  All  that 
are  found  are  put  on  the  market.  They  are  no  longer  to  be  seen  anywhere  from  the 
flrst  of  .lune  to  the  end  of  August,  when,  with  their  young,  they  return  to  the  south. 
For  many  years  these  migratory  animals  have  been  a  sounui  of  womb'r  and  siie«rula- 
lation  to  tiio  people  wh(»  have  been  interested  in  huntin^^  them.  For,  wiience  did 
these  animald  come  in  early  spring?  Whither  were  these  very  fat,  these  ]>regnant 
beasts,  going  in  countless  droves?  What  are  the  reasons  for  this  migration?  Why 
do  they  return  with  their  otlspring  in  the  fall  so  thin,  dry,  nnd  weak?  And  whither 
are  they  going? 

From  the  fac't  that  the  animals  come  very  fat  from  the  south  in  early  spring  and 
return  thither  in  the  fall,  it  was  naturally  inferred  that  thev  had  taken  no  long 
jojirney,  and  that  their  winter  (jnarters  <m)u1<1  lu-t  b«i  very  far  distant,  else  tiiey  would 
become  too  thin  upon  the  Wiiy.  And  from  the  fact  that  they  'vcre  all  going  toward 
the  east  and  were  never  seen  beyond  ('ape  Kronotski  or  the  mouth  of  tiie  iCamchatka 
liiver,  either  going  east  or  n^turning  home,  they  concluded  that  there  must  necessarily 
be  some  land,  either  island  or  mainland,  near  tlio  land  of  Kaun^hatka  and  in  a  line 
M'ith  Vnyte  Kronotski. 

Among  amphibious  sea  beasts  these  are  the  migratory  animals,  like  geese,  swans, 
and  other  sea  birds,  or  like  catanadroinoiis  trout  among  lishes;  the  blue  foxes,  hares, 
and  mice  occupy  this  jdivt^e  among  (piadrupeds.  Now  the  migration  of  the  blue  fox  is 
undertaken  beirause  food  becomes  scarce.  ISirds  and  tlshes  migrate  to  lay  their  eggs 
or  to  indulge  undisturbed  their  sexual  instincts,  and,  beciiuse  their  strength  is  rc«ln<-ed 
or  their  leathers  shed,  and  hence  they  are  unable  t(»  Hee  trorn  their  foes  until  these 
(!aii  grow  once  more,  solitary  places  are  chosen  by  birds  and  quiet  lakes  by  lishes. 
Accordingly,  for  a  similar  reason,  these  northern  places  are  chosen  l>y  the  sea  bears; 
and  these  desert  islands,  lying  in  great  numbers  between  America  and  Asia  from  o(P 
to  r»(P  north  latitude,  are  chosen  for  the  tblh)wing  reasons, 

That  the  mothers  may  bear  their  young  there  upon  the  land  and  after  parturition 
recruit  their  strength;  further,  that  the  young  may  there  be  brought  up  and  nourished 
and  may  grow  strong  enough  in  tlirei?  months  to  follow  tinur  parents  home  in  the 
autumn.  The  pnps  are  fed  with  their  mother's  milk  for  two  months.  The  mothers 
have  nipples  corresponding  in  Ibrm,  si/e,  and  position  'vith  those  of  the  sea  otter,  and 
they  are  situated  near  the  imdenda.  They  bear  one  pup  at  a  birth,  very  seldom  two. 
After  parturition  they  gnaw  the  umbiliiral  «'or<l  off  from  the  pups  with  their  teeth,  as 
dogs  do,  and  lick  it  till  it  is  dry,  so  as  to  keep  the  blood  soft  until  it  heals;  and  they 
devour  the  aft«;rbirth  greedily.  The  pups  are  born  with  their  eyes  open,  ami  their 
eyes  are  as  large  as  those  ol  a  calf.  When  they  are  born  they  have  thirty-two  teeth 
started  out  on  a  level  with  *\ie  gums;  but  tlu^n^  ar(^  four  larger  canine  teeth,  ferocious 
and  suitable  for  iiattle,  still  hidden  in  the  gums.  These  ccuiie  out  after  the  fourth  day. 
When  the  i' 'its  are  born  they  are  c(»vcred  with  shining  black  fur  all  over.     Hut  the 


STKLLKRS  ACCOI'NT  OF  THK  PUK  8KAL. 


203 


fourtli  or  (iftli  day  atUn-  birth  tlio  fur  uiuler  Mic  front  hifjs  cliaiifies  t!ol(»r  jtt'rcoptibly 
and  tak«v-*  on  the  color  of  the  hair  of  IMiny's  j?oat;  and  after  a  Jiionth  t\u'  Itclly  and 
sides  become  s|)e(;k1ed  with  an  intermixture  of  hairs  of  tiie  .same  «;olor.  At  birth  the 
males  are  much  iarjrcr  and  darker,  and  in  the  years  that  follow  they  get  a  blacker 
coat  than  the  females,  'fhesi'  latter  become  almost  wholly  ashy  j^ray,  but  havi'  rusty 
spots  under  tlu^  foreh>||s.  The  females  ditl'er  so  mucli  from  the  males  in  si/.c,  weight, 
and  strength,  tiiat  a  liarelcss  obseiver  nught  almost  take  them  for  a  di  liferent  species, 
so  timid  and  so  little  f<^rocious  are  they. 

The  i»arents  love  tiieir  young  exceedingly.  The  females,  after  itarturition,  lie  in 
crowds  upon  the  shore  with  their  pups  and  speml  nuich  time  in  slee|)ing.  The  pups, 
however,  directly  in  the  lirst  days  jday  together  like  children,  and  imitate  their 
parents  in  playing  at  copulatitm,  and  jtractice  lighting  until  one  throws  the  other  to  the 
groinul.  When  (he  father  sees  this  he  rist's  up  with  a  growl  and  hastens  to  separate 
the  combatants,  kisses  the  victor,  licks  him  with  his  tongu«',  tries  with  his  mouth  to 
throw  him  up(m  the  ground,  and  makes  vig<u'ous  demonstrations  of  his  love  for  the 
youngster,  who  struggles  bravely  against  it.  In  short,  he  rejoices  that  he  has  a  son 
worthy  of  himself.  Hut  tlu^y  are  less  f(»nd  of  the  lazy  aud  <'ase-loving  pups.  Hence 
some  of  the  young  are  always  near  the  father,  others  near  the  nu>ther.  The  males  are 
polygamous;  one  often  has  eight,  lifteen,  or  even  tifty  wives,  lie  giuirds  them  with 
anxious  Jealousy,  anil  goes  into  a  rage  if  another  male  comes  ever  so  little  too  near. 

Although  many  thousands  of  them  lie  u|)on  the  shore  together,  yet  it  may  always 
be  observed  lliat  they  are  separateil  into  families — (lieiuic  male  lies  with  his  wives, 
his  sons,  and  daug':ters,  as  also  his  yearling  sons  who  are  not  yet  old  enough  to  have 
a  har«>m.  One  family  often  numbers  as  many  as  IL'O.  I-'or  lliis  reason  also  they  swim 
in  th(^  sea  in  shoals. 

All  the  married  mies  are  vigfuous,  but  the  aged  and  those  that  are  too  old  for  the 
wartiire  im-ident  to  keeping  up  a  harem,  or  that  are  driven  to  it  by  impotence  or  the 
voluntary  desertion  of  their  wives,  lead  a  monastic  life,  and  ]>a.ss  it  constantly  in  fast- 
ing ami  .sleeji.  These  married  ones  are  the  fattest  of  ail,  and  without  the  females 
they  come  tlrst  to  the  island,  like  scouts.  .Ml  tlie  males  have  a  strong  ixhtr,  but 
theirs  is  the  worst.  These  old  animals  are  very  cross  and  very  savage.  They  live  a 
whohwmonth  in  one  place  without  food  or  driidv;  they  sleep  all  the  time,  but  rage  with 
exceeding  ticrcene.ss  at  all  win*  pa.ss  by.  Indeed,  they  are  so  very  ficn-o  and  jealous 
that  they  would  a  hunilred  tinu's  rather  die  than  give  up  their  place.  And  so  if  they 
see  a  nuvn  they  go  out  to  get  in  his  way  and  prevent  his  jiassing;  one  of  the  others 
meanwhile  gets  his  place  and  is  ready  to  light  with  him.  When  we  were  obliged  to 
<'iune  into  eonllict  with  them  becaus»M>f  the  necessity  of  (MUitinning  our  Journey,  wo 
threw  great  st,<Mies  at  them.  They  in  turn  wouhl  rage  at  tlu^  stone  thrown  at  them 
Just  as  a  dog  would,  and  start  up  in  detiance  and  till  the  air  with  their  terrible  roaring. 
What  we  first  attempted  was  to  knock  out  their  eyes  and  break  thi-ir  teeth  with 
stones;  even  though  wounded  and  biiml  they  wcmid  not  give  up  their  pla«;e  or  dare  to 
leave  it;  for  if  one  (d'  them  went  even  a  pace  away,  so  many  cui'inies  would  ri.st(  up  an'' 
attack  him  with  their  teeth  as  he  lied  that  he  sluadd  not  leave  his  place,  that  even  if 
he  eacapt^d  our  hands  he  would  he  torn  to  pieces  by  his  fellows.  lndee<l,  if  one  leaves 
his  pla<>e,  the  rest  run  \ip  to  prevent  his  llight;  one  atta<-ks  the  other  on  Kuspici<ut  of 
wishing  t«)  ilee.  anil  from  a  single  attack  .so  many  diuds  originate  that  oftentimes  for  2 
or  :t  furlongs  by  the  seashore  you  can  see  nothing  but  duels,  iiattles,  and  a  thousand 
sights  absurd  but  bloody,  accompanied  by  a  terrific  roaring  and  growling.     While 


fi 


i 

t 

1 
i 

i! 

i 

i 

i 

II 

( 

<  i' 
■■■I 

;     > 

204 


rriK    FUR   SEALS    OF    THK    PRIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


M 


?  ■  ' 


I 


hi 


they  fight  with  one  aiiothor  tliey  let  us  alone,  and  we  arc  able  to  pass  by  unniolcHted. 
If  two  fipht  against  one,  another  conies  to  his  aid,  for  they  ean  not  bear  to  see  an 
unequal  combat.  When  there  is  fighting  going  on,  others  who  are  swinnning  in  the 
sea  lift  up  fheir  heads  to  see  the  outcome  of  the  contest,  and  finally  they  are  worked 
int«>  such  a  rage  themselves  that  they  ccmie  on  shore  and  mix  in  crowds  with  the 
combatants  and  make  the  sight  more  awful.  1  often  went  with  my  Cossack  and 
attacked  one  on  purpose  and  knocked  out  his  eyes;  and  when  I  had  done  that  L  pelted 
foui'  or  five  others  with  stones.  When  these  pursued  me  I  took  iefugi«.  near  the  one  1 
had  hlimlcd.  As  he  could  not  i^ee  but  heard  his  brothers  in  pursuit  and  did  m)tknow 
whether  they  were  fleeing  before  us  or  pursuing  us,  he  wouhl  attack  his  fellows. 
Meanwhile,  (piite  at.  my  ease,  1  would  sit  down  in  some  high  place  and  watch  them 
fighting  together  for  some  hoiirs.  The  blind  one  would  attack  all  that  came  near, 
whether  enemies  or  friends,  and  was  pursue<l  by  all  as  a  common  f«»e.  If  he  tied 
to  the  sea  he  was  pidled  out  again,  and  on  land  was  torn  by  th(>ir  constant  blows  until 
he  lost  all  iiis  stren.';;th,  and  falling  down  breathed  out  his  angry  soul  amid  constant 
groans,  and  became  a  prey  to  the  hungry  droves  of  blue  foxes  which  attacked  him 
with  their  teeth  as  he  lay  there  still  breathing. 

While  two  often  tight  for  an  hour,  they  nuike  a  truce,  and  both  lie  down  near  one 
another,  panting  to  gei  their  breath.  When  they  are  recovered  tliey  both  get  np  and 
in  gladiatorial  fashion  take  a  certain  place  and  refuse  to  leave  i '.us  long  as  the  fighting 
continues.  Tliey  duck  their  heads  and  strike  back,  an«l  one  tries  to  wan!  olV  the  blows 
of  the  other.  As  long  as  tlu^y  aro  evenly  nnitehed  they  strike  only  with  their  front 
flippers,  but  as  soiui  as  one  gets  the  ad>iintage  of  his  adversary  he  tears  him  with 
his  teeth  and  jaws,  shakes  him',  and  throws  him  down.  Then  the  others,  who  have 
meantime  l)een  mere  spectators,  seeing  this,  hurry  up  to  assist  the  weaker  one,  as  if 
they  were  umpires  in  the  fi.'jht.  With  their  teeth  they  inflict  wounds  as  large  and 
cruel  as  if  they  were  made  with  a  saber.  At  the  end  of  July  a  sea  bear  is  seldom  seen 
that  is  not  marked  with  a  wound.  After  a  battle  the  first  thing  they  do  is  to  go  into 
the  w;.„.!r  and  bathe  their  bodies. 

They  fight  mostly  for  one  of  three  reasons:  (1)  Tin'  most  bitter  warfare  is  about 
their  wives;  trouble  begins  when  one  steals  those  of  another,  or  even  tries  to  take  the 
grown  daughters  from  tlie  father's  family.  JUit  the  females  get  up  at  once  and  follow 
the  one  that  comes  out  ahead.  (2)  They  fight  for  their  place  if  one  takes  the  place  of 
another,  or  if  the  space  is  too  small  and  am»ther,  (uit  of  lust,  gets  too  near  and  excites 
his  suspicion.     {>i)  They  tight  for  right  and. justice,  to  settle  disjintes. 

They  are  very  fond  of  their  wives  and  their  young,  and  are  much  fV^ired  by  both. 
They  get  in  a  towering  rage  with  their  young  for  the  most  trivial  causes  and  practice 
a  tyrant's  right. 

Often  we  entered  the  harem  and  stole  the  pups.  In  these  cases,  when  flight  was 
possilile,  if  the  mtither  ihrongh  fear  left  her  paps  and  did  not  snatch  them  up  in  her 
mouth  ami  take  them  with  her,  but  left  them  where  we  could  get  them,  the  male 
witlnnit  entering  into  any  quarrel  with  us  snatched  the  female  up  in  his  teeth,  lifted 
ber  up  high,  and  threw  her  in  a  rage  two  ur  three  times  agiiinst  the  rocks  with  such 
violence  that  she  lay  still  as  if  dca<l.  lint  when  her  strength  returned  she  would  crawl 
like  a  worm  as  a  suppliant  to  his  feet,  ami  kiss  him,  and  shed  tears  in  such  quantities 
that  they  ran  tlown  on  her  breast  as  from  an  aleinltic  and  made  it  all  wet.  For  a  time 
he  would  walk  bark  and  forth  roaring  and  rolling  his  eyes  terribly,  and  woiiM  shake 
bis  head  from  sitle  to  side  like  a  bear  ;  but  at  length  when  he  saw  that  we  were  going 


! 

! 
I 


8TKLLEUS  ACCOrNT  OK  THK  VVU    SKAI,. 


205 


t()  go  away  with  tins  pups,  lie  would  weep  in  the  saiiie  way  us  tlie  t'einale,  and  just  as 
copiously,  so  as  to  Hood  his  whole  breast,  even  to  his  feet,  with  tears.  The  same 
thing  occurs  when  he  sufl'eis  grievous  wounds  or  some  severe  injury  which  he  can  not 
avenge.     !  have  seen  captive  seals  weep  in  a  siniiiur  way. 

A  second  reason  why  tlu^  aea  bears  in  early  spring  go  vast  to  these  desert  islands 
is  doubtless  this.  Uy  rest,  sleep,  and  a  three  months'  Cast,  they  must  rid  themselves 
of  their  burdensome  fat,  in  the  same  way  as  land  bears  do  in  winter.  For  during  the 
months  of  June,  July,  ami  August,  they  do  nothing  except  slee|t  upon  1-tiid,  or  lie  at 
ease  in  one  spot  like  a  rock,  and  look  at  each  other,  roar,  kiss,  and  stretch,  taking 
neither  food  nor  drink.  One  in  parti«-ular  I  noticed  lying  in  the  same  spot  for  a 
whole  month.  Althougli  at  different  times  1  dissected  the  old  males,  yet  I  found 
nothing  at  all  in  their  stomachs  except  froth  and  gastric  juice,  and  no  faeces  in  the 
bowels.  I"'urthermore,  I  noted  that  meanwhile  the  layers  of  fat  wasted  away  more 
and  more,  the  si/.e  of  the  body  becoming  <liminished  and  the  skin  becoming  so  loose 
that  it  hung  like  a  sack  and  swayed  with  each  motion  of  the  body.  The  younger  ones 
that  are  not  so  fat  begin  to  cohabit  about  the  first  of  July;  they  are  active  and  run 
here  and  there,  living  on  land  and  in  the  sea  by  turns.  This  fact  convinced  me  still 
further  that  in  accordance  with  his  nature  I  should  call  this  animal  a  bear. 

They  cohabit  after  the  manner  of  the  human  kind,  the  female  below  and  the  male 
above,  and  especially  near  evening  time  do  they  desire  to  indulge  their  passiiui.  An 
hour  before,  male  and  female  cast  themselves  into  the  sea  and  swim  around  tpiietly 
together.  Then  they  conu^  ba<;ic  together,  and  the  female  lies  flat  <»n  her  back  while 
the  male  comes  up  out  of  the  sea  upon  her.  He  sei/es  her  in  liis  arms  and  indulges  his 
|iassion  with  the  greatest  heat.  During  the  coition  he  ])r«>sses  the  female  down  and 
buries  her  In  the  sand  by  his  weight  so  that  only  her  head  sticks  out,  and  he  himself 
digs  into  the  sand  with  his  fnuit  ieet,  so  that  he  iiresses  down  and  touches  the  female 
with  his  whole  belly.  I'or  tiiis  they  choose  a  saiuly  spot  upon  the  very  shore,  where 
the  waves  come  even  to  the  place.  So  absinbed  are  they  and  so  forgetful  of  them 
selves  that  1  could  stand  near  them  for  more  than  a  <|iiarter  'if  an  hour  without  being 
observed.  And  I  should  not  have  been  seen  even  then  had  I  not  struck  the  male  a 
blow,  whereupon  with  a  great  uproar  he  attacked  me  so  wrathfiilly  that  I  got  away 
with  dilllciilty.  Hut  nevertheless  when  I  gained  an  eminence  from  which  I  couid  h»ok 
down  ho  went  on  for  another  quavter  of  an  hour  with  what  he  had  begun. 

These  animals  have  three  ditVerent  kinds  of  sjieech.  To  pass  away  the  time  while 
they  lie  upon  the  land  tiiey  cry  «Mit,  and  their  voice  is  not  at  all  dillerent  from  the 
lowing  of  cows  when  deju-ived  of  their  calves.  In  buttle  they  roar  and  growl  like  a 
bear,  and  if  they  get  the  vi(!tory  they  utter  a  very  shtup  and  often  repeated  note  like 
our  c«nniiioii  crickets.  Hut  when  wounded  and  overcome  by  their  enemies  they  groan 
terribly  or  hiss  like  a  cat  or  sea  otter. 

VVMien  they  come  out  of  the  sea  they  shake  titiir  bodies  and  wipe  off  their  breasts 
with  their  back  tlippers,  and  smooth  their  fur.  The  male  |ihices  the  tip  of  his  lips  to 
those  of  the  female  as  if  to  kiss  her.  When  the  siin  shines  clear  in  the  sky  they  lie 
down  and  raise  their  back  tlippers  in  the  air  and  move  them  in  the  same  way  us  a  dog 
wagu  his  tail.  They  lie  sometinics  on  their  back  and  sometiines  on  their  belly  like  a 
dog,  sometimes  curled  ui)  in  a  bull,  sometimes  stretcthed  out  on  one  side  with  their 
front  tlippers  resting  on  the  side.  But  althougli  they  sleep  soundly,  and  tliough  a 
man  may  approach  softly,  nevertheless  they  are  speedily  aware  of  his  presence  and 
get  up,  whether  informed  by  hearing  or  the  sense  of  smell  1  know  not. 


:| 


i| 


^11 


II      f; 


it'iJ 


f'      a  II    1 


'. 

i 


f  ! 


■joi; 


THK    I'l'li    SKAI.S    »»K    TIIK    PHIIULOK    ISLANDS, 


Tlio  very  hufiv  old  ones  never  niii  away  Jroiii  n  iiian  or  ii  crowd  of  men,  bnt  pie- 
pare  at  oneo  lor  battle.  Nevortlieless,  I  have  seen  w'iole  herds  put  to  flight  if  a  nmn 
whistle.  The  females  lieu  in  haste,  and  likewise  whole  droves  of  adult  males,  oven 
numy  thousands,  are  drivon  in  headlon;>:  llij^lit  to  the  sea,  if  suddenly,  when  they  feel 
secure,  they  arc  attacked  with  a  great  noise.  Hut  when,  as  often,  we  drove  many 
thousands  of  them  before  us  into  the  ocean,  tiiose  that  were  swimming  accoinpani(>d  us 
constantly  as  w«>.  walked  along  the  shore,  ga/ing  in  wonder  upon  their  unusual  guests. 

They  swim  so  rapidly  that  in  an  hour  they  can  easily  swim  two  (ierinau  miles.  If 
they  are  wounded  at  sea  with  a  iiarpoon  they  draw  the  boat  with  the  hunter  after  them 
so  swiftly  that  the  boat  seems  to  lly,  and  they  often  overturn  the  boat  and  drown  the 
hunter  unless  the  nleersman  prevents  it  by  watching  and  skilliully  directing  his 
course;  they  swim  with  the  back  sloping,  and  the  front  flippers  are  never  seen,  but  the 
back  ones  sometimes  project  ui)  from  the  water.  On  account  of  the  open  foramen  they 
stay  a  long  time  under  water.  lUit  they  afterwards  come  up  to  breathe,  with  their 
strength  much  exhausted;  they  deligLt  to  swim  around  near  the  shore  and  swim  now 
prone  an<l  now  on  their  backs,  but  not  far  under  water,  so  that  I  was  always  able  to 
make  out  their  course.  They  often  raise  their  hind  flippers  out  of  the  water.  When 
they  have  breathed  enough,  «>r  when  they  lirst  start  into  the  water  from  the  land, 
they  plunge  into  the  water  head  first  like  a  wheel,  aa  do  almost  all  the  larger  sea 
beasts— the  otter,  the  lion,  the  balaena  orca,  and  the  porpoise. 

V/hen  they  climb  a  rock,  they  take  hold  of  it  with  their  front  flippers  as  seals  do, 
and.  drag  the  rest  of  their  body  behind  them,  bending  the  back  like  a  bow  and  holding 
the  head  low,  to  give  elasticity  to  the  body.  In  swiftness  they  almost  if  not  quite 
excel  the  swiftest  runner,  and  the  females  arc  especially  fast.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
many  of  us  would  have  been  killed  by  them  if  their  legs  were  worth  as  nuich  on  land 
as  they  are  in  water.  And,  indeed,  it  is  not  wise  to  fight  with  them  even  in  a  largo 
level  place,  for  there  oni*  can  get  away  with  ditllculty.  Steep  places  were  always  our 
refuge  of  safety,  because  they  can  not  climb  up  them.  They  sometimes  laid  siege  to 
me  for  more  than  six  houis,  and  at  length  c(mipelled  me,  at  very  great  peril  of  my 
life,  to  ascend  a  precipice,  and  in  that  way  to  escajio  from  the  infuriated  beasts. 

If  1  were  required  to  state  how  nuiu}  I  saw  on  Bering  Island  1  should  truthfully 
say  that  I  could  not  guess — they  were  countless,  they  covered  the  whole  shore.  Not 
ini're(piently  they  obliged  me  and  my  Cossack,  in  our  randiles  this  way  and  that 
through  the  entire  island,  to  leave  the  shore  and  prosecute  our  Journey  with  difliculty 
over  the  tops  of  the  hills. 

The  sea  otters  ar«'  very  much  in  fear  of  the  sea  bears,  and  very  seldom  come  in 
among  them,  and  it  is  the  same  with  the  seals,  lint  the  sea  lions  live  among  them  in 
great  herds  and  are  nnich  feared  by  them.  They  always  have  the  best  places.  The 
sea  bears  do  not  like  to  stir  up  (piai'rels  when  the  sea  lions  are  present  for  fear  they 
have  these  savage  beasts  as  umpires;  for  they  run  up  immediately,  as  1  have  sometimes 
seen.    So  also  they  <lare  not  try  to  prevent  their  females  from  playing  with  the  sea  lions. 

And,  by  tlie  way,  this  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  sea  bears  are  not  found  every- 
where on  the  shores  of  their  islands,  as  are  the  sea  cows,  the  seals,  the  otter,  and  tho 
sea  lions,  but  only  on  tho  southern  shore,  which  faces  Kamchatka.  The  reason  of  this 
is  obvious — tor  they  see  this  part  of  the  island  first  when  they  come  on  their  journey 
eastward  from  Cape  Kronotski.  They  are  not  found  in  the  northern  part  unless  they 
have  strayed  there  by  mistake. 


STKM.KItS    ACOOUNT    <>l'     IIIK    Fl'H    SEAL. 


2()7 


Nuw  iiboiit  tlie  Inintiiif;  «it'  thuMC  iiniiiials.  Tliose  tliat  wo  lirHl  blindud  on  luiid  with 
MtoiioH  weru  iitterwiird  diHpulched  with  vhih»  with«Mit  uiiy  ai'titlu(>.  Itiit  the  beastH  are 
so  tenacious  of  litb  that  two  or  threu  men  buatini;  only  thoir  iieuds  witli  «;hibs  uonhl 
scarcely  kill  them  with  l!(H)  blows,  and  Iru^neMtly  would  have  to  rest  and  refrc^sh 
tlieniselves  two  or  three  tinuts.  When  the  cranium  is  broken  into  little  bits  and 
almost  all  the  brsiins  have  j^ushed  out,  and  all  the  teeth  have  been  broken,  he  still 
attacks  them  with  his  flippers  and  kce|>s  on  lighting.  I  have  purposely  broken  the 
skull  and  put  out  the  eyes  of  one  and  then  left  him,  and  afterwards  for  more  than  two 
weeks  ha  still  stood  alive  and  unmoved,  lik«^  a  statue,  in  the  sanu;  plac*;. 

In  the  sea  around  Kamchatka  they  very  seldom  come  ashore  on  the  mainland, 
but  they  are  wcmnded  at  sea  by  the  natives  with  an  iron  si>ear  called  "«»»."4-,"  whi»;h 
detaches  from  the  handle  and  remains  in  the  body,  and  this  iron  part  of  the  siwar, 
because  inside  it  is  oblique  to  the  wound,  sticks  fast.  It  is  bound  to  a  stout  thong, 
the  other  end  of  which  is  held  by  those  sitting  in  the  boat.  Hut  the  wounded  animal 
Hces  very  swiftly  like  an  arrow,  and  takes  the  boat  and  men  along  with  him,  until  he 
pauses,  worn  out  aiul  exhausted  with  loss  of  bhxHi.  As  soon  as  he  pauses  they  draw 
him  up  to  them  by  the  thong  and  pierce  him  with  spears,  and  if  he  attempts  to  upset 
the  boat  they  crush  his  front  flippers  and  his  head  with  axes  and  clubs,  lift  huu  dea<l 
into  the  boat,  and  hasten  home.  By  preference  in  spring  they  kill  the  pregnant 
females  and  the  young  males.  Hut  they  dare  iu»t  attack  the  large,  «)ld  nutles,  but 
when  they  see  one  they  say  "/S'i7>««//"  (the  devil),  for  they  mean  by  tiiat  to  call  the 
big  fellow  evil  and  destructive.  So  likewise  they  say  if  they  see  a  sea  lion  or  a  very 
large  sea  bear  on  land  when  they  have  n<»  companion  or  weapons. 

Very  many  sea  bears  die  a  natural  death  fiom  old  age  on  this  island  every  year, 
an*l  as  many  more  fall  in  battle  and  die  from  the  wounds  that  they  have  received;  so 
that  in  some  i)arts  the  whole  shore  is  covered  with  bones  and  skulls,  as  if  great 
battles  had  been  tVmght  there. 

I  can  not  omit  to  menti<m  that  these  animals  have  a  very  large  thymus  gland, 
composed  of  many  little  glands,  and  rolled  up  in  a  membranous  sat;.  I  have  made 
an  incision  into  a  branch  of  the  main  artery  of  the  lungs,  and  when  I  inserted  a  little 
tube  and  blew  in  with  my  nututh  1  discovered  that  not  only  the  ventricles  of  the 
heart  but  also  the  thymus  gland  swelled  up.  I  would  rather  not  suggest  what  others 
may  coiiclude  in  regard  to  this,  unless  I  could  make  numy  more  experiments  on  other 
sea  beasts. 

Here,  at  the  eml,  I  will  mention  that  it  is  a  very  curious  thing  what  the  explui-er, 
Dampier,  says  of  the  Island  Ferdiriand  (.luan  Kernandez),  below  ;{«P  south  latitude; 
he  asserts  that  there  upon  the  land  he  found  the  whole  shore  covered  with  countless 
herds  of  seals,  sea  lions,  and  sea  bears,  in  the  same  way  as  we  found  it  in  Hering 
Islaiul.  This  does  not  lead  mo  to  believe  that  tiiese  animals  come  hither  from  those 
southern  latitudes,  for  this  distance  would  be  far  too  great,  but  I  gather  from  it  two 
facts:  first,  that  the  sea  beasts  of  the  southern  hemisphere  are  the  same,  or  not 
very  different,  from  tlmse  of  the  northern  in  about  the  sanje  longitude;  and,  second, 
it  is  credible  that  our  sea  bears  spend  the  winter  at  about  the  same  de;.'ree  of  north 
latitude.  Perchance  some  time  fate  will  grant  that  since  wo  have  found  their  sumnivU' 
camping  ground  others  may  somewhere  discover  their  winter  homo;  if  this  be  not 
the  land  called  "  Compainm  laml,"  perchance  it  may  be  a  land  lying  not  far  away  and 
some  time  to  be  discovered. 


i?.i 


20H 


rilK    I'I'li    SKAI.8    <»K     rilK    PlilHILOF    ISLANDS. 


: 


; 


1  h:iv«'  liiiil  (wo  iHctiiros  iiiiulo. ot'wiiicli  tliu  foriiuM-  iTpniHeiits  a  iiiiilu  iuhUii);  <mi  h 
rock,  iis  { li«>y  arc  {^cnci-iilly  hcimi  ;  aiitl  t li<^  sccoml,  »  siaalltM'  f(>lll^lt^  lyiii^  upon  licr  buck, 
I  liavoliur  r«>pr«'S(Mite<l  in  tliis  position  cliiclly  tor  the  rcaHon  that  tiic  sliapu  ot'Mio  liirul 
lot;  may  appear,  ami  t  his  coiiltl  n4it  be  broii^'ht  out  true  to  natiiro  if  siie  were  in  Kitting; 
position. 

As  to  style  and  iirranKemeiit  of  matter,  pressure  of  dniius  does  not  permit  me  to 
spend  too  much  time  in  perl'ectin;;  any  one  tliint;,  unless  I  am  to  allow  many  tliiii;;s  to 
pt  to  waste  upon  njy  liands.  I  therefore  set  out  my  porrid^ciiu  earefnily  made  earthen 
vesHels.  If  the  vessel  is  an  «)trens«^  to  any  «Mie,  he  will  perform  for  nuMind  otlu^rs  a  most 
friendly  service  if  he  will  pour  it  all  into  a  }>old  or  silver  urn.  As  to  the  fact  that  I 
have  noted  the  minutest  circumstances,  I  did  it  for  this  reason:  that  I  ini^ht  omit 
nothing  that  I  learned  from  careful  watching.  I'\u-  t lie  rest,  I  {guarantee  that  I  say 
nothing  that  is  not  nmst  true;  an  acc«Miiit  can  always b(^  nnide  shorter,  but  not  h>n);or 
or  fuller,  if  it  has  been  fnun  the  ttutset  r«^stricted  within  rather  narrow  lindts. 

HABITS    AND   CHARACTERISTICS   OK   SEA  LIONS. 

These  beasts  are  indeed  terrible  to  hiok  U|>ou  when  alive,  aiul  they  far  Hurpa.sH 
the  sea  bear  in  strength  and  si/.e  as  well  lis  in  eiubiranceof  the  ditferent  parts.  They 
are  hard  to  overcome  and  tijjlit  nuist  viciously  when  <!ornered.  They  also  jjive  to  the 
eyes  an*l  min«l  the  impression  of  a  lion.  Nevertheless,  they  fear  so  much  the  very 
8i}jht  of  man  that  if  they  sec  one  i'vcn  at  a  distance  they  rush  in  headlong'  lli^ht  from 
the  lanil  into  the  sea.  Ibit  if,  wlit^n  tlicy  are  sound  asleep,  a  nmn  comes  up  near  rid 
wakes  them  by  a  blow  from  his  sti<'k  or  by  a  loud  noise,  they  take  to  llifiht  at  once, 
pantin;;:  like  a  furnace,  and  with  their  limbs  shaking;  .so  with  fear  that  they  can  not 
contnd  them.  But  if  one  of  tlicm  is  cornered  and  all  chance  t'ov  lli^iit  is  shut  otf  he 
turns  a^tainst  his  enemy  with  a  ^reat  roar,  shakes  his  head  in  wrath,  nij^cs,  cri<^s  out, 
anil  puts  even  the  bravest  man  to  lli}>:ht.  The  tir.st  time  that  1  tried  this  ex])erimeiit 
was  almost  the  last  of  me.  On  this  ai'coiint  tiiis  animal  is  never  hunted  at  sita  by 
the  Kaiicliatkau  tribes,  because  he  overturns  the  boat  of  the  hunters  and  slays  tlii^m 
most  .savaj;ely.  Jsor  does  anyom^  dare  en<j:a}ie  him  even  on  land  in  open  battle,  but 
he  is  caught  by  {jfuile  when  olf  his  guard  and  (jiiite  at  ease,  or  even  smiiid  asleep. 
When  the  beast  is  asleep  on  land,  the  hunter  who  has  most  eonlldence  in  his  .strenjjth 
and  swiftness,  cree])s  silently  up  to  it  with  the  wind  in  his  face  and  plunges  into  it 
niider  its  fore  tlippers  an  iron  or  bone  spear  called  a  "wrwoA-."  It  is  made  to  lly  out 
of  its  socket  and  is  fastened  to  a  thong  made  from  the  skin  of  this  very  animal.  The 
other  hunters  keep  the  thong,  which  is  wound  several  times  around  a  rock  or  a  stake 
driven  dee])  into  the  ground.  While  the  beast  that  has  been  wounded  and  aroused 
attempts  to  got  away,  the  other  men  shoot  arrows  at  it  from  a  distance,  or  transtix  it 
with  a  .second  spear  fastened  to  a  thong.  At  length  when  its  strength  is  gone  they 
pierce  it  with  spears  and  kill  it  with  clubs.  Hut  when  they  attack  it  they  attack  it 
asleep  on  the  shore  where  there  are  few  rocks;  they  shoot  poisoned  lUTows,  and  then 
run  away.  The  animal  is  compelled  by  thti  ]>oison  to  come  on  shore,  as  the  salt  sea 
water  increases  the  pain  of  the  wounds;  and  then,  if  the  place  is  a  convenient  one,  ho 
is  stabbed,  or  otherwise,  if  left  to  him.self,  he  will  die  of  the  i)oi8on  in  twenty-four 
hours.  All  who  have  the  skill  and  daring  to  hunt  this  beast,  and  who  have  killed 
many,  are  held  in  great  honor  by  their  fellows,  and  are  regarded  as  heroes  and  braves. 
Accordingly  the  love  of  glory,  as  well  as  the  excellence  of  the  tlosh,  turns  many  to  the 


STKM.EHH    ACCOUNT    Or    TIIK    SKA    MoN. 


209 


limit  iiiiil  iiiiikos  tliciii  iraily  tor  lia/.anliMis  «Mitur|ii'iH«>s.  'I'lii-y  ot'tuii  loiiil  lli*-ii' lioatH 
willi  two  or  fvvii  tlii'u«M>r  t)i«-.si^  animals,  till  Miuy  tlirt>ati-ii  to  sink  in  tlit>  \viit«!r.  Uiil 
tluty  aro  so  skillt'ii!  that.  Mils  hoMoiii  liappens  in  Mio  Hinootli  hcu,  even  Mioii^rji  liu^  rim 
of  the  boat  maybe  even  with  the  Hiirt'ac«  (if  the  water.  They  eoiisnl«r  it  a  {,'ieat 
<liH;;race  it',  tliroii}j;h  I'eiirot'iit^alli,  thuy  aliaiHlon  the  qnany  that  they  have  oiire  seciiieil, 
HO  that  it' their  lianils  shoiilil  not  avail  to  bail  out  the  water  they  woiiltl  sink.  'I'o 
liiint  this  lieiLSl  the  lira  vest  men  ^ooiit  to  sea  in  tlieii  li;(lit  eaiiotvH  lour  or  tivr  <ieniian 
miles  to  the  iiiiiiilial>il«-tl  islainlealleil  .\lait.  Ami  il  not  iiirie(|iit>iitly  liappens  that  the 
sailors  without  a  eompass  are  lakeii  by  a  eontiary  wiiiil  I'onr,  live,  or  even  ei^jlit  days 
out  to  .sea  without  anything'  to  eat,  ami  see  neither  island  nor  iiiainlaRd,  and  have 
only  the  risiii;r  mi,!  settiii;;  of  the  sun  and  moon  to  direit  them. 

The  blubber,  as  well  as  the  sweet  llesli,  is  well  tiavoied  and  lii}(lily  |iri/ed,  ami 
the  gelatinous  tli|i|ierH  are  considered  a  priim^  delieaey.  The  tat  is  not  greasy,  likit 
that  of  seals  and  whales,  but  is  still,  and  lesombleH  that  ot  sea  bears  in  <;olor,  but 
not  in  flavor  and  smell.  The,  tat  ol' tlio  young  is  sweeter  than  iniitton  tallow  and 
resendiles  the  marrow  of  leg  btnies.  From  tliu  skin  they  make  lliongH,  the  Hulas  of 
sliot^s,  and  even  Hlioes  themselves  and  leggiuH. 

They  are.  |>olygainous.  One,  iiiah>  has  two,  lliree,  or  (our  t'emaluH.  The  pups  uru 
born  on  laud  ab«nit  the  beginning  of 'hiiiu — onuonly  ata  l>irtli,aiid  are  Hiiekled  bytluiir 
ni<»thei's.  They  eoine  together  in  August  and  September,  lieiiee  the  young  remains  in 
the  womb  nine  months,  as  indeed  seems  reasonable.  They  e.opiilat*^  like,  the  ,sea  bears. 
The  males  hold  the  t'emales  in  great  respeet  and  do  not  truat  them  so  htiisiily  as  the 
H(M  b«'ars  do  tluur  wives.  They  delight  exceedingly  in  the  eares.ses  of  the  (('males 
and  eoiiiit  their  at1eeti(ui  worthy  of  iiiiieh  more  demonstrative  return.  The,  males,  like, 
(he  t'emales,  have  a  very  iiidilVerent  love  Cor  the  pups.  The  mothers  when  asleep  .some- 
times crush  the  young  at  their  udd«M's  by  their  weight  and  kill  (hem,  as  I  have  often 
seen,  and  tiiey  were  not  the  least  i>it  disturbed  when,  as  often,  1  cut  the  throats  of  the 
young,  even  before  the  eyeH  of  their  parents  and  t  lirew  the  entrails  to  them.  The  pups 
arc  not  so  lively  and  active  as  tlio.se  of  (he  sea  bears,  but  sleep  all  the  time  or  play  a 
little  inala/y  way,  and  indulge  in  amatory  sports.  At  (eventide  tluMiiothers  with  the 
young  go  out  into  the  .sea  and  swim  <|iiietly  near  the  shore.  When  the  pups  get  tired 
of  swiinming  they  are  wont  to  pentli  upon  the  backs  of  their  mothers  and  rest,  lint 
the  mother  rolls  over  like  a  wheel  and  Hliakes  the  la/y  (Mips  oil,  and  acc'istoms  them  to 
swimming.  As  an  experiment  I  have  thrown  young  .sea  bears  and  equally  young  sea 
li(nis  int«»  the  water;  but  (hey  were  so  far  from  being  able  to  swim  or  to  use  their  Itip- 
pei'H  well  that  they  beat  the  waves  ii regularly  with  their  flippers  and  hurried  to  the 
shore.    The  ]mps  are  twiee  as  largo  as  those  of  .sea  bears. 

Although  these  animals  are  exceedingly  alraid  of  man,  yet  I  have  seen  them  gri»w 
used  to  liiin  and  become  tame  by  meeting  him  fre(|ueiitiy  without  injury,  and  especially 
at  that  time  when  the  pups  had  not  yet  learned  t<»  swim  easily.  1  lived  a  season  in 
the  midst  of  a  heid  of  them,  and  for  six  whole  (lays  on  a  spot  above  them,  where  from 
my  hut  I  watt'hed  tlunr  liabKs  carefully.  They  lay  around  me  in  every  direction;  they 
watched  my  (Ire  and  what  I  did,  and  did  not  run  away  any  longer  even  when  I  walked 
around  among  them  and  took  their  pups  and  killed  them  and  examined  tliem.  They 
practiced  coition,  fought. jealously  for  their  wives  and  for  the  best  places,  and  fought 
most  bitterly  in  Just  the  same  way  and  with  the  same  moti<ms  and  the  same  heat  as 
the  sea  bears  do.  One  from  whom  a  female  had  been  taken  fought  with  all  the  rest  for 
5947— l>T  3 14 


I  '! 


210 


THE   VVK   SEALS   OF  THE   PKIHILuF   ISLANDS. 


it 


I'i    : 


tliiee  whole  days,  and  was  wuunded  all  over  in  mure  than  a  hundred  phicuH.  The  sea 
boars  never  mingle  ii:  their  tights,  but  if  u  quarrel  arises  they  run  away,  lo4»kiiig  all 
around  them.  They  yit^hl  them  the  choice  of  places  and  allow  their  females  and  pups 
to  indulge  in  various  sports,  an<l  dare  not  object.  As  far  as  possible  they  avoid  all 
dealings  with  the  sea  lions,  but  these,  uninvited  and  unwelcome,  often  mix  in  their 
quarrels.  The  old  and  decre)>it  among  them  grow  white  around  the  head,  and  beyond 
all  doubt  these  beasts  are  very  long  lived.  They  scratch  their  ears  and  iiead  with 
their  hind  flippers,  as  the  bears  do,  and  stand,  swim,  lie  down,  anil  walk  in  the  same 
way.  They  low  like  cows  and  the  young  bleat  like  sheep,  and  while  1  was  amtmg  them 
it  seemed  to  me  as  if  1  were  playing  shepherd  and  were  mingling  with  herds  of  cattle. 
The  old  and  worn-(»ut  ennt  an  odor,  but  far  milder  and  less  ott'ensive  than  that  of  the 
sea  bears.  They  are  found  in  this  island  in  spring,  as  well  as  in  winter  and  summer, 
but  only  in  certain  parts — those  that  are  rocky  and  near  precipices.  Nevertheless, 
others  ci»me  hertt  every  year  along  with  the  sea  bears.  I  have  seen  them  in  great 
numbers  ahtng  the  American  shores.  They  are  found  in  Kamchatka  almost  all  the 
time.  They  do  not  go  above  5(5"  north  latitude.  They  are  hunted  a  great  deal  near 
Cape  Kronotski  and  around  the  island  Ostrovnaia,  around  Avatcha  (iulf,  antl  from 
here  as  far  as  Cape  Lopatka.  They  are  found  in  the  Kuril  Islands  and  almost  as  far 
as  Matmej  Island.  Captain  Spangbcrg  on  his  chart  has  named  a  certain  island  from 
the  number  of  these  animals  that  he  found  upon  it,  and  from  a  (^lit!' overhanging  their 
city,  the  "Palace  of  Sivutch."  The  sea  lion  is  never  seen  in  the  Penshin  Sea.  The 
reasons  why  these  beasts  come  hither  in  tlune,  July,  and  August,  are  for  quiet,  for  piir- 
turition,  for  rearing  and  teaching  the  pups,  and  for  copulation.  ISefore  and  after  this 
X)eriod  they  are  found  in  greater  nund)crs  on  the  slnu-es  of  Kamchatka. 

As  to  the  food  of  these  beasts,  they  piey  upon  tlsh  and  seal  esi»ecially,  and  also 
upon  otter  and  other  sea  animals.  The  old  ones  eat  little  or  nothing  at  all  in  .lune 
and  July,  but  take  their  ease  and  sleep,  and  at  the  same  time  become  very  thin. 

HABITS  AND  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  SEA  OTTER. 

These  animals  are  very  beautiful,  and  because  of  their  beauty  they  are  very  valuable, 
as  one  may  well  believe  of  a  skin  the  hairs  of  which,  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
length,  are  very  soft,  very  thickly  set,  jet  black  and  glossy.  The  soft  underl'nr  also 
among  the  longer  hairs  is  black;  but  the  tips,  or  the  hairs  from  the  middle  on,  are 
black,  while  the  bases  or  roots  are  whitish,  lustrous  like  silk,  and  silvery.  The  most 
valuable  skins  are  almost  perfectly  black ;  others  are  found  with  silvery  fur  shining 
quite  white  all  over,  but  they  occur  very  rarely.  Although  as  time  goes  on  they  change 
the  color  of  their  hair,  they  are  still  much  more  constant  than  the  sables,  and  sable 
skins  never  shine  with  so  deep  a  natural  blackness  as  the  otter's.  The  one  thing  to 
be  deph)rcd  is  that  the  skin  is  too  thick  and  heavy,  and  for  that  reason  is  less  i)leasing 
to  the  eyes  of  the  gentler  sex ;  for  the  skin  of  an  adult  otter  weighs,  on  an  average,  ."J.i 
])onnds. 

Rarely  is  an  otter  caught  that  is  bl tick  all  over;  the  head  of  the  best  grade  of 
otters  is  silvery  gray;  the  cheaper  grtule  of  otter  has  a  head  of  a  tawny  color  and 
yellowish  fur;  and  the  lowest  grade  of  otter  is  that  which  has  no  long  hair,  and  is 
clad  only  in  short,  dirty-gray  fur.  With  these  animals  matters  stand  like  this:  the 
skins  of  certain  animals  always  grow  red  hairs,  rarely  very  long,  while  the  animals 
themselves  are  stupid,  slug;;i8h,  surly,  sleepy;  they  lie  forever  asleep  upon  the  icy 
rocks;  they  move  slowly,  and  can  be  captured  without  any  painstaking  or  ingenuity, 


8TKLLKRS   ACCOUNT    OV   TIIK    SKA   OTTKIi. 


11 


I 


HH  if  tliey  kiKMV  tliat  bcninst^  of  Hu^  inroi-iority  «>f'  tlmir  hides  tlioy  wen'  ii<tt  very 
surioiisly  cxpostMl  t4>  d«>iitli.  Many  of  tlu'in,  liowcvtM-,  litivt^  iiiosf  hmiitifiil  tails, f<iv«>r«>d 
with  htii;;,  Ithirii  I'lir.  Kr«)in  tliese  foiiHideratioiis  I  have  vtmw  \o  two  ronchisioiiH. 
(1)  That  tlio  skins  of  sluggish  animals  ari^  ovurtjrown  witli  only  short  hair,  for  tliti 
siuipU^  n^ason  that  in  sninnicr  time,  whiU^  they  roll  aliont  in  the  sand.  tlu>  lonffor  hairs 
arc  worn  otf  hy  tho  constant  friction,  and  in  the  winter,  while  they  lie  upon  the  damp 
ice,  the  longer  hairs  stick  fast  to  the  ice,  and  are  pulled  otf  when  the  aiiim:il  moves. 
Tiiia  I  have  seen  with  my  own  eyes.  ('J)  Tlnit  black  hair,  throupli  the  intlnence  of 
air  and  sunli^dit,  v;rows  lijrhtcr  and  feebler,  and  so  the  tail,  as  it  is  <;iirled  under  the 
lyin;,'  animal,  is  less  cxiwtsed  to  fritttioii  and  t«)  the  rays  of  the  sun,  and  so  preaervt's 
the  original  blackness  and  length  of  hair.  The  more  active  and  cunning  and  fleet  the 
aninnils  are,  the  more  beautiful  is  the  fur  with  which  they  are  covered,  and  again, 
unlike  the  otlicrs,  they  are  captured  but  '  irely,  and  that  only  by  well  laid  snares. 
Such  animals  are  so  careful  aitnut  their  ow  u  safety  that  if  they  come  out  «)n  dry  land 
alone  to  sleep,  they  look  around  very  carefully,  an<l,  inasmuch  as  their  eyes  are  not 
very  stnmg  when  on  laml,  they  turn  their  noses  in  every  diioctioii  before  they  go  to 
slei'p,  to  nnike  sure  that  no  man  is  in  the  neighborli<N>d — and  then,  even  though  they 
perceive  no  sign  whatt  ver  of  danger,  they  do  not  get  far  away  from  the  sea.  They 
often  wake  up  with  a  start,  look  around,  and  never  sleep  very  soundly.  Hut  if  whole 
herds  sleep  together  on  the  land,  the  finest  looking  leaders  | of  the  herd]  stand  on 
.sentinel  duty,  and  anmse  the  rest  if  any  danger  threatena. 

The  skins  of  fenmles  can  be  distinguished  from  tiiose  of  males  at  the  very  tlrst 
sight,  l)ei  .iiise  they  have  shorter,  liner, more  bea\itiful  hairson  their  backs  and  longer 
ones  on  the  belly;  the  tiesh  of  the  females  is  more  tender,  more  savory,  and  more 
dclicitms  because  of  the  distribution  of  the  lit.  In  the  former  respect  they  are  ditl'er 
cut  from  <|iiadrupeds  and  birds,  for  in  tlie.sc  (>lasses  it  is  the  males  that  are  covered 
with  the  more  beautiful  hair  and  feathers  am.  ilic  brighter  colors. 

They  do  change  their  hair,  however,  like  land  animals  and  birds,  but  with  this 
two  fold  ditVerence:  some  hise  their  hair  in  the  months  of  .Inly  and  August,  but  they 
lose  very  little  of  it ;  the  others  (dnuige  their  color  somewhat  and  come  out  a  darker 
gray,  and  are  for  that  reason  called  by  the  Russians  and  merchants  '■'•  livtuia  liohry," 
and  are  sold  at  a  snnillcr  price.  The  moat  prized  skins  are  those  which  are  taken 
from  animals  in  March,  April,  and  May. 

The  adult  males  are  called  "  /»r»/>/7/,"  the  females,  "  Mntka,'"  and  the  one-year-olds, 
which  have  taken  on  the  soft,  short  fur,  '♦  KosrhlokV;  the  cubs  are  called  "  Mcih-inlki,'" 
or  "  little  bears,"  becauae  they  have  very  long,  thin,  tawny  hair  like  bears;  their  skins 
can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  the  skins  of  the  young  bear,  but  after  live  months 
they  lo.se  tlu'ir  hair,  and  then  they  are  called  ''  /v'fwc/t/o/r/,"'  as  intermediating  between 
the  (Mibs  and  the  oiu^yearohla,  and  are  then  (jovered  only  with  soft,  downy  fur. 

I'pward  of  litteen  years  ago,  the  finest  skins  were  exchanged  by  the  natives  in 
the  land  of  Kamchatka  for  knives  and  firearms,  ami  were  sold  by  Kussian  merchants 
for  .5  ov  (i  rubles;  those  of  medium  quality  sold  for  I  rubles;  those  from  the  Yakut  sold 
for  8  or  10  rubles.  Hut  ever  since  the  (!hinese  began  to  appreciate  and  enrncstly  to 
covet  these  wares  the  line.st  skins  of  the  adult  animal  were  sold  even  in  the  land  of 
Kauu;hatka  for  2.~>  and  ^SO  rubles;  those  of  meilium  quality  for  17,  while  lycarolds 
(those  called  "/I'o/icA/oA-/")  brought  H  rubles,  and  cubs  I  ruble.  Tails  were  held  at  a 
particularly  high  price,  and  were  purehase«l  for  IS  or  even  2  rubles,  and  were  much 
sought  after  tor  caps  and  mittens. 


212 


THK   PUU   8KAL8  OP  ThK    FKIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


!,■        i 


Very  few  lire  I  trough  t  to  Uiissia;  almost  all  arc  taken  to  China,  where  the  heat 
ones  coiumanti  a  price  of  7U  and  .SO  ruhleH.  In  n.'Vi  and  17.'«(  they  were  qnite  ready  to 
otter  20  roIlK  of  "A'(7a/A'a"  for  one  skin,  while  the  ItiisHians  on  their  return  to  Irkutsk 
obtained  for  it  lUO  rubles. 

Tiiese  skins,  moreover,  beint;  rather  heavy,  are  for  that  reason  «learer  to  the 
Chinese  than  the  skins  «»f  nables  and  foxes,  and  they  are  better  Huited  to  increase  the 
weight  of  the  too  light  Hilk  gowns.  In  addition  to  their  beauty  they  make  the  silk  tit 
more  closely  to  the  body  and  resist  the  wind  better;  and  for  those  reiisons  the  Chinese 
make  of  this  fur  borders  of  a  hand's  breadth  and  put  them  around  tiuur  robes  on  every 
side;  anil  this  has  become  the  fashion  also  with  both  sexes,  not  among  the  tribes  of 
Kahnue  and  Siberia  only,  but  also  in  Russia.  In  the  land  of  KauKthatka  nothing  is 
considered  a  liner  adornment  than  a  dress  sewed  up  like  a  sa(rk  (a ''  I'arhu"  Miey  call  it), 
made  out  of  the  white  skins  of  reindeer  fawns  (called  ^''I'iixchiki")  and  having  a  border 
of  bea  otter  fur  around  it.     Mittens  and  caps  are  also  nuule  of  sea  otter  fur. 

In  addition  to  their  weight,  these  skins  have  also  this  disadvantage,  that  they 
retain  too  little  heat  about  the  body  and  become  moist,  although,  because  of  their 
thickness,  they  do  atVord  excellent  i>rotection  against  the  violence  of  the  wind. 

Up  to  a  few  years  ago  the  |)eoplc  there  also  used  to  make  their  clothes  out  of 
thoH«^  skins,  as  they  di<l  long  ago  out  of  the  skins  of  foxes  and  sables  {Zobrlne),  but 
that  custom  has  gone  out  of  date  now  that  their  value  has  increased  so  much;  and 
they  are  not  very  much  aggrieved  at  that  change  of  fashion,  for  the  people  there  have 
always  lookeil  on  dog  skins  as  warmer,  more  beautiful,  and  nmre  lasting. 

The  hides  of  the  cubs  have  this  advantage,  that  they  heat  the  body  less  than  fox 
skins  do. 

These  animals  are  captured  only  on  the  shore  of  Kamchatka,  from  .'itP  to  .~>(P 
north  latitude.  They  are  never  seen  in  the  Penshin  Hea,  nor  are  they  observed  to  go 
beyond  the  third  Kuril  Island.  Krom  this  fact,  and  from  the  hunting  of  the  animal, 
the  ocean  from  the  noighborhoo<l  of  Lopatka  to  the  Promontory  of  Kronotski  has 
received  the  name  of  "Bobrovi  Sea."  For  a  long  time  back  it  has  been  believed  by 
the  people,  as  well  as  by  Russians,  and  asserted  that  this  animal  is  not  an  Asiatit*, 
but  a  stranger  in  that  region  and  a  foreigner  from  other  lands  that  Iil  (piite  near 
Kamchatka,  where  they  are  taken  every  year.  When  the  east  wind  blows  for  two 
days  together  in  the  winter  tinu;,  they  arc  tloated  over  with  the  ice  on  which  they 
have  been  lying,  and  so  are  caught.  Those  which  es<;ape  death  in  the  winter  stay  in 
the  summer  about  the  rugged  and  rocky  shores  of  Kamchatka  and  the  Kuril 
Islands,  give  birth  to  their  young,  and  remain  there;  for  they  have  not  the  strength 
to  swim  away,  and,  on  account  of  the  foramen  ornle  of  the  heart,  they  can  not  while 
swimming  over  the  sea  seek  their  food  in  its  depths;  neither  can  they  hold  out 
against  hunger  for  three  or  four  days. 

The  hunting  of  the  otter  is  on  this  wise:  if  the  winter  has  been  cold  and  great 
quantities  of  ice  are  repeatedly  blown  over,  there  will  be  an  abundance  of  sea  otter 
not  only  in  winter,  but  also,  from  those  that  survive,  in  the  summer;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  from  the  year  174U  to  174.'{  there  was  no  cold  weather  in  this  locality,  no 
ice  could  be  frozen  about  the  shores  and  brought  over  there,  and  so  the  otter  were 
few  and  the  bunting  exceedingly  limited. 

The  region  fam*  us  for  the  hunting  of  the  otter  twenty  years  ago  extended  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Kamchatka  to  the  Tchoschma,  and  wsui  more  renowned  for  that 


II* 


I 


from 
that 


f 


STELLKUS  ACCOUNT  OK  THE  SKA  Oil  Kit. 


213 


i  '* 


than  uiiy  other  place;  now,  howovor,  it  jh  hut  littU)  and  rarely  UHeil.  llniiterH  came 
in  Ki't'ilter  niimlHTs  about  the  Promontory  of  KronotHki,  which  has  come  to  he  moHt 
IVeqiiented  next  alter  tlie  mouth  of  the  river  Kamchatka;  but  there  alHo  the  catch  hnH 
grown  Huialler.  About  OHtrovnaia,  the  (lulf  of  Avatcha,  the  Promontory  of  Lopatka, 
and  the  flrat  thre(>  Kuril  iHlandH  they  are  now  caught  in  much  greater  numbers  than 
before.  The  PeiiHohin  Hea  they  do  not  enter,  although  crabs  and  other  slirllliHli  are 
to  be  found  there  in  at  least  as  great  if  not  greater  uumbers  than  on  the  Ka'  chatkan 
Rhore.  lint  why  they  d«»  not  go  beyond  tlio  tlrst  tlireo  Kuril  Islands,  alt)  ,/Ugh  they 
might  easily  pass  from  one  Ut  the  other  and  so  on  clear  to  .lapan,  admits  of  a  three- 
fold explanation.  (I)  Iteuause  Hie  sea  lions  and  sea  bears,  inhabiting  the  desert 
islands  in  very  great  numbers,  devour  the  sea  ottiM-  and  injure  th^^m  in  every  jMmsibie 
manner,  t\w  latter  are  very  much  afraid  of  them  an<l  are  driven  away.  ('J)  There  is 
never  any  i(;e  in  those  regions,  and  so  no  seti  <itter  are  ever  brought.  (3)  The  distaiu-e 
between  America  and  the  farther  Kuril  Islands  is  very  great,  and  there  are  no  islands 
in  between,  and  so  these  animals  cannot  reach  them  by  swimming.  Itesides,  these  crea- 
tures are  not  naturally  of  a  roving  disposition;  but  if  they  might  find  a  suitable  place 
designed,  as  it  were,  for  them,  even  so  the  inhabitants  of  the  tirst  islands  are  h«>  bent 
on  hunting  them  that  those  which  have  managed  to  es<;a))e  in  winter  rarely  escape  in 
summer.  They  hunt  the  otter  in  all  :)easons,  but  in  most  diverse  nianner  according  to 
the  demands  of  the  season.  They  arc  captured  in  greatest  numbers  in  winter,  par 
ticularly  in  the  months  of  February,  March,  and  April,  but  their  capture  is  made  at 
the  expense  of  tremendous  exertion,  great  daring,  and  not  infre<|ueiitly  loss  of  hunntn 
life.  When  in  the  months  botbre  mentioned  the  east  wind  blows  for  two  or  three  days 
in  succession,  ii  vast  quantity  of  ice  is  carried  over  from  i\w  i\mcricaii  shore;  the  ice 
comes  over  even  more  qui(;kly  if  it  has  been  carried  away  in  the  autumn  and  held  in 
the  channel  between  the  islands.  While  the  wind  blows,  the  hunters  lie  in  wait 
in  their  straw  covered  huts:  the  ice  drifts  in  in  so  great  quantities  that  it  tills 
the  surfai;e  of  the  sea  for  several  miles  out  from  land  in  the  region  of  the  Kuril 
Islands,  and  oftentimes  connects  the  Promontory  of  Lapatka  with  the  first  island. 
Then  the  hunters,  arming  themselves  with  clubs  and  knives,  put  on  their  snowshoes 
(called  '■'■lapki"),  and  cither  alone  or  attended  by  (h)gs  g(»  out  upon  the  i(!e.  With 
their  clubs  they  kill  the  otter  they  tind  in  a  few  nuuuents,  moving  continually  th<^ 
while  that  they  may  not  break  the  ic(;.  They  have  the  skins  (;arefully  pulled  oil',  and 
leave  the  carcasses,  if  they  be  t«M)  far  from  the  shore.  Meanwhile  the  dogs  hunt  out 
others.  When  the  otter  catt  les  sight  of  the  dog  and  the  dog  stops,  the  otter  is 
brought  territied  to  bay,  and  attempts  to  liide,  until  the  hunter,  following  the  foot- 
prints of  the  dog,  (;omes  u|>on  his  quarry  and  dispatches  it.  So  eagcrly.do  they  pursue 
the  hunt  that  they  otteii  go  out  so  far  upon  the  ice  that  they  get  out  of  sight  of  land. 
If,  as  often  happens,  the  i(;e  is  brought  in  with  a  gale  or  tempest  and  a  heavy  fall 
of  snow,  the  catch  is  even  larger,  but  fraught  with  greater  danger;  for  when  the 
hunters  can  not  look  ahead  nor  see  the  holes  in  the  ice  at  their  feet,  they  must  follow 
their  dog  or  mere  blind  <;hance.  This  most  venturesome  (;liase  can  not  be  witnessed 
from  the  land  without  terror.  The  ice  rises  and  falls  with  the  waves ;  the  hunters  walk 
now  upon  a  mountain  which  was  but  a  moment  before  a  valley  or  a  deep  pit;  again  they 
are  litted  up  on  high,  and  again  they  sink  and  disappear  from  sight.  But  the  best  and 
easiest  hunting  takes  platte  when  the  ice  remains  on  the  shore  for  a  long  time;  for  while 
the  tempest  lasts,  the  otter,  not  knowing  whether  they  are  on  the  tloating  ice  or  on  the 


214 


I'HE    VVR   HEALS   OF   THE    PHULBILOF    ISliANDS, 


i:     1 


land,  f;()  inland  ;">,  M>,  and  even  ."i  tiirlongs.  I'or  tlu'V  art'  misled  by  the  loarinf?  of 
tliu  wind  in  the  treiiH  aud  buHiwMt  and  think  tiinv  ;uro  ^oing  toward  the  sea,  and  that 
what  they  hear  i8  the  roar  of  tiw  wnv«.s.  In  tUit^  way  a  single  huntsman  often  kills  as 
many  as  thirty  or  forty  or  more-  and  saves  the  meat  us  well  as  the  skin. 

Wiiile  the  pco|»ie  hunt  upon  tiie  ice,  they  mv  jjenerally  very  careful  to  observe  the 
winds,  for  fear  that  by  adverse  winds  they  be  itarried,  as  not  infre(iuently  hapiiens, 
out  into  the  open  sea.  It  is  not  a  rare  thing  tor  them  to  Hoat  up  and  <lown  with  tlio 
iee  upon  t!ie  waves  for  thi"»M\  four,  (ive,  and  even  six  days,  and  then,  with  favoring 
fortune  and  favoring  winds,  lo  be  l)rought  in  again  and  cmne  safely  to  sho'e.  When 
the  wind  blows  from  tin*  other  quarter  the  ice  is  drifted  away.  If  it  drifts  along  the 
Hhore,  the  hunters  follow  the  iceeontinuaily,  for  while  the  ief  is  drifting  away,  whether 
by  day  or  by  night,  the  otter  try  to  t;et  back  upon  it  again,  and  so  the  latter  i>art  of 
the  hunt  is  often  richer  than  the  beginning.  The  huuters  wear  siiowshoes,  in  order 
that  the  ice,  which  is  often  very  thin,  may  bear  their  weight  and  keep  them  from 
breaking  through.  Eadi  shitw  is  from  ')  to<>  feet  long,  S  inches  wide,  and  is  iasteued 
to  the  foot  with  straps. 

As  this  hunt  takes  place  n^Mm  the  ice,  it  is  considered  good  news  all  through  the 
Kuril  Islands,  Lopatka,  Kronotski,  and  Avatcha  that  the  ice  has  come.  Moreover, 
besuies  the  otter,  seals  also  and  sea  lions  are  brought  in  uiton  the  ice. 

Tlic  hunting  of  the  ott«'r  is  jdaiined  for  in  the  winter  time,  because  the  colder, 
windier,  and  stormier  the  winuer  the  greater  the  catch,  and  the  milder  the  winter  the 
(HKMcr  the  catch.  Although  in  the  years  1740,  1741,  and  174U  great  (luantities  of  ice 
witii  great  numbers  of  otter  drifted  in,  still  the  catch  was  very  insignitieant;  but  the 
reiMHK  was  tliat  the  ice  was  very  thin  aud  would  not  hold  the  hunters. 

1 1  Muniner  the  otter  are  caught  in  four  ways.  (J)  While  lying  upon  their  backs 
asH^i  at  sea  they  are  wjieareii  trom  tioats  with  harpoons,  (li)  Even  when  awake  they 
may  l»eiliiven  about  in  the  se-.i  by  two  boats  until  thev  are  tired  out  and  then  speared, 
tor  The*  -an  not  live  underwiuer  firriBore  than  two  minutes  without  breathing.  If  pur- 
suwi  iHMMerately,  therefore,  they  swim  ^Uoiig  and  soon  get  so  out  (»f  breath  that  they  can 
tiee  no  MinaiMir  and  are  forced  to  suhi.  ("i)  When  the  tide  is  out  they  take  refuge  on 
the  itH-ivr.  r.hat  rise  up  nbove  the  snrfare  of  the  sea.  There  they  sleej)  and  are  killed 
liy  tU>  Muiters  with  clubs,  liefow  the  advent  of  the  Russians  they  used  in  the  same 
wax-^ tii»-^Mne  out  on  land  to  sleep  m\  the  shores  of  Kamchatka  anil  the  Kuril  I.slands; 
iMt  <f«a- .siui:e  they  began  to  Ite  iinnted  for  their  skins  to  satisfy  the  avarice  of  man 
ight  ui>ou  the  mainland,  «)r  very  rarely,  when  they  have  come  tlu'ie 
,4)  Ihi^  are  caught  lb  nets.  The  nets  are  sjtrcad  above  the  water  and 
UmlbmmtllmitmmmaB  bold  them  tirinl>  in  position  in  not  very  deei>  placet?,  where  sea 
«aai4|PHn»ni  «pnt  (piaiititi«M||^  tor  ttie  otter  feed  upon  shelllish  and  crustaceans  that 
bf^tMBMHiBd  m  the  sea  weettn,  and  there  they  are  caught  in  th(>.  nets  or  are  killed 
fiy  tire  Irmrtrr,  w»r>  comes  npon  ttHwi  in  ids  Ijoat.  Soui'jriines  they  carve  out  wooden 
otiei  .  |)iuni  tiraa  black,  and  set  U^-m  aHoat.  The  otter,  seeing  these  images,  swim 
up  and  uiidulge  ii  various  stmiiige  ca|)ers  about  them,  and  by  this  trick  are  caught. 
When  they  are  :;:uaglit  in  the  nets  they  are  so  frantic  that  in  their  de'-'pair  they  bite 
ofl  their  tront  t»»ei.:  but  if  a  male  and  a  female  are  caugirt  together  they  both  lacerate 
their  skins  terrlb'^•  and  knock  out  their  eyes. 

We  kdled  th«n  on  Bering  Island  with  spears,  nets,  and,  when  they  were  lyiug 
ii»ieep  or  n.  t!!«  act  of  copulating,  with  clubs. 


8TELLEK  s  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  SEA  OT'l'EK. 


215 


Tbey  were  toiiiul  there  in  so  great  abundance  that  from  the  beginning  our  nuuiborH 
did  not  surtice  to  kill  tlieui.  They  covered  the  shore  in  great  droves;  and  as  the 
aiiinuil  is  not  migratory,  but  is  boru  and  bred  there,  they  an;  so  far  from  fearing  nuin 
that  they  would  come  up  to  our  fires  and  wouhl  not  be  driven  away  until,  after  numy 
of  them  had  been  shiin,  thoy  learned  to  know  us  si'sd  run  away.  Nevertheless  wo 
killed  ui)ward  of  800  of  them, and  if  the  narrow  limits  of  the  craft  we  constructed  had 
permitted  we  should  have  killed  three  times  as  many. 

As  lo  the  beauty  of  the  animal,  and  particularly  of  its  skin,  this  sea  otter  is  alone 
incomparable,  without  a  peer;  it  surpasses  all  other  inhabitants  of  the  vast  ocean, 
and  holds  the  first  rank  in  point  of  beauty  and  softness  of  its  fur. 

As  to  its  habits,  it  loves  to  live  both  in  the  water  and  on  the  land;  but  for  the 
sake  of  sweet  peace  the  otter  inhabits  in  great  droves,  by  preference,  the  great  islands 
of  the  ocean,  l-'or  getting  food  it  seeks,  when  the  tide  is  out,  the  shallow,  rocky  reefs 
overgrown  with  seawee«l,  and  there  devours  (trustaceans,  mussels,  clams,  snails, 
limpets,  polyps,  cuttlefish.  Only  wheu  forced  by  hunger  to  do  so,  do  they  eat  sea- 
weed; but  they  eat  fi  >h  smelt,  and  a  little  fish  called  in  Kamchatkan  idiom  the  "  fZ/'A//," 
whi(!h  is  washed  in  by  the  spring  tides  in  countless  numbers.  They  are  also  fond  of 
meat.  I  have  seen  an  otter  eating  the  flesh  of  another  otter  which  had  been  skinned 
ami  thrown  away.     It  may  therefore  be  concluded  that  this  animal  is  omnivorous. 

In  the  winter  thej'  lie  some  upon  the  ice,  some  upon  the  shore.  In  summer  they 
go  uj)  the  rivers  and  penetrate  even  to  the  lakes,  where  they  greatly  enjoy  the  fresh 
water.  On  warm  days  they  seek  the  valleys  and  shady  recesses  of  the  mountains  and 
frolic  there  like  monkeys.  They  surpass  all  other  amphibia  in  i)lay  and  frolicsomeness 
and  in  (leetness  of  foot. 

On  the  land  they  lie,  as  dogs  do,  with  the  body  curled  up.  As  they  conu>  out  of 
the  sea,  like  dogs  they  shake  off  all  the  water  before  they  lie  down  to  sleep;  then  with 
their  paws  they  wash  their  faces,  just  as  cats  do,  smooth  out  their  bodies,  straighten 
out  their  fur,  turn  their  head  from  one  side  to  the  other  as  they  look  themselves  over, 
and  seem  to  be  greatly  pleased  with  their  ])ersonid  app«'iirance.  1  have  also  seen  the 
males  play  with  their  genital  organs  like  monkeys.  When  they  are  engaged  in 
sleeking  their  fur  they  are  so  intent  upon  it  that  they  can  be  killed  leadily. 

A  swift  runner  can  scarcely  overtake  an  otter  when  it  runs,  for  it  runs  with  many 
windings,  in  a  fashion  to  mislead.  When  it  sees  its  path  to  the  sea  intercepted  and 
finds  itself  exhausted  and  out  of  breadth,  it  puts  up  its  lack  like  a  cat,  threatens  to 
leap  upon  its  pursuer,  and  spits  like  an  angry  cat;  but  we,  being  conscious  thatits  anger 
*'  as  not  dangerous,  were  not  frightened  ofll';  and  when  it  receives  a  vigorous  blow  upon 
the  head  it  falls  upon  the  ground,  covers  its  eyes  with  its  paws,  and  keeps  them  so,  no 
matter  how  many  times  it  is  struck  upon  the  back.  Hut  if  one  hits  it  on  r))e  tail, 
which  is  extended  out  as  the  animal  ruiis,  it  turns  about  and  fa<es  the  striker  in  the 
most  absurd  fashion.  But  more  frequently  it  hai»i>ens  that  they  fall  down  at  the  first 
Wow  and  |uet»!iul  that  they  are  dead,  and  then  as  soon  as  they  se(^  that  we  turn  our 
attention  to  others  they  .:uddenly  take  to  flight.  Krom  this  it  would  appear  that  the 
aninud  is  very  cunning.  Oftentimes  we  would  drive  them  into  narrow  places  on  pur 
pose,  without  any  thought  of  doing  them  any  harm;  we  would  hold  our  clubs  ready, 
and  they  would  fall  down  fawning  and  looking  around  in  every  direction.  Then  they 
would  slowly  slink  past  us  like  dogs,  and  as  soon  as  they  saw  that  they  were  out  of 
danger  they  would  hurry  with  mighty  leaps  to  the  sea. 


216 


THE   FUK   BEALS   OF   THE   I'UIHILOF    ISLANDS. 


Ill 


lit, 


Hi 


Wlieu  they  8tau(l  up  they  keep  tlieir  nwks  cxtiMulml  in  line  with  the  body,  and 
the  hinder  part,  because  of  the  lun^tli  of  the  legs,  stands  higher. 

They  swim  now  upon  the  belly,  now  upon  one  side,  <uul  agiiin  Hat  upon  the  buek; 
t' ^y  also  swim  standinji  bolt  upright  in  the  water. 

They  play  t^)gether,  and,  like  tinman  beings,  euibrnce  with  their  arms  and  kiss 
each  other.  If  they  escape  the  club,  they  gesticulate  in  a  very  ridiculous  manner,  as 
if  making  fun  of  the  hunter.  With  one  paw  raised  over  their  eyos,  as  if  bolliered  by  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  they  watch  the  num,  continually  rubbing  their  pulenda  as  they  lie 
upon  their  backs,  and  then  go  off  into  the  water,  still  watching  the  man  steadily  and 
urinating  as  they  go,  in  the  same  way  as  sea  bears  and  whales  also  do. 

Theycopiilati  atall  seasons,  and  so  throughout  the  year  the  mothers  are  seen  busy 
with  their  cubs.  Whether  they  give  birth  twice  within  one  season  1  would  not  venture 
to  de(  j<le;  but  I  haveseen,and  I  have  sometimes  killed,  mothers  with  two  cubs,  one  of 
whidi  was  a  year  old  and  the  other  three  or  four  months  old.  Wo  nuich  is  certain,  they 
never,  or  at  most  very  rarely,  give  birth  to  more  than  one  at  a  time.  Tin!  (irst  year 
after  they  arc  born  they  do  not  co])ulate,  but  the  second  year  they  do.  The  peiiod  ttf 
gestation  is  eight  or  nine  months;  and  so  they  bring  Ibrth  perlw^tly  developed  young, 
with  eyes  open  and  with  all  their  teeth;  the  four  canine  teeth  are  smaller  than  common, 
just  as  I  luive  ol>served,  also,  in  the  case  of  the  sea  bears,  seals,  and  .sea  lions. 

They  suckle  their  young  almo.st  a  whole  year.  They  preserve  their  conJuj;al  atfec 
tion  most  constantly,  and  the  male  does  not  serve  more  than  one  female.  They  live 
together  both  on  sea  and  on  land.  The  1  year-old  i-ubs,  the  "/.•«'.s77(/r»/,i,"liv<i  with  their 
parents  until  they  set  up  housekec])iiig  on  their  owa  scor«!.  IJaidy,  therefore,  are 
females  seen  apart  ironi  cubs  two  or  thiee  months  old,  which  are  called  ••  ttiidriollii. 

The  femaU'S  always  give  birth  to  their  young  on  land.  Whether  in  the  sea  or  on 
land,  they  carry  their  cubs  in  their  nuuiths;  but  when  they  sleep  at  sea  they  fold  then* 
young  in  their  arms  just  as  mothers  do  their  babes.  They  tlnow  the  young  ones  into 
the  water  to  teach  them  to  swim,  and  when  tired  out  they  bring  them  to  shore  again 
and  kiss  them  just  like  iiuman  beings.  They  toss  the  young  out  into  the  sea  and  with 
their  paws  catch  them  when  tossed,  like  a  ball;  ami  with  them  they  engage  in  ail 
the  delightful  and  gentle  games  that  a  fond  mother  can  play  with  her  children.  When 
the  mother  sleejts  on  shore  the  fjubs  keep  watch,  clinging  to  her  dugs  or  arms  They 
embrace  their  young  with  an  atfcction  that  is  sca^'cely  (uedible.  When  hunters  press 
upon  them,  whether  by  land  or  by  sea,  they  seize  their  young  with  their  mouths  and 
never  let  go  of  them  except  when  compelled  by  extreme  necessity  or  deatli  itself.  And 
so  they  arc  killed  often  when  they  nuglit  have  got  away  themselves.  I  have  sometimes 
deprived  fenniles  of  their  y<»ung  on  puipose,  sparing  the  mothers  themselves,  ami  tiiey 
would  weep  over  their  allliction, just  liko  human  beings.  J  once  carried  off  two  little 
ones  alive,  «:,ul  the  mothers  followed  me  i't  a  distance  like  dogs,  calling  to  their  young 
with  a  voice  like  the  wailing  of  an  infant;  and  when  the  young  ones  heard  their 
mothers'  voice  they  wailed,  too.  1  sat  down  in  the  snow  and  the  mothers  camc^  (iloso 
up  and  stood  ready  to  take  the  young  ones  from  my  hand  if  I  siiould  set  them  <]own  in 
the  snow.  After  eight  days  I  returned  to  the  saint*  )tlace  and  found  one  of  the  females 
at  the  spot  'vhiMc  I  had  taken  the  young,  bowed  down  with  the  det^x'st  sorrow.  'I'lius 
she  lay, and  i  approatthed  without  any  sign  of  tlighton  her  part.  Ilerskin  hung  loose, 
and  she  had  grown  so  thin  in  that  one  week  that  there  was  nothing  left  but  skin  and  bones. 
This  happened  several  times  in  succession.     It  happened  one  other  time  that,  in  com 


i 


5 


i| 


T 


STFM-KKS    ACCOUNT   oK    IIIK    SKA   OTTER. 


217 


puny  with  Mr.  I'lonisner,  I  huw  in  tlio  di-stance  a  mother  otter  sleopinp  with  a  yearoltl 
cul».  When  she  eau^'ht  sight  of  us  tlie  mother  ran  to  her  ofl'spring,  \voi<e  him  up,  and 
wanuHl  him  to  tiee;  hut,  as  in-  preferred  to  goon  sleeping  rathtM'  than  to  run  away, 
she  picked  liim  up  in  her  paws  in  spite  of  liimself  and  rolled  him  like  a  stone  down 
into  the  sea. 

On  land  they  ean  not  see  very  well,  but  their  sense  of  sineli  is  very  keen.  They 
ought,  therefore,  to  be  hunted  from  the  lee  side.  Their  sense  of  hearing  is  just  as 
sharp. 

The  cry  of  the  sea  otter  is  very  like  the  cry  of  an  infant.  They  doubtlessly  live 
many  years.  They  never  breed  strife  aiiiong  themselves,  but  always  live  on  the  bisst 
of  terms  with  <Hie  another.  They  are  very  much  afraid  of  sea  lions  and  sea  bears, 
atid  they  do  not  like  the  company  of  seals.  .\ceordin^^ly  the  places  which  those 
animals  frequent  are  carefully  avoided  by  the  otter. 

The  llt^sli  of  fill'  adult  otter  is  much  more  tender  and  savory  than  that  of  the 
sea!.  The  llesh  of  the  female  is  best,  for  it  is  fatter  and  more  tender,  and  the  fat  lies 
Itetween  little  membranes.  It  is  for  that  rebsoii  a  little  hard.  In  the  case  of  preg- 
nant ni(»thers,  the  nearer  they  are  to  parturition  the  fatter  they  are.  In  this  reape(!t 
they  are  ditlerent  from  land  animals.  The  llesh  of  the  young  otter  is  most  delicious; 
it  «!an  not  easily  be  distinguished  from  the  liesh  of  an  unwcaned  lamb,  whether 
roasted  or  boiled,  and  the  gravy  from  its  preparing,  in  either  way,  is  most  delicious. 
Otter  llesh  was  our  |irincipal  food  on  liering  island;  it  v.::s  also  our  universal  medi- 
cine. Hy  its  use  we  were  saved  from  scurvy,  and  no  oiu  <xot  sick  of  it.  although  we 
ate  it  every  day  half  raw  and  without  bread.  The  liver,  heart,  and  kidneys  tasted 
exactly  like  those  of  the  calf.  The  natives  of  Kamchatka  aixl  the  Kuril  Islands 
give  the  first  preference  to  the  llesh  of  eagles,  the  second  to  /iter's  llesh.  Tiie  liver 
and  kidneys  they  cat  raw,  and  declare  them  most  excellent.  Not  only  the  natives 
but  also  the  Uus^sians  use  scrapings  fnnn  the  bony  base  of  the  penis  as  the  proper 
remedy  to  cuie  die  tertian  fever. 

The  skins  jjo  through  the  following  processes  before  they  are  rea<ly  for  use.  (1) 
After  the  skin  lias  been  taken  from  the  animal  shreds  of  muscle  are  cut  from  it  with 
a  knife.  This  process  the  llussians  call  by  the  Slavonic  term,  '</«)?«)«  siiint"  ('_•) 
Then  the  skin  is  stretched  to  its  utmost;  for,  besides  the  fact  iiiat  the  price  increases 
with  the  six.e,  the  skins  thus  preparetl  become  lighter,  altiiongli  the  fur  does  bec<mie 
less  beautiful.  (.'5)  A'cer  this  they  straighten  out  the  hairs  with  bones  from  the  wings 
of  gulls,  and  slee|'-  wpon  them,  naked,  for  .several  weeks  to  make  them  glossier,  nicer, 
and  more  beautiful.  This  process  the  Uu.-sians  call  '■'■  ri/spnt  hi>hr.'''  (4)  While  the 
Cossacks  are  getting  the  skins  from  the  natives  they  fr(!queiitly  beat  the  skins  upon 
the  snow  witii  sticks,  and  if  the  fur  is  gray,  or  any  other  t  olor  than  black,  they  color 
them  with  alum  and  cmpetrum  berries  cooked  to  the  proper  consistency  with  tish  oil. 
This  makes  them  gl.is. ,,  black.  Ibit  tlie  tiaiid  can  be  detected  -pull  out  of  a  dyed 
skin  a  single  hair  and  it  will  show  three  colors:  at  the  end,  the  black  of  the  dye; 
from  the  middle  down,  the  native  color;  and,  linaily,  the  base  of  the  hair. 

While  the  skins  are  being  i)repared  for  use,  the  natives  treat  them  also  as  follows: 
they  smear  the  inside  of  the  skin  with  a  pow;!er  made  of  dried  lish  eggs,  as  the 
Untheni  do  with  simide  yeast;  then  they  roll  it  up  and  lay  it  away  for  several  days, 
and  after  that  they  scrape  it  with  shells  and  glass,  and  linaily  smooth  it  down  with 
pumice  stone.     During  this  time  they  knead  the  inside  with  a  wooden  hook  and  with 


I 


If 


IB 


list! 


11 


21 S 


THK    FUR    SK.M.S    OF   TIIK    I'KIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


the  hiiiids  until  it  grows  soft  witl.  the  foniuMited  <IoukIi  of  tli.^  fisli  vgns  and  all  ilic  fit 
disappears  and  tlie  skin  comes  out  soft  and  pliable.  All  other  skins  which  are  sold  to 
traders  are  exported  without  any  preparation,  for  it  has  been  observed  that  these 
undressed  skins  keep  their  native  color  l)cttei'. 

I  have  wished  to  report  about  the  sea  otter  what  1  have  seen  as  an  eye  witness  and 
also  what  I  liave  heard  fn»in  the  natives,  in  hunting  them.  ' 

1  have  had  two  pictures  made:  Fig.  1  (Tab.  XVI)  represents  an  otter  walking 
upon  land;  tig.  li  represeuts  one  swimming  with  her  cub  in  the  water. 


li! 


f 


VENIAMINOF'S  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  SEA  BEAR. 

'I'ratislatnil  liy  liK<>Ml,\ni>  SiK.iNK<iKlt. 

Tliu  tollowin^r  is  u  craiiHlatioii  of  liisliop  Ivan  Yoiiininiiiors  account  of  Hit'  fur 
KoalH  of  tlic  IM'ibilof  Islands,  {tublislicd  in  WranKcll's  Information  K'e^anlin;;  Ww 
KiiHsian  Provinces  on  th<t  North\v(>8t Coast  of  A niuiica,  forming  tiic  first  volnnu' of 
V(»n  Baer  and  von  IlidiiiBreen's  (Jontribiition  to  tli»  kno\vled{;c  of  tlio  Russian 
Enipiro  and  thi>  adjacent  countries  of  Asia.' 

The  Ska  Bkak.     Vhwa  nrmna,     Mori>koit  h\>). 

The  sea  hears  arc  cliictly  taken  in  tlio  (K'ussian)  colonics  on  the  ('oniniander  and 
Tribilof  islands/  but  tlie  most  important  ioo-aiity  for  tliis  industry  is  tiie  itsland  of  St. 
I'aiil,  wlie.e  many  Aleuts  and  stmie  few  Russians  reside  tor  tliis  purpose.  Tiic 
metliod  of  taking;  the  seals  will  be  better  uiulerstooil  if  I  give  a  sliort  description 
of  tlie  habits  of  these  animals.  The  scalers  distinguish  the  sea  bears  as  sikatclii, 
])olusikatchi,  holostiaki,  niatki,  and  kotiki. 

|{y  sikatih  is  understood  a  full  grown  nsalo  not  less  than  <•  years  old,  and  either 
p(»ssessing  or  able  to  possess  a  harem.  His  size  is  nbout  three  or  tour  times  that  of 
the  female  and  ei|ual  to  that  of  a  2-year  "Id  calf ;  the  color  «»f  the  hair  is  dark  gray, 
the  hair  from  the  head  half  way  down  tlie  body  being  stitf  and  miu-h  longer  than  on 
the  other  parts.  Polnsikatciii  are  nniles  4  or  h  year;^  of  age,  which,  although  fully 
able  to  fecundate  the  females:,  are  not  allowed  to  jMwsess  a  harem.  Tlieir  mane  is  stilt' 
but  nuu'h  shorter  than  tliat  of  a  sikatch. 

Holostiaki  nro  males  from  '_'  to. '{years  old:  tbey  have  no  mane  and  the  color  of 
the  hair  is  ligiitcr  gray  (than  in  the  adults),  especially  in  the  spring. 

Mafki  arc  the  feiuidcs  capable  of  bearing  young.  They  are  only  two  or  three 
times  the  tti/e  of  the  young.  The  coloj  is  not«3:a<-tly  the  same  in  all.  In  some  it  is  a 
reddish  brown,  in  others  grnvish,  ;intl  in  still  others  leddish  gray. 

Kotiki  arc  the  young  ni;iles  and  females  from  I  months  to  a  ycai'  old,  including 
those  born  in  tlic  spring  and  killed  in  the  fall.  It  is  the  lurry  pelt  of  these  which  is 
the  most  highly  valued.  This  fnrry  (juality  of  the  pelag«'  particidarly  ili»tuiguislies 
the  fill'  seals  from  the  hau'  seals,  sea  lions,  and  other  Ivinds  ol  seals  in  general, 
rendering  it  preterablc  to  all  others  for  the  fur  trade. 

'  ltuitrii|{i'  I  /.iir  Ki'iintniHH  |  iles  KnHHinclRMi  Ui>iclu>H  |  uiid  <li>r  |  ttiit;riiii/rii(lnii  Ij!inilerAHi«^i.s.  {  — Ant 
KoHti'ii  <lnr  Kiiiwrl.  AUiuli'inir  ilcr  WiMHfiiHi'liiit'tcn  |  h«raiis<;t'geli«>ii  |  von  |  K.  1',.  v.  liitcv  nn<l  <lr.  v. 
llt'liiiiMseii.  I  — l>Htj»B  r.iiiulcheii.  |  Wriiiijfi'H'H  Nai'lirirhten  iilirrdid  IJnsHimlieii  itcHit/iiiifiieii  |  an  <lpr 
NonlwtmlkiiHlc  von  AniiM'ilcu.  |  — St.  I'pt<^^«*»^^•;.^  IS.'tlt.  |  Iiii  \'('ila;{e«i»!r  K-iirn'rliflii-n  AUa(l«ini*»<ler  Wis- 
Nfiiscliafteii. — Sj»«riul  title:  StiitiKtiwlM  mkI  Htlinofrrapliisclie  Nailii  iciitrii  I  iIImt  |  dm  KiHwiHnlicn 
lluHit/.iingrii  I  uiii  (Ivr  |  NorilucHikiiiile  vott  Aini'tika.  |  (i«8auun«lt  |  v«n  ileni  ulituiialiKon  tHmrvwwalttM 
ilU'Ner  Ili'Nil/iinjivii.  (  lint  ir-Atliiiiral  v.  Wranfiell.  |  Anf  Koslrii  (l»ir  K.uhimI.  Miailrniii)  iIit  Wiswii 
Hrliatti'n  j  lierans};H|;<>lii'n  nnil  niitiliMi  IUM'iM'lniiini;cn  uim  \\  raii(icll'H  W  .;  U<rMii|^Hl><'i>lia*'htiiUKei!i  |  nnil 
aiidcin /.iisiitzini  vrinielirl  |  miii  K.  K.  v.  Hiter.  |  — Ht.  I'eteiKlinrjj,  1S39.  |  I'liiitfHkriickeii'iili'r  Kaiwvli<'lion 
Altailuniie  dtr  WiHtwnKiliaftnn. 

"Pill-  unhnaJH  wt-n-  funnerlv  [diMitit'iil  nn  tlu)  l''iiialloii<<  Itiii'ks.  <iMt  itt  st-a,  opiiDnito  tli«  Imy  ..<  Hiin 
Kruu<!ut(ti>,  Imt  Ibce  Aiiicrii'ans  «t'  iIk'  I  iiitoti  States  liav<-  extii'|>»t»>d  tk>-in  t'onipletoly.  A  H|)»<'ta«  of 
Hwi  bfitr  IN  alito  twuuf  <rH  Uiiudaln|i(  .  I>ir>  tliiH  iiihaliitant  of  ii  wai'UMrr  ii'^ion  is  sinallcv  than  its 
iiioiT  iHii'tlieiii  itliitiv  itttt  itN  color  ih  Iwnti  silv^rv.     t  I'ootliotc  l>v  von  H»»T. —  In.) 

210 


hM 


220 


TIIK    FIK    SKALS    (JK   TIIK    I'UIHILOI*'    ISLANDS. 


At  Kua  tilt!  sua  boars  fuud  on  tlsli  aii<l  sbulllisli;  they  liav<;  a  rry  liku  (ho  hloat.iiij; 
ot  a  sheup.  Thoy  pass  northward  into  the  Kaniuhatkan  Kua  thrtnigh  tlio  straits 
between  the  dilVcreiit  {groups  of  thu  Aleutian  Islands,  especially  through  iMiimak 
Pass;  they  are  not  found  to  the  north  of  St.  I'aul.  The  siUatclii  are  the  lirst  to 
arrive.  They  always  approach  St.  Paul  Island  about  the  2()th  of  April ' — i.  c,  between 
the  18th  and  2.'Jd,  even  if  the  island  is  still  besot  with  ice.  The  sikat(;li  takes  his 
station  on  shore,  at  exac-tly  the  same  spot  he  occupied  the  precodinf^  year,  not  seldom 
lyinfi  down  (»n  snow  and  ice.  Sandy  shores  are  never  chosen  for  breeding  };rounds 
I  literally  laying  grounds  ],  but  always  Hat  beaches  c(>vered  witli  large  stones  and 
mostly  on  the  southern  side  of  the  island.  At  the  tinnt  of  their  arrival  the  sikatilii 
arc  usually  extrenuily  fat,  but  later,  about  the  middle  of  July,  they  become  lean.  <  >ii 
land  they  sleep  almost  without  interruption,  and  they  are  never  heard  lo  utter  a 
sound  excei»t  when  they  catch  sight  of  a  newcomer.  By  the  middle  of  May  tliey 
begin  to  look  out  over  the  sea,  because  at  that  time  tln^  females  begin  to  arrive. 
From  now  on  the  sikatch  does  not  leave  the  shore  unh'ss  it  might  be  to  interc<^pt 
some  fennile  trying  to  leave  him.  Before  the  female  has  been  <lelivered  she  is  watched 
by  her  h»rd  with  Jealous  supervision,  nor  is  she,  tinder  any  conditions,  allowed  to 
leave  him;  later  she  is  even  permitted  to  go  into  the  water,  but  he  keeps  the  young 
as  a  hostage. 

When  the  females  arrive  at  the  island  evisry  sikat,i',h  tries  to  get  hold  oC  as  nuiny  as 
possible.  This  fre>(|nently  ejMiistis  bloody  contests  between  the  males,  who  besides 
endeavor  to  frighten  their  ri\-»ls  by  roaring  loudly.  Later  on  they  steal  the  young 
from  their  mothers  in  order  tio  entice  them  into  their  own  harem. 

From  one  to  one  hundred  and  tifty  females  have  been  observed  with  one  sikatch,  the 
number  depending  entirely  on  the  courage  of  the  male.  Tliesikati'h  is  the  unrestricted 
lord,  the  guardian  and  protector  of  his  hantm.  lie  takes  no  food  whatever  while 
staying  on  shore;  on  very  hot  days  he  will  drink  a  little  sea  water,  discharging  it 
however  after  am  honr,  in  tlie  form  of  a  white  foam. 

The  i)oliisikatchi  and  holostiaki  arrive  later  than  the  sikatchi.  They  do  not 
always  occuity  the  iiositions  held  the  preceding  sciison,  choosing  their  resting  place 
apart  frmn  that  of  tlK^  sikatcrhi.  (collected  in  large  com])anies.  and  rather  distant  from 
the  sea.  Nor  do  tbt-y  reiiain  all  tht^  time  in  one  place,  like  the  sikatchi,  often 
changing  their  position,  ami  e»cn  from  time  to  time  returning  to  the  sea. 

The  fenudes  begin  arriving  about  the  2(ith  day  of  May  (very  seldom  on  the  L'lst),(U' 
shortly  before  giving  birth  to  their  young.  They  do  not  haul  out  immediately,  or 
without  dis«:iiiiduating,  but  spend  a  day  (»r  two  swimming  up  aiid  down  ahnig  the 
shore  before  associating  with  the  chosen  sikatch.  or,  as  is  nutre  fre«iucntly  the  case, 
being  violently  seized  by  the  enterprising  male.  Kach  harem  is  separated  from  all 
others  by  a  space  which  is  not  allowed  to  be  intruded  upim  by  any  outsider. 

The  arrival  of  the  kotiki  usually  takes  i)lace  during  a  southerly,  or  sometimes 
during  a  south west«5rly  wind,  but  rarely  when  it  is  blowing  from  any  other  direction. 
Nor  do  they  all  arrive  at  the  same  time,  but  grmlually  and  singly;  not  all  being 
assembled  by  the  middle  of  .lune,  as  there  are  instances  of  yearlings  having  arrived 
as  late  as  .lidy.  When  gathered  iu  bands,  these  young  fur  seals  keep  up  a  constant 
calling,  day  and  night,  particularly,  as  has  been  observed,  before  bad  weather. 


'All  dates  are  "old  style." — Tk.  -A  luUiuterprututiuti  nf  the  "podiliug"  ol' the  pups.— Kl). 


VKNIAMINOFS    ACCOUNT   OP    TliK    FUR    SKAI,. 


221 


iSealers  arc  tloiibtl'iil  about  th«>,  age  of  the  feniale  when  she  bears  lier  first  young, 
as  also  in  regard  to  tlie  age  generally  rea«;he(l  by  the  fur  seals.  The  first  probably 
takes  place  in  the,  fifth  y«'ar,  while  the  age  hardly  exceeds  -'."»  years. 

This  question,  so  very  important  (in  its  relation)  to  the  sealing  industry,  is  not 
yet  settled. 

The  delivery  of  the  feniale  t^nnimenees  the  30th  of  May,  and  lasts  through  the 
wiiole  of  .lime  ami  even  to  the  lOth  of  .July.  Usually  only  one  young  is  borne  annually, 
though  iiistun<-es  are  known,  aowever,  of  a  mother  giving  birth  to  two  pups,  but 
always  paying  for  it  with  her  life. 

The  sikatch  iloes  not  begin  his  eoiijiigal  attentions  to  the  female  immediately  after 
sh»'  has  been  delivered,  rather  giving  her  time  for  complete  recovery.  Oopulation 
coiitiniics  for  a  i|iiarter  of  an  hour  or  nuue.  The  bull  has  intercourse  but  once  with 
cai-li  female,  afterwaril  paying  no  attention  to  her  whatever,  she  being  allowed  to 
move  from  the  hareiii  in  whatever  direction  she  please.s.  The  sikatch  is  able  to  cover 
from  lif'tecii  to  twenty-four  females  in  twenty-four  hours.  He  is  deprived  of  sleep  until 
all  the  females  have  been  f'ei;nndatcd,  and  if  he  sometimes  seems  to  doze,  yet  the 
liglitcsi  step  of  a  female  trying  to  escape  is  noted,  when  raising  himself  he  utters  a 
nienacing  roar. 

in  spite  of  the  <lisproportioii  of  their  bulk,  it  never  happens  that  the  male  crushes 
the  female.  Hut  the  lemale  of  the  fur  seal  will  sometimes  get  «!rushed  when  covered 
l)y  a  young  sea  lion.  The  result  oi  such  an  intercourse,  if  she  survives,  is  a  hybrid, 
having  the  head,  feet,  and  hair  of  a  .sea  lion  together  with  the  fur  of  a  fur  seal. 

The  young  fur  seals  feed  exclusively  on  their  mother's  milk  from  birth  until 
leaving  the  islaiul.  The  female  never  suckles  her  young  while  in  the  water,  but  comes 
ashore  for  that  purpose,  and  attends  her  offspring  in  a  resting  position. 

The  piii»s  do  not  go  into  the  water  very  soon  after  birth.  When  'M)  to  ',\~t  days  old 
they  commence  to  take  to  the  water  clo.se  to  shore,  in  places  sheltered  from  the  wind, 
and  always  without  being  guided  by  their  mothers.  Having  by  and  by  become  famil- 
iar with  the  water — that  is  to  say  when  about  40  to  .10  days  old — they  assemble  in 
.separate  band.s,  visiting  the  neighboring  rocks  and  sand  banks.  Hy  .Viigiist  longer 
excursions  are  made,  still  iiiiacciunpanied  iiy  the  inothers.  In  September  the  pups 
retire  in  smaller  siprnds  to  warm  and  <piiet  sands,  sometimes  passing  the  entire  day 
in  such  a  spot  where  they  may  be  joined  by  the  young  females  of  the  precwling 
season.  If  one  of  the  i>ups  stays  away  longer  than  twenty  tour  hours  the  mother  will 
go  in  seanth  of  it.' 

The  pups  learn  to  swim  witlumt  any  guidance,  but  their  mothers  teach  them  How 
to  escapi;  from  t  he  attacks  of  their  enemies  and  from  other  dangers.  I'^roni  time  to  time 
false  alarms  are  made  fo'-  this  purpose,  ail  running  toward  the  sea,  obliging  the  pups 
to  hasten  after  them.  Sm-h  exercises  are  generally  practiced  a  short  time  before  leav- 
ing the  island,  this  comi)rising  the  entire  course  of  ediication.' 

The  coh»r  of  the  young  fur  .seal  when  born  is  black,  but  after  the  loth  of  September 
it  changes  to  gray,  the  ohl  hair  being  shed  and  new  growing  out. 

The  yearlings  stay  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  females  until  September,  passing  the 
time  in  all  manner  of  play.    Some  carry  a  couiraiie  into  the  water,  others  bite  eaith 

'  I'robnbly  .'i  luiitintiTpretatiou  of  ttio  sii'tioiiH  of  uuws  froNli  friiin  snu  uikI  tuoliiii^  tor  tlirir 
yoiiiin.— l':i>. 

■'  Veiiiainiiiov  liiiil  {iiobubly  witiiussril  |>:irtial  HtiiiiipoiluH,  ttiicli  iM  tliut  iiutuit  etHewli(ii'i<  in  Miin 
ro)ioi't.,  and  tui<l  ni!-<lo  tlitt  ulmvo  interpn'tntioii  ot'ttieiii. — tOn, 


222 


THE    VVR  SEALS   oF  THE    I'KIUILOF   iSIiANDS. 


ill 


other,  othoFH  agaiu  wiike  tliuse  which  are  aHleep,  ur  simrt  in  the  Heu.  ThoHu  horn  in 
.luiie  or  .Inly  lie  in  ii  large  herd  eiu-ir(;le(l  by  the  niothera,  or  frolic  in  the  water  if  they 
have  learned  to  swim.    A  grown  male  never  purposuly  bites  or  in.jnres  a  pup. 

The  taking  of  tlic  fur  seals  commences  in  the  latter  days  of  September.  A  chilly, 
disagreeable  day  is  selected  for  the  purpose,  when  the  wind  is  blowing  against  that 
quarter  where  the  animals  are  lying,  so  that  they  may  not  discover  the  approaching 
sealers.  Such  weather  setting  in,  the  entire  gang,  old  and  y(uing,  men,  wimieii,  and 
children,  proceed  to  the  hauling  ground  of  the  animala.  All  circnmstain^es  are  minutely 
examined  and  taken  inio  (;onsideration  before  commcnciug  work.  The  most  courage- 
ous hunters,  practiced  in  running  over  stones  and  rocks,  lead  the  way,  walking  in 
single  tile,  followed  by  the  old  people  and  the  ehildren;  last  of  all  comes  the  ciiief  of 
the  expedition,  supervising  and  directing  the  entire  party.  All,  without  exception, 
are  annetl  with  clubs.  The  intent  of  such  an  attack  is  to  cut  olV  from  the  sea,  as 
rapitlly  as  |M)ssible,  all  animals  on  shore,  and  to  drive  tliem  from  the  beach  into  the 
interior  of  the  ishind.  Halting  a  short  distance  from  the  shore,  the  old  males  are 
separated  from  the  females  and  young,  the  former  being  driven  back  and  liberated. 
Theold  fenuiles  whi<;h  have  experiencetl  several  attacks  return  to  the  breeding  places 
as  soon  as  they  detect  an  open  passage,  but  the  younger  ones  nuist  be  tiriven  oil'.  It 
frequently  happens  that  they  return  again  shedding  large  tears  while  sear<-hing  for 
their  slaughtered  young.  The  sikatchi  and  old  fenniles  having  been  removetl,  the 
others,  divided  into  small  squiids,  are  i;arefully  tiriven  to  the  place  where  they  are  to 
be  killed,  sometimes  more  than  10  versts  distant.  Such  a  nnireh,  however,  is  very 
laborious  for  the  seals  and  s«)  long  a. journey  can  not  therefore  be  rompleted  in  one  day 
without  being  injurious  to  them.  As  their  progression  is  eti'ected  by  leaps  and  not  at  a 
walking  pace  many  of  them  would  meet  their  death  on  the  road  from  overexertion. 
They  are,  therefore,  permitted  to  halt  frequently,  when  the,  quite  young  animals  will 
immediately  fall  asleep.  When  brought  to  the  killing  grounds  the  seals  are  rested  for 
an  hour  or  nu)re,  according  to  circumstances,  and  then  killed  with  a  club. 

The<|uite  young  seals,  that  is  to  say,  those  oidy  4  months  of  age,  are  killed  without 
exception.  Of  those  1  year  old  the  males  are  separated  from  the  females  and  killed, 
while  the  latter  are  driven  cautiously  back  to  the  beach.  The  li  and  .'5  year  old  animals 
(holostiaki)  are  treated  in  a  similar  numner.    All  sikatchi  are  aUowed  to  live. 

The  meat  of  the  >  ;ig  seal  is  rather  palatable  and  is  used  for  food,  both  fresh  and 
salted.  The  skins  are  taken  ofl',  dried,  and  sent  to  Itussia.  Tint  mothers  of  thi^  killed 
animals  swim  about  the  island  during  the  following  two  or  three  days  oi'  more  in 
search  of  their  young,  crying  nu>urnfully. 

About  the  oth  of  October,  sometimes  earlier,  the  sea  bears  leav(^  the  island  in  the 
same  manner  as  they  arrive,  and  always  with  a  northerly  or  nortiiwesterly  wind.  The 
(piite  young  animals  which  have  succeeded  in  escaping  the  sealer\s  club  remain  longer 
on  the  ishind  than  the  rest,  and  are  often  seen  after  all  others  have  left.  Sometimes 
old  sikatchi  have  been  observed  on  the  island  during  November  and  even  in  December, 
but  during  January  and  February  not  a  single  animal  of  this  species  is  ever  seen.  It 
very  seldom  hap])ens  that  two  or  three  sikatchi  appear  in  March,  but  only  ftu*  a  short 
time. 

Since  the  discovery  of  the  islands  of  St.  I'aul  and  St.  (leorge — that  is,  from  the 
year  178(>  until  lS.'{.'i — ;i,17.S,r»(»2  fur  seals  have  been  taken  there.  At  present  the  skiu 
of  a  young  fur  seal  is  worth  2'}  to  30  rubles  in  the  Siberian  market. 


1 


\ 


IX.-PELAGIC  SEALING. 

WITH  NOTES  ON  THE  FUR  SEALS  OF  GUADALUPE,  THE  GALAPAGOS,  AND  LOBOS 

ISLANDS. 


By  ('liAltl.Ivs  II.    r«»\v.NMKNl>. 


The  tirst  pela;;!)'  sealii>}i;  coiidiutted  i'tom  ve.sHels  upiMjiirato  have  l>t'eii  done  oH'tlie 
uuu8t()t'  \aii«!ouver  Island  bctwwii  1.S71  and  1S78.  The  history  of  tlii.s  simliii);  i8 
involved  in  (ibsriirity,  but  a  pclayic-sealinff  industry  in  (loiinm-tion  with  (toastwiso 
trading;  anions  Indian  villaj^eH  gradually  sprung  up,  and  by  1880  tUurc  wero.  lour 
vessels  engaged.  Tlie  catches  made  were  not  of  iniieh  importance,  and  the  price  of 
skins  was  very  low,  ranging  from  $3  to  $.">.  It  was  an  outgr«>wtli  «tf  the  «'anoe  stealing 
by  Indians  that  from  time  ininieniorial  had  lieen  practiced  in  those  waters.  There  are 
no  records  to  show  that  the  vessels  procured  any  important  nundter  of  the  skins 
brought  tu  market.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  coast  sealing  regularly  practiced  by 
the  Iiwlians  was  greatly  stimulated  during  these  years  by  the  presence  of  the  trading 
vessels,  and  that  the  (iatch  was  largely  made  in  this  way,  the  vessels  themselves 
contrilmting  but  little  toward  the  (rapture  of  the  seals. 

The  annual  catch  of  the  Indians  under  ordinary  conditions  has  until  recently 
averaged  between  !.',(**"*  and3,0(K)  Hkins.  8ubse(|ueiit  to  1880  the  few  vessels  trading  in 
this  region  increased  in  number  and  became  practi(;ally  pelagic  sealers.  So  far  as 
known  the  crews  were  composed  chielly  of  Indians.  The  vessels  being  regarded  as 
tradei's,  no  satisfactory  recoids  were  kept  as  to  the  souice  of  the  seal  skins  brought 
to  port. 

In  a  private  log  kept  by  John  D.  Ford  on  the  schooner  Undunntetl,  engaged  in 
sea-otter  hunting  in  1880,  it  is  stated  that  70  otters  and  l,4li"»  seals  were  taken.  There 
are  comparatively  few  references  to  .seals,  iimst  of  the  h)g  being  taken  u|>  with  notes 
on  the  otter  hunting  fiom  day  to  day.  The  vessel  left  8an  Francisco  on  May  5,  and 
returned  to  Victoria  on  September  10.  The  hunting  was  done  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Alaska  Peninsula.  There  are  references  to  previous  sealing  by  members  of  the 
(!re\v  at  Itobben  Island,  in  the  Kurile  Islands  with  the  schooner  ('aroluu.,  and  at  Cape 
Horn. 

l$y  1883  there  were  eight  or  nine  Canadian  vessels  engaged  in  sealing  otf  the 
west  coast  of  Nancouver  Island.  The  average  catch  for  vessels  at  this  time  was 
about  "tOO  skins,  worth  about  .*(5  each.  In  1884  theC/anadian  vessels  began  sealing  in 
Bering  Sea,  and  one  (ierman  vessel  sailing  from  Japan  began  sealing  iu  Bering  Sea, 

223 


11 

J  i 


w 


II 


fl 


it 


i'! 


\ 


r 


If 


224 


TIIK   FlUt   8EALS   OF    THK    PBIUILOK    ISI,ANI)H. 


where  she  whh  Hei/cd  in  the  vicinity  of  tlie  I'ribihtt'  iHhuuls.  In  IHHTt  tlie  uvcriifje 
catch  for  Caniidian  vcshcIb  sealing  on  tlie  NortbweHt  coast  an<l  Itering  8ca  was  ovcr 
l,(i(NI  Hkins  per  veHSnl,  tlie  average  per  veHsel  fur  the  Northwest  coast  lieing  but  547 
skins.  Siiic<'  this  time  it  has  decreaHed  rapidly,  the  catch  for  181)7  avenigiiig  only  1 10 
seals  ])cr  vessel.  The  greatest  annual  catch  in  the  Northwest  c«mst  region  was  that 
of  lSl»;i,  when  4(»,(!4L'  seals  were  taken. 

The  tirst  pelagic  sealing  in  Herin}^  Sea  was  prohalily  that  tlone  in  ISHO,  when 
noiU'ly  TtOO  seals  were  taken  by  ('aptain  Kathgard,  of  the  schooner  iSVr»  IHif/n'.'.i'Mnws. 

For  a  niunber  of  years  tlio  Nan  lUrtjo,  with  other  vessels,  had  been  cngaj-ed  in 
walrns  hunting  along  the  northern  shore  of  the  Alaska  I'eiiinsiilii,  :iii(l  in  l<ss(M'iiptaiii 
Kathgard  Ix'gaii  taking  seiils,  the  hunting  being  done  from  two  boats. 

Tliesnc<essattaine<I  led  (-aptain  Kathgard  to  contiinieseiil  hunting  the  following 
year,  1H81,  when  he  procured  !("iO  seals  with  Ihiee  hiiiiting  boats.  The  seals  taken  on 
this  t;rnise  were  worth  ^U)  each.  Severul  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  walrus  jirodncts 
were  obtained  on  the  same  voyage.  Captain  Kathgartl  practiced  pelagic  seaiitig  in 
Hcring  Sea  for  two  or  three  years  before  it  was  taken  up  by  anyone  else.  In  l.HH-t  the 
schooner  Citi/  of  S<tn  />/«7/",  18  tons,  iirocnrcd  '2,rM)  skins  in  ISering  Sea,  and  along  the 
Northwest  coast.'     In  1884  the  hunting  of  walrus  was  practically  given  up,  and  all  Mie 

'  Uatutum  rjcliuvlH  J'roiii  luij  »/  .'.meriiun  tichooner  Viiy  o/ San  Dieyo,  IHSH,  JK  McLfuii,  Mantir. 


Jl  \- 


\\l 


Diite. 


Lut-    I  Luu^i- 
ItiKle.      tiitle. 


1883.  N. 

Mar.30 1  a?  D.l 

Apr.      :  47  2:1 

May      .1104 


W. 

I2S  :iu 

127  U 
WW  V, 


Svalit. 


1»  I 
20 : 


I 


Jiilv  17. 
July  lU 
July  -   . 


DulB 


IHKI. 


I.al 
iludo. 


I>iin)!l' 
tuile. 


SciiIn. 


N. 
■V.  114 
ri5  4(1 
.IS  INI 


W. 

I  fin  ;io  I        2'.' 
urn  12  

Itl9  UO  :        21KI 


(/'uUili  I'ur  wliiile  h<'.ib(iii,  2,M0, 


vessels  hitherto  resorting  to  Hering  Sea  for  that  jinrpose  engaged  in  sealing.  Most 
of  the  vessels  began  their  work  in  the  winter  time  on  the  Northwest  coast,  gradually 
following  the  seal  herd  northward.  In  February,  1880,  the  Sun  IHnju  began  sealing 
at  the  Farallone  Islands,  California,  and  followed  the  seal  herd  all  the  way  to  Bering 
Sea,  where  the  ves.sel  was  seized  by  the  United  States  (lovcrnment,  (-aiitaiii  Katli- 
gard's  catch  averaged  about  1,8(((>  seals  a  year  with  three  hunting  boats,  until  his 
vessel  was  seized,  when  he  went  out  of  the  business.  From  1884  on  it  was  the  eiistoni 
for  sealers  to  begin  the  season's  work  on  the  Northwest  coast  and  linish  in  Bering  Sea. 

At  this  time  there  were  .'54  vessels  sealing  in  Bering  Sea.  The  seals  were  taken 
from  late  in  June  to  early  in  September,  the  (uit<;li  froi|uently  being  1,200  to  l,r)00  seals 
for  vessels  carrying  from  four  to  si.v  boats. 

Vessels  were  then  being  built  especially  for  pelagic  sealing,  and  the  number  of 
hunting  boats  carried  was  gradually  increased.  The  catch  of  seals  was  over  27,(MM) 
in  1891,  sealing  not  being  jiermitted  in  Bering  Sea  from  that  time  until  1804,  when 
31,585  seals  were  taken — an  average  jier  vessel  of  853.  The  greatest  annual  catch  for 
Bering  Sea  was  made  in  1806,  when  50  vessels  procured  44,lfiO  seals.  In  1897  10,404 
seals  were  taken,  the  average  per  vessel  being  588.    Since  1804  sealing  in  Bering  Sea 


■This  veHRcl  Rhould  not  lie  uoiifiiHed  with  the  H(^hooiier  City  of  Saii  Itieyo,  which  wuh  built  in  18S1, 
niul  Urst  entered  lieriug  Sua  as  a  Hualer  iu  1883. 


PKI,A(JI('    SK.\l,IN(i 


22: 


S  OVt'l" 

lit  r»»7 
ily  1  i'.» 

IS  tllilt 

,  wlicn 

'.MtMIS. 

ncd  in 
'.iiptiiiii 

llowiiiK 
ikt'ii  on 
n  1(1  nets 

liiiiK  ill 
1SH;{  tlifi 
oiifi  tlie 
I  all  tlie 


■'«'•  1  SCUlH. 
Ills. 


.3  ;io         2'-: 
iu  12  ' 

19  uo  1       Mil 


jr.       Most 

{liulnally 

II  s»'aling 

o  HeriiifJ 

till  Kiitli- 

uiitil  his 

le  ciistoin 

rill};  Sea. 

eio  taken 

,r.00  s«'als 

luinbcr  of 
vtT  27,<MM) 
8UI,  when 
catcli  tor 
897  1«,4<>4 
•.cimK  ^'511' 

milt  iu  1881, 


liiiH  Ih>«>ii  liiiiittMl  Iu  Aiij^iist  ami  Hi>|)t«-iiiii<>t',  and  lias  lii>t'ii  |iroliil»ittMi  williiii  fiO  iiij|«>h 
of  lilt-  I'ribiloi'  Islaiiils.  wliilr  sculs  liav<-  l)e«'ii  takrii  wilii  spears  (Hily. 

Tim  lollowiiiji  extracts  Iroiii  the  lof;  of  tlic  Mtnii  lHlm,  cnnay«!<l  in  scaling  aloii); 
the  Northwest  coast  ami  in  Itcriiif,'  Sc:'  in  ISSl,sliu\v  Mm  course  of  tln^  vessel  ami  the 
cateii  of  seals  I'idiii  day  to  day.     The  «Mitire  miiiil)cr  ut  seals  taken  was  I,ij54: 


ImiririiH  irAiiiiMci'  Mitiji  /'.'//(«,  /,V,s'/,  /(.  Mil.rnii,  unixhr. 


Unta. 


1,1 


l.iiliKi 


iliiilt).      Iiiili' 


."M-lll^ 


Date. 


I. II I 
iiiiili' 


l.nllUi       .. 
....1?         St'li 


Hull 


I8M4. 

Kill      i,j,:i  

N 

w. 

1.' 

8  .'.. 

11                  ,         

:i7 
:i!i 
:iH 

Kl 
18 

III) 

ID 
ll.'i 

iii  41) 

128  M 



II 
1 

|g          

20                              

II 

21  ""J  "il,  'i~  '.'S  

ii.'i 

•HI           .          

4'i  O-J 
4U  t» 

118 

Mar      1   

21 

•1 

'M 

il 

4'J 

14 

24 

4          

fi 

4:1 
il 
44 
44 
44 
44 
4.-I 
40 

18 
1(1 

.■|8 
211 
4« 
Till 
Si 

ri4 
:m 

I2n  .111 

IJ.'i  M 

'ii':.'48 
1211  ij 
1 '.'.'.  :iii 
12:1  111 

124  8(1 
121)  ("1 

- 

7  

4 

H 

21 
12 

i;; :;: :;::::;::' 

:i 

14  

1:1 

211 
in 

IB 

17 

III 

8 

•JH              

47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 

:i7 
111) 
4:1 
III 

4'-' 
111 
L'l 
4:1 
.'ill 

nil 

vzn  (Hi 

12J  M 
120  IKI 
I'.'.'i  (Id 
I2li  11:1 
12(1  41 
12(1  I'.l 
127  411 
127  (17 
12r>  44 

12 

•ill  

4 

;i(»      

211 

Ill 

Ain.     4 

5 

H  

14 
21 
2(1 
12 

18 

10                            

48 

11   p»  14                            

It 

1  tl             

47  Til 

48  (14 

47  .'i7 

48  (p:i 
,-i()  r.' 
411  .'■:. 

4!l  .•.i 

48  :i:i 
48  •-'« 
48  liri 

12-1  17 
12(1  111 

127  1(1 

128  IKI 
12H  rm 
128  114 
I2A  IKI 

127  IK) 

128  ir. 

111 

IS 

Itl            

II 
112 

211  

01 

111 
14 

,,- 

2(1         

1:1 

Miiv   11   

12 

1;) 

TheJ/^n/  Hllcn  continued  sealinj^  in  the  same  waters  tbrseveiul  years  afterwards. 
Her  catch  for  l.S.S".  was  :.',.!()h  for  l.SSO,  4,LMtr),  and  for  18S7,  L',474  seals. 

There  are  many  indications  that  the  ]ielagie  catch  of  seals  during  the  eighties  was 
much  greater  than  is  generally  su|i]>ose<l.  For  instance,  in  the  British  commissioner's 
report,  Heriiifj  Sea  Arbitration,  pages  '207  et  s»m|.,  the  Mdii/  Elkn  is  credited  witli  seal 
skins  landed  at  Victoria  as  tbilows:  18S4.  !,.■)( >0  (estimated);  188.1. 1,!KS!»;  188(5, ;{,5r>.{; 
1887,  I, Kit).  The  loj^rs  of  this  vesstd  tor  the  same  years  (see  Townsend,  Senate  Doc. 
i;{7,  r»4th  Cong..  Pt.  11,  PI).  ."lO-n;?)  yive  the  catches  as  follows:  1884,  l,Or»;{;  188r>,  2,;«M; 
1880,  4,'J!ir);  1887.1.',474.  This  beiiij^  an  American  vessel,  portions  of  the  catch  may 
have  been  taken  to  San  Francisco.  The  writer  obtained  these  logs  from  Captain 
McLean,  master  of  the  vessel. 

Another  instance  is  tliatof  tbe  ISritish  schooner  Saiit/ost:,  credited  with  107  seals  for 
the  Northwest  coast  in  1888.  Original  records  appended  to  this  report  state  the  catch 
at  35r)  seals. 

5947— I'T  .{ ir. 


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2.0 


PhotDgraphic 
_,ScieQces 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

Wf  tSTtiP,  N.Y.  145S0 

i>.«)  S73-4S03 


X 


m 


T 


22fi 


THE    KUK    8EALS    OF    THE    PUllULoF    ISLANDS. 


Oil  page  lill  of  tlie  British  <'ominissioiicr's  report  referred  to  above  the  cateh  of 
the  British  Columbia  sealing  fleet  in  18S!)  is  given  as  27,8(i8  seals  for  lili  vessels. 

In  certain  original  reeiu'ds  loaned  me  by  Capt.  X.  Hodgson,  of  San  l"'rancisco,  1 
find  the  eatch  of  Canadian  vessels  for  1S81)  stated  by  vessel  and  corresponding  very 
closely  with  the  lignres  given  on  page  UU.  Three  additional  vessels  are  named,  how 
ever — the  Triumph,  with  a  (!atch  of  72  seals  on  the  Northwest  coast;  the  y'entun;  with 
a  catcii  of  317  seals  for  the  same  region,  and  the  Mollie  Adamx,  with  l,r>53  seals  from 
Bering  Sea. 

On  i»age  209  ot  :;ie  liritish  commissiouer's  report  the  Northwest  (-oast  catch  of 
the  schooner  Faroritf  is  given  as  1,72<>  seals.  This  vessel  was  reported  by  the  revenue 
cutter  Corwiii  as  sealing  in  Alaskan  wattns  in  188.1,  with  2,(Mm  seals.  (See  Cruise  of 
the  Corwin,  1885,  House  Hoc.  153,  49th  Cong.,  p.  18.)  The  catch  of  this  vessel,  with 
other  vessels  reported  by  the  Corwin,  in  Alaskan  waters  during  the  same  season  is  as 
follows : 

Catvh  uf  certain  leaneh  avaliny  in  Alashan    H'alerii  in  ISSo. 


Lookout 
Mary  Ellen 
Favorilc  (  JiiitiMh  I 
San  DieKu 


^ealB. 

Vessel. 

1 

■     Seals. 

1,  100 

1,'JI2 

2,  aoB 

l.cKW 

•->,  06r. 
1,  vas 

llBiii'iotta  ... 
Alexander  . . 

l/.'OO 

nao 

In  the  Cruise  of  the  Coru-in  in  1884  (House  Doc.  lo3,  49th  ('ong.,  pp.8  and  10) 
the  schooners  FuvorUe  and  Alerantler  aviihoth  referred  to  as  sealing  in  Alaskan  water.s. 

No  complete  official  records  having  been  keiit  for  the  American  sealing  Hcct,  the 
statements  of  catches  up  to  1890  are  only  approximate.  There  are  many  reasons  for 
believing  that  the  accepted  ligures  are  below  tiie  number  actuallj'^  taken. 

On  the  Japan  coast  seals  liave  long  been  taken  by  the  boats  of  .lapauese  lislier 
men,  but  the  Urst  vessel  to  tmgage  in  [)elagic  sealing  iii  Japanese  waters  was  the 
C.  G.  Wliiie,  which  in  1890  secured  (iso  seals  m  Japanese  and  Ivussian  waters.  In  the 
following  season  this  vessel  again  visited  the  -lapanese  sealing  grounds  and  the  catch 
of  the  preceding  season  was  nearly  trebled.  By  1892  there  were  on  the  .Japanese 
sealing  grounds  9  vessels,  which  made  a  t;i'tcli  of  over  14,000  seals.  In  1893  the 
number  of  vessels  lu  Japanese  waters  had  reached  53  and  the  catch  of  seals  amounted 
to  53,52().  lu  1894,  owing  largely  to  restrictions  in  the  award  area,  sealing  in  these 
waters  reached  its  greatest  heiglit,  a  rteet  of  70  vessels  taking  over  71,0(57  seals.  Less 
than  halt  that  number  were  taken  in  1895  and  less  than  one-third  in  1890,  while  in 
18!>7  the  Japanese  catch  was  only  13,843  seals  for  a  Jleet  of  27  vessels.  In  Japanese 
waters  the  average  of  over  1,000  seals  per  vessel  for  1893  and  1894  decreased  to  512 
in  1897.  Vessels  under  the  Japanese  Hag  are  now  supplanting  those  sealing  under 
other  flags. 

Pelagic  sealing  in  the  waters  adjacent  to  the  Commauder  Islands  was  of  no 
special  importance  until  about  1892,  when,  by  reason  of  the  modus  vivendi,  the 
operations  of  the  sealing  fleet  were  transferred  from  American  waters. 

Priot  to  that  time  the  desultory  sealing  carried  on  about  the  Commander  Islands 
virtually  amounted  to  sealing  on  the  rookeries,  the  seals  having  been  taken  in  foggy 
weather  close  to  the  shores,  or,  when  opportunity  aH'oi-ded,  on  unguarded  rookeries. 


PELAGIC    SEAlJN(i. 


227 


In  ISiKJ  ji  30-mile  protected  zone  was  estiiblished  lor  the  purimse  of  preventing  raids 
on  the  ishinds.  J)urin{,'  thiit  seiison  about  lli.OOO  seals  were  taken  Just  outside  this 
limit.  Since  then  the  catch  of  seals  about  the  ( Commander  Islaiuls  has  decreased,  the 
catch  for  18!)7  being  only  1 ,38li. 

The  annual  .Acrafjc  per  vessel  for  the  Canadian,  Japanese,  and  United  States 
sealing  tleels  in  all  waters  during  recent  years  has  l.>een  as  follows:  ' 


Year. 

Vessels. 

iHiiri.. 

1890 

1)4 

1 8117 

71 

Si'alH. 


!i2,  r.n 
liii,  5;i(> 
;t!i,5ii 


piT  V*'SHeI.  ' 


tt(  16 


55fl 


VKSSKLS,  IS0  4.TS,  AND   MKTiroD.S   OP   IICNTINO. 

The  vessels  employed  for  pelagic  sealing  are  schooners  ranging  in  size  from  less 
than  '20  tons  to  150  tons,  the  average  size  being  60  or  70  tons.  The  vessels  of  less 
than  20  tons  are  usually  not  employed  elsewhere  than  on  the  sealing  gnmnds  off 
Washington  and  British  Columbia,  and  are  fre<iuently  owned  and  manned  by  Indians. 

The  greater  part  of  the  sealing  Heet  sails  from  Victoria,  Uritisli  Columbia,  and  the 
crews  are  made  up  chielly  of  P.ritish  Columbia  Indians,  who  hunt  in  canoes.  The 
hirgest  vesselscarryasmauy  as  18  canoes,  the  number  carried  being  dependent  on 
the  size  of  the  vessels.  The  smaller  vessels  carry  about  8.  Where  white  crews  and 
hunters  are  emi^Ioyed  there  are  from  0  to  10  boats  carried,  the  larger  vessels  carrying 
V2  boats. 

Boats  are  iisually  manned  by  three  men  and  canoes  by  two.  The  t<ttal  number 
of  boats  carried  by  the  IJritish  Columbia  fleet  in  1897  was  140  and  of  canoes  288.  The 
total  number  of  boats  carried  by  the  American  sealing  tlei;t  in  1807  was  62  and  ot 
canoes  67.  The  total  tonnage  of  the  British  Columbia  sealing  fleet  in  1807  was  2,708 
the  number  of  vessels  employed  being  4!.  During  the  same  season  there  were  17 
vessels  in  the  American  sealing  tleet,  with  a  total  tonnage  of  808.  Tiie  total  number 
of  whites  carried  by  the  British  Columbia  tleet  in  1807  was  405  and  of  Indians  o87 
the  American  tleet  carrying  2;J5  whites  and  182  Indians 

In  1885  the  American  vessels  engagetl  in  sealiuj,  numbered  m,  with  a  total 
tonnage  of  2,2(i3.  The  total  value  of  the  vessels  was  ^125,050,  the  value  of  the 
hunting  bo!'ts,outtit,  and  provisions  amounting  to  $74,770  more.  The  value  of  the 
catch  for  this  year  was  i^20!»,232. 

I'l'liese  CiKiiros  do  not  iuclude  the  .iitcli  iiiiide  liy  .Jii(>iiiiuHe  anU  Indian  ciinooH  liiintinj,'  from  (oast 
villages. 


.M. 


228 


THE    Kl'K    8KALS    nV    TIIK    I-KIHILOK    ISLANDS. 


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PKLAOIC 

SKAT.ING. 

229 

ifjiiKi  sliivrji  at  both 

oiids  ai 

dl8to2()feetl 

onff, 

with 

i(^  litted 

with  siiii'h 

masts 

and  sails, 

and 

when  out 

Th«;  boats  employed  for  seal! 
about  4.1  to  a  fVct  beam.    They  i 
tor  iiuntin^  carry  a  RatVtbr  seizing  seals,  rhxh  tbv  lvillin<;'  t!ie  wounded  animals,  eompaas; 
food,  and  water. 

The  canoes  used  by  the  Indian  sealers  are  tiie  cedar  duj^out  canoes  employed  by 
the  Indian  tribes  of  the  Northwest  coast.  They  are  lifiht  aiul  {jraceful  craft  of  the 
hiffh  bow  and  stern  pattern,  common  from  VVasliington  to  Yakntat,  Alaska.  The 
outllt  of  th(!  (tanoe  is  similar  to  that  of  the  sealinjj  boat. 

The  }juns  in  tise  are  jjenerally  shotfjfuns  of  10  bore,  ahootiu};'  -M  pellets  of  No.  li 
buckshot.  Itepeatin{>'  ritles  are  also  carried,  but  not  to  the  sanu)  extent  as  in  former 
years.  The  number  of  fjuns  carried  is,  of  course,  not  less  than  the  number  of  boats 
and  canoes  in  use.  (luns  are  used  almost  entirely  in  tlie  waters  of  the  N<»rth  I'acilie 
Ocean;  but  since  1S94  spears  have  been  employed  in  all  sea!  hunting  in  the  eastern 
])art  of  Hering  Sea,  in  accordance  with  tlie  piovisions  of  the  I'aris  award.  Each 
vessel  is  ])rovided  with  a  fog  horn,  and  a  small  signal  gun  or  yacht  cannon  for 
disclosing  the  position  of  the  vessel  in  foggy  weather. 

A  sealing  vessel's  outfit  of  provisions  is  suflicient  for  the  entire  cruise,  whi»^h  may 
last  eight  to  ten  months  if  several  sealing  grounds  are  visited. 

The  spear  used  in  liering  Sea  since  1S93,  in  conformity  with  the  regulations  of  the 
i'aris  award,  is  similar  to  that  whicih  has  long  been  employed  by  the  Iiulians  of  the 
Northwest  coast  in  hunting  seals  from  shore.  The  pole  is  \'2  to  14  feet  long,  pronged 
with  two  deta«!hable  barbe«l  iron  spear  points  secured  by  a  .'{O-yard  line,  the  end  of 
which  is  tied  to  the  boat.  When  a  seal  is  struck  the  barbed  jjoints  slip  olf  the  pole, 
the  latter  being  recovered  after  the  seal  has  been  ])ulled  alongside  the  boat  ami 
clubbed.  Seals  tight  savagely  at  such  times  and  re«|uire  to  b«^  brought  alongsi«]e 
carefully,  while  large  animals  are  very  dangerous. 

In  hunting,  the  boats  leave  the  vessel  at  daylight  and,  when  the  weather  is  good, 
remain  out  all  day.  They  work  to  windward,  sailing,  if  possible,  and  take  posi- 
tions a  mile  or  moie  ajjart,  all  hunting  on  the  same  tack.  The  vessel  follows  slowly 
in  the  course  taken  by  the  boats,  keeping  a  position  that  will  enable  the  boats  to  sail 
down  to  her  in  case  of  unfavorable-  weather.  When  there  is  no  wind,  the  boats  not 
infrequently  pass  out  of  sight  of  the  vessel  altogether,  keeiiing  their  own  bearings  on 
iier  position  to  find  their  way  back.  When  many  seals  are  taken,  it  is  necessary  to 
skin  them  in  the  boats  to  jnevent  overloading,  but  a  light  catch  is  usually  brought 
l)ack  to  the  vessel  ami  the  seals  skinned  on  deck.  The  nu'.thod  of  hunting  i)ractice<l 
by  Indians  iss(unewhat  less  regular, but  the  canoes  also  «!arry  small  sails.  As  a  rule 
the  catcall  is  m.uh'  from  seals  found  sleeping,  those  traveling  or  fishing  being  usnally 
dillicult  to  secure.  The  sleeping  seals  must  be  approached  from  the  leeward,  and  the 
shooting  is  usually  done  at  distances  of  'M)  to  40  feet.  When  the  animals  are  awake, 
they  have  to  be  shot  at  much  longer  range  and  are  nmch  more  ditlicult  to  get.  As  a 
rule,  seals  that  have  been  killed  nuist  be  recovered  ((uickly  in  order  to  secure  them 
before  they  sink,  although  if  Uille<l  instantly  by  shooting  in  the  head  many  will  Hoat 
for  a  long  time. 

In  calm  weather  the  hunting  boats  i)ull  away  from  the  vessel  in  all  directions  the 
vessel  maintaining  her  ]>osition  until  the  hunters  return.  The  favorit*  )sitionofthe 
sleeping  s«'al  is  on  its  back,  with  its  nose  i>rotruding  above  the  water,  the  hind  tlippers 
turned  forward  and  the  Hire  tlippers  stretched  ahtng  t\w  breast.   The  sleeping  seal  makes 


II 


I  •  (1 


i 


230 


Tlir,    KUR    SEALS    OF    THK    PinRII.OP    ISLANDS. 


many  uneasy  inoveninits,  iVe(iuently  allowing  its  head  to  sink  below  tlio  surface, 
rollinj;'  from  side  to  side,  scratcliinfj,  or  raisinjj  its  dippers  in  the  air.  Swiniminj;  seals 
iio  alon^;  sometimes  swimnnn;;  l»y  eontinuous  easy  div«'s,  a|)peariiig  at  the  surface  to 
breathe,  or  {jo  slowly  with  little  more  than  the  ba«',k  exposed.  This  is  usually  the  way 
with  sinfjle  ainmals.  Where  there  are  several  seals  traveliiifj  tof^ether,  they  will 
frequently  rise  clear  of  the  water  with  doli)hiu-like  lea])s.  'i'he  greatest  care  is 
necessary  in  approaching  a  sleeping  seal,  as  the  slightest  noise  will  awaken  it.  The 
hunter  stands  in  the  bow  ready  to  lire  at  the  first  favorable  o))portnnity,  letting  the 
boat  approach  very  close  if  the  aninuil  shows  no  signs  of  awaking. 

In  taking  seals  with  the  spear  still  more  care  is  necessary,  as  (he  range  of  the 
weapon  is  less  and  it  is  necessary  to  ai)proach  somewhat  closer. 

The  best  catches  are  made  when  the  sea  is  smooth,  as  seals  have  litthi  lihance  lo 
sleep  when  the  sea  is  rougli. 

An  imi)ortaut  number  of  seals  is  wasttMl  in  pelagic  sealing,  as  some  of  them  sink 
before  tliey  can  be  recovered,  while  others  are  wounded  and  dash  away  ai>i)arently 
uninjured,  only  to  succumb  to  their  wounds  later.  The  indications  of  these  are  traces 
of  blood  left  upon  the  water  and  the  considerable  nuiid)er  of  male  seals  killed  on  the 
fur-seal  islands  that  retain  buckshot  in  theii'  skins.  A  few  seals  die  on  the  rookeries, 
from  gunshot  woniuls. 

Many  seals  that  are  considered  by  tlie  hunters  as  nussed  arc  undoubtedly  seriously 
wounded.  There  is  no  means  of  knowing  wliat  proportion  the  injured  seals  arriving 
at  the  islands  bear  to  the  number  that  have  died  of  their  injuries  before  reaching  the 
islands. 

Seals  killed  instantly  when  tlu'ir  heads  are  above  the  water  sink  quickly;  the  rest 
of  the  body  being  submerged,  the  i)ressure of  the  water  forces  the  air  from  it  and  it 
goes  down  at  once.  Sleeping  seals  killed  when  the  head  is  low  in  the  water  tloat  for  a 
time,  as  the  head  settling  into  the  water  first  retains  the  air  in  the  lungs,  causing  the 
body  to  tloat. 

Pelagic  sealing  is  very  elVecitive  as  a  means  of  destroying  seals.  lOach  vessel 
carries  many  boats,  and  these  boats,  hunting  in  all  directions,  frecpu'ntly  miles  away 
from  the  vessels  to  which  tiiey  belong,  are  able  to  explore  a  great  «'.xtent  of  0(;ean. 
When  nuiny  vessels  are  hunting  on  the  more  contracted  sealing  grounds,  they  are 
frequently  so  closer  together  that  the  hunting  areas  of  the  ditferent  schooners  overlap. 

Sealing  vessels  st.irting  out  for  the  full  season's  work  engage  for  a  short  time  in 
sealing  in  the  winter  on  the  northwest  coast  sealing  grounds;  then  proceeding  across 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  begin  operations  off  the  'lapau  coast  in  the  spring.  I»y  the  end  of 
.June  the  seals  have  left  this  region  on  the  northward  nugration,  and  are  followed  by 
the  sealing  tleet  to  the  sealing  grounds  in  IJering  Sea.  As  the  sealing  there  is  not 
concluded  until  late  in  September,  the  vessels  return  to  British  Columbia  fre«pu'ntly 
after  a  cruise  of  eight  or  ten  months.  This  is  a  long  and  more  or  less  rough  voyage 
for  schooners  of  rather  small  si/e,  and  it  is  perhaps  surprising  that  the  loss  of  vessels 
has  not  been  greater. 

VKSSELS  LOST. 

Pelagic  sealing,  like  other  industries  carried  on  on  the  high  seas,  is  subject  to 
many  dangers.  The  more  northerly  sealing  grounds  are  in  stormy  and  foggy  latitudes, 
and  vessels  have  frequently  been  lost  during  gales,  while  others  have  been  wrecked 
on  imperfectly  surveyed  coasts,  or  have  been  carried  in  the  fog  into  dangerous  places 


PEI.AOIC    sr.AMNO 


231 


by  iiiikiKtwii  currents.  Tlio  spriiiy-  scaling  oil'  the  coast  of  sonthcaat  Alaska  has 
bt'i'ii  atttMided  with  frequent  h)ss  of  vessels,  iinil  many  vessels  have  been  lost  on  the 
(;oast  of  Japiiii  and  in  the.  Kuril  Islands,  (jnite  a  number  of  vessels  have  been 
capsized  and  lost  with  all  hands  during  sales.  Sealing  in  I'lering  Sea  has  not  been 
accomi)anied  with  disasters  to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean.  This 
is  probably  <luc  to  the  fact  that  sealinj;'  in  these  waters  has  been  (tarried  on  during  the 
summer  and  restricted  to  a  shorter  season.  The  following  list  of  vessels  lost  during 
the  i)a8t  nine  years  is  incomplete,  but  pi obably  includes  nearly  all  the  losses  that 
<i(!cuiied  during  that  period: 


'i' 


i 


Vi-iir. 


1880 

1H1I2 

mn 

IH'.I'J 

ISB-2 

in!i;i 


\l'HHI'l. 


ItniiiiirkH. 


iHii;)... 

IHIW... 
IWO... 

imu... 
1WI4 . . . 
IKiU... 
IWU... 
18!I4... 
1H!I4... 
IH!I5... 
IHlCi... 
1H!I5.  . . 


1895. 
IHitn 


I8»ri. 
18!)5. 
1«!)U. 
18il«. 
I81Hi. 
IHiHi. 
18110. 
ISilT. 


18H7 

1897 

18!)7 

1898 

i8!l8 


Aiinio 

I.iiltin 

Luiirji 

!SlM);^iu  Mmc 

Ht'Hsii)  Uiitlei' 

lIiittliowTiiriiBr 

Miiiy  I'lirkiT 

Ufiirv  Di'niim 

Kaiwliiil  

(i(>t>r^t)  II,  White 

MaH(M>t; 

Kiirtiiiia 

Sun  Dii'dd 

IJiiKii 

Marv  U.TIi(>iiia« 

Wal'tiT  A.  Karl 

llrciida  

MattioT.  Djcr 

Dart 

(i(M>rgo  I'i'aliotly  . . .. 

KiiMi<}01sfit 

V.  ti.  Whilci 

MayBoUo 

Wainiloicr 

San  .l()8<' 

Kose  Sparka 

Katliiiinn 

Alines  McDniiultl... 

MuiiilS 

Saiililiiio  

Pointer 

<iiililrn  ]''l<'i'c.« 

I'iom'ci' 


Lo»t  with  all  haiitlH. 

Wri'i-kt'il  itii  the  iH)rtli\M-Mt  cuaMt. 

AVrfrk*5»l. 

Lost  with  all  hanilH. 

1>(>. 
ra]mi/.r<l  antl  Itmt  oIlMapan  <'naMt. 

Wn'ikwl.IaiiaiiiDast.    lOvcntuallvripaiivil  aM.laiK'iii'si'si'liiuiiii'i',  KaiiiMarn. 

Wr.ik.d. 

l,ii«t  Willi  all  hunils.  ItoriiiK  Sia. 

t'a]isi/.i'il  aiitl  loHt  (itlMapan  iMiant. 

IjOHt  with  all  ItandH. 

Loat.     (iliiill  X(!W  Vcirk,  18.10.) 

I.<«t. 

Oil. 
Capsi'/.eil.  all  haiiils  ln.sl.     (Uri;:iiiall.\  Ihi' Sylvia  llanil.\.  Imilt  ISHK.) 
\'n.sHi>l  wrtM'k('<t  iMi  Kiii'il  Lslanils. 

VoMScl  Inst. 

hiiM  with  all  lianda. 

V«»8ol  wirckwil  on  .lapan  Mia'^t. 

WriM-ked  oil  Kadiak  iHlanil,  .Ma.nK;!.     MostolriBw  lost. 

Lust  witli  all  liaiid.s. 

N'eHMol  lost. 

"Wrecked  on  Aleutian  Islands.  Alaska. 

Lost  with  all  handa. 

KoiindtMeil  at  aea. 

Wrei'kiid  on  Japan  eoast. 

Wrei'keil  on  Queen  t'liarlotto  lalaitilH,  ItritlHh  t'oliiinhia. 

I!iirti(3d  at  8ea  olt'northweHt  eoaMt. 

LoMt,  Skotan  Inland,  Japan. 

fiOat  oIlMapun  roa^t. 

Ln.st  with  all  haiid^.     Iterin;;  Sea. 


In  addition  to  the  loss  of  vessels,  there  are  few  vessels  in  the  sealing  tleets  that 
have  not  lost  boats  and  hunters.  This  is  a  constant  danger  connc(!ted  with  pelagic 
sealing.  On  the  Japan  coast,  where  there  arc  many  strong  currents  setting  in 
different  <lirections,  the  hunting  boats  are  fretiuently  carried  long  distances  from  the 
vessels,  and,  being  sometimes  unable  to  regain  the  vessels,  are  lost  if  not  picked  up 
by  other  vessels  of  the  tieet.  Fortunately,  on  the  principal  sealing  grounds  the 
sealing  tleet  is  of  considerable  size  and  the  chances  for  boats  being  picked  up  by  other 
vessels  are  good.  On  the  Ja] tan  grounds  killer  whales  are  abundant  and  a  number 
of  the  losses  of  boats  and  men  have  been  attributed  to  this  cause,  as  in  several  cases 
killers  have  been  seen  to  attack  and  overturn  hunting  boats.  On  the  northwest  coast 
sealing  grounds  boats  are  frequently  lo.st  from  their  vessels,  but  they  have  in  most 
cases  managed  to  reach  some  part  of  the  mainland.  This  is  also  true  of  the  Bering 
Sea  sealing  grounds.  The  lost  hunters  have  at  times  remained  for  days  in  their  boats 
and  subsisted  on  the  llesh  of  seals  that  they  ])i(!ked  up,  while  heavy  gales  have  been 
ridden  out  by  keeping  the  boat  lying  to  a  drag  made  from  the  carcasses  or  skins  of 
seals.  Indian  hunteis  bave,  on  a  few  occasions,  been  lost  in  their  canoes  from  ves.sels 
in  liering  Sea,  and  finally  reached  some  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  greatly  exhausted. 


m 


m 


■  ! 


S' 


li: 


J^^Sii' 


2;{2 


THK    FUU    SKALS    OK    THE    PKIHILOF    ISLANDS. 


nUNTIN(i    (iROl'NI)S   OK   THK   SKAMNti    KT.KKT. 

Tlie  iielagic  sealinfj  Hect  fre(|iKMit.s  four  luiiitiii);  };n»miils  diirinjr  tlio  yoar.  two  in 
Her  ng  Sea,  iuljacciit  to  tlio  Pribilof  and  (Commander  islands,  anil  two  in  tlu>  I'acitlc 
Cojin,  oil' the  Anu5rican  and  A.«iatn'  eoasts. 

The  I'ribdof  (or  "  licriii};;  Sea")  scalinfj  ground  lies  to  the  westward  and  south- 
ward of  the  I'ribilof  Islands,  outside  of  the  (i(» mile  jM-otet-ted  zone.  Its  northwestern 
portion  is  in  general  about  75  miles  wide,  its  width  inereasing  toward  the  s«>utheast- 
wanl,  where  it  reaehes  the  Aleutian  Islands. 

The  Oonunander  (or  soealled  "'Oopper  Island")  sealing  ground  extends  almost 
around  the  Commander  Islaiuls,  its  most  important  part  lying  to  the  southward  and 
southeastward,  and  extending  lor  about  (50  miles  beyond  the  .'$<>  inilo  protected  zone. 
The  sealing  area  to  the  northward  and  westward  is  of  less  importan(;e.  Its  northern 
limit  is  reached  in  Ukinsk  Hay,  at  a  distance  of  li(M)  miles  from  Hering  Islainl. 

The  .lapan  sealing  ground,  which  during  the  last  lour  or  live  years  has  been  the 
most  im|>ortant  of  the  Pacitic  sealing  grounds,  has  its  southern  limit  in  about  latitude 
3(>o,  a  little  to  the  northward  of  Yokohama,  tiie  northern  limit  reaching  nearly  to 
latitude  4(i",  opposite  Iterup  Island.  Its  southern  and  central  portions  are  nearly 
4(M)  miles  wide,  the  northern  being  (fuite  narrow.  Throughout  the  north  and  south 
extent  of  this  area  sealing  is  carried  on  close  to  the  coast  and  well  into  its 
indentations 

The  American  (or  "Northwest  <!oast")  sealing  ground  extends  from  the  Santa 
Barl)aia  Islands,  (California,  northward  along  the  coast  to  Hering  Sea,  a  distance  of 
nearly  3,()()((  miles.  It  is  divided  into  threi^  favorite  sealing  areas.  The  tirst  extends 
from  about  latitude  ;{C^  northward  to  <!ape  Mendocino;  the  second  and  most  impor- 
tant, fnmi  Va<|iiina  Hay,  Oregon,  to  the  northern  end  of  Vancouver  Island;  and  the 
third  from  Sitka  to  Middleton  Island.  They  are  fre»piently  referred  to  as  the  "Faral- 
lon,"  "  Vauconvei,"  and  "  Kairweather''  grounds.  Sealing  is  <^irried  on  throughout 
the  entire  Northwest  coast  region,  from  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands  northward,  but 
the  most  important  part  of  any  catc^h  is  derived  from  one  or  more  of  the  three  favorite 
sealing  grounds,  on  eadi  of  which  the  seals  a])pear  to  linger  for  a  time  during  their 
general  movement  northward.  Since  the  Paris  regulations  went  into  force  in  181>4 
there  has  been  no  sealing  along  the  southern  coast  of  the  Alaska  Peninsula. 

Sealing  commences  otl  the  coast  of  California  about  the  middle  of  Decewiber,  but 
during  this  month  is  limited  to  three  or  four  San  Francisco  and  San  Pedro  vessels. 
The  earliest  date  noted  is  December  10.  In  1H!>4  the  Canadian  s(;hooner  Umhriua 
took  seals  during  the  last  week  in  December  SOO  miles  off  the  coast  of  Oregon,  and 
early  in  January  1,000  miles  ott'  northern  California. 

It  does  not  a])pear  that  seals  are  taken  in  December  along  the  coast  north  of  the 
Farallon  ground,  and  the  «!atch  for  that  month  is  usually  less  than  100  skins  per 
vessel,  flanuary  sealing  on  the  l-'arallone  ground  is  regularly  engaged  in  by  San 
Francisco  vessels,  some  ot  these  bound  for  the  .lapan  coast,  stopping  for  a  short 
time  oft  ;.  c  (Califoinia  coast  before  taking  their  final  departure.  The  most  southerly 
catches  noted  for  the  American  coast  were  made  scmth  of  I'oint  Conception  in  18!)(! 
and  1.S.97.  In  the  latter  yeai  7(54  seals  were  taken  south  of  the  award  area,  717  being 
females. 

Sealing  on  the  Farallon  ground  continues  through  February  and  March.  Seals 
are  scarce  on  the  Vancouver  ground  in  .lanuary,  their  huntingseldom  being  attempted 
before  February,  while  March  and  April  seem  to  be  the  best  months  for  this  ground. 


PKLAGIC    SKALINO. 


233 


On  tho  Fairweuther  {^rouiwl  scaling;  is  cairipd  on  from  March  until  .lane. 

Healing  on  the  Ja|»an  (toast,  dmis  not  lepnlarly  ••onnnonce  before  the  middle  of 
March,  and  the  sealing  tleet  is  not  on  the  ground  in  full  force  before  April  !.  For 
.lanuary  and  February  there  a]>iiears  to  be  but  tlie  record  of  a  single  vessel,  at  the 
southern  border  of  this  sealing  ground. 

March  sealing  is  practically  limited  to  the  southern  qmirter  of  this  grounil.  Seal- 
ing in  April  is  extended  north  to  about  the  latitude  of  Hakodate,  and  operations  in 
May  extend  but  little  north  of  it.  .lune  scaling  begins  a  little  stnith  of  Hakodate 
and  extends  to  the  north  end  of  Itcrup  Island,  when  the  seal  lierd  begins  to  move 
rapidly,  there  being  no  .July  sealing  of  any  importance  south  of  the  summer  habitat 
in  Bering  sea.  Tin'  height  of  the  sealing  on  b(»th  sides  of  the  I'acilic  is  in  March, 
April,  and  May,  but  the  dittereuce  in  the  latitude  of  the  hunting  gnninds  is  very  great, 
ftO  |)er  cent  of  the  northwest  coast  cattth  being  made  from  ."»(>(>  to  1,(MM>  miles  farther 
north  than  that  of  the  .lapan  coast. 

The  coastwise  hunting  range  on  the  .Tapan  coast  for  any  month  averages  little 
nnu'e  than  400  miles,  while  the  range  for  the  same  mouth  on  the  northwest  coast  is 
from  two  to  live  times  as  great.  Thus,  for  l"'ebruary  there  is  a  range  of  1,(M)0;  for 
March,  2,000;  for  April,  l,r.OO;  for  May,  1,000,  and  for  .lune,  1,000  miles. 

For  both  of  the  Hering  Sea  sealing  grounds  sealing  is  ])ractically  limited  to  .luly, 
August,  and  Septend)er,  and  is  conducted  within  a  radius  q\' TM)  miles.  There  is  no 
sealing  anywhere  in  October  and  November. 

N'essels  sealing  on  the.liipan  «toast  in  l.S9(!  cleared  from  Canadian  and  American 
ports  between  Decembei-  UO  and  January  20,  reaching  the  sealing  ground,  or  some  of 
the  .lapanese  ports,  early  in  March,  a  few  calling  at  Honolulu  on  the  way.  Sessels 
going  to  liering  Sea  leave  the  .Tapan  sealing  ground  in  .lune,  those  clearing  from  IMiget 
Sound  or  V'ictoria  sailing  usually  after  the  middle  of  the  same  month. 

Vessels  retitting  at  Japanese  ports  call  at  Yokohama  only  at  the  commen«;ement 
ol  the  season,  Hakodate  being  the  most  convenient  port  later  in  the  season. 

In  June,  1895,  15  seals  were  taken  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Sea  of  .Japan  and 
in  La  Penmse  Straits,  by  the  Americ^an  schooner  I'enclope.  Seals  occurring  in  these 
waters  are  probably  referable  to  tlie  Hobben  Island  herd. 

Although  sealing  vessels  have  for  the  past  eighteen  years  taken  more  than  <iO,000 
seals  from  islands  in  the  Okhotsk  Sea,  there  are  no  data  at  hand  to  show  that  any 
important  number  was  procured  in  the  water.  In  1895  the  American  s<!hooner 
AnfictmiJa  took  170  seals  in  the  Okhotsk  Sea,  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  lona  Island. 

Late  in  .lune,  1895,  the  American  schooner  M.  M.  Morrill  took  80  seals  in  the 
Kuril  passes  south  of  Paramusir  Island,  many  of  which  were  fenniles  in  milk,  indica- 
ting their  connection  with  the  now  nearly  obliterated  rookeries  in  the  Middle  Kuril 
Lslands.  A  slightly  earlier  breeding  season  is  also  indicated  for  seals  belonging  to 
the  Kuril  rookeries. 

Pelagic  sealing  off  the  Japan  coast  was  not  engaged  in  to  any  important  extent 
until  the  restrictions  of  the  modus  vivendi  in  1892  excluded  the  sealing  tleet  from  the 
American  side  of  Bering  Sea.  Since  then  tho  Japan  ground  has  been  regularly  visited 
by  a  large  portion  of  the  Heet. 

Prior  to  1892  the  se.als  taken  in  May  and  .Tune  olf  the  southern  coast  of  the 
Alaska  Peninsula  constituted  an  im])ortant  part  of  the  ])elagic  catch.  Since  the  Paris 
regulations  came  into  force  in  the  award  area  there  has  been  no  May,  June,  or  July 


^ 


m 
m 


•'1 


li 


^il 


ill 


i'^. 


m 


234 


rrti:  rin  skals  op  the  pribilof  islands. 


11 


U 


Healing  in  tliis  Hcctinn  of  the  Northwest  Heiiling  belt,  the  season  closing  A|irll  30, 
before  sealing  operations  have  extended  to  the  westward  of  the  Kairweatlier  ground. 

While  the  restri(!tions  jtlaeed  on  pelagic  Healing  at  various  times  during  the  last 
half  do/en  years  have*  sc^attored  the  fleet  over  all  parts  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  north  of 
latitude  .T>",  it  does  not  appear  from  the  abundant  sealing  records  at  hand  that  seals 
occur  in  important  numbers  anywhere  outside  of  tlu^  coastwise^  hunting  grounds 
alreatly  outlined. 

In  June  and  .Fuly  sealers  passing  from  the  Japan  coast  to  Bering  Sea  or  to  North 
American  jwrts  i)ic,k  up  stragglers,  consisting  chietly  of  y<mng  seals,  at  nniny  jxdnts 
in  mid-ocean,  but  the  entire  number  (»f  seals  taken  in  this  way  would  probably  not 
ex(!eed  a  thousaiul. 

(10MPAKIS0N  OP  MKJUA'riON   UOVTKS. 

Although  the  American  an<l  Asiatic  seal  herds  migrate  between  the  same  degrees 
of  latitude — 34°  aiul  (!()''  north — the  length  of  the  route  followed  by  the  former  is 
nearly  twice  that  of  the  latter.  It  extends  not  merely  through  -'(»  d»'grees  of  latitude, 
but  through  "((>  degrees  of  longitude,  or  from- longitude  \V,)"^  to  175'^  west,  while  tiio 
Asiatic  herd  has  but  .'JO  degrees  to  traverse,  or  from  longitude  141°  to  171  '  east.  The 
extreme  range  of  the  American  herd  is  but  little  short  of  ."»,r»(H»  miles.  Both  herds 
arrive  at  and  depart  from  the  summer  habitat  in  Bering  Soa  simultaneously,  but 
there  the  resemblance  in  their  resp(>ctive  migratory  movements  begins  to  diminish. 
What  the  ocean  temi)erature'<,  currents,  and  prevailing  winds  they  encounter  along 
their  resjiective  migration  routes  may  have  to  do  with  their  pmgrcss  we  do  not  know, 
but  it  a)>pears  that  the  American  lierd,  traversing  a  vastly  longer  route,  reacihes  the 
couin.on  southern  limit  of  .'i4'^  tirst.  Its  movement  for  the  next  six  months  is  slowly 
and  sleudily  northward  toward  the  summer  habitat,  which  is  rcacihcd  by  the  adult 
portion  of  the  herd  but  little  earlier  than  the  actual  commencement  oC  the  breeding 
season.    The  younger  class(>s  of  seals  arrive  somewhat  later. 

The  Asiatic  herd,  on  the  (jontrary,  lingers  in  the  winter  habitat  until  the  breeding 
season  is  near,  when  its  northward  movement  is  sudden  and  rapid.  The  two  herds 
thus  diller  much  in  the  course  and  «',xt«nt  of  their  migration  routes  and  the  progress 
they  make  in  following  them. 

SKAMNCi   GROrNDS  IN   RELATION  TO  l.'lsniN(i   HANKS. 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  various  trsicls  of  ocean  frequented  by  the  seals  «luring 
their  .seasoiuil  movements  have  any  very  direct  relation  to  the  coast  (Ishing  banks,  as 
the  greater  part  of  any  sealing  ground  is  off  soundings.  On  the  Japan  sealing  ground 
the  hundred-tathom  line  is  reached  at  a  distance  averaging  less  than  10  miles  from  the 
shore,  while  a  few  miles  beyond  it  exist  some  of  the  most  profound  depths  that  have 
yet  been  sounded.  Even  in  the  great  gulf  opposite  the  Straits  of  Tsugar,  where  an 
important  part  of  the  Japau  seal  catch  is  made,  the  hundred-fathom  curve  follows  the 
shores,  an  arm  of  the  deep  sea  penetrating  far  iu  between  the  islaiuls.  The  same  is 
true  of  the  Commander  sealing  ground,  the  hundred  fathom  line  being  everywhere 
close  along  shore,  while  at  the  southern  border  of  this  sealing  ground  there  exists  a 
depth  of  2  miles. 

Fully  three-fourths  of  the  Pribilof  sealing  ground  lies  off' the  western  border  of 
the  great  jdateau  from  which  the  Pribilof  Islands  rise.  Perhaps  the  seals  would  not 
be  found  on  soundings  there  were  it  not  that  their  l»reeding  grounds  are  locate*!  far 
back  on  the  ]dat«au. 


I 

5 


I  \ 


I 


i 


m 


If 


Wi 


135 


>50' 


Jrr-c/^ 


\ZS' 


m 


/rt  r^ 


?(>0  tnifes  ,   v^r/^/ry 


M^flUfMMSMMdMI 


mi^ 


JiH 


.PARIS    ^AWA(5P      ABEA_, 


BERING  SEA  AND  THE  NORTH  PACIFIC  OCEAN 

SHOWING  THE 

DISTRIBUTION  AND  MIGRATIONS 


OF  THE 


.MiclH'ny  I. 


AMERICAN  AND  ASIATIC  FUR  SEAL  HERDS 

BASED  ON  THE  LOG  RECORDS  01'  12.{  VKSSELS  ENGAGED  IN  I'ELAGIC  SEALING 
AT  VARIOUS  TIMES  FROM  1883  TO  lH!t7.  WITH  VN  AGGREGATE  CATCH  OF  304,713  SEALS. 

Prepared  by  CI  l.TOWNSEND 

U.  S,  FISH  COMMISSION 


^"^ 


Ah' 


180' 


175* 


170' 


165' 


160° 


155" 


160* 


14.5' 


140° 


J 


BERING  SEA  AND  THE  NORTH  RaCIFIC  OCEAN 

SHOWING  THE 

DISTRIBUTION  AND  MIGRATIONS 


OF  THE 


AMERICAN  AND  ASIATIC  FUR  SEAL  HERDS 

BASKD  ON  THE  LOG  RKCORDS  OF  123  VESSELS  ENGAGED  IN  PELAGIC  SEALING 
AT  VARIOUS  TIMES  FROM  1883  TO  1897.  WITH  AN  AGGREGATE  CATCH  OF  304,713  SEALS. 

Prepared  by  C.  H.  TOWNSEND 


^s^' 


U.  S.  FISH  COMMISSION 


i70° 


IbD 


160° 


155" 


150 


14.5* 


-^' 


120' 


115' 


110* 


105'' 


100* 


SF^ 


\"^o 


\,     fjimh.  cofored  plaUma  uuUcates  the  UiUfiide  cmd 
lom/ituite  u/'a  vcfiselfor  one  dca/s  secUm^. 
Each  rmmthfi  fteailtfuf  ie  cdo/'ed  disfifwUvely  ~ 
t^ee  key  fo  color  ^s, 

b'ticduiff  vositiorus  m  fuV,  represent  ofv  ctc^'e- 
qatc  rafvh  o^  304^,713  seals. 
Set f/iruji posit ioTi  /'or  month  ofMtty  at  Oua^a- 
/itpc  /f/.,Jfea;.,  relates  tx)  the  Gudkalape  Fur 

/       I\fsitioris  of  sealinff  veftseLsJYxm  loffbpctts  cd- 
It'ctedby  C.tf.7bwniiend,AM.Alea:andet^  tind. 
/     JJr.L-  Stejneaer,  ivflh  adcfitJons Jfx^n  rer.ords 
y-^       J'/Jed  in  t)ie  lyeasiun/ JJepart/nent  andcoTti- 
prisin^  all  availo-hle  data-, 
Name^  of  islwids  on.  ufitt'hfiir  seals  breed, 
in  important  /uunhers  are  ri/u/ertined  in  red. 
Na/ries  of  islands  on  which  thej>u^  seal  is 
prxtctically  (exterminated  are  underlmeci 
''     in  blue. 

No  May  Jiuw  or  Jidy  scalimj  in  award, 
..■  ^  area  since  J3&3. 
qO^      ihzne  caid  July  positions  Iti  mid- ocean. 
f,o-'^      said  to  rcpresetd  yourtiff  seals. 

Latest  datcL  omitted  for  want  of^  space 
(hocattorv  indicated  thus *■) 


ao 


\ 


iAN 


\m 


^i^ 


MS. 


.^- 


Sccde     /  lnc■^       goo  "f«^M(  ■*'tuW 


•f. 


Hill: 


III 


^■■Hl 


.■'■;:*T«-=. 


Vi 


PRLAfJIC    SKAMN<i. 


235 


Thntiif^lKMil   (lie  «'xtonsivo  Nortlnvcst  seiiliiij;  l)olt  tlu^  Heal  hvvi],  wliilc  (bllowiiifj 
th«^  coast  vi'iy  clost'ly,  keeps  as  a  nilo  oil'  tlio  plateau  iiicliidcd  wiMiiii  tli<^  liniulretl 
lathoiii  curve.     Tlie  l-'aiiweatl-er  ;;rouii<l  is  allojjretlM'r  oil'  souiitliiins  c^xeepl  in  tiie  ease 
of  a  lew  stray }jiers. 

Tlie  N'aneoaver  mimI  Kaialloii  gniuiids  lie  mosll,\  oil'  soiiiHliiijjs,  llieir  iiisliore 
margins  oveilappinj;  on  tlie  i)lateau.  I'^lsewliere  alonj;-  the  coast  seals  are  ionnd 
almost  entirely  oil' soundings,  the  siihmerged  pliiteim  being  very  narrow. 

In  the- case  of  the  i'arallon  ;iiid  Viin(!ouver  grounds,  where  seals  are  taken  very 
close  lo  the  coast,  there  are  great  salmon  runs  toward  the  Saenunenlo  and  Columlda 
rivers  and  Ihe  Straits  of  l''uca,  which  may  have  S(Mne  inlluence  on  the  seal  herd.  VV'e 
know  very  little  about  Ihe  food  of  the  seal  herd  during  its  migration  up  the  coast. 

INSPKCTION  OK   SEAL   SKINS — KXCKSS  OK   K'KMALHS   IN   THK    I'KLAHIC   (^ATOH. 

In  order  to  give  etVect  to  the  award  rendered  by  the  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  at 
Paris,  ndative  to  the  fur  seal  tisheiy,  masters  of  sealing  vessels  wen^  required  to  lile 
with  collectors  of  custmns  lull  inl'ornuition  respecting  the  sex  of  all  seals  taken. 

It  soon  became^  evident  that  the  i)roportion  of  sexes  was  not  being  rei»orted  in 
ac(u»rdance  with  the  facts,  and  inspe<'tors  of  seal  skins  were  ai)pointed  to  examine 
all  skins  enten'd  at  United  States  jtorts.  Piactical  furriers  were  selected  for  this 
l>urpose,  and  as  a  guide  to  such  jhmsoiis  examining  skins  an  explanatory  circular 
wiis  furiMshed.' 

Th(^  inspections  showed  in  most  «'iises,  a  much  greater  jiroportion  of  females  than 
wasrei)orted  by  the  nnisters  iif  vessels.  Many  of  the  latter  discredited  the  inspections, 
contending  that  the  sex  of  skins  could  not  be  «leteiinine<l  with  accuracy.  Experience 
has,  however,  |)r(»ved  thatthe  sex  of  salted  skins  can  bedetermined.  except  in  the  case 
of  yearlings. 

Mr.  li.  .1.  Hansen,  a  furrier  of  thirteen  years' experience,  who  has  inspected  all 
••atchesof  seal  skins  entered  at  San  Francisco  sin»!e  lS!)4,atlirms  that  the  d«'termination 
of  the  sex  of  skins  is  practictable,  except  in  yearlings,  and  oilers  no  dilhculty  with 
proper  care  and  atteiiticm.  Mr.  Ilansi'ii  relies  mainly  on  the  evidence  furnished  by  the 
piesence  or  absence  of  teats  and  the  sm-  and  shape  of  tlm  pelt,  lie  tinds  the  pelt  of 
the  fenuUe  broader  in  the  region  of  the  teats  and  narrower  at  the  tail  end  than  that  of 
the  male  «>f  the  same  si/e. 

In  the  cinrular  rct'erred  to  the  directions  lor  the  determination  of  sex  furnished 
by  the  writer,  are  as  follows: 

As  ii  ;;uiilti  li>  iiin|it>rt()rs  in  cxiiniiniii';  skins.  a)ii)«'ii(lo(l  licroto  will  lit^  fotiiul  outline  skptclies  of 
iiialii  1111(1  I'emuli'  Cur  sralM,  seen  fiiiiii  iiiidtr  side  aCter  icmoviil  orskiim,  slinwinj;  tlie  liin's  along  wliicli 
till'  cuts  arn  iiiatlii  in  skiiiiiin;;  (•!«»•  1  "'k'  '-') :  skills  of  tiihIo  and  females  seals,  seen  from  the  raw  side, 
showing'  till'  iiositionM  of  the  indentations  on  the  margins  of  the  male  skiu  (ean.sed  liv  cnltinj,'  lhroiijj,h 
the  fjenilal  o|nniiit;),  and  oftlii'  toalv  in  tin*  female  skin  hy  wliiili  the  sexes  may  he  determined  (fiKS- 
:i  and  1 1.  The  iiresi'in  >■  oi-  ahsenie  of  leals  fnniishes  the  hest  evidence  as  to  sex  repre.sented  by  the 
skins  of  adnlt  seals,  Ihe  dill'erenees  luesented  liy  the  skins  of  the  two  sexes  heini;  shown  in  the  tijjnres 
whieh  aeeonipany  this  eiiciilar.  The  tt^its,  four  in  nnmher,  are  sitnated  near  the  mar<;ilis  of  the  skin, 
.ihont  midway  between  the  llip)>er  holes  and  the  tail  end.  They  are  not  readily  disiernildo,  bnt  their 
positions  will  bediselosed  by  feelinj,'  with  Ihe  linners  over  the  raw  side  of  the  skin,  and  when  found, 
they  ea;i  easily  '"'  pushed  through  the  fur.  In  the  males,  the  tiatse\ist  only  in  an  nndeveloped  eondi- 
tion,  and  the  genital  opening,  ent  through  by  Ihe  operation  of  skinning,  forms  a  slight  indentation  on 
eaeh  niargni  of  the  skin,  a  short  distant  e   in   advance  of  the  re.ir  end;  these  indentations,  however, 


'♦> 


!  1 

i! 


I  Trea-s.  I>ep.,  \>is.  Special  Agts.,  Ciicnlar  No.  ""i,  IS'l.". 


23(1 


illi:    KIK    SKAI.S    OK    TlIK    PIfllULOF    ISLANDS. 


m  \i^ 


J: 

H 


bi>iiig  often  (lisliKurod  in  llio  rutting;.  Tlu'  wkiiiH  ii('iii:il«  sfiils  ovit  :1  \«iirs  olil  iimy  l>e  riM'OKiii/oil  li\ 
tlii'ir  lar;;)>  Hi/(>.  Tlii' st<\  Dl'yoiiii;.;  hi'mU  is  iiiorit  ilittii'iill  to  <1<-Iri'iiiiiiv,  Mir  teats  liciii;;  iiiiilxvolniieil, 
but  truces  of  tliu  ;;tMiit.ul  niii'iiiii^s  iit'  the  ,Yiiiiii)r  limit's  iiwiy  lio  lookril  lor  on  tlic  iiiiii'Kiii.s  of  the  skiiiH, 
iis  above  ilest^ribeil. 

Ill  tlio  litjlit  of  «'\|H>ri«'iu'e  it  scoins  (losii'iihl(>  to  nmk«i  sonio  aiMitions  to  Mioho 
(lin'rtion«:  The  pelts  of  fi'iiialt's  aii-  UroiultT  across  lli»'  Itclly  and  narrower  at  tlie  tail 
iMid  than  in  niah's  of  the  same  size.  Tlu^  ditVerenee  in  the  tail  end  of  the  peltH  may  he 
observ«'d  more  readily  by  l>rinj;iiin'  the  edtjfes  of  the  skin  t^»^ether.  In  adnit  females 
an  additional  clue  t<»  the  sex  and  a;;e  exists  in  hlnish  spots  on  tlie  raw  side  ofthe  skin 
opposite  the  teats,  wliicli  may  he  seen  l»y  tiirniiif;  hiiek  th»<  hlnhher,  which  generally 
conceals  them. 


a.  !■ 

I>irui:i''iiii  -.hnw  iiimlilti-mirr^  lifluorn  rotiiiniTt' ill  I  skint  of  iiiaU'.  T  iinil  li'iiiiilf.  /'.  Iiir  «riil. 

N(»  otJlcial  inspection  of  seiil  skins  as  to  sex  has  been  nndertaken  by  (Janiidian 
cnstoms  authorities,  and  the  piv  (irtioii  of  female  seals  rei>orted  by  masters  of  sj^aling 
vessels  has  averaged  iiineh  larger  than  at  riiit«'d  States  ports  wlu^-e  inspections 
have  been  made. 

When  seals  sire  skinned  in  the  boats  and  cnmies,  in  order  to  lighten  them, 
the  tally  of  the  sexes  is  troublesome  as  the  daily  ciitch  is  brought  on  board  ship, 
and  the  ])roportion  of  sexes  reju'esented  is  seldom  determined  faithfully.  There 
!s  an  enormous  exiiess  of  lireeding  females  in  the  pelagic  catch,  in  I'.ering  Sea 
especially,  which  is  not  so  reported,  as  sealers  fear  further  restrictions  on  their  wasteful 
methods  of  sealing.  This  subject  has  been  discussed  at  some  length  by  the  writer  in 
reiHirts  on   iieiagic  sealing   in    18!(4-!ir».'     i<'or  the   year  ISlMi  the  iiiimber  of  females 


•) 


<» 


•'^ 


'  Senute  linn.  I'M,  I'iiit.  il,  I'it'ty  roiiith  ('nii^treNH,  tirst.  st'ssion,  <'onil.  Scitl  Lite,  et<:, 


PKIiACilC    SKAMN<i. 


237 


,\ 


<a 


•^^ 


r«|M»rl«'(l  by  Aineri(!iiii  v«sKi'ls  Iroin  iill  limiting;  fiioiiiids  is  tlinu^  tilings  tluit  of  tlu^ 
Fiiahis,  wliilo  ('iiiiiidiiiii  v«-ssu1h  ivpoil  tlio  two  sexes  in  luniily  equal  iiuiiibcis,  the 
reiiiiilesbeiii};  sliyfhtly  lit  ext-ess. 

CiimimriHDH  of  I'mniiliaii  iiinl  Aiiiiiicaii   lii;iinx  <»«  jiiojiiirlioii  nf  hixch  irjiniii  iilni  in  jiclnfiir  nilvli  fw  /SHU. 
ItuKHinii ,  Norllnvesi 


ihiniin  rfiii<«l . 


Miili'» 


niJtlPH, 


I'ariniliiin K.  4V0     11.  4UR 

AmiTlrHii....    I.H.'O     L',  7HK 


'rntul. 


Hnrin^  S<'{i. 


■lolal. 


Ci'iiiiit  liit/il 


Mali'.H 


Mal<'.s. 


iiialt'R. 


.Mali'K. 


K. 


':";;;.  mhi.^«.  '  J:: 


lnJlIt*H, 


inalcs. 


Mali'H. 


iiialOM. 


Mali'H. 


IIUlll'H. 


I7»       H'.'it    H,  ii4(i    10,  ;t'j7    ."i,  oiri    ;i,  niifi  ,  10,  IR1 
i!i       'J.'!.'!    i.n;iu     .1.041       'j;;'j    ;i, 'jiii        j.w 


ir.,  Sl.l      15,'JIK)      IH,8.-ill     1!4.  1411       ai,  177 

2,831  ;    i.iiii      .'>,  o,j<i     :i,o:io       o,  lui 


8iiiiiliir  (■oiii))ari.suiis  for  181>7  sliow  that  Ciinadiaii  vessels  reported  the  two  sexes 
Ml  more  nearly  e(|Uiil  ninnbers,  while  American  vessels  reported  the  number  ot't'eniales 
as  more  than  live  times  that  of  the  males: 


Japan  r<Kmt. 


KiiHHiaii 
roast. 


Tiilal. 


\ortliivoHt        „  _,   „  „„ 


(.'aiiailiaii  ... 
Aiiirrii'Hii  .. 


MhI)<h. 


;i.  077 
22-.! 


K... 
niuli'ft. 


MhIch. 


iiintt'H 


Males. 


mall' 


Mails. 


inalr.^ 


Mali'H. 


Fi' 

mail's. 


I'lital 
Mali'H. 


;i,«44         4,14         »28     4,  i;il      4.572     2, 2B.t     2.  Hilt     fi.  720     8,  HK7       8.  (WS 
1,  OKI 222      I.OM         l«;i      l,.'ili5         229         B-'S  422 


Ki'- 
niali'H. 


Uraiiil  tiital 
Mai 


K«i 
inali'n. 


11,70«     13,114       IB,'27H 
2,  Il»:    ,        «44  i       3. 243 


The  etVect  of  these  inspections  on  the  returns  made  by  masters  ol'  Amcrieaii 
vessels  has  been  wholesome,  and  the  ditterence  in  the  lifjures  for  ejwjh  sex,  as  reporte<l 
by  the  two  Meets  may  be  seen  in  the  above  tables. 

Ill  the  Northwest  coast  catch  of  ISiHi,  made  by  the  American  schooner  -/.  I'Jppinyrr, 
we  have  1,3U)  females  apiinst  IT  males.  It  is  unnecessary  to  cite  further  differences 
in  this  respect.  The  facts  are  against  the  ]»os8il)ility  of  a  pri^poiideraiice  of  males 
beiu},'  taken  on  any  sealing  Kround. 

Kollowiiifi  the  pelajjic  sealiii;;  season  in  Bering;'  Sea  a  loss  of  youn;j  seals  takes 
phwe  on  the  islands  thai  is  proof  of  the  great  numbers  of  adult  females  destroyed, 
while  the  killing  of  most  of  the  nonbreeding  males  on  the  islands,  and  the  fact  that  the 
breeding  males  remain  on  land  during  the  best  of  the  pelagic  season,  ]aecludes  the 
possibility  of  any  su(;li  proportion  of  males  being  found  in  the  Canadian  pelagic  catch 
as  ha;-  been  reported.  In  addition  to  this,  advices  under  date  of  January  8,  1897, 
from  London  establishments,  where  the  jielagie  catch  is  juepared  for  market,  show  at 
least  8;")  per  cent  of  it  to  consist  of  the  skins  of  females.  This  is  also  true  of  preceding 
seasons. 

The  logbook  recroids  of  the  two  llects  during  recent  yecrs  being  at  liaud,  intei- 
estiiig  comparisons  have  been  made. 

Canadian  vessels  reporting  a  prcpondciance  of  male  seals  having  been  sealing 
side  by  side  with  American  vessels  jtroved  to  have  taken  a  majority  of  female  seals,  it 
is  evident  that  the  returns  of  the  Canadian  li«'et  in  this  resjjeet  are  unreliable.  The 
reeorils  show  also  that  a  few  Caiia<lijvii  vessels  reiiorted  a  large  majority  of  females. 

WEATIlKll   CONDITIONS   ON   Till';    l'EI,A»il<5   8KALlN(i    OROl  NDS. 

The  following  tallies  have  been  prepared  from  the  log  records  of  the  Canadian 
and  Anierieaii  vessels  engaged  in  jielagic  sealing  in  IJering  Sea  from  181)4  to  185)7. 
Th»iy  are  interesting  (;hietly  as  showing  the  large  number  of  days  during  the  season 
when  the  weather  (!onditions  were  such  as  to  permit  of  seals  being  taken.  Sealing 
begins  in  Heriiig  Sea  on  August  I  and  is  continued  actively  until  some  time  after  the 


i 


'iill 


III 


238 


TIIK    VVH    SK.M.M    (»K    THK    I'RIHIIOF    IS|,ANI»S. 


Irii 


iiiiddU'  ol'  Si'jtti'iiilHM'.  wlii'ii  tin-  vt'sst'ls  It-avf  lor  lioiiif.  Tlic  rcfonls  ilo  not  show  any 
vny  great  (UtVcnMu-cs  in  tlir  wcatln'r  coiKlitioiis  rroiii  yt'iir  lu  ycnr.  In  Aiifjnst  seals 
ail-  taken  nearly  every  day.  tliere  iiavinji  I'een  l»nt  three  Any;nst  days  (Voni  t8!M  to 
I.S'.tT  wluMi  seals  were  not  taken.  In  Septeiniier  daring  tin-  same  years  sealing  has 
been  nearly  eontiMiioiis  nnlil  alter  llie  middle  of  the  month,  when  the  rapid  with- 
drawal of  \»'ss«'ls  begins  on  aieunnt  of  heavy  weatlier.  \'eiy  lew  vessels  remain  after 
the  L'Oth,  and  tliey  are  usnally  all  ont  of  Hering  Sea  before  the  end  of  the  month. 
There  are  days  on  some  pa:ls  of  the  sealing  gronnds  wlu'n  ves.svis  do  not  lower  their 
boats  while  vessels  elsewlien'  make  fair  catelies.  A  earefni  exannnation  of  the 
reeords  shows  I  hat  sammii  storms  in  r.«Mnig  Sea  are  loeal  and  do  not  ncees.sarily 
interrupt  hunting  over  the  entire  sealing  area. 


'loiii/ii/  iiiimliif  til'  iliviH  iliintiii  miiiilli»  t\l'  Ainiiinl  iiiiil   Si/i'cm/irc,  /SHI,  iihrii  /ii  liiiiic  xki/ihi/  ikih  iiii 
\i'il  nil  ill  IliriiKj  Ski,  hk  iiiilinilid  tiil  Imj  i  iiliim  nf  ii  iiuijnriiij  iif  lliv  ri«Nc/»  »/  llii  mnliiiij  Jliil.' 


Tahli  nhiiifiiifi  iiumhi 
n 


1804.  \  is»i.|». 

All);.    I   '  MrtKi'iil.  Ilnrriill:..  KmiIi'.  rnxoiiti'.  Itii  li.  Miniiii',  I'.Mii.  unci  llMitrici'. 
'J  j  Miisc'dl,  'I  liprrsi-,  Vm.i.  Triiini|>li.  S;i|i|iliinv  Mimiit,  jiiiiI  K^illicriiii'. 

:t      Martcnl.  San  .lo^-o.  Hiirt-aliM.  I!;iiit',  l-avurilr,  KhIi.  'I'luTrHr,  Mitiiiii',  I'!lli».  rnlnn))M;i.  !'«-jttrirtv  iiii<l  h'ji«n. 
.    4  ;  .liitf.  Hot  rails.  V.wfw   l-aviinlc.  IJIrli    I  liiii'si',  Miiiiiii'.  Kita.  I  ciliiiiiliia.  Ilralrlir,  h'awii  and  I.  uIm'H 
Tt  i  tlusc.  Ifiircalm.  h'.-ivui  ih..  Ki<  li.  l'!i  latiit,  M  rniiir,  l-!rla.  ('oliitiibia.  Ht'ittrirf,  and  I'au  it. 

li  I  .Icino.  Klli'ii,  Karli'.  11  n  h   Kiltiii'tt\ .  ^lll'll'^•l  .  I'tM'aliUx  Ktlanil,  Miitnii'.  Kita,  I 'ciliittilda,  I  it  wit.  anil  I,  lilsitt. 
7  ,  Kllcit.  llnrcaliH,  I-'.arlr.  V:\\  mi  it*    I'Iici'I'hi'.  llrrtilikM   M  innii-.  [''.Ita,  Cnltiinlda.  Hfalrictv  l-'iiwii.  and  I,.  ONcn. 
rt  ;  .!<*[.»■.  Itntralt^.  l-liltti.  l''a\  nritiv  Kilinrtix .  'I'lttTt'si'.  Ut'ialikH  I'lrlaml.  Nltiiiiic.  I  'idttniliiji  .a ml  lli-alrirr. 
0  i  Mivsrid.  ItnriMlis.  Kllntcitv-  Iii'nihkN.  I'tdntnlda.  l((Mitrit>t..  Kawii.  and  .lidiitHtm. 

ID     iliiHi'.  Iiot'i'iili^  Klli'it.  Karli'.  .M.iHcut,  Km  uril>\  Uii'li.  Kitntitiiy,  Dci-alikH.  .Miitttn-.  I'nlntnlit.i.  Iti>tilth'i'.  l-'a\Mi,.l(dttt 
I      Hiitt.  and  I,.  I  iNi-ti. 

II  ,  JitHi".  Itntralis.  Kllrit  l-'a\orili'.  Kilniftiv.  'I'lnTf  «    Iti-i.altkw,  Mtitnir.  l-'.lta.  Sparkn.  Ilriiirtn-,  I'au  ti,  ■Inltngoti,  and  I, 
I      tl|»itt. 

I'J  .liiMi'.  hiit'i'alin.  Uirh.  Kllitti'ii\.  ICilaitd.  Miitntiv  Hi'al rill  .anil  .Inline  ii. 

i:i      Knsir  niHi'ti. 'I.atii- (iri'\ .  .\rli-liN.  ViTa.  Saiiplitn-.aitd  .\tintt-a. 

M      hitt'ialH  and  |ir<>aliks. 

I."'      llofcaliH.  I''a\  nritc.  iff«\    l.'trli.  Iiiraliks.  Minitlo,  I'.rnlrirt*.  \Ij.;ar.  .hdiiisutt.  and  S|i.(rk.s. 

III  ;  U.i'lx'n.  I.'ii'lt.  Iirc.ihks.  I.'.ilanil.  .Mliitiir.aitil  l''.t»ti. 

IT  .  IMilsi'ii  Oii'V.  Kiliii''ti\,  Mliiiiir  (.'idiitiilii.i,  atiil  lliatni'i'. 

1^      lliitiali-'.  K.  idscit    Kaiii',  I'.iviitili  .  Ilrrv   Kirli     Kilnti'iiv.   Ili-ialiks     lilaml     Mtnnii'.   Klla.    liialriii'.  Ili'iirnlli. 

.M^'ar.  l-'a«  It.  .Ii'lti|..iiti.  anil  .spafk>. 
VJ      I'avot'iti'.  liii'li   Kiltiii'i>>  .  Iii'i'ttltlt.-..  Mitt  nil'.  I'ltta,  I 'nliintliia.  Iliniiilta.  IIiMtrti  >'.  Aluar.  dnIinKiiti.  ami  S|iaik~ 
'Jii     Kilnn  iiv. 

»''J      Klli'ti.  K.  Ol...i'ii.  Ktiilf  FaMititr.  I ,   .  \.  Kilini'tiy.  Ili'i'tiliks,  Kilinil.  .Minnii',  I'.ttti,  .Mxai.tiiKl  l''awn. 
■j;i      Kamriti'.  Ilii  li.  Kiltiii'iiv.  Tlii'ir-r   |iiialik».  Minitir.  Klla  riili.'tiiliia.  lii'altiir.  Al;;iir.  Kawii    diilin.siin,  ami  S|iai'kH. 
'Jl      FaMit'itt'.  Kit  li.  Kiliitt'tt\ .  riiiTi-wi..  iitM-altks.  .Miitttii-.  l-!lla,  i 'tiltitiiltia.  II»tirii-ltji.  .\l{j;at-,  .litltn.soti.  tiitil  Spai'kH. 
'J.^      Kit-It.  K  Unit  iiy.  lirla  till.' Mt  It  It  it'.  iM'alni'f. . I  till  spat  ks. 
I'll     liri'v,  Kii  It.  Kilimiiv,  Ili'i.iltkK.  Miiinii .  ami  Klla 

*J7     liri'v.  Kti'li   Kllttirit.v , 'I'ltcri'f*!'.  Ih'i'.tlik'..  Ktlaml.  Mtnnii',  l''.ila,  lUsilni'i'.  Aluttt'.  l''a\vii,aiid  .liihiisini 
2X     (ii'i'V.  Kirli   Kiltm  it\.  Tltin-w.  Ilii'tiltk-.  Kiltiitil.  Mintiii'  Ktlu.  I 'ultinilitti.  Ili'iiriilla.  iliMiltii  ■',  Al);ai'.  Ki  u  it  .Inlin 

sun.  and  .Sparks. 
'.'!i     iiri'>.  Kith.  Kilitti'itv    I'lii'i'i'si'   liiialiks    Kiltunl.  Miiiitii'.  Klla.  I 'iiltititliia,  lliiirii  llti,  la'altiii'.  Aluar    Kaw  n.diilin 

Mill,  ami  .Spai'ks. 
^11     lii'i'v .  Kii'li.  Kilim'ny     rinti'-'i'    Ui'i'altks,  Kiiaml    Miiiiiii'.   Kllti.  Ili'iit  iillti.    lli'ali'iii'.  .M^itir.   I''tiu  it,  .IiiIiiihiiii.  ami 

Sparks. 
;;i      I  ii-i-y.  Kit  It,  Kiliiti'iiy .  Iici-.ihks.  I'!ilaml.  Miiiiiii>,  l''.li:i  ruliiniltiii.  Ui','ttt'iri>.  Ili'itrli'ii;i   .\  l^ar.  I''!i\\  n,  •lolin.son.  anil 
Spatks 
Sept,     1      liri'\,  Kirlt,  Kilmi'iiy,  Tlirti'.si',  lii'ialik--.  I'a'ltiitd.  .Miiinti.  (,'iiltintliii\.   Klla.  lii-tilrin  .  Ilitiriilla.  .\l>;af.  Kawn. 'Inliii- 
Niiti.aml  Siiarks 
'.'     liny.  Kirlt,  Kilitti'iiy.  Tliiiisi .  Ii|.i'alik~    l-ilaiid  Minnii'.  Kllti,  ('nliiinliia,  llrairin',  lliitrii'lta.  .\lj;ar,  Kawn,  .iiilin 

I      .siin  ami  Shark'-. 
;t  '  'riiiTi'si'.  Cniiiitil'ia.  ami  Katlii'rim. 
4  I  'i'rininplt.  .Siipphiri',  liiiri'alis,  Aimikii,  tiitd  Kalr. 

,'i  {  Kti'li,  rnltimhia,  Hralriii',  Ili'iiriclla.  Al^ar,  lawn.  .Iiilinsiin.  and  Spat  kn. 
li  I  Hcalrii'i'.  Ili'iirit'll;*,  l''a\vn.iinil  Siiark.s. 

7  Kritiitd.  Ili^nrii'ttti.  .AUar.  Kami,  I'^llti.  Diti'iilikH,  ami  .liiltitsi>n. 

8  lii'alrii'i'.  Kriaml.  Ktla.  Dei'altks.  .Iiilinsnit.  tinil  'I'ltcn'si', 

\\  1  Colttitiliia,  Iti'atrit'i-,  Kauii,  Ktla.  Di'i'aliks.  .Iiilinsitit.  and  'riirrt^sff. 

Id  ('iilnittliia,  lii'iiliii'i'  Krland,  l''a"it,  III  raltkn.  and   Tlntehd. 

II  Sjipphii't' Hiiil  Sttn  .Iimi', 

I'J  Kriaml   Kawn   Ilcialiks  and  Ma.sint. 

i:[  ('iiltintlila.  lioalriri'   l''a\\ii.  Ilci'tiltks.  tiitil  ilidtitHiin. 

14  licairiif.  Kriaml,  Kawn  ,tiiil  Dii'tiliks. 

I,''!  licarriri',  Kriaml,  l''awii   piti-aliks.  ami  ilitltiiMtm. 

Ifi  111  atriro,  Kittt.  i-Cati',  ,Suiii\  l,ass,;ittil  Hralrii-i'. 

17  lii'titrii'i.  Klla  Slti'lliy,  .\tmikii  and  lii-tttriri' 

IM  i'.i'atrii't'  l''tlji.  \  I'ltliiri'.  Saucy  I.arts.  and  Itfatrin- 

10  Ktta.Slnlliv.  Itialrii-n.  SappltM't,  timl  IId-^H!  Olsyn. 

20  Kita,  Slii'lliv,  unil  iiusii'  Olscu. 

•Jl  Kitu. 


«J» 


'.Sitiiatt!  Due,  157,  I'ait  I.',  I'lltyluurlli  C'uU{;n)8S,  llrut  aesaiim,  pp.  48  SO. 


J'8S 


I'KLAOIC    SKALINlJ. 


239 


«t* 


va 


Talilf  Hliiiiriini  niimhiT  itf  diiijH  liiirimj  monlhx  iif  Aiuiiixl  unit  Sijiivmber,   IS'.i.'i,  when  prlaiiiv  sralimi  ini> 
ciirrieii  on  in  Iliriiiii  Sen,  ns  iiiiliiitliit  hi/  Utij  iiitrien  of  a  majofitji  of  llif  rrHmls  of  tin    xenlinil  llrrt.' 


IHU.'i. 


\'l'Htll'lH. 


I      KiiMlir.  Miinil  S..  M.  M.  Mnirill.  KiiliTpririi'.  Vera,  Vii  Iciriii,   rriiiiii|>li.  (1.  W.  I'rrHciilt.  ('uliiitiliiii,  lii'ciilikM.  .1.  (i. 

Swim,  Itcriii;;  Srit.  Strllii  I'lilttnil, -1.  i')p|iiii^f*r.  Ilrritiiiii.  anil  linra  Sii«wi'r<). 
'J      Kalllfi-.  Maiiil  S.,  Iliili  r|irl»i',  Vcni,  \ii'liiilii, 'l'iiiiiii|ili  li.  \V    rri'nicill.  ('nliiinliiii,  |iiialik«,  Willaicl   AiiPMWurtli, 

I       .Iti.Swan,  lll^rill^  Sia.  Stella  Ki'laiiil,  J.  K|i|>iii):i'i'.  Iliriiiaii,  aixl  I'lini  Sirucril. 
:i  '   Mailil  S..  Kiiti'rpi'im',  \  era.  \'ii'|iii'ia.    rrliiniph,  (uliiniliia.  .1. 1 1.  S»aii.  lioriiiu  Sia  Slilla   Iilaiiil   All anil   l)iiia 

Siiwi'i'cl. 

I  Kallliir.  Maiiil   S  .  M.  M.  Miirrlll.  Kiili'i  iu'lnr,  Vera,  Viitoria.    Ti  iiiiiiiili,  ruliiiiililji.  Ilcialikn,  Allii'   Al);ar.  Willanl 

AiiiHwnrlli.  J.  1 1.  Swan.  lliTJii^  Stst,  Stella  l<'rlaiHl,*l.  I'',)ipiiiu(^r.  aiiil  l>(ira  Sit'witnl. 
Ti      lliiriialin.  M.  M.  MiiitIII.  \'I(  tenia.  Triiiiiipli.  Ciiliiniliiu.  DrialiKii,  AWiv  Aluar.  and  Stilla  Krianil. 

II  llrriiiK  Si'ii. 
7      Maud  S..  llori'aliH,  S'cra.  anil  lli-ealikH. 


i:i 
II 


IH 
111 


'rilrri'Htl. 

tiaiid  S.   ViTii.  Viilipiia, 'riiniiipli.ll    \V.  riLKCiitl,  Ciilinnliia,  DcialikH.  .\llii'  Aluar,  M.  M.  Miiiiill.  Willanl  AiiiH- 

w.iiili,.I.(i.  Swan.  HitIiik  Sri.Strllu  Krland.  l.niiiHa.  I'..  Iv  Wrlistrr,  Allnn.   Itiinaiiy.u,  .1.  r.ppinuer,  and  'I'lnTiHi'. 
I'liiiinpli. 
Virtnria.  riiinnpli,  Iliealikri.  M.  M.  Mnrrlll.  Willanl  AinHWiirlli.  d.  (i.  S»an.  laiiii.sa,  Allnn.  iliirnin/a.  tl.  lOppiiiKKr. 

■|'lii'nH«.  IlattliT,  lli'rniaii.aiid  INira  Sicwnil. 
Vii  tiiiia,  Tiiiiinpli.Ci.  W.  rrtwriitt,  Cidiiinliia.  I)i  lalikn,  Allir  Al^ar.  M.  M.  Morrill.  Willanl  .\  innwiiitli.  d.  (l.Swiiii, 

lliTinK  Si'H.  SItdlii  I'lrlaud,  I.i.iiIki.  K.  K.  Widmlii.  .Minn,  llniian/.a.  J.  I''.|ipiiik,'i'i'.  Tlicn.'-i',  IfatlliT,  iinil  lli-rinun. 
tiiMiiHa.d.  Kppin^iT,  and  Pnra  Siewenl. 
Virtoiiii,   TriMinidi,  ii.  W.  I'nwrotI,  <'idnniliia,  Itiialikn.  Allir   .\l;;rr.  M    M.  Miirrlll,   Willanl    AinHWiirt'.  .1.  (i. 

Swan,  Stvllii  Krianil.  Lnnl.sa,  K.  K.  Wcli.mrr,  Allnn.  Kiman  .a.  .1.  Kpimnjcr,  Tlion'.si',  Katllt-r.  and  llirinan. 
Triiiinpli.ii.  W.  I'ri'sciitl,  lirralikM,  I^Mii.sa,  K.  K  Wilistii    Allnn  J    KppiiiKir.  TliiTi  >.i',  Kiitllri-,  llrrnuin.  ami  Kiira 

Siiwcrd. 
Viiliiriu.  Triiinipli.Ci.  W.  IVrMnilt,  fiiliiinhia.  Willanl  Aiii.tunrHi.  .l.U.Swan.  Sirlla  Kiland,    I.nni.sa.d.  KiipiiiKcr, 

'IhiMP.-H'.  llirniaii.aiiil  llnra  Sicwi'id.     . 
Virt(>ria.Trinnipli,(i.  W.  I'n>siiilt.  Cidnniliia.  Iicialikn.  Allir  .\lfir  M.  M.  Mnrrill.  Wdlard  .\  inHwm  111.  .1.  Ii.  SwHii, 

lirririK  !><'»^'illi»  Krlaml.  I.iinisii.  K  K.  Widislpr,  .Minn.  I  li  man /.ad.  Kppin;;iT,  Tln'rrsi'.  KnMli'r.  and  Ilrnnaii. 
('nlnnil)iii.  Diraliks,  (i    W.  Pn-Miill.  .Ml in  .M^nr,  M.  M.  MnrriU.  Willianl  .\  iniHnrlli,  .1.  (i.  S»an,  I'.rrint,'  .Sua.  SInlla, 

Krlaml,  I.niiina.  K.  K.  Widisli'r.  .Minn,  ltnnan/.a.,l.  Kjipinyrr,  Thi'msn,  Kalllnr,  llnnnan.  iinil  Dnra  Sciweril. 
(i.  W.  rnsrolt.  M.  M.  Mnrrill.  Willanl   Ain»wurlli,    1.(1.  Sivan.  Ilirin«  .Sua    Sltlla   Krland   I isa,  K.  K.  Wrlinlir, 

.Minn.  Ilnnan^a,d.  Kiijiiiit;!  r.  Tlicrestv  lialllcr.  Ilrrniaii,  ami  Dora  Siiwi'ril. 
Ill  iin<r  Sna.  Sl)'lht  Krland.  l.iiui.Ha,  Tlmn'He.  anil  IltMinan. 
Colmnliia.  (i.  W   IVi'dmlt.  .Mln-  .M«ar.  M.  M.  Mnrrill.  Willanl   .\  iiiHworlli.  Slilla    Krlaml    K.  i'..  WidiHlcr,   .Minn.  ,1. 

KpiiiiiKir,  Kaltlir,  and  Dnni  Sinwiiil. 
•Mlin  A1k»>.  I.niiisa.d.  Kjipinyir.  Tln'roni'.  Uatllrr.  and  llirman. 
Allin  Aluar.  Cidiiniliia.  M    M.  Mnrrill,  J.  (I.  Swan,  Hiring  Si'a.  I.miisi 

Katllnr,  llinnian,  and  Ilnra  Sii-wiril 


II,   K.  K.  Wnli.sii'i.   Allnn.  .1.  Kppinurr,  Tlinn-.'^t), 


;ill 

::l 

Stpl      I 


Katllnr,  llinnianand  Ilnra  Sii-wiril. 
l)iTalik.><,  ti.  W.  I'n«inlt,  .Ml  in  Alu-ar,  Cnliiniliia,  M.  M.  Mnrrill.  Willanl  .Mnswnrlli.  .I,(i.  Swan.  IlirinuSca,  Sttdia 

KrlBinl.  I.oiilsa.  K  K.  Wilmlnr.  Allnn   l!nnan/a.  I.  K|ipini;i'r.  Thrn^f    Uatllii     llirman. and  l»nni  Sii'wnrd. 
I)ii<alik»,  (1.  W.  I'li'si  (ill.  Allin  Alyar  Cnlninliia    M.  M.  Mnrrill.   Willanl  .\  inswnri  li,  .1.  (i   Swan,  llnrint;  Stsa.  Su  Ma 

Krlunii,  l.inii»a,  \',  K.  Widiator,  Allnn,  Itonan/.a,  I.  Kpniiiyer  TliiTi'sn.  Kalllnr  lli'rinan,anil  Mnra  Sirwenl. 
Itnnan/a. 

llnralikH  and  C.  W.  I'iiv<i  (ill. 

lli'iialik.t.  (1.  W.  I'ri'nrntt.  Cnlnniliia.  .1   (1  Swan.  Ilerinu  Sra.  Alton,  Unnan/a,  ili<rnian.  ami  llnr.i  Sin w ml. 
l»Bnaliks,  (i.  W.  rnsinll.  Cnlninliia.  M.  M.  Mnrrill   Willanl  .\  in»wnrlli,  ,1.  (1.  Swan,  llcriiiK  f^na,  I.oiiisB,  K.  E.  Wnli 

nt<'r,  Alton.  Iionan/,a..l    K|ipin^i'i, 'rhori'Mf,  Katllcr.  llrrman.and  llora  Sinwcnl. 
DnialikH,  li.  W.  I'n'miilt.  t'oliiniliia.  M.  M.  Morrill,  d.li.Swan.  Ilcrint;  Sna,  Stella  Krland,   l.oiiUa,  .\llon,  lionan/.a, 

.1.  Kii|iini;pr,  Tlinrine,  Kalllir,  llurinan.  anil  l>ora  .Sirwiiil, 


il .  rjppini;pr,    I  niMl'Me,  uaiiiri,  iioi  niiin.  iinu   i 'ni  i*  ,tm-"  ii  ii. 

(1,  W.  I'n'siolt,  Alliii  Alyar,  Cnliiinliia,  liiriii);  Sia.aiid  Lniiisa 
,1.  li.  Swan  and  Uniiu;;  Sim 

'I'lioriHO  and  Kattli'r. 


'I'lioriHO  and  Kattli'r. 

Dcnalikn,  ('nlnnil)ia,  M.  M.  Mnrrill.  liorlnu'  Sna.  Stella  Krland,  I'.oiianza  and  Dora  Sinword. 

Dnealik.i,  li.W.rn'Miotl.  Ciilnmliia,  M.  .M.  Morrill.  Willanl  .\  ins  worth,  linrinu  Sra.  ' '»''■  •'"•  K.  Wolmtor,  lionanza, 

.1.  Kppinger.  riiprn.in.  Ka'tlliM-.  llnnnan,  and  Dnr.i  Siiwnril. 
DonalikM.!!.  W   I'ri'Mnnll,  Columliia.  M.  M.  Morrill.  Willanl  .\in.'*iVorth,  liuriiiH  Sia,  Slidla  Krlaml,  liOiiiaa,  llnnanxu, 

.1.  Kppinynr,  Tliiintr,  liattlii,  llirinaii,  .mil  Dora  Siiwnnl. 
Dnnaliku,  (i.  W.  I'ri'nintt, Cnluniliia,  M.  M.  Mnrrill,  J.  (!.  Swan,  linriii;;  Sea,  Stella  Krland,  l,oni.si    llnnanza,  Kattlpr, 

and  Dora  SirwinI, 


Di'iialiks.  Cnlumliia,  anil  Unnan/a 

ii  W.  Prnscnit, 

Ilnrin);  Sea,  I.otiiNa,  and  llnnnan. 

Dnnahks,  linriii);  Sia.  Stnlla  Krland,  .1.  Kppintji'r,  lialtlir  and  lima  Sicwi>nl 
Colninbia.  lirrinj;  Sna.  and  Sli-lla  Krlaml. 

'  I'oliiinliia,  KoiiiHa,  and  Uattlnr, 
I  St(  lift  Krland,  Italtlir.  and  Dura  Simvinl. 
Ki-rin);  Sua. 


'Snnalo  Doc.  Ifw,  Part  II,  Fiftvfonrth  Ointjroii.i.  flr.-it  Hcssion,  pp.48-rin. 


i'l 


.<(' 


210 


IHK    VVR    HKAI.H    ol*    Till;    I'KllUl.ol'    ISI.ANIIS. 


Iiihli  nl.oiniKj  inimhir  0/  iliiiin  iliiviini  miinnu  nf  /^''^  iiliin  /ic/.ii/ii'  siiiliii<i  iiiik  iiirriiii  ini  in  llrriiiij  S,n. 

[a   -     'I  III"  laki-lil 

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NuTK.— Oui'  Hual  li.Ui'ii  (letolnT  4,  Bi'iiii);  Sim  w^liiHiiiei'  (Jcueviii  uiily  Ootvbir  iliilu  I'timiriltiil. 


fi:: 


I'KI.AOIC    SKAUNn. 


24.3 


Oil  lli««  Nurtlnvt'Ht  roust  Houliii^  ;;riMiiiilN  Hfuliii){  ht'i^iiis  luti^  in  l)<>r«>nilH>rii!Ml  i^imIh 
III!'  lust  of  Ainil.  \«'iy  lew  vessels  aio  uttivrly  »'iinun«'<l  until  l-'ciiniary.  As  soon 
as  lli«>  v«'ss«'ls  nHi  on  tlio  ;;rounil,s<Mlin;t  ptos  on  inoin  or  Ichs  it'^iilui  iy  niilil  tint  rloso 
«it'  tlic  Hfuson.  Tint  i;i'i>at  (>\tuiit  ol  this  limiting;  f^roninl  iHTinits  of  souls  iiciiii;  tukni 
aloti;;  stniitt  |Mii'lioiis  o|  Ili4>ir  ini;;i:itin;;  roiitowlnMi  tlhMvi>utli«'r  liot'S  not  |MM'niit  ol* 
their  litint;  luki'ii  on  others.  'V\h\  loWovi'um  tubh's  show  tho  days  wlieii  sisils  wvru 
tuki'ii  aloii};  iIm>  N'orl Invest  coastdiiriiiK  the  seuHoiis  of  iHltft,  ts])i;,untl  IH!I7.  Tlio 
eurlieHt  sealiii);  is  oil'  the  toast  of  Calitornia,  whent  it  is  eoiniueiietMl  l>y  two  or  three 
Aiiieri(;un  uiiil  ('iinu«liiin  vessels  lutein  Deeeniber,  some  of  tliesu  vessels  proeeeiliii); 
to  the  .lapan  roast  in  •lainiury.  Diiriii);  •luniiury  uini  K  hriiury  otliur  vessels  eleur  tor 
thit  seuliiiK  k:>'<><ii><1^<  l»)t  the  lleet,  as  a  wiioh-,  is  nut  uetivoly  eii};uK<'<l  until  Mareli  ami 
April,  when  the  itiilk  of  tint  cateh  is  taken.  In  IH!H>  most  of  the  ('unutlian  tieet 
eleared  I'rom  Niettnia  l.ilu  in  •lunnary,  eij^lil  vessels  not  eluarin^  until  lute  in  February. 
No  seals  were  taken  by  Canadian  vessels  until  February -l  of  that  year.  Vessels 
eluuriii;;  from  ports  in  I'lifret  Sound  in  .lanuury,  ISlHi,  did  not  eominenee  Heuliii};  until 
after  the  middle  ol  l''ehriiury,  autl  three  of  the  I'lifret  Sound  vuHsels  did  not  clear 
until  stime  time  in  Mureli. 

From  an  exuminatioii  of  the  table  for  l<StH>  showing  the  number  of  duys  fnuii 
.laniiury  10  to  April  '10  when  pela^^ie  sculiii^  was  carried  on  by  the  (.'anadian  and 
Ameriean  vessels  otV  the  Northwest  coast,  it  appears  that  seals  were  taken  «nery  day 
duriii;;  the  month  of  April,  and  every  day  but  four  during  the  inonthitf  March.  From 
.lannary  !(»  to  I'ebriiary  L'S  there  were  17  days  wlicii  seals  were  not  taken,  but  many 
vessels  had  not  ye'  cleared,  while  those  alreiuly  cleared  t'cre  making  up  their  crews 
at  Indian  villa;;es  ah>n<;  tln^  «Miast. 

The  vessel  makint,'  the  lony;(!st  cruise  on  the  Northvcst  sealing  Kt'^o'i'^  ^^ii-"*  t^lic 
'/.  h'lunntiii,  which  bej^'an  sealirit;  olf  the  coast  of  ( <alifoinia  on  December  17  (I.Si>,"»), 
took  the  last  seals  for  the  scastm  olV  the  coast  of  VVasliinj,'ton  on  April  -1.  Ihiriiifr 
this  time  seals  were  taken  on  *i!>  duys  or  a  little  over  half  of  the  whole  number  of  days 
for  th(^  cruise.  A  similar  table  loi'  the  season  of  lH!tr»  shows  that  there  were  .'J  days  in 
A)    il  and  1  in  March  when  seals  were  not  taken. 

Ill  18<,>7  about  a  third  of  the  tIeet  was  (>n};a^ed  in  .lanuary;  by  the  end  of 
February  more  than  iialf  the  Canadian  and  American  vessels  were  sealing,  the 
entire  thset  not  hviua  at  work  as  a  wln)le  until  March  and  April.  Late  in  December 
(I.SJM!)  110  seals  were  taken  by  1  (!anadian  and  li  American  vessels  otf  the  coast  of 
('alifornia.  In  I S!I7  seals  were  taken  by  many  vessels  with  more  or  less  regularity 
throughout  the  season. 


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244 


IIIK    VV\i    1?KAL8    OF    TIIK    PUlItlLOF    ISLANDS. 


Table  hIkhkiihi   uiimlirr  of  iliijit  in  mmilhn  of  I'llnimiji,  Miiiili,  mill  Aiiril,  lS',Ki,  iilien  pelailic  kiiiUiiij  ico.i 

(iirntil  on  off' Ihf  \oitliwiiil  iikikI. 


si'hIi  taki'ii.l 


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PKI-AOIC    SEALING. 


245 


Talilf  .ihmrhiii  number  nf  iliiiis  in   iiionlhx  of  Fihriiary,  March,  and   Ajtril,  IStt'i.  when  pehifiir  Dfalinti   was 

tiirried  on  op  )hi-  XorlhwiKl  voaxl — Contiimod. 


Ciinatliau  \  i-Hst-lH     'JU. 


.\ui('ii<  an  vcuHcla—U, 


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Tahlf  nhmchiii  tiiimlifr  nf  diujx  iliiriiuj  .liiniutnj.  h'l'hrmtrfi.  March,  iinti  A)>ril,  is;ii',,  when  /lelaifii'  scalinij  was 

carricil  on  off  Ihi'  Sor'.hwcst  coast. 

I  ■--     DatcH  w  hen  s.'mU  \\  IT.*  tak^".  .     <i       Dati^H  of  rloarant'e.] 


IS'.m. 


Jan.  lO 
II 
12 
13 
14 
16 
16 
17 
18 
19 
211 
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28 
2H 

111 
HVb,  I 
3 
3 
4 
S 
« 
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» 
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10 
U 
12 


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240  THK    VVM    SKALS    OF    Till",    riJIBTr.OK    ISLANDS. 

Tab!.  „howii,;  niimher  of  -/.-/«  ihirixo  .lanHarij.  rihrmirn,  ^f,n■,■h,  ,m<l  .ipril,  IS!h:.  whni  prlanir  "(Mlin;,  ir<i« 

carrieil  on  »//   tlip  Soitliwi'Kt  ioukI — ('<)iillliui'<l. 


IHWi, 


'-     s 
o      'f 


«    ■=     i 

i     c     jj 


t?    '^    Q  1 13    ^    :a  ,  ■/. 


('iiiiniliiiii  \i«ssi'ls - 

I        :    : 


I       .        P  1-        —  T. 

:|  -5  I  I  ^   , 


Aniori(!tni  \**hhi'1m     1 1. 


Fi'li.    1:1 
U 

i:> 

lU 
17 
18 
19 


.101 


•JL    2.   C    <    o    5  j  12 


.•   g    u 


5  J  =  5.  i  iS:?-,  §.  ,  s  =  £  3:.3h  -^ 

^   ■=:  -5  ^   ■?   E,-^  .=  -5   -i  :5    2   .5    £  •s'-J    o 


_     .     ^     o    «    -.    .9    ? 


Mar 


•21 
.-2 
23 
24 

25 
28 

27 

28 

1 


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X  '. 


I 


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9 

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11 
12 

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17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 


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X  ,x, 

...    X   ' 


X  :  >  '  .'. 
X  (  >;  I  '. 


I  X 


24 
2S 
20 
27 
28 
29 

;to 

Apr       1 

ft  ' 
4  I 
61 
0  I 

7  ! 

8  • 

B  I 
10  i 

11 : 

12] 

13  ' 

14 

IS 

10 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

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,  |...| 


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1 


PELAOir    SEALING. 


247 


Table  HhowitKj  niimhr  of  ihii/a  during  Jauunrii,  I'eln-iiarii,  ^fan^h,  and  Aiiril,  JSSi:,  when  pelagic  nealiiig  wan 

carried  on  off  the  Xorthirest  enani — CoiitilliUMl. 


Citiuuliaii 

VI'HMcls— 2:t. 

American 

VI 

sHela — 11. 

1 
ISM.     , 

1    . 
i  a 

:| 

Apr.  26    .    . 
•Jl 

M     < 
•Jl»    ... 
3(1      ■ 

a 

J 

X 

... 

::: 

... 

'C 

1 

is 
i> 

m 

n 

5 

M 

A 
X 

d 

0 

a 

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X 

i 
= 

X 

X 

w  ■  -5 
« '  t" 

EC  I  W 

X  :   X' 
,\  ,  X 

I 

A    ,    X 

X     j  Kal*-. 

X    1  Labrador. 

1 

o 
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.i 

a 

1 

i 

1 
i 

at 
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1 

1 

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S 

i 

a' 

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=>  'i  l 

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.='  1 

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til 
W 

1 

1  \ 

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s 
a 
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a 

1^ 
X 

a 

s 

1 

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3    JS    <«    f,    ^ 
3    -3   ^    .21? 
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UiO  ►^  ;m  ,h 

X  i  X  1  X  i  X  '  X 

::::::!-x 

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X 

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X 

::: 

... 

:::'.''.'::::::'::: 

1 

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1 

1 

'I'broH  Canadian  and  onu  Amurn'iiii  vii»a«l  omitted— no  logs. 


lahir  showiny  niimln  r  of  (Jdi/n  when  pehnjie  neiiliug  ••ran  eondiirtnl  off  the  y<trtliivenl  <iiant  in  W.'C 

I  .        Heala  taken.] 


1897 


Jan.      1 


1-eb. 


(,'anadian  visacU— -'1). 

Vnurii-; 

II 

vessel 

*-ll. 

1 
1 

1 

I 

6 
a 

1     1    ■! 

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^  <  <  <  ^ 

! 

a 
rt 

3 

5 

a 

n 

X     x 

0    ._ 

0    '- 

1 

t-    i    s    ::  1 

f  -/i  a   r 

.i  i  =^  s 
a  a  M  w 

1    1 

a 
1 

1 
,             1 

£  J  a  a:?:^ 
-..  • 

!  1  M 

'  1 

£■      i 

-      b  -  ^ 

3    :'  .=  "3^   a 

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it-. 


PKLA<iI<'    SEALING. 


249 


All  examination  of  fclui  records  of  ten  vessels  sealing  off  the  Japan  coast  in  1S96 
shows  that  there  were  hut  six  days  hetween  March  14  and  June  30  when  seals  were 
not  taken,  less  than  iialf  the  records  heing  at  hand. 


Tablr  nhowintj  iiiimhtr  of  duyK  diiritifi  thf  iiioiitliH  of  March,  April,  Mail,  nud  .hitic,  tSUii,  when  peliu/ir  stating 

WHS  carried  on  off  the  count  of  Japan 

I  '       at'ulH  laki'ii.l 


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TIIK    KITR    SKAL8    OF   THK    rHTIUL»^F    ISI.ANItS. 


Tlie  oiilv  lop-book  reconl.s  iit  hand  relatiiiK  to  tlio  sealing  grounds  iuljiwent  to  tln^ 
Coniniiindor  Islands  show  that  cifjlit  Canadian  vessels  and  one  Anu'ricivn  vessel,  seal- 
ing in  August,  181>2,  tbiiiul  the  weather  contlitions  similar  t«»  tJiose  of  recent  seasons, 
there  being  bnt  one  day  in  that  month  of  1S1>2  when  seals  were  not  taken. 

t'alite  Hiniuiiiii  numhir  of  (/iii/«  (liiriini  llif  iiionllis  of  .tiiiiiint  ami  S,ftl,iiiliir,  /S!>:,  irlini  Hinliiuj  wax  iiirried 

Oh  fi/>i)i(^  till'  Ciiviiinindrr  IkIiiiiiIh. 

I  '      Hi'itlM  takitn.l 


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On  the  whole,  it  does  not  appear  that  the  .average  we.ither  conditions  from  season 
to  season  are  wortli  roiisidering  in  their  elleet  upon  the  <'ateh  <»!'  seals. 

WASTEl'tl.NKSS  OF   INDISORIMINATF,   SKAI.INO. 

Pi'lagie  sealing  is  not  regularly  jnaeticed  elsewlieri^  than  in  l>ering  Sea  and  the 
North  I'aeilie  Ocean.  During  the  voyage  of  the  Canadian  schooner  Ithrvtor  from 
the  Atlantic  t(»  the  Pacilic,  in  LSUf),  tIliO  seals  were  obtained  by  pelagic-  sealing  ott"  the 
i'^alklaiid  Islands,  and  in  l.S!»7  a  vnU'h  of  224  seals  was  made  adjacent  t<»  the  seal 
rookeries  of  tlie  (lalapagos  Islands.  During  the  inogress  and  decline  of  this  industry 
in  the  North  I'acilic  Ocean  and  l>cring  Sea  those  engaged  in  ])elagic  sealing  have 
stoutly  maintained  that  the  industry  was  not  especially  disastrous  to  the  race  of  seals, 
alleging  tliat  tliere  was  no  excessive  nuiiiberof  female  seals  destroyed;  that  the  decline 
in  the  <!atcii  during  recent  years  has  been  due  more  to  stormy  weather  than  to  scarcity 
of  seals,  ami  that  the  various  international  restrictions  of  the  past  seven  or  eightyears 
have  also  greatly  restricted  the  «atcli.  It  is  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  that  the  pelagii* 
catch  is  miule  up  largely  of  female  seals;  that  the  weather  conditions  have  not  mate- 
rially all'ected  the  annua!  catx'li,  and  that  sealing,  while  restricted  in  some  loc-alities, 
h;!    remained  unrestricted  in  others,  thus  leaving  the  tleet  always  at  liberty  to  operate 


0 


^? 


PRLAGir    SRALINO. 


251 


Hoinpwlioro.  Tho  industry  is  luidouhtodly  rt^sixmsihle  lor  tlic,  great  rcducrtioii  tliiit  lias 
taken  jdiu't',  in  tiit>  Anierican  and  Asiatic  seal  licrdH,  and  is  rapidly  declininfr.  Tim 
history  of  all  seal  lislieries,  excevt  wliere  tlie  seals  breed  in  well-protected  localities 
and  are  killed  under  goverr.nient  supervision,  lias  been  a  history  of  wasted  resources, 
llnrestrictetl  fur  sealing  in  otlier  parts  of  the  w(»rld  has,  during  the  past  century, 
fj'sulted  in  the  ruin  of  all  the  greiit  seal  rookeries  of  the  Antarctic. 

About  the  close  of  tlie  last  (leutury  a  trallic  sprang  U|>  in  the  skins  of  fur  seals, 
and  as  a  result  of  the  many  voyages  made  to  the  Antar<*tic  regions  enornnma  munbers 
of  fur  seals  were  taken.  These  were  not,  however,  i)rocured  at  sea.  by  the  ordinary 
methods  of  jielagic  sealing,  but  were  taken  from  the  rookeries  on  which  they  bred, 
liy  IH'Mi  (he  supjjly  of  fur  seals  in  the  southern  seas  was  nearly  exhausted.  No 
discrimination  was  ina<le  in  the  character  of  the  seals  taken,  whether  nuiles  or  females. 
The  markets  were  frequently  glutted  and  mucli  of  the  catch  wasted.  In  many  parts 
of  the  Antarctic  remnants  of  these  seal  herds  still  linger  about  their  ancient  breeding 
pla(!es,  and  new  rookeries  could  doubtless  be  established  by  their  protection  against 
indiscriminate  scaling. 

In  pelagic  sealing  no  selections  can  be  made;  males  and  females  must  be  taken 
indiscriminately.  So  long  as  indiscriminate  sealing  continues  the  restoration  of  the 
seal  lishcries  to  their  forn.er  importain-e  will  be  impossib]e.  American  citiz(Mus  are  no 
longer  |)ermitted  to  engage  in  it,  and  no  portion  of  the  jielagic  «'atch  can  be  imported 
in  any  form  into  the  United  States.  The  American  and  K'ussian  seal  islands  have 
already  been  rendered  nearly  valueless  by  reason  of  i)elagic  sealing,  ami  the  industry 
itself  is  greatly  dimiiiisheil  in  c(nise(|ueiice  of  the  scarcity  of  seals.  It  is  almost  as 
suit'idal  as  the  indiscriminate  raitling  of  seal  rookeries. 

The  value  <»f  the  seal  skin  ju'ocnrcd  in  pelagic  sealing  does  not  average  more  than 
<uie-third  that  «»f  the  skin  taken  (m  land.  The  land  catch,  made  under  the  supervision 
of  the  American  ami  b'nssian  (iovernments,  consists  of  the  skins  of  .'i-year-old  males 
taken  when  they  are  in  best  condition,  and  constitutes  a  single  grade  of  the  best 
quality.  The  pelagic  catch  is  obtained  in  season  and  out  of  season.  It  consists  of 
y<Hing  anil  old,  male  and  fenuile,  with  all  skins  more  or  less  damaged  by  shooting  or 
spearing.  It  must,  therefore,  be  divided  into  seveial  grades,  most  of  them  of  poor 
qmility. 

I'elagic  sealing  is  not  only  responsible  lor  the  destructiiui  of  large  numbers  ol 
adult  female  seals,  but  equal  numbers  of  young  seals  have  died  of  starvation  on  the 
seal  islands  in  consequence  of  the  loss  of  their  mothers. 

TlIK    l.u<}  n<i(»K    UHt'OK'DS   nl'    IIIK   SKAr.INO    I'LEKT. 

Many  of  the  dilliculties  in  the  way  of  solving  jiroblems  coniwcted  with  the  life 
history  of  the  fur  seal  have  been  due  to  the  fact  that  the  animal  is  absent  front  its 
island  home  in  Bering  Sea  for  about  half  the  year,  migrating  thousand.'*  of  miles  into 
the  l'aciti«!  Dceau.  Investigations  of  seal  life  at  sea,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Pribilof  Islands,  have  been  undertaken  several  tinu's  by  uu'ans  of  Government 
vessels,  and  the  work  accomplished  has  not  been  without  imptu-tant  results,  but 
intbrmation  regar«ling  the  seal's  migraticui  has  been  dt^rived  ehietly  from  the  log-book 
records  (tf  the  sealing  lleet.  The  gradual  extension  oi'  pelagic  sealing  by  vessels 
from    I'.ering  Sea,  where  it  originat«'d  in   ISSO.  over  all  parts  of  the   I'acilic  Ocean 


m 
i 


H 


i 


252  THE    VVU    SKALS    OF   Till;    PRIJUI.OF    ISLANDS. 

tVeqiientpd  by  fur  souls,  iiiiwh'  siu^li  recmMls  iinpnrfaiit,  iiiid  a  liir^'e  iiiihiImt  of  Mi«in 
liavo  it'ctMitly  been  {iiillierod  tO|Lr»'tli(ir. 

Tln'se  lecords,  based  on  actual  capturoH  of  liiindn-ds  of  tlioiisaiids  of  seals  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year  llii'out;liiint  the  rnr-seals  ranye,  inelude  at  the  present  time  the 
lofj  books  of  I'J.".  dilVerent  vessels  sealing  at  various  tinn's  (birin;;-  a  jteriod  extendiii}; 

over  fourteen  years. 

It  ajtpears  from  a  study  ol'  tlie  records  of  tlie  sealiufj  fleet  that  the  American 
herd,  as  a  body,  follows  the  continental  outlines  in  its  lin^jerintr  northward  mi{jrati«»n. 
As  the  seals  do  not  leave  the  summer  habitat  until  Novendter,  and  nnike  their  tirst 
<-oastwise  appearance  far  U)  the  southward  in  Decendter  and  January,  tliere  is  ;;o(m1 
reason  for  sui»posint:  tliat  the  southward  movement  is  well  ott'shore  ami  very  rapid. 

From  the  limited  references  in  the  loj;-book  records  to  the  ditVerent  classes  ot 
seals  taken  on  ea<'h  of  the  American  huntiu};  grounds,  the  indications  are  that  the 
adult  females  migrate  farthest — to  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands — the  youiijrer  classes 
reachiii}.'  the  coast  a  litth'  farther  to  the  northward— on  the  N'anomver  {ground — 
while  the  adult  males  arc  sehhmi  taken  south  of  the  Kairweather  (;i'<*<i<><l-  'l'h«' 
schooner  I'tuvlopr,  in  a  catch  of  'Jlo  seals  taken  south  of  Han  KraiHMseo  in  1S!)(!, 
rc|M)rted  only  S  males.  A  catch  of  1, !.'(!(!  seals  nuule  in  l.Sl»7  stuith  i>f  San  Krancist-o 
by  llie  schooners  F.pplntn'f  ■,\\\i\  Loiiim  />.  contained  only  T'J  nuiles.  Voniij,'  seals  <>  «m' 
7  months  old  apjicar  in  larjic  numbers  alonj;  the  coasts  of  Orepui  ami  Washin(;t(>n. 
Yearlinj^s  of  b(»th  sexes  are  reported  to  lin>:er  in  small  bands  far  olVshore  in  tlune  and 
duly,  but  sealers  do  not  s])cnd  much  time  in  hunting  them,  as  their  market  value  is 
small. 

(»n  the  .lapan  coast  there  aj)i>ears  to  be  a  larjjer  proportion  of  medium  si/ed 
males  amon^'  the  adidt  fenuiles  than  on  any  other  J'iU'itic  hunting;  ^rouuil. 

In  lierin;:  Sea,  as  is  well  known,  the  adult  females  taken  by  the  sealing;  tieet 
outnundier  all  other  classes  of  seals  combined. 

Tlie  latitude  and  lontritude  of  the  daily  sealiufj  operations  of  all  these  vessels 
have  Iteen  platted  (Ui  the  accompanying^  map,  and,  ea«>h  month's  sealing  being 
indicated  distinctively,  the  nui|i  may  he  ctmsidered  as  representin}(  our  i)resent 
knowledge  t)f  the  seasiuud  movement  «d'  the  American  ami  Asiatic  seal  herds,  as  well 
as  outlinin^r  the  huntin<j:  grounds  of  the  pelagic  sealing  fleet. 

List  uf  tlie  loij-hoiik  riinras  lined  in  tlie  iirrpuraliim  of  the  niup  nhoirimj  the  inigralion  and  diHtrihiititm  of  the 

fur  xiiil. 

St'illM. 

All  I'niteil  States  oDiriitl  dntii  (AHiiitic  iiml  Aincricaii  rniistH),  IS'M  to  ISitT,  Htiitistiriil  tulili's, 

fm-Neiil  ciitrli.  Tre.'umry  I >t!])artiri)'iit S,">,  itS'i 

Ciinritli.'iri  otVioial  diita  (award  area  cmly),  IS!t4  to  ls97.  ilepartiiifiit  of  niariiif  and  lisherit's, 

Ottawa IJL'.  (K)!t 

Canadian  ollirial  data  (ABiatir,  in  part),  ISit.'t,  dcpartnwnt  of  marine  and  tislierit'H,  Ottawa  . ..  L'l.  055 
MiscfUaneoMN  Canadian  and  I'liitcd  States  data  iSenuti^  Doc;.  157,  Part  II.  pp.  5(U55),  ISSU  to 

WXi 21.877 

Miscellaneoim  Canadian  data  (I'nr-Scal  Arbitration,  vol.  S,  p]>.  SUJ-*<.i:t),  lSi(2 15,  S75 

Misctdlaneons  Canadian  and  fnited  Statrs  data  (iiniMililiHlird;  collected  liy  0.  II.  Tow  nKcnd), 

lS8ti  to  1S!H! ". ll,«28 

MiscellaneoiiH  .lapanewt)  data  (unpnldished;  collected  liy  h.  Stejneficr),  ls!U  to  lKit7 :i,()«.| 

Total  :«W,  71S 


PELAOIC    SEALING.  253 

l.isi  iif  hilhnto  iinimhliiilieit  }H^I)tijw-nmlin<i  rviurih  riillirtnl  hy  r.  II.  Towiiwtiii. 


Ywir 


S4'liooitf>r. 


Kiiiiiiii. 


I 


IMgR '  XiiinliTlilIt Noiiliwivsl  civiiHl  mill  lifrini;  SfH. 

1887 AlBxaiiiliT !  I'"'- 

IK8H Siiii  .liiHi NiirlliWfNl  ro:iHt, 

jxO) A  Hull I  Niii'tliwfHl  enlist  mill  (Niiiiiiiiiiiili'i'  IhIiiiiiIh. 

imfJ... -!..!! S"i(liiiiSiillicrliiiiil Niprlliw«Hl  oiiUHt  mill  lli'iiiiK  Si«. 

IHIK KiiwIii'HiI jHpiiii  ciiiwt. 

I  Mill ; <lo I  Uo. 

IMli;t I  Alliin I         I'll.  .      .,      , 

imi;) TliiTi'HB Niirllnvi'Hl  huihI  hihI  (  iiiiiiiimiilfi-  IhIiiiiiIm. 

I8«l  '.."'... I  l«"wliriiil ,  JilIiHii  ium»l. 

IK94 '  TliiTi'itK I  •>"• 

IHIM Anna  Manilla I  l>"-  ,„     ,,  ,  ,      , 

1894  Ali'xaiiiliT I  •'ai""'  '■"""'  "'"'  Kuril  iHlaiiilN. 

IKA4 1  am-  ( Irav .lapaii  iiiaHl. 

1805 M.M.Miirrlll I  K".  ,,.,,,, 

IHOji Uremia lajian  enaiil  and  kiinl  lulanila. 


189r> Mam  lit 

IKIHI Itolileii  Fleeei" 

181)6 Allie  I.  Alijur  . 


ilaimii  eiiaat. 
I  In. 
I  III. 


MiKiclhintioiin  liiij-hook  rnorth  of  Hmlinij  I7«««'«  rollictril  by  C.  II.   TowimcHd. 

SCIIOONKU  VANDKUHII/r. 

Niirlli«e»l  iimhI  anil  lleiinn  Sea.     Krimi  piivnl"  Uiu  <'f  ''"li'i  '''•  Kuril. 


Lal.N     '  Lmm.AV.    SiuIh. 


Ma.\ 


•lline 


.Inly 


17 

;iK 

■J  I 

va. 

4U 

'JO 

'.III 

:i8 

411 

VMi 

4 'J 

'J 

•H 

411 

v:>* 

'JO 

:i 

SB 

w 

III 

I'JH 

.•■.4 

'Ji 

III 

:).! 

10 

Kill 

41 

1 

II 

.-,5 

:iii 

170 

1 

','0 

.^.^ 

III 

170 

•J.'t 

Ml 

•.'I 

r>4 

Mi 

l«9 

.'»" 

•Jl 

:';i 

.'.4 

M 

lll'.l 

4:1 

:)'j 

•jr. 

.-.4 

117 

ItiH 

:i7    ^ 

:! 

"fi 

M 

Iti 

Itl'.l 

rj 

4 

■,'7 

r>.'i 

47 

I7« 

10 

•J 

"S 

.'t.'t 

.''>7 

171 

•JO 

4K 

:i<i 

.^"1 

4H 

171 

4S 

4 

1 

:.« 

•JO 

17^J 

of) 

M 

'1 

.Vi 

:i:i 

I7:i 

•Jll 

•J^J 

;i 

r>ii 

4S 

\1^ 

,^4 

4 

_r,- 

ll."! 

\-:i 

OK 

:i4 

10 

'iT 

;i^.' 

I7;i 

■jr. 

1 

18HII. 


.Iiilv 


l,al.  N.        I.iinn.  W-     Seals. 


1886.  Lat.  N.     :  Long.  W.  ]  Seals. 


— |,- 


Aii^ 


II 

.'•iK 

or. 

17,1 

42 

4 

I'J 

.•-.« 

40 

171 

10 

:in 

1:1 

Wi 

10 

170 

•J5 

;i6 

14 

.Mi 

171 

(\r< 

9 

10 

,•.11 

III 

1711 

57 

14 

17 

."•.15 

14 

171 

o;i 

64 

IK 

r..^ 

.'.7 

171! 

45 

•J 

•JO 

.^.i. 

4:1 

17^J 

•Jll 

3 

•Jl 

r.,") 

37 

1711 

4M 

;iK 

•J^J 

55 

4:1 

171 

.^7 

7:1 

'J4 

,'•..'■. 

'j;i 

171 

05 

111 

•J.'i 

54 

58 

170 

54 

•JO 

28 

r.4 

,'■.7 

170 

r.\ 

1)0 

•M 

ri4 

•J7 

1119 

•j;i 

:ii 

;iii 

.^4 

1.-. 

1(>K 

;i7 

10 

SI 

54 

;i7 

if.4 

56 

4 

1 

.'.4 

:i!i 

1117 

flO 

5;i 

'1 

.'.4 

,'.:i 

166 

57 

71 

;i 

.'.4 

:!7 

166 

4:1     1 

41 

A  UK. 


54 

411 

167 

JO 

1 

54 

56 

167 

llll 

K 

55 

III! 

167 

44 

9 

55 

47 

167 

•Jll 

10 

55 

10 

168 

114 

II 

55 

III! 

16K 

40 

111 

55 

16K 

09 

15 

5i 

III! 

16K 

25 

IB 

54 

411 

168 

•J4 

19 

55 

0:1 

168 

Sll 

■Jl 

:>i 

.57 

168 

•J4 

•Jll 

r.4 

44 

167 

,54 

'J4 

54 

40 

167 

llll 

•Jfi 

55 

■J7 

166 

47 

•J« 

,55 

117 

168 

117 

46 

:i8 

3 
1 

13 

9 

rj5 

48 
56 
14 
I 
02 

Total.  I      1.4'J5 


Mi»celliiii«<>UH  iu)t«'s  from  this  log  arc  follows: 

.Sc/i().)(i«r  I'andcrhilt,  /.•■ISH  (sealinii),  Captain  Maiier. 

Left  San  I'l-iiimiNci.  Miirrli  L'li.  <  >iic  liiindrftl  aiitl  twfiity  st-alH  takim  hy  April  U'l ;  !M)  of  thi'se  tiikeii  on 
l.iiiiks  olV  I'oint  Anna.s;  roiniiiiiiiiK  L'O  taken  near  Cape  lVr|)etiia. 

Ajtril  23.—iHwm-,\\. 

April  21'). — Salmon  jumping  anil  wals  sreii  nil'  'rillimiook. 

yi,„j  /  _'|Vo  8o;i1n;  saw  .1  wa  lion  i-atiii^'  a  n.ik  lotl.     ( >tV  I'oinI  (irt'nTillo. 

May  i'.  —  rwenly-lonr  Mt-als  oir  I'oinI  (irt'nvillf  Iti".  miles. 

May  .;.— <  »no  Mtial ;  liimaleH  lion-  lar^e,  and  iiiost  ol'  tlieni  liavr  larf,'<^  pnpH  in  tlnim. 

May  ./.— Four  NxalH.  Almost  impoNHiblr  to  tintl  "slfi^pcr.s."  In  sight  of  1  schooner,  which  have  15 
to  20  can«H<s  and  boats ;  nails  loiild  be  soon  in  any  dirrction.  hchoon.r  llranyrr  reported  HOO  seals 
in  three  days.  The  Siwash  uses  both  gun  and  sjjear,  and  ran  get  eloser  than  we  can.  He 
liirnisheshisown  ram..-,  assistant,  and  griili,  sells  his  catch  to  the  vessel  at  a  discount,  and  pays 
oue-third  for  nso  of  the  schooner. 


1 


I' ; 


m 


2:»4 


THE    I'Uli    SKAL8    OK    THK    rWllULOK    ISLANDS. 


I  III 


ii 


\l„y  ;(."_At  Vii'toriii.     Srli.Miii.  r  .siMiii.'Jii'j  si'iiIh;    l/nn/  /•.7/fH,  llttl  mi-iiIh. 
.linie  .7.— Aiuli.Mril  ill  llii'  I'ans  ii.'iir  r«niiiok  Miiiid.     1';inh«.I  .i'liooiit>r  Thrieie. 
.htiir  /;.  -  l'ii>.t  ihiy  in  lii'iiiiK  Stm. 
,hini    //.—III  wiiilit.  .)!  SI.  Im'iukk  IhImikI. 
June  r,.-\\w\n\w\  li,\    i'orn-iii  and  iiotilii'il  not   to  liiiiil   in  IIitiiij;  Srit,  linl   i'ii|ilikin  |in.ilii(<'(l  |m|ii-iH 

whicli  wcro  coimi.lcrod  siilliiii'iit   :ik  iiirinil.     linns  miiiI  iiiiiniiinilioii  oI'  mlioniici'  A'iriKi,  ('ii|»luiii 

l,ft>,  MIM/I'tl  liv  Ciinviii. 
Jiili/   III.-   Siiw  Ni'liimncr  liliirl:  lliniiitiiiil,  «illi  Siuimli  cirw. 

.tiiiliiiil  ,(.  -SpiiU.'  Vaiii  ElUii.  Willi  -S"*"'"  f"  :iK  mi  linaKl      hill  ralrli  tVoni  San  I'iihii'Imo  :i,.ViO  NualH. 
Aiiqiiil   I!. — SliiiUt'   I'lii  iini,\v\\\\  I.L'dd  M  Ills. 

.Im(/h»/  /■'.— rit'Iv  iiiiiiM  iiorlli  ol   rniiliiNka  Ulaiul,     l,(iip.;itmlr,  HIT     LTi   llii.M     HH   lalitinli>. 

.iMf/H-W  ..".—Starling' lioiiio.     Ali.nil,  .".I    ilii  lalilnilc;  171     .".()  loiiKitiiilf.     CuUilt  lor  Mir  hoiihoii  :   I'tron, 

"il'S;  Mull. I'll;  Cmipor.itlK!;  Mrt'iiinnil.  I'.M  :   I'onl.  •J.'iS;  Ciiptaln  Mi-jor.  KM .     ( 'iildi  Cor  Hrriiif;  Sen: 

rt'roii,  ;f.':i;    llall.  lTh:  Cimiicr.  lilO;  ISrriiitmd,  :iua;    lord,  ajl ;  Ciiiitaiii  Mc.vit,  Ml.     Killea   iiHed 

duriiif;  criiiM'. 
Sipli'mhir   .'.i'.  —  \  iriiiiia. 
Hiciitiiiilier  .'  /.— Soli!  >1uiin  at  *(i. '-'."«  <<arli. 
0<:tobtr  /J.— Sau  Fruiiciscd. 


I 


>ciin(iNi;i!  ai,i;xam>i;k 

IXiiMlini  st  c'liaxl  anil   lU'riiii:  .Si'h.  | 


Ml 


I8»t7, 


hut.N.     I.iiiit:  W.    Siiil 


18H7 


Li 

I 


1 

K.l> 

s 

■  '- 

in 

l'.':i 

;iii 

1 

■\ 

11 

1;- 

41    : 

III 

'■>~ 

1.'. 

l-.M 

1:. 

•J 

jn 

i:> 

Mi 

;i7 

•-•7 

l-.'l 

Ill 

:, 

21 

41 

17 

:i7 

.'ill 

12:1 

4."i 

*i 

■_"J 

14 

■:il 

117 

4.^ 

rj:i 

.Ml 

'J 

'j:i 

l"i 

•JH 

;i7 

4ri 

ILM 

1:1 

;; 

■JK 

17 

Mai 

1 

;iM 

no 

I-J4 

nil 

:t 

.\1 

l\ 

rj 

IK 

l;> 

;i.s 

llii 

r.';i 

.''>7 

i 

1,1 

4  s 

1« 

:i8 

il.'i 

11!;  1 

47 

■J 

14 

IH 

■j;i 

M 

Ul 

l'J4 

411 

11 

ir. 

IS 

■_'.'< 

:iu 

0(1 

I'JI 

46 

1 

'j'j 

.M 

Ill) 

;i'.) 

li 

l'J4 

47 

■J 

'.;;> 

.'»- 

Ai.i. 

:i 

Ill 

nil 

1J4 

411 

■J" 

Jt 

nil 

7 

.'1:1 

14 

4U 

!.'■ 

l'.i4 

.'>ll 

1:1 

11 

.'ill 

15 

41 

•■' 

1.4 

.^.'> 

M 

10 

l_ 

5:1 

Litl.  N.      I.011K,  W.    HfuU 


I'jr. 

I '.'4 
IL'4 
l'J4 
I'JI 
I '.'4 
I'Ji 

r.!ii 

l-Jti 
I '.'7 

i:m 

I4H 

ii>;i 

ItVJ 

iii'j 


u. 

ltt87. 

LttLN. 

I.011K 

w. 

Sea  In. 

11 

.Illllr    1:1 

:ii   V. 

ll>2 

41) 

4 

12 

IM 

:ii   tw 

1112 

:iK 

« 

III 

1!) 

.Vl     111 

IIU 

n7 

7 

•Jit 

2(1 

.Ml    27 

ir>:i 

2(1 

III 

(12 

22 

Ml    ;i7 

111.1 

Id 

II 

^  j 

24 

.Ml     411 

l«2 

.»! 

12 

;iii 

Ml    4r, 

Hi2 

411 

14 

42 

27 

Ml    47 

iii:i 

:i5 

IH 

47 

28 

."1:1    riii 

1«2 

;ii 

IS 

.V 

2!l 

•Ml    :i7 

it):i 

Id 

5 

Ikl 

.lillv    12 

,MI    411 

iti:i 

25 

(15 

li.'i 

.\ll({.  IH 

54    (Kl 

1(12 

25 

K(> 

Tiiliil 

M(HI 

:i 

/■^.ilriiflif  from  n  itrinili  loij  keiil  nii  hnaril  lln  Ciiiiiiiliiin  mliooncr  Sail  .lonv  iliirinii  n  Kvaliinj  vriiige  alimij  the 
iiKinl'i  of  Cali/oriiia.  iirtynn,  ami  Huxliiui/tun  in  I'cUriinrij,  MarvU,  and  Afiril,  JSSS. 


ItXJH. 


I'lisilioii. 


tJCHlH. 


1«8K. 


I'liHitiiiii. 


8t<ulii. 


Fell.  \Vi'>tpiirt,3.-i  niilcB  NK 

r.     Cajii  (i(inla,;i.'.  iiiili'H  NK 

8     Capi'  Miniliirino.  J.'i  niil<:.'<  K 

II  Klaiiiatli  lliviT.  20  iiiili'M  NIO 

17     (tlV  A.'liion 

2."»     Fort  r.owH.  ;{il  inilcrt  NE 

Mar.      5     Karall mi  s,  ;i' inilin  ENK 

(i     I'oiiit  ilt'yort,  :>.')  Ill  ill's  KSK 

7     I'liiiit  Ati'iia,2.'>  miles  Ni; 

'.I     ('ap(»  MoniliK'iiiM.OO  in  ill's  N 

III  ('ll|M^  Mi'iiitoi'iliii,  40  mill's  N 

14      rin]ii|Ma  Sliii:il.  2d  milrs  K 

I.'i     (aiii^  I'lipi'liiii.liO  mill's  K.  liy  N  

1()     ('a|n)  rir|ii'liia,40  iniles  XK 

17    ilii 

Ill     IJiipi'  rtrpi'liia,  NK 

211     Capi'  I kiint,  25  inilis  NNK 

21     Cai'i'  I kiiiit, :i0  miles  NK 

2:1     (,'iipi'  l.iinkiiiit  (from  (liok).  NNK 

24  Haystack  Kock, 0 milia  (Uavls  2)  KNK 


6 
1 


Mar.  20  I.mikout,  15  mill's  NK ! 

27  ilo i 

Apr.     2  llayslark  KiH'k,  15  iiiiliw  KNK 

:i  llayglai'k  KiHk,2(l  luilns  KNK 

4  llnystaik  Uoik, 25  miles  KNK 

5  lla'vslark  liock,  15  miles  KN'K 

.'1  TillumiHik  lleuil.  .'10  mill's  N 

!•  TillainiHik  IleiMl.  18  miles  NK 

Ill  Ciiliiniliiii  liivnr.  .'10  miles  NK 

11  1,'nliimliia  Hirer,  ;I5  mill's  KNK 

12  i  Cnlnmliia  Uiver,40inil«s  KNK 

n  I  (;olmiiliift  Kivflr,  45 iniles  KNK 

16  ■  Tillamoi.k  Head.  30  miles  K.  liv  N 

17  rillamiHik  llxail.  40  miles  K.  Iiy  N 

18  Columbia  Kivvr.:i.'>  miles  NK.Iiv  M  

21  llestrintion  Islaiiil.  30  miles  Nl<': 

'22  Dead  seal  ualluil  from  si'liiiiiiier 

■-•3  (Japi-  Flat  tcry,  40  luilua  NN  W 

Total , 


15 
14 
5 
4 
3 
10 
11 

s 


■29 

13 

7 

2» 

I 

8 

355 


PELAfJK'    SKALINiJ. 


266 


MimrllaHeiiiiH  Uuj-himk  rrvordn  of  HtaUiuj  veniielH  roHirlnl  hy  C.  II.  Titwmind — Cimtiniinil. 

SniddNKK  M.TdS     (IKOIKiK  WKS  IKIf.  M  ASTKI!. 
I  NiirtliwxHt  MiiiHl  mill  Ciiiiiinuiiili'r  lnlaiiil>i.| 


IWII. 


WIllTH  lllllallMMl. 


NUr. 


Apr. 


Miiv 


1 
•i 

:i 

4 

ft 

n 

27 
2« 
2I» 

:ii 
u 

■J4 
27 
2H 
211 
ill) 
I    10 

12  ir> 
17  2ri 
27-ai 


< III'  'rillttniiiiik ,  <  iri'Koii    

....  (In 

Cik|Mi  Uinnpiiiilnliiii'iil 

SliimlwiiUir  llii.v.  Wiinlilncliin  . 
(/'apH  l''lttttiM'.v,  WiihIiIiixIoii  .. 
l!a|Mi  IW'iili',  llritlMli  Ciiliiiiililit 

1  '»pi>  Kliit I'lry 

SlinahvaltT  ll»v 


(;n|Hi  IllKapiniiiiliiii'iit 

ill) 

lirava  llailior 

(!ap»  DiHappoilitiiK'lit 

Mount  Kil|;roiiili)',  Alimku.. 

Miiniit  Fair  weal  Ihm- 

ill. 

iln 

ilo 

Miiiiiil  Kuirvv'KUtlii'r  (.'iiiiin.). 

I'aiiipliiiia  UorkH  (2  pun,) 

C'a|M<  SI .  KliaH  (.'i  piM.) 

Mouul  Fairwuatlicr  (4  pu».). 


Ht'HiH. 


IH 
4 

21 

7 
21 
4 
6 
II 

in 

4 

17 

m 

3.'> 
7« 
70 


IMUI. 


iliiliii 


JlllV 


Aujc. 


ir. 

17  33 

24 

2H  2« 

4  U 

lit  11 


Wlii'ii)  obtttlnt'd. 


I,al.  N.            1 

12 

22 

22 

15  1 

li   ! 

I.iiiiU.  \v. 


140 
141 
141 
UA 
14H 
I4« 


rorlliH'k  Ilk.  (r(iiit)<r| 

...    di> 

Ni'ar  Kitiliak  (6  pus.). 


1)11'  rimimnnilpr  iHlaiuU: 

I'lippi'r  iHlaiiil,  SlCiii'ur  Hlinri' 

...     ill! 

SW.  Ill'  lli>riii|;  IrIuiiiI.  iirnr  itliiiri' 

SK  of  (!opper  Iiilaiiil.  iioarHliorr 

I,at.  \.  M   42',  long.  K.  Ul'J  ■  12'  CI  ilayM) 
SE.  ul'  Copper  IxlauU,  near  xlioru 


ToIhI 


SeHla. 


21) 

21) 
4 
2 
7 

III 
ft 
2 

2H 

5U6 

21)0 
28M 
II 
M 
2H 
4S 

,  162 


I«»2. 


I.al,  N.    '  l.iiiiK.  W.     Si'iiIh. 


SIMIOONKK  .SOI'III.S  SI  TI!K1U<AN1>. 

I  Niirlliwi'nl  ioa»l  ami  lloriti);  Sua.) 

1(IU2.  I,at.  N.       Loiijf.  W, 


Mar 

7 

:i7 

■M, 

I'ii 

44 

1 

'.1 

;iH 
;iH 

42 
2:1 

r24 
121 

110 
I.-. 

'1 

10 

:!H 

:12 

124 

:ii) 

4 

II 

AH 

,'i7 

124 

111 

8 

14 

:m 

411 

124 

.-.« 

:i 

Hi 

^u 

:t:i 

124 

40 

.'i 

IK 

40 

20 

124 

.M) 

1 

:il 

4:) 

47 

rj4 

.">7 

2 

Apr. 

i:i 

47 

48 

rj."-. 

r»7 

•1 

IH 

47 

.■i7 

I2.-. 

.Mi 

1 

May 

1 

49 

:;o 

I2K 

ll.'l 

4 

'» 

4'.) 

:):i 

I2H 

07 

1 

I) 

It) 

1:1 

IJH 

:i4 

111 

11 

.''lU 

07 

lltl 

4a 

■:o 

May 


.llllH' 


12 

.'.1 

:io 

1:12 

.17 

1,') 

.'1:1 

4.'i 

1:1:1 

4:t 

lA 

54 

.^i7 

1:14 

:>i 

IH 

:<:, 

40 

1:14 

4:1 

20 

r.(i 

47 

i:i8 

42 

'HI 

,'■8 

IH) 

1:10 

10 

24 

,''iH 

INI 

140 

40 

2.^ 

,')H 

:iii 

140 

:i4 

211 

,^»7 

4:1 

141 

:ir. 

27 

,'t7 

A  7 

142 

Ill 

2H 

M 

0:1 

142 

0:1 

;io 

W 

40 

142 

17 

:ii 

."■iK 

47 

142 

4:1 

4 

fiH 

.^•7 

142 

:i:i 

,-, 

.'i!) 

21 

14;i 

:m 

Ih, 

1892. 

I.al 

N. 

1  Lone.  W 

4 

Juno    7 

,V.l 

'JO 

14a     II.S 

1 

U 

M 

:i,'» 

I4;i    10 

<) 

10 

r<» 

411 

14:1     'JO 

:i 

12 

.">H 

:ii 

142     ."h 

It) 

14 

5» 

47 

142     .'HI 

40 

17 

OK 

;io 

14:1    no 

40 

21 

57 

."ill 

I4K     4.1 

s 

22 

,'-|7 

4.''. 

l.'ill     00 

4 

.Iiilv     4 

,'^.li 

:io 

Ifi4     4.'. 

Ml 

IH 

,'ill 

0:1 

1117     '2:1 

1 

21 

0,1 

411 

IKIt    34 

It 

It  22 

0.1 

:;.'i 

17U    ;i4 

411 

20 
■,l 

Toliil 

Seals. 


10 
n 

H 
25 
10 
14 

li 
1 

2 
B 

2 
2 

:ii)2 


1882. 


I.at.  N,       LoiiK.  K.      SeaU. 


1892 


(I  I Inlercil  mil  of  IlcrinK  Sen. 
SUIIOONKK  HOWHKAIt. 

jJupuii  roanl.l 

l.at,  N. 


.\pr. 


Mjy 


14 

:i8 

17 

144 

2,''. 

:i7 

May    20 

41 

04 

Mi 

:i8 

:iH 

144 

IHI 

10 

21 

41 

l.> 

17 

40 

«Jf, 

143 

02 

1 

22 

41 

•27 

IH 

40 

:ir. 

144 

,'■.7 

21 

23 

41 

l."> 

'.'0 

41 

211 

14.'> 

00 

41 

24 

41 

24 

21 

4U 

4.'i 

144 

40 

,j 

:ii 

41 

21 

•  i.i 

40 

:io 

]*■'' 

08 

:ii 

.iiiiii-   1 

41 

:io 

•j;i 

39 

17 

140 

M 

1:1 

2 

41 

:io 

Vll 

:i9 

27 

142 

48 

1 

:i 

41 

:iH 

■,•7 

40 

41 

142 

25 

in 

4 

41 

oil 

II 

40 

:i4 

142 

09 

29 

5 

411 

,'i5 

7 

40 

411 

142 

:i5 

:i8 

11 

41 

04 

8 

4U 

:i7 

143 

05 

18 

1 

41 

l& 

10 

:iti 

4.1 

142 

50 

37 

8 

41 

00 

1:1 

40 

27 

143 

(K) 

3 

0 

41 

11 

\h 

40 

20 

142 

:io 

20 

10 

41 

!,■> 

in 

40 

r,r. 

144 

11 

5 

II 

41 

•20 

17 

41 

it.-i 

144 

15 

38 

yi 

41 

10 

18 

40 

,w 

144 

17 

92 

1        "1 

41 

4b 

10 

41 

04 

144 

29 

20,S 

:                 1 

liun^.  K. 

.SuaU. 

1892. 

Lat. 

N. 

Long 

.E. 

Seals. 

144     'M 

185 

.luiio 

14 

41 

40 

142 

10 

1 

14:1    .10 

'20 

15 

41 

47 

142 

09 

1 

144     20 

2'2 

10 

40 

45 

142 

•20 

66 

144     14 

2:1 

17 

41 

40 

142 

10 

5 

144     45 

0 

18 

41 

40 

142 

:io 

26 

144     18 

29 

19 

41 

25 

142 

25 

1 

144     08 

70 

20 

41 

:io 

142 

40 

19 

144     18 

'» 

21 

41 

45 

143 

2:1 

1 

143     55 

'23 

'2:1 

43 

12 

146 

47 

2 

142     57 

12 

25 

44 

30 

148 

08 

29 

14:1     1)2 

25 

28 

45 

00 

1.10 

40 

3 

142     40 

III 

July 

0 

53 

20 

167 

24 

ft 

142     .■■7 

41 

11 

54 

05 

169 

12 

2 

142     03 

102 

12 

.14 

27 

16!t 

27 

1 

142     IH 

09 

14 

54 

11 

108 

:i» 

6 

141     ,14 

12 

15 

.14 

2:1 

169 

00 

12 

141    :») 

141     35 

73 
6 

17 

54 

30 

108 

48 

I 

141     45 

i        108 

( 
1 

Total. 

1,712 

.  1 


";: 


i-i 


I 


"266  rilK    Vl'U    »KM.H    OF   THK    I'KIH!f<oP    ISI,.\NI»S. 

MiairlltuiroHK  Imi-book  reruiil"  of  miiliiiii  rinnrlx  loltivleii  hii  (',  II.   /'DicnfirNi/— ( 'iitltiniltHi, 
sniOONKK  IIOWIIKAIi    riiiiljiiiii'il. 

[('iilltnl  lH:i  niilNt     .lapiHl  niap«l.  t 


urn. 


I.af.  N.       I.Dinj   \V.     Si'bIh. 


lnii:i. 


I. III.  N         l.iinu.  I'..      Si'iiIh. 


I  Hit:  I 


l.iif.  \.       I.iiim  K      St'uln 


Jan. 


Apr. 


'.M 

:m    u 

12:i 

2" 

S 

.\|ii'.  2:1 

:iU 

33 

Ul 

.'ill 

H 

•hiiii' 

t 

41 

■I7 

142 

,'Ml 

41 

2* 

:iM   (HI 

l'J3 

411 

2 

24 

;iii 

III 

14:1 

■Vi 

2i 

;, 

41 

48 

142 

,50 

,1 

2.'. 

;i7    4" 

i2;i 

.'ill 

.'1 

27 

411 

11 

144 

.14 

3 

II 

41 

211 

141 

IN) 

A 

•.'« 

;i9 

44 

144 

iin 

.'■3 

7 

II 

411 

U.-! 

AO 

7 

liiil.  N 

l.on^.K. 

211 

40 

11:1 

144 

04 

23 

8 

41 

.'.1 

145 

44 

18 

1 

:iH   '.'■.' 

Mil 

.'III 

J 

Mii.v      1 

»it 

41 

141 

Ml 

3 

II 

41 

1" 

143 

4U 

II 

'J 

.18     4fi 

Mil 

44 

;io 

~ 

:i» 

r>i) 

i4r. 

40 

'^ 

l.'i 

43 

10 

115 

.50 

17 

4 

;i7    :1k 

M.'i 

:i'j 

1 

10 

;ii) 

45 

142 

20 

1) 

IB 

4'1 

04 

145 

54 

10 

fi 

M    ii:i 

14.°' 

:i,'i 

'2 

11 

M 

:i" 

142 

.'','i 

:iii 

19 

43 

20 

I4B 

IH 

R 

II 

•    M    4.'. 

11,'. 

411 

ir» 

1:1 

110 

48 

142 

:iii 

42 

22 

43 

12 

un 

:iii 

ft 

II 

;m   .'■.li 

14.1 

21 

11) 

14 

111) 

4.'. 

142 

M 

37 

20 

43 

1.5 

140 

45 

•i 

III 

;i7    .'m 

14.'. 

:iii 

'i 

IB 

:i» 

m 

142 

40 

22 

July 

15 

45 

18 

25 

5 

I 'J 

:w    I.I 

ur. 

ii- 

J 

17 

31) 

r>4 

142 

3« 

74 

in 

4.'i 

41 

152 

25 

8 

t.'l 

117   ;iii 

144 

,'>:i 

2 

18 

:ii) 

.52 

142 

42 

47 

23 

,53 

40 

IBO 

IH) 

U 

:i»   M 

144 

.'.'J 

,*i 

II) 

.'IS 

.'.8 

142 

,'>B 

II 

A 111;. 

1 

,'i3 

17 

1(17 

43 

fl 

15 

:in   41 

14,'. 

nil 

31 

21) 

;iii 

.'ill 

142 

:I2 

47 

'J, 

.5,1 

lfl8 

l«    , 

•i 

l« 

411  mi 

U.'. 

iu 

M 

21 

;«) 

r>:i 

142 

47 

8 

3 

,'iM 

37 

108 

10 

1 

17 

4"     17 

144 

III 

o 

2.") 

:ii) 

.'.8 

144 

41 

10 

4 

53 

38 

MM 

08 

3 

IH 

411   ii:. 

141 

'.II 

lit 

24 

:h) 

;M 

144 

28 

40 

in 

53 

57 

IB7 

INI 

2 

II) 

;iii   ;i'j 

14,'. 

111 

.1 

2.^ 

411 

IM 

144 

:io 

25 

12 

53 

.5;i 

IB7 

20 

IB 

20 

:iii   411 

u.-. 

ii(i 

III 

211 

41 

1,'. 

144 

00 

H 

21   ' 

:i!i   :<: 

u:i 

.'.1 

:i4 

■Jll 

10 

l.'i 

14:1 

III 

1 

1 

oinl. 

U87 

22  j 

■111    41 

I4:i 

411 

- 

■III  ID'      2 

u 

30 

141 

» 

S 

1 

1 

. 


St 'HOI  IN  Ki;    .M.rilN. 


1. 

I.11I 

N. 

1 fl.  K. 

Si'alH 

I8II3. 

I'll)  pal: 
I.UI.  N. 

oaat.  i 
l.niig,  K. 

SralH. 

180: 

1 

IBS 

Lai 

N. 

I.oiiK'  K. 

SckIm. 

,, 

, 

1  '    "■ 

" 

..... 

-  -. 

Aim. 

15 

.'17 

42 

112 

40 

7 

Mn.\ 

18 

41 

143 

20 

41 

•liiiii. 

18 

41 

30 

142     10 

35 

Ml 

3K 

III 

143 

15 

0 

11) 

40    40 

143 

:i(i 

'23 

11) 

41 

37 

142     15 

IH 

18 

38 

143 

10 

311 

•20 

411    30 

143 

05 

2.5 

•20 

41 

18 

12 

111 

3K 

40 

142 

40 

34 

24 

42     '20 

144 

40 

.33 

24 

41 

20 

14'j    iiii 

33 

20 

3S 

211 

11:1 

111 

.5(1 

•25 

42    3.'i 

145 

III 

24 

25 

41 

40 

142    '21) 

24 

22 

.17 

4M 

143 

no 

in 

■2!) 

43 

I4« 

Mil 

5 

•21) 

41 

44 

142    .15 

5 

24 

38 

24 

144 

ti 

30 

43     III 

140 

10 

Ml 

Aii»:.( 

')5 

53 

30 

1«7 

5 

30 

37 

■,'4 

14.1 

."ii; 

111 

'liiiii 

^ 

43     15 

140 

57 

H 

111 

53 

40 

1117    40 

1 

May 

ti 

:ill 

42 

144 

37 

11 

3 

43     ,57 

147 

25 

II 

12 

.53 

17 

1B7    .58 

5 

7 

411 

27 

145 

1.'. 

1) 

li 

43     48 

147 

30 

0 

14 

.53 

35 

IBB    .58 

1 

8 

41 

.'III 

14:1 

4.'i 

♦  , 

7 

43    38 

147 

42 

41 

17 

64 

30 

IBB    40 

10 

« 

41 

•JO 

14.' 

.57 

5 

9 

43    4U 

147 

311 

22 

19 

,54 

'20 

IB5    .17 

3 

11 

41 

11.'. 

144 

2(1 

7 

11 

43     10 

147 

■20 

3 

'20 

.53 

57 

ICB    '27 

i 

13 

41 

23 

143 

10 

4 

12 

43 

14« 

25 

1 

21 

.5;i 

37 

IBK    42 

11 

14 

42 

144 

13 

14 

42    411 

I4«l 

tr 

20 

15 

41 

.'.7 

143 

•20 

3 

1.5 

41     50 

140 

:(() 

1 

Total. 

795 

IB 

40 

2ii 

142 

40 

•22 

IB 

41     30 

144 

53 

17 

40 

5(1 

143 

30 

17 

41     ,'17 

142 

:u\ 

35, 

i 

'p 


I 


PKLAOir   sKAl.tNO. 


257 


Mlirflhtm-inin  lini-hiuik  iri.rilHiil'  mniniti  vniKflx  n'lhvli'il  /it/  '.   //.   /'(iichxcik/   -('iiiitiniii'il. 

KCIluoNKU  THI'.UKSK    S(  IIMAMNii    MASll'.U. 

INiiitliui  •!  riiiisl  anil  rii|i|ii'r'  l'<liiii'l  I 


IHOM. 

Lat. 

N. 

liOliU 

.vv. 

HruN.  1 

lMti:i. 

— 



— 

i ' 



Mm. 

\2 

:iH 

12.1 

*J   I 

Mtt.v  1.-. 

III 

:iH 

iiri 

I2:t 

42 

1    1 

17 

IH 

411 

rjr. 

OH 

11 

IH 

12 

III 

I'J4 

Til 

fl 

U) 

1:4 

44 

ii.'i 

l'J4 

114 

7  ;i 

20 

'JH 

14 

Mil 

124 

25 

:i  I 

Ti 

•JH 

44 

41) 

124 

5)1 

24 

11(1 

41 

•J)i 

124 

.Ml 

sn 

Apr. 

4<1 

!>:> 

124 

4:1 

*  i 

27 

( 

4H 

:i() 

124 

;i2 

■'■ 

,TO 

H 

411 

"fi 

124 

2,'p 

fl 

.llllM*      5 

II 

III 

.•.4 

124 

4fi 

i.'i 

1:1 

III 

47 

•.'.1 

124 

.I'l 

4 

■ill 

ir> 

47 

I2,'i 

12 

.liiU      4 

17 

4.''i 

r.4 

124 

.'ill 

5 

IH 

4)1 

fi)i 

124 

,■.« 

14  1 

•ir, 

r>7 

■j(i 

i:il 

Ill 

1    : 

.ImK    12 

Mhv 

Vi 

.''iti 

iiii 

i:m 

25 

4  , 

l» 

14 

5U 

f.H 

i:i)i 

20 

"li 

U 

1,111.. N.      l,.irm.  W,     Si'iiIn.  I«ia.      I     l.ut.  N. 


57 

111 

i:iti 

01 

B.7 

:iH 

im 

:i2 

">7 

41 

i;tfl 

47 

57 

.'il 

137 

1)7 

,'iH 

II 

1:17 

12 

5M 

J.'i 

141 

1:1 

5!) 

Ull 

140 

Ul 

5!) 

1)11 

un 

IM 

5H 

411 

147 

25 

r,n 

:iii 

14X 

51 

!iM 

14 

1.52 

o;i 

.S5 

211 

155 

51) 

51 

51) 

1112 

.M 

4U 

52 

17S 

J2 

l.iit. 

N.I 

L(MI^ 

.  !■; 

5:1 

45 

1411 

04 

5;i 

;i7 

1115 

;i!) 

51 

IfiH 

;).. 

i<lir  I'ltpptir  iHliiiiil. 

SCHOONtK   now II KA  I). 

[Jlipilll  rouMt.) 


I 
1:1 
15 
1« 
1 
:i 
2 

1:1 
'J 

4 


.hiU  15 
III 
17 
IH 
'U 
211 
27 
2H 
211 

Auii.  I 
5 

M 
10 


fill 
51 
511 
54 
5:1 
.511 
5:) 
.'.II 
54 
54 

5:i 
5:1 
5:1 


l.iiii);.  K.      S<'Ul». 


nil*  21) 

l«H  IJ 

IIIH  00 

1117  :i5 

187  51 

107  24 

1117  20 

1(17  07 
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DM  02 

107  55 

I  OH  Jl 

HiH  II 


1:1 
14 
71 
10 
20 
411 

II 
12 

4 
2U 

i;i 

2U 

4:1 


4 

12 

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14 

85 

14 

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10 

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1 

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49 

8 
0 

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niiil 

1 

750 

« 

i 

m 


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I.nl.  N.      Umg.  W.    SimN 


HiiU', 


l.iiL.N.       l.oiii;.  !•'..     Swils.        Dalf.  I.iit.  N.       liUiiK.  K.  '  SealH. 


iH'.i: 

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0 

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■J 

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40 

0 

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7 

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40 

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50 

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40 

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25 

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28 

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20 

4 

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55 

10 

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28 

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5 

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20 

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|.la|mii  cmtHt.l 


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, 

0 

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1 

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25 

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4 

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54 

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40 

117 

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4 

41 

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r 

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l.at 

N. 

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hat.  N. 

I,(.n^.  K. 

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29 

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41 

04 

143 

07 

1 

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42    57 

0 
144 

20 

16 

53 

0 

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35 

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57 

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30 

22 

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43     07 

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1 

15 

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30 

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43     10 

146 

15 

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3 

17 

41 

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142 

35 

27 

7 

43    25 

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7 

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41 

40 

142 

23 

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8 

43    20 

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1 

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1,2 

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1 

9 

43    30 

147 

10 

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40 

23 

41 

57 

142 

30 

10 

12 

43    40 

147 

54 

1 

10 

24 

41 

54 

142 

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18  : 

10 

43    45 

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1 

1 

20 

41 

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142 

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15  \\ 

19 

43    57 

148 

38 

9 

11 

27 

41 

57 

142 

48 

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50    34 

182 

1 

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28 

42 

117 

143 

35 

13  !| 

24 

53    .50 

185 

40 

12 

7 

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15 

143 

40 

6  i. 

25 

53    45 

160 

57 

3 

46 

30 

42 

20 

143 

45 

35  il 

' 

31 

42 

18 

144 

57 

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Total. 

U8U 

IF 


17 


\n 


I 


258  I'HK  iTK  si:.\i,s  or  tiik  pkihilok  islands. 

Mixi-flliiiiiKiiK  lt>;i-li<iok  rf<-or(l.i  of  M'(i/i;i(/  Vdixvli  collnlid  hij  ('.  II.   runiiaeiid — Conliimcil. 

SClKMiM'.l!   ANNA   MAllhDA. 
[('jliriirnlii  i'iiiis( -Jiipaii  riuiHt.j 


Date 


I.iit.  N.    ,  l.i'iit!-  \^'      Si'iils. 


Dull'. 


Lat. 


Lung  K.      Ki'iiIh. 


Dalv. 


I.ut.  N.       l.iiiig.  K. 


I 


I 


I; 


Si'aln. 


isoa. 

1 

■191. 

IWM 

.       • 

' 

Die.      Hi 

US 

K! 

1 2:1 

.'.7 

'. 

M 

r. 

21 

44 

411 

1 

Mav 

27 

41 

.'.4 

142 

111 

'. 

i; 

;in 

(h; 

12:1 

,'.r. 

.'. 

2:1 

41 

14 

M 

.'» 

2H 

II 

.'..'> 

112 

mi 

:t 

IS 

:i" 

17 

I2;i 

4.1 

11 

2n 

42 

12 

4:1 

2.1 

211 

41 

.'.11 

142 

:mi 

!l 

lU 

:i7 

I'.i 

121 

IW 

III 

2..* 

12 

2.'i 

.'.II 

K 

:iii 

II 

II'. 

14il 

4li 

2:1 

21 

3H 

i:i 

121 

ii;i 

1 

M 

IS 

4 

41 

.'.11 

III 

li 

.llilir 

1 

II 

14 

114 

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Hi 

& 

;w 

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124 

12 

'. 

,". 

II 

411 

<; 

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42 

in 

1  14 

12 

12 

■M  1 

:is 

12:! 

411 

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41 

llil 

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:i 

:i 

42 

144 

( 

HI ! 

;i7 

12 

124 

U4 

1 

1:1 

I'l 
III 

III 

:iii 

24 

17 

..1 

1 

12 
12 

411 

411 

144 
144 

III 
:iii 

111 

1894.      j 

I.I. II 

„..  !■;. 

14 

4.1 

:iii 

2.! 

11 

12 

:il 

144 

•211 

ir. 

Apr.      2  ! 

:isi 

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1)4 

ml 

12 

111 

III 

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:i« 

22 

7 

42 

411 

11.'. 

ns 

II 

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14 

141 

211 

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17 

111 

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14 

.^ 

42 

r.s 

II.'. 

111 

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4 

:iii 

4!1 

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(i;i 

14 

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-11 

1; 

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12 

1:1 

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.'.11 

f! 

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144 

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II 

21. 

41 

2 . 

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17 

14 

211 

147 

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li 

7  ' 

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07 

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r 

21 

41 

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l.s 

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147 

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:;7 

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1 

21 

41 

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111 

411 

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147 

4 

i:i  : 

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144 

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11 

2.*. 

11 

:iii 

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:i  ! 

_ 

. . 

IX  ' 

:iii 

411 

11.'. 

u:i 

111 

-'' 

41 

:!2 

112 

8  ' 

Ti.lal 

4:16 

1 

i 

SUllooNKR   AI.i:.\.\M>I'.li     (•    I.iiItKNSK.N.   M.VSI'Kli. 
[ilnpaii.  KiirJli'  IsliitiiLs.  | 


l.al.N. 


Liilii;,  I'..      .<rals 


1KI4. 


I.^il.N. 


I  1111  ^.   Iv 


SiaN 


1 


iX'M. 


I.al.  N 


I I 


Srals 


Jlar. 


Ai.r. 


May 


G 

;i8 

:ii 

14:1 

11:1 

0 

:i8 

HI 

144 

.'iH 

15 

3K 

111 

ITii 

2il 

10 

.'in 

:I7 

147 

17 

•J  I 

M 

21 

llli 

411 

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:i7 

:ni 

14li 

22 

21 

;i7 

:iii 

14.'. 

.12 

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;is 

145 

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;is 

(12 

1411 

1 

M 

18 

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4.N 

■) 

:i8 

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14ii 

24 

4 

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41 

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:i'j 

14 

140 

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7 

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12 

1411 

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411 

22 

142 

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41 

17 

142 

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40 

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142 

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411 

24 

142 

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■_'.') 

411 

iii 

112 

IH 

-*i 

In 

II 

142 

(111 

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:i!i 

2.'. 

142 

a  1 

41' 

2.'. 

142 

2.'i 

1894. 


I.al.  N.       I,..iin.  K 


Mar. 

4 

r,     42         142     .'lU 

tt 

117   :is       142   ;i2 

Apr. 

I 

:m   ;i«       141    17 

7 

4(1    IIH         144    2i 

^ 

:i9    21        14:1    :i2 

12 

:io  411  u;i  ::, 
:m   .'i4       142    4.'. 

2(1 

Vaiiiailu  III  ail.  N 
In  \V.  HI  iiiilHi 

22 

:ii)    2::         112     41 

•u 

;iB    47         142    :i(i 

25 

.1!)    .'il         142     12 

L'ti 

Vaiaaila  Mi-aii,  SW 

l.'i  iiiili'H 

27 

.'ID    :i2        112    4U 

28 

:ui    :tii        14:1 

:io 

HI    20         14:1    21 

Ma.v 

1 

411     2:(          142     411 

M:i' 


r. 

4 

1(1 


III 

:iii 
12 


1 

1:1 
13 

■1 
lit 

1 

I 


.iiiiii 


7 

11 

112 

112 

111 

■_.,', 

141 

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11 

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142 

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12 

ir. 

142 

112 

m 

:i2 

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...» 

II 

:i.'. 

142 

21' 

Hi 

2'. 

111 

10 

17 

.;, 

141 

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211 

142 

19 

2.'. 

112 

ill! 

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112 

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2.'. 

4'. 

141 

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141 

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142 

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141 

r>.'. 

29 

40 

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oil 

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III 

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411 

1 

12 

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42 

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10 

:i 

42 

;iii 

147. 

2'i 

4 

12 

:to 

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iiy 

HI 
I 

:i 

24 

111 

2:1 

111 
4 


14 

11 
4 
14 
II 

12 
1 

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1 
4 


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42 

111 

144     .'.7 

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4.1 

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7 

42 

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H 

12 

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144     7.0 

9 

42 

on 

14:1     all 

1:1 

11 

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112     II 

II 

41 

7.2 

142 

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41 

1.. 

112     Hi 

21 

2    p.  1,,..    1 

mile    i.ir 

I!ri. 

i^lil 

HI  '>l.illll, 

Kiiiili  ■*. 

I'l-tll    IIIM> 

Iiiia 

a.sli. 

nli.liiiik 

Itir 

.sell 

It,  :     llii.'ll 

with  7 

M-als    all 

Illl'V      (1. 

Mil    tlihl. 

S|i 

anil 

.i\\a\   (iif 

liax 

liua 

slaiiil  (ri. 

liir 

Mill. 

2:. 

NmhIi 

Ill     Is 

laiiil.  '.lift 

MM 

..lli'l 
li.Ll 

1    

8 
li 
12 
I.'. 

a 
4 

I 


.101 


■lliiiiMi;  .1  \Ni:  i,i;.\\     1:  w    11  ncki;   m\sii;i;. 

[.lapaii  rii.i.»t.  I 


Si-ai« 


1 
:i4 


17. 
7.8 
19 
17 

l(i 

1 

12 


1894. 


Ma', 


I.al.  N. 


I.tiiiu.  K.      Si»als 


.■) 

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142 

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tt 

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142 

22 

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42 

lt:i 

01'. 

11 

29 

142 

113 

12 

30 

III 

41 

14 

2M 

141 

39 

1.'. 

32 

142 

34 

HI 

1.". 

142 

42 

17 

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142 

.'.3 

1,-. 

:t!i 

142 

13 

19 

47 

141 

43 

20 

19 

U2 

21   , 

39 

142 

18 

24 

29 

142 

211 

27  1 

32 

I4'J 

1(1 

28 

40 

1 12 

l.'l 

29 

39 

142 

30 

M 

38 

142 

2(1 

1x94. 


•  lull. 


I.al.  \.        1 H  K.       Si-als. 


..0 
211 


24 


4 

:i4 
12 
01 


1 

12 

o.'. 

112 

30 

2 

42 

20 

143 

44 

42 

34 

144 

24 

1 

42 

l.'i 

114 

3,'i 

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12 

41 

142 

24 

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43 

32 

143 

30 

12 

4,1 

112 

144 

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13 

12 

31 

141 

3;i 

17 

43 

'20 

147 

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13 

2ii 

no 

.'18 

19 

43 

l.s 

110 

12 

21 

13 

2.'. 

140 

13 

'It 

42 

1.'. 

110 

.It) 

211 

Arriv 
llaj 

1-     a 

Ak 

xlm 

i.lal. 


23 
(i 
8 
8 
17 
22 
8 

:i 
I 

8 

:(8 
7 


879 


f» 


i^ 


^ 


i 


I'ELACilC    SEALING, 


259 


MixciltaiiioiiH  loij-liDuk  rii-nrds  nf  scd/iHi/  visscIh  collected  It}/  ('.  It.   /Viidincik/— ('ontiiiliod 

SCIl.HiNKK  M     M     MDKltll.l,     K.  CANTI  I.I.K  )N.   MASTEMt. 
[tiapaii  ci>asi,| 


Hii: 


1895. 


Liil.N.       Loii^.  I',.     Si'.'ils. 


18!».-| 


r.at.  N. 


Liiiii'.  v..     Srals. 


18U&. 


I^at.  N  .       I.iin^'.  K.       Scaln. 


^ 


Mai- 

'*7 

(lir    Kin. 

I.MIIL 

S.'i 

24 

72 

•iiiiii'  la 

H  iiiili'.s  rtiintlii'ast  1)1 

If) 

kasati. 

mi 

r^-. 

Ma\      4 

40     17           142     :ill 

0 

Vi'Irriip  IsImiiiI. 

:'» 

.ill.  .    . 

S.K 

u 

10 

.^ 

10    ;17          142     411 

1:1 

11 

l"i  null  »  i',-isi  III  Vi't- 

17 

MIL 

!■». 

7 

40     .'111         142     HI 

1 

iiiip  Islaml. 

:m 

....ilii       .. 

.''■O     |||il|...4 

1 

H 

41    :iii        ii:, 

22 

1.^ 

20    mill's    suNllieast 

17 

!l 

41     21)         14:1 

1:; 

of  Vcli'iiip  Islauil. ; 

Apr. 

;t 

;i7   ji; 

140 

4S 

.". 

10 

21)     lllill'.^        Hlllllll    of 

11 

:, 

;is   40 

142 

1.-. 

4 

I'lipi-    ViTiinii. 

4 

17 

44    20         147    18     ' 

6 

i; 

:;ii   4.". 

II 'J 

42 

1 

12 

11     .".li        1,')    iniliM 

IS 

41     2"        l.'i    mill's 

in 

41     :i7 

li:i 

21 

1! 

nllsliorr. 

« 

iitlsliore. 

20 

II 

4(1     4.'* 

112 

.■i:i 

0 

21 

41     41          141     2<i 

4 

2.') 

.\Mipliiliili'  Strait . .  1 

Irt 

ir, 

4ii    *L' 

:i!P   ;)T 

14.' 
14.S 

;i:. 

Is 

1 

,1.1 1,1-  "2 

411      12     '     144     4« 
nil    Cliri.sliiia.s  llai 

:i7 

20 
20 

til)    1 

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III 

'M*     '.'7 

147 

no 

lull,    Sliikiiiiui     Is 

aiirlioi't-il.  Paramii. 

|.H 

4M     1.-, 

u:i 

5il 

14 

laiiil.  l.'i  mills. 

iti 

sir  Island. 

10 

1!) 

4ip    'j:! 

I4:i 

4:1 

20 

1; 

41    2i          117     12 

Hi 

;iii 

Anipliilritii     .Sliail, 

•n 

4"     Mi 

III 

III 

.'»2 

7 

20    mill-..    >,iiitlii'aM 

I'ai'arinisii  Islaiiil. 

1 

■2,'l 

4P     .l.'. 

1 11 

11. t 

M 

III'  \rlirii|i  Islaliil. 

1:1 

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1 

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411 

ii;i 

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13 

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12  mill's  oil   \'iMiTiip 

:i 

10  iiiili'.s  I'.ist  III  I'ar- 

'.'S 

40     V, 

111 

0& 

11 

Islaiiil. 

14 

aiiMisir  Istaiiil. 

1 

May 

1 

:'.'.<    .-.l 

i:.   11 

.ills 

111..; 

1 

M 

I.'i    niili-s    sHnth     ut' 
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p 

« 

rvi    OK         Hi;i 

.■i 

411    ."iO 
40     1 1 

u:; 

ll.'i 
47 

1 
I.'-. 

11 

211    inilis     siiiiili    of 
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1805. 


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PKLAOIC    SKAIWNO.  2G1 

MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES. 
IM'li-iSKAl,  CA'I'CH  Ol"  IIIU'I'ISII   COLlIMhlA   VKSSKLS  IN  1«9«. 

Tll(^  i>ela},'ic  ('!it(!li  iiiiul<'  by  British  Columbiii  vessel-;  frcm  tlie  Aiiuu-icaii  t'ur-seal 
honl  ill  I81KS  was  '28,141-'  sIMus;  10,74G  were  taken  oil'  tiie  Xorthwcst  coast  and  17,390 
ill  Heriiig  Sea. 


( 'rewH. 


ItcialH. 


\'t'«H('Is. 


Ciitiii. 
'I'lniH.  i  NnithwcHt  i'nuHt .  Itrrinu  Sea.  Tntal. 

Wliiti's.  IikMhiih.     Hciatt.   CaiiiMf.      Male.        Kiiuali'.        Mali-.     .  Kcnmle.  i 


Aliliii'  M.  Dtu'riii);. 

Ada 

Aiiioko    

Allinl.  Algar 

Arii'tiH 

Heal  I  ice 

("ariio  CW 

(Ml  Haiiil 

City  iif  Sail  Ilii'^o  . 

Iliaiia 

Hiii'clor 

Dora  Sii'wonl 

Porin 

i;iil(T|irisi> 

I'aMiiiriti' 

(icnc'Mi 

llal/ii- 

Ida  Klla 

I,il.l.i(> 


■It) 

"it 

r. 

2 

!I7 

20 

10 

.■)4 

i:ii 

75 

n 

18 

2 

tl 

81) 

:i4;i 

T> 

•j;i 

7 

•> 

i5 

4112 
7(1 

;)ii4 

8fi 

:io 

150 

titi 

5 

lit 

1 

K 

167 

I6:i 

m 

6 

2fi 

2 

i;i 

lor. 

h:i 

fti 

« 

22 

2 

II 

I'll 

01 

4!) 

tl 

20 

1 

10 

07 

240 

'lO 

H7 

L':i 
III 

ti 

ii' 

10 

HO 

14 

ii:t 

:i4 

220 

till 

ti 

20 

'J 

HI 

M 

J57 

fiH 

« 

28 

•1 

i:i 

A'.t 

■-'20 

sn 

li 

31 

•2 

ITi 

I7il 

ir>2 

ft;i 

•J4 

8 

,I1HI 

."1112 

72 

7 

24 

'J 

ij 

170 

t<^i 

im 

t; 

•tr 

2 

12 

117 

Oil 

.lO 

274' 


.-lift 
'426  I 


Man  Klli'ii.- 
Maiv   Taylnr 

Ml  riiiaid" 

Miiinii'  ...  . 
Ill-ran  lii'll.  . 
(Ii'aii  Kiivnr. 

titlci 

I'i'llt'lii|m 

I'iiiiii'cr    

Saii('\  LaH«    . 


ITmlniiia 

Vicliu-iii 

Viva 

WalliTl.  Itiili 

/lUal.  Mav 

(^iti'li  li.v  tiidmim  ill  caniinH. 

Tiitnl 


«a 

43 

711  ! 

4H| 

55 

HO  , 
Ty  ' 

73  I 
38  I 
W 
SiO 

02 

81 
lili 


8  . 
2!l 

8 

fi  i 
10 

G  . 

7 

li 

8 

A 

ti 

II 

8 

8 


U 


203 
120 

:iii2 

211 
125 
107  , 

isti 
120 

438 
201 

444 

301 

22 
10 

19 

Til 

28 
24 
20 
14 

23 
;iii 
JO 
21 
20 


n 

8 
11 
10 
II 

!i 

14 
12 
III 


1.1 
II 


204 

129 

2110 


123 
80 
70 

217 

102 

'  8.1 
42 
117 
1H!I 

144 
05 


338 
230 

no 


317 

188 


422 
198 

114 


117 

338 

\K> 

UN' 
01 
00 

■J42 

430 


J.'ili 
160 
IH8 

80 
80 


2."il 

.190  I 

233  ! 

304 

103 

370 

210 

iiiii 

155 
0.'i4 
I.  0114 
IDl 
143 
Ul 


408 
8H11 
Hill 
271 
144 
411 
205  j 

"(45' 

17:1 
1,02s 
704 
450 
203 
423 


378 
185 

1,117 
706 
043 
581 
6,57 
242 
001 
327 
30 

I. 114 
341 

nut 

7B1) 

892 

1,024 

641 

191 

270 

1.2.57 

1,473 

004 

702 

485 

1,249 

1,037 

453 

410 

020 

I  908 

2.  105 

6.5(1 

H3li 

1.045 

1,100 


2,  5,53 


330 


673 


92 


336 


4.  003 


7,  ,505 


0,  348       28. 142 


NoTK.  'Ill  IliK  aliiivR  !<liiiiild  111-  adili'il  tin- 1  .ilili  iii.idi-  liy  I  Im  Aim-rii  an  nrliiMiiinr  ^'ll^■  .i/i-/  i  iimi  nif  Pnini  ( 'uiiii.pliaii, 
CalitKriiia.     'I'liis  V(-««i'l  Inok  330  si-als  w.iilli  cif  lliiiawnnl  an-n     1  niali-  and  335  IViiiali-s. 

Till    MclicMiticr   IHreftiir  tnnk  300  »iMil»  oil  tin-  .lapiiii  toast  1201   iiiali-s,  150  lenialisl  and  .pO  in  \  ii-iiiit.v    ol  lU iiauiler 

iNlfnilH  (20  niali'H   30  IVniali>»l. 

Tlie  t'oHowiii},' tabhi'  sliowiiifj;  the  pciafiic  seal  catches  made  from  the  American 
and   .\siatic  seal  herds  from   ISdS  to  l.Si»7  is  iii.serted    for   ■•('iieral   reference,     it    is 
imiierfect  ill  many  r(>spects,  tlie  earlier  records  beinj;-  incoiuplete,  and  the  catches  of 
lapanese  vessels  diiriiifj  recent  years  not  fully  stated. 


Trtsasili  v  "••I'liiiiclit  L'OOll,  Division  of  S|ici'i:il  .\i;i>iil».  \\i.  L'.'i  i-t  ooi|. 


■  ^; 
i'i 


ii 


i 


$. 


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a 

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^         .m     11 1: ,' i.i  .MM  V 

g       1 llll.i.ll..pll.l 

^      '  -iiili;.) 


riiK  \'v\;  M'.Ai.s  (»K  Tin:  I'liiiULOF  islands. 


«i  <C  i~  i"  I-  I  •  t  •  I  -  I*  t  -  I  ■-  T--  'i  re  iJO  ^  %  "C'  '^    '■    M.  t6  S  a  T.  ci 

00  X   X    ».  X  QO  TO  X  "«:    X  CC  t  OC  X  X     C  X,    X    X  X'  X  00  X  X  X  X 

I-  o  T  "  *  c.  M  r^  <-•:  r  «*  I-  3  CI  ^  1":  rr  o  t  X  <c  X  ■*  o  ^  •  ■ 

(c  .-:  oc  --  r;  ?  1 1  -  --■:  —  --  -^  tr  —  X  <  -.  X  ao  •-  r;  M  —  I  -  —  n  2  •  • 

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IM'M.ACllC    SKAl.INti.  -6ii 

AITIIOHITIKS    KOK    IKil  UKS    ISKI)    IN    1  <  >l!i;(iOIN(  I    TAllIK 

|Iin|iii>liii};  ti'ciiii  I'lir  Sciil  Ailiiliiiliciii  Taiii'irt,  Ihn  lirsl  iililiiiii  i.s  iilwiijH  rrlVrrcd  to.] 

I  Viir-Boal  Arliilraliciii      Apji.  lo  1'.  S.  ('.isc,  viil.  1,  p.  Ml. 

'Catihrs  fi.r  yi-aiM  IWW  K.  IHT'.I,  itiHiiMiv,.,  an  iiiailc  up  "f  ii.irlliwcMl  .'oaxl  vnU-Uc.a  (Kiir-Sinl  Arbitralioii ;  I!riti»li 
(•oinn.i,.<«i"iMT.s  i;n".rl.  p. -JUT  cl  .,.,|  1 ;  Indian  rannr  caK'li™  (!!ritisli  C.nniMi.ssiimrrs'  Kc'iuirt.  pp  liOT,  •JOK),-anil  skins 
clilaiiM'd  mmutjlitlii'  llncUnn  Ila^  Cnn.panx  s  tni.liriji  slatiims  ( I'.ritisli  • '"ininiRHmicrs'  Kipnrt,  p.'.'K!. 

'Calrlitwol  p.la«i<'MialciHancl  In.liaiManocs  (ISrilisli  CoinniiHsioncirt  l!rp"rl,  pp  liOT, 'JIW),  ami  irluins  IVoni  Hudson 
r.av  ('(imii.i-.iv  H  piisis  (I'.rili-<li  CmniMissidni'rs'  l!('p(irt,  p  -H)- 

'       >San    Kranris(  (.   .■iislnni  Innisn   ivcirds;  Ilopiity  Cc.ll.Tlnr  Jmnnrs   loltris  (.('  KoliMiaiy  'M  rt  sim,,,  IHM.nn  tilr  in 
Irvasni'V  Hi'paiitncnt. 

M'.ilih  nt  .srI IHT  <'ihi  ../■  Sun  l>ir;iii  (ISrilisli  ( ■ciniinissinni'is'  llrp"'*.  P-"'*!. 

M'atcii.scdiirla-ii-  sraliTs  in  Nnrtli  I'arilir  and  IS.rinK  S.>a  (I'.tiliali  fnnnnis.ii rW  INipnrl.  ji.  LMIK),  and  r.'tmns  linni 

llndsun  liay  riiinpan.\  s  pusls  i  ISiilisli  Cnniniissinnfis'  l!ip(ii-l,  p.  LTD. 

M'aK'Iii's  in  Ncirtli  I'aiilif  Iniin  all  HcMini's  (lliilisli  Ciirnniis.HidniTs'  licpnrt,  pp.  21", 'JKI). 

"Markclcil  ralilirs  Inmi  Ili'iinK  S.-a  (Itrilisli  Cnninissioncis'  i;c>p(nl,  p.UIH)  pins  -l.'m  skins  srizi-d  on  .srhoi.ncra 
l)nin,r,l'Th„n,t„n.  Carulnm.  and  Sau  Diigntll.  II.  M.lntyivs  niann.snipl   ivporl  to  Alaska  ConMnnvial  Ccnnpany,  a  ropv 

id'  wliii'li  is  in  possession  id'  Di'iiaitininl. 

^•lliiCisliioniinission.'is  .sliniatiMliatrliol'Ainori.'an  viissidsinalll"iatili.-s(r.rilisliC,imini.ssion..rs'  kvp"''*.  P-'-il'-'t- 

I"  N'uilli  I'aiilir  ratlin's  (llrilisli  ('oininissioniTs'  Ki-port.  pp.  2in, 'jrn. 

1 1  Mark.'l,  d  i-ftlihis  I'ron.  Hviin-  Si-a  i  iiiit  isii  ('oniinisHionifs'  Koporl,  p.  lilH)  plus  8,ai0  skins  soi/f.d  in  ISiTiuK  ^^'ii  and 
nnaiioNiitid  for-  l.y  lintish  n.nin.ission.  rs;  11. mn  skins  w.-n-  sii/rd  that  year  (Tnili'il  SUtdH  Counter  Casr,  p.;)37),  and  llm 
Itritisli  1  oniinis-ionns,  ini  pa^r  21(1  nt  Ihrir  ii-poit.  arronnt  lor  2,0111  ol  ttn'in. 
I'-'Novlh  I'aiilir  rail  Ins  (I'.rilisli  CnnmiissioniTs'  Ki'port,  pp.211,  21:!). 

I'  KiM-in;;  Sea  ratrlirs  iltrilisli  C niissionors'  liipnrl.  pp.211, 212). 

I'Nnrtli  I'aiitir  latihi's  (I,    lisli  ('oniiiiis.iionios'  Kiporl,  pp.  21 1,  2i:i). 

''■■lliisli;;nii-,  27.4.-.0,  is  Ihr  siini  ol'  the  ti-nres  2'2,.''.:in  and  4.920,  tlio  origin  ol  whiili  «ill  lio  toiiiHl  nndi-r  note  Hi.  Thi' 
llrilisli  lonnnissioniM-s,  on  pa-i-  M  of  lliidr  ivporl,  givr  tin- apprrxiniati' total  latili  .is  (W,iinii. 

i"ln.i  li'tlir  Ironillio  H.ilisli  Ionian  olli.i'  to  tlio  Sciivlary  of  .Stalo,  dalod  .May  17,  181I5,  tin-  IJiTirij;  Sim  latili  of 
Itritisli  vi'SsrlB  lor  IXiH  is  i|uotoil  at  2'.l,14n.  II  lias  lncn  found  liy  litis  Drpartiiirnt  Unit  llii'sr  li-uris  ri'pirsi'Ut  tlif  total 
ritrh    in    liorinK   Sra     tlial    is,  inrludinu  .si'als   killrd  oil  llio  wvstorn  siilo,  in  Itnssian  wati-r.i,  as  will  as  olf  llii' rasnrn 

s'iilr  «liiili  aflirvvards  anir  llir  award  area.     This  is  liorni' out  l.y  tlu>  faid  that  it  ajipears  liy  tin-  Krilish  i-ase  lad'orii 

Ihf,  Irilinnal  at  Paris  that  41  vrssils  wrn-  warnid  out  of  the  AnioriiHii  sidi-  of  I'.i'riiif;  Soa  lii'lni'in  .Innc  2U  and  AmkusI 
if..  IXIIl.  iindi.r  thr  niodns  vivnidi  of  .luno  l.'.  of  that  year.  It  is  -•orlain  Ihat  many  of  these  ves.sels  erossed  over  to  the 
liussian  Hide  of  lieriiii;  Sea  unil  eontiniieil  sealiny  until  the  idose  of  the  soason. 

Sfilistiisniade  In  Mr.  Alfred  l-'rasrr,  now  in  possession  of  the  Treasury  Heparlment,  show  that  8.4:i2  skins  wern 
thus  taken  on  the  western  side  of  ISinnK  Sea  in  Kussian  waters,  of  these,  li.lilli  were  taken  hy  liritish  vessels  and  1.810 
l.y  Anieri.an  ves.sels.  We  should,  therefore,  dediiet  from  the  liritish  liKiires  (JU.Uf.l  the  huiu  of  fl.eifi,  leaving  22.r.:w  as  the 
liritish  eateh  ill  Ihe  award  area     thai  is,  the  eastern  side  i.t  lierini;  Sea     fur  the  year  IWl. 

It  further  appears  from  Mr.  I'raser  s  li-nres  that  the  Auierhan  eateh  in  l!erin«  Sea  in  IHIIl  whs  fi,7:m,  of  whieli  l.HIO 
were  taken  in  Kirssian  waters  and  4,!I2"  in  Ihe  award  area,  Addiii-  to  the  lorrirled  liritish  .ateli,  22,.-.:i0,  the  ealeh  of  Ihe 
Aiiierhan  vessels,  l,U2U,  we  have  27,450  as  the  total  .  ateh  of  liritish  and  Ainorii  an  ves.sels  in  that  [.art  of  liering  Sen  known 
aH  the  award  area  for  the  \ear  isill. 

In  the  report  of  the  Coiniiiitlee  on  Ways  and  Means  to  aeeoml.auv  II.  U.  S1KI9,  Kifly  Ihiid  (^.n};ro,ss,  third  session, 
IJeport    No  IM!I  the  eateh  in  lieriii-  .Sea  for  the  year  IHlll  was  j;iven  as  2:1  Oil  on  the  authority  of  th.    Treasury  Depart- 

inenl      These  liKures  ineliided  oiilv  t eturns  of  lirilish  vessels,  as  no  reliahlo  returns  as  to  Aineriean  vessels  were  then 

i„  possessi f  the  1  lep.irlui.ul.      riie  result  was  reaihed  In  dedinlin-  from  Ihe  estimate  Kiven  l.y  Consul  Meyers  in  his 

report  (Tnited  Stales  eonnler  casei,2S,liO,-.,  a  nunii.erof  skins  estimated  to  have  been  taken  oil'  Ihe  Kussiaii  loasl.  Thrs 
eatimate  was  reaihed  l.v  a  earetnl  examination  of  all  eati  lies  relerred  to  in  the  alliiUx  its  and  other  |.ape,s  in  Ihe  e.ise  and 
lounlrr  ea,se  of  the  Cnited  States  and  Ureal    liritain.  eycludin-  those  whieli  were  elaimed  to   have  been  taken  oil    llio 

""^""Th'al't  he  liritish  returns  lahove  eited).  2',i,l(li.  iiielinle  sealstaken  on  the  western  sale  of  lierin«  Sea.  trom  Ihe  Kussian 
herd,  will  appear,  as  al.i.M-  stated,  from  the  faet  of  Ihe  warning  of  said  vessels,  under  llii  nu.dus  vivenili.and  their  subse- 
iiiieiit  erossing  lo  (he  Kussian  roast. 

The  report  of  the  minister  of  marine  and  tisheries  of  ( 'anail.i  for  IWH  i  redits  mu the  eateh  lo  Kussian  waters.     I  n 

I8U-  however  .said  report  eredils  M„MI,''.  skins  out  ol  a  total  of  :-.:i,!M2  from  said  Asialie  shores.  The  faet  that  this  large 
eatiii  was  made  in  18112  pi.inls  strongly  t"  similar  eatebes  in  Ihe  year  ISlll,  whieli  are  eonlirmed  hy  the  above-mentioned 
evideni  e. 

i-Ohtiii 1  by  snbl  raiting  the  total  of '27, 4SU  and  s,  i:;2  I  iiiiii  158,(100, 

I"  See  I'lliled  Slates  roil  liter  I 'ase,  page  408, 

"Taken    from  Allied    Krasir'.s  estimates    lor  ,\nieriean   sealing   th'rt  in  Asiatie  waters.     Skins  entered  in  1  nito.l 

Stales  ports,  ,      ,      .i 

■"Ihe  smalliie,ss  of  the  number,  2  100,  suggests  that  either  many  of  tlie  vessels  after  elearlng  sailed  directly  lor  the 
dapan  coast,  or  else  the  latehes  oil  the  nortbwist  .oast  were  transshipped  at  Japan  ports. 

"  The  Ameriean  eateh  lor  ISin  is  based  upon  slalislhs  i  onipiled  by  A,  I'raser  and  on  file  ill  tile  Treasury  Depart- 
ment,     the  I'lliled  Slates  .  onsul  at  Vi.  toria  slates  (Consular    Kiports    No,  IHl,  p,  270,  that  Ameriean  schooners  in  189;i 


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TllK    FIK    Si;.\l>    OK    ■{■:■;.    I'Kimi.Ol'    ISLANDS. 


tniiHsliippi'il  :il  Vnknli.ini.i  .mil  Hiilindali'  lictwci'ii  I7.»00  ami  IK.iKiO  >kiiis  This  in  IiiiIIhm  i  unliiiin'il  li\  tlir  ri'iiorl  iil' tlin 
Caninlian  (Ifi)artniiMil  nf  iiiariii!'  and  lishorii's  for  IHOil,  jtaur  rlwiii,  wlticli  ;:iv»'M  (hi' ratcli  (»l  AtinTiran  xthmcIs  iamU'd  at 
llak(Mlalc  as  l(i,afi7. 

''Till'  liKii''i"<  III''  'lit'  I'litoliPB  111' Caiiailian  vossi'ls  ari'  laUi'ii  lioiii  thr  rrpoil  nt  Ihr  Canailiaii  (li'parlinriil  nl  inariiiK 
am)  flaherii'H  lnr  1S!U.  jiajii'  clwii, 

''-<  rill'  liOTidiin  trailr  sales  I'lir  ISIKI  arrnuiit  lnr-  llii' ilisfiimitioii  ol'  lUll.tiliu  jifla^^ii'  skinH 

'"('onipili'il  Iriini  thr  n'|iiirl,s  of  riillcrliir-  at  ports  ot  riitry  on  llir  racilii-  roast.  Tlii'si'  ripints  aro  on  tilr  in  Ihr 
Treasury  Di'pailinrnt. 

'"■Tlir  li(;iiri'  'J:>.710  is  ohtaineil  liy  takinj;  tlii' ii,H36  skins  I'oli'il  unilrr  llii' i  aplion.  "  l.oralitv  iinili'ti'iiiiini'il  in  tlii< 
Icltoror  till'  Si'iii'larv  ol  Ihi'  Trrasiiry  lo  ('oni;ri'sH.  ilatiil  Janiiai'.v  'Jl.  IH'.i.'i  i  Kil'l.v  Hiii''!  C(in;;i'i'8«.  tliinl  si'ssion,  K\.  Iliir. 

■Jllll.anil  iliv  iilinj;  Iheni  liilwi'on  llio  .Xsialir  ami   Ai ican  Inrils  in  similar   proporlionM    as   Iho   oihi'r  skin»   lamli'il  al 

I'nili'il  Stall's  iiiirls  in  Tniti'il  Slates  .sealiiif;  ves.si'ls  iluriii;;  18'.i4.  The  result  wniilil  he;  Anieriraii  henl.  <i,l'>'J:  .\siatie.  )!HI. 
.\ililini,'  I'l.  LIU  to  I  III'  I  atoll  on  the  nnrl  Invest  I'oaBi  (I'.'.lliPSi  alreailv  ti'\\vi\  ami  (lie  Iteriny  Sea  ealeh  i.'i.llili)  alriailv  n"en,  «« 
have  the  lotal  L';).7ia. 

'*Maile  11  |i  ol  skins  as  jier  reenrils  ot  lollerlorH  of  eiisionis  on  the  raeilie  eoast.  -.vhii'li  ereilit  I..'iil0  to  .VHiatic  WiiterH; 
<^M  skins,  privioii.fly  nterreil  to  in  iiole  L'fi.  ami  the  'Jniiliii  skin.s  wliiili  il  is  eslinuiteil  were  iranssliippeil  in  .lapnn  iK\,  Hoe. 
'J4;).  I'itt\  tliiril  Ciinmess.  Ihiril  session.  "Notes  eoneernini;  eateli  lor  1X114.  "  p.  41. 

''' Taki'n  from  report  of  Caiiailian  ilepai'tmenl  of  marine  and  tisheries  for  IH94.  pa;;e  It. 

The  li;;nres  'JlV-rj.'!  ineliiile  one  Aiiierii  an  vessel,  whose  eatih  \vas  S4  skins. 

The  li.L'iires  19,81.1  eontain  the  ealc'hes  of  three  Ameriean  vessels,  wliirii  ai:^re;^ateil   lltil  skins. 

The  laets  in  the  two  foregoing  ]iara;;ra|ihs  are  (riven  in  a  rei>iirt  of  I'ialieries  ('iininiissionei  ('iislii;o  lo  the  liiiveriior 
Oeneral  of  Canaila.  iiniler  ilale  of  .lamiary  it.  l.-^il.''.  pafje  il, 

*'*  iieports  of  I  olh-i'tors  of  I  iistonis  at  Ainerieaii  ports  of  entr,\  on  the  Paeilie  eoast. 

■"Oltieial  slatement  sent  hy  I'nitwl  Stales  Cnn-iil  Itolierts  at  Vn  ti.ria,  iiiiiler  ilate  of  NovemhiT,  18115,  anil  on  tile  in  tliu 
'I'reasiiry  Oepartnieiit. 

"•  /!,,/.( iiuj.t.     The  ;,'ranil  totals  for  1.'<!M  ami  lM).'i  ilo  not  iiielinle  ileail  pups.     In  18!>4,  hy  earefiil  estiinale  hasid  ii| 

partial  i  niiiit, 'JtiiKKi  pups  pi'rislieil.  anil  in  18!l."i.  li\  aitnal  eonnt,  L'8,0(l(l.  Tins  HOiilil  swell  the  known  deaths,  exilusive  of 
the  land  eateh  in  ism  t,.  li'.l.Ull  ami  in  I8'.l.".  to  lL'l.a2li.     See  note  :17  for  dead  pups  for  1811(1. 

The  pelaiiie  cali  h  for  I8!l.".  in  further  increagi  d  liy  a  ealeh  of  aliout  lU.oOO  skins  lakeii  hy  les.sels  eleariiiK  from 
■lapaiiise  purls, 

11  Kroiii  ritiirns  of  tTnited  Slates  iiispi'ilors  who  rxaniined  skins  landed  in  I'liited  Stales  ports 

"From  olliiial  relnrnR  of  loUeelor  of  eiistmna.  Vieloria.  Ilritisli  (Joliiinhia.     Skins  not  ingpeeteil. 

[Xotes  ;);i  and  :i4  omiltcd.] 

Kxtilaiiatitrji  uolen  nlatiii'i  Inralrh  fur  /-,".', 

«Mn  averaj-es  per  vessel  relalini;  I"  nortliwi  st  enasl  Vati-h  the  e.iiioi  iMtehes  are  not  im  liidpih  liritish  Ciiliimhia 
I  aniie  eateh  'S.''>y-'>.  inetiidiil  in  ( 'anadian  iiortliweHl  e.'.isl  total. 

"Total  eateh  of  Ameriean  and  (■.inadiaii  vessels  for  18lMi  tiirther  imreasi  d  liy  a  lateh  of  3, 311'.'  skins  laken  li\  vessels 
1  leariii:;  from  .lapauese  ports,  ami  of  1,41I7  skins  taken  hy  natives  in  the  jiaases  of  ilio  Aleutian  Islands, 

"  The  ^raiid  total  for  ISOli  does  no!  inilmle  the  loss  of  pups  on  the  Priliilol   Islands,  ai itint;  to  ■JI.'J28  dead  and  to 

l,Mli  dyiiij:  at  time  of  eonnt. 

"•All  io^  entries  ridatini.'  to  ,\mi'riran  pela;.'ie  eateh  sworn  lo  In  miistirs  ol  vessuls.  loit  most  of  tliein  rhanned  as  In 
proporlioii  of  females  upon  examination  of  ealehes  li,\  inspeitors  ol  seal  skins. 

■■'  I'loportion  of  ti'inales  in  all  Canadian  returns  taken  Ironi  slalemenls  li.\  masters  of  vessels.  Cati  hi  s  not  otlieiallv 
illspei  fed  as  to  si\ 

'"  Data  eoiii'iTiiin«  catehes  of  .\iiierieaii  ve.sseU  in  all  waters  tor  18i|«  aie  liasnl  on  reports  from  rnited  States  eiisiom- 
houses,  siippleiiiiiitid  hy  information  eolleeted  hy  Mr.  C.  II.  T  •.iiseiid;  data  leiieerninK  ealihes  »d'  lirilish  Cohmiliia  ves 
sels  furnished  hy  the  ranadiaii  eolleeliir  of  enstiinis  at  Victoria;  eatihes  in  18(15  of  vessels  lii'lon;:iny  to  dajianese  ports 
fiirnished  hy  rnited  Slates  i  on-nlar  ollii  i  rs  in  dapan.  Catehes  of  similar  vessels  in  1891)  are  from  unollieial  sonrees,  are 
Jl, 'implete.  and  less  than  unmher  aetiially  taken. 


ateh,  amounting:  lo  1,018, 


Kxi'lanatt'rii  tititiw  i;lntin^i  In  rutfh  fnr  Is:i7, 

"  In  avera,<;es  per  vessel  relating'  to  the  mirtliwest  roast  ealeh,  the  I'.rilisli  Coliimhiniieanoi 
are  not  ineluded. 

"The  total  ealeh  of  the  lirilish  (.'ohunhian  and  Ameriean  tleets  for  IK',)7  is  inere.isid  furl  hi  r  hy  the  eateh  of  the  .laiia- 
neai!  sealing;  lleet  diiriUK  the  year  -IB  vessels,  fi,h:i8  skins, 

"The  data  from  wliieh  were  ei.nipiled  the  statislies  relatiiiK  to  the  Ameriean  eatili  for  1897  were  ohlaiiied  from  llie 
nllioial  reports  from  V.  S.  eustoiii. houses  the  statislies  of  the  British  Coliiinliian  eateh  for  the  aatiie  iieriod  were  olifaiiied 
hy  theionsul  at  Vietoria  li,  ('.,  from  eustoni  liouse  rieoids  at  that  port  the  ligures  showiuf!  Ibo  eateh  ol  the  .iBjiaoeMe  tieet 
were  furiiishod  hy  Dr,  I.eoiihard  Sle,jne(;er 

"The  K'aud  total  ot  seals  taken  \i\  I  iiiteil  States  vessels  ineliide  7(14  skins  taken  south  of  tin  award  area  hy  the 
sehooners  J.  Eiii.in;hT  and  l.iiniKu  /»,  hut  iindonlitedly  fnmi  the  herd  fre.inenlini:  the  I'riliiliif  Islands,  an'  '.".U  skins  whieli 
were  taken  olV  the  (ialajiayos  Islands  tiy  the  sehooner  /'ri..«/.e/',  of  a  speiies  ( .lri'/m-e;.A(iii(«  y/Ai/d'/iii  distine.  'Vom  that  ol  the 
se;ilson  the  -'rihilnf  Islands, 

■"■Statemi  Ills  hy  masters  of  Ameriean  ve-si  Is  as  lo  the  -ex  of  seals  laken.  verilled  In  every  iiistanee  hy  eximiiulion 
hy  inspeelors  ai  ports  of  entry.  Proportion  of  titnales  in  Cauadian  ealehes  taken  from  liKiires  suhmitted  by  United  Stales 
eoiisiil  (see  note  431;  ealehes  not  ollieially  inspected. 


I 


i 


NOTES  ON  THE  FUR  SEALS  OF  GUADALUPE,  THE  GALAPAGOS,  AND  LOBOS  ISLANDS. 


I 


•fc* 


ACCOUNT  OF    THK  WRITER'S   EXPEDITION    IN    SEARCH    OK  THE    KUR   SEAL  OF 

GUADALUPE  ISLAND  IN   1892. 

I  was  (U'taclit'd  lunn  tlu^  I'liitt'd  Stales  I''isli  Coiniiiissioii  steaincr  Allxtlross  at 
Seattle,  Wash.,  on  May  .">,  IS!*:.'.  l»y  tlie  I'liiteil  Stales  ( loiimiissioiier  of  Fisli  ami  Fislier- 
ies,  and  direcU'd  to  eliaiter  a  small  vessel  at  San  l)ie;;o,  Cal.,  for  a  trip  to  (inadaliii>e 
and  San  Henita  islands, lyinj; oil' the  coast  of  liower  California,  for  tlu' purpose  ut'seenr- 
iii{j specimens  of  the  Ciiiiidaliipe  fur  seal,  for  the  nse  of  the  Depiirtment  of  State  in 
coiine(!tioii  with  the  llerinj;  Sea  Trihuiiiil  of  Arhitnition  about  to  convene  at  Paris, 
it  having  become  necessary  during  tiic  pi'o;;ress  of  the  Hering  Sea  controversy  to 
identify  the  siiecies  of  seal  iiiliubitiii;;  these  islands.  I  first  visited  <iiiadaliii)e  Island 
in  October,  ISSI,'  wlicn  in  cliaij;e  of  the  schoonei'  Ltiitrti  on  a  voya<je  in  search  of 
specimens  of  tin*  elephant  seal,  for  the  I'nited  States  National  Museum.  At  that  tii:ie 
stormy  weafiier  prevented  ns  iVoni  cxanuniiit;'  the  windward  side  of  the  island— where 
the  animals  were  said  to  haul  out — on  account  of  the  danj;er  of  kee|)inji-  the  schooner 
lyinj;' olf  a  lee  shore.  Afti-r  lookinj;'  ovt-r  the  eastern  shores  in  a  hurried  maiinei'  aiui 
shootinfi  sonu'  yoat-;  to  add  to  our  stock  of  i)rovisions,  we  sailed  for  the  mainland  of 
Lower  California,  wiiich  jiromised  better  results,  and  where  we  timilly  obtained,  at 
8aM  ('ristobal  I5ay,  1.")  s[)ecimeus  of  the  elephant  seal. 

My  seeoud  visit  was  made  in  February,  ISS'.t,  in  the  IMsh  (Jommission  steamer 
Alliatross,  but  we  si)e,iit  only  one  day,  and  that  at  the  southern  end  of  the  island, 
where  we  observed  at  a  distance  '■'<  seals,  which  appeared  to  be  I'hixa  ritiiliiia. 

It  was  not  until  the  |»rcscnt  visit  that  I  was  able  to  exandne  the  entire  shore  line 
of  the  island.  Accordiii}'' to  Findlay's  North  I'aeitic  Directory,  <iuadalupe  Island  is 
140  ndh's  olV  the  <()ast  of  Lower  California,  its  northern  end  beiu};-  in  latitude  !'!>  KC 
.^»()"  north  ami  lon};itu<le  I  IS  IS'  ;{(l"  west.  It  can  be  seen  at  a  <listance  of  (10  miles, 
and  has  near  its  northern  end  an  elevation  of  \,~i'23  feet.  It  is  very  iini)erfectly 
rei)reseuted  on  the  <;harts.  In  ISSd  ai\d  18S1  ( "apt.  IJ.  10.  Nichols,  C.  S.  N.,  eoininandiiifj 
the  Coast  Survey  steamer  llasxlvr,  made  a  reconiioissancc  of  it  '•sutlicient  to  <;ive  its 
gemnal  outlines  and  topography."  The  results  of  the  Ihixslcr's  voyage  have  not  la'cti 
publislied,lmt  according  toC'ajitain  Nichols' chart  in  the  archives  of  the  I'nited  States 
Coast  Survey,  Cuadalupe  Islam!  is  lir,'  miles  long  by  't.\  to  II  miles  in  geiuMal  width, 
rpon  the  northern  end  of  the  islaml  grow  scattered  tracts  of  conifers,  oaks,  and  palms. 
The  southern  ])art  is  treeh'ss,  but  generally  itovered  with  a  low  sage  brush. 

.\cc<u'ding  to  Mr.  .1.  N.  Kose,  I'nited  States  Departuu'iit  of  Agriculture,  there  are 
Ll."»,speci»^s  of  plants  kiu)wu  to  the  island,  of  which  Ult  are  peculiar  to  it.  Its  flora  is 
more  closely  related  to  that  of  California  than  to  the  adjoining  region  of  Mexico. 
Many  of  the  trees  and  plants  once  known  to  be  abundant  are  now  tJisappearing, 
chietty  on  account  of  the  presem-e  of  large  numbers  of  goats. 

Of  the  .'{(»  species  of  birds  known  to  Cuadalupe,  it  are  peculiar  to  the  islaiul,  some 

'  Proc.  I'.  iS.  Nut.  Mim.,  iss."),  \>\<.  :M)-;i;i  ^KiMt'iit  (Mpiiiics  of  the  sou  ck'phiuit.— C.  II,  Townsfiul). 


I 


l|!ti 


'■I- 


M\ 


imk; 


Tiir,  Ki'ii  M.ALs  OF  iiii;  riiiuii.oi'  islands. 


Jfi 


il 

i 


III" 


of  tliciii  bfiiijr  iciliH'cil  in  iiiinibcrs  hy  t'lits,  mid  one  ol'tlie  larjicst.  tlic  riiriiciiiii  (/'<)/// 
/«»rH.v  liitosus)  liiis  been  nearl.v  externiinntetl  by  tlie  ;-iins  ol'l'iirnier  ;;<iiit  herders.  As 
tlie  island  is  iit  preHi'nt  iminliabited,  the.  hitter  species  of  bird  may  roestablisli  itself. 

DuriMj;  (lie  jjrcattT  iiart  of  the  year  dense  fofjs  prevail  about  the  more  elevated 
parts  of  the  island,  which  are  in  coiisotiuencc  rather  lertile.  Mi.  \V.  K.  ilryant,  who 
lesided  upon  one  of  the  northern  plateans  of  (liiadaliipe  duriii<;  part  of  the  winter  of 
ISSII,  experienced  considerable  rain  and  occasional  frost. 

[n  May.  after  the  subsidence  of  a  northwest  ;iale  which  had  i)reveiited  oiir  landinj,' 
from  the  schooner  for  ihree  days,  I  found  the  weather  very  warm.  Su  far  as  I  am 
aware  no  water  is  found  upon  tli(^  southern  half  ot  the  island,  tiie  linds  of  ;;(iats  raiiff 
iny  chietly  over  the  plateaus  of  the  iKUthern  part  of  the  island  wli'ic  there  are  a  few 
sprin;;s.  The  j^oats  are  said  to  number  about  1(>,00(>  at  jiresent,  and  a  lesident  ol  San 
Diejjo  is  endeavoring;  to  obtain  a  lease  of  the  island  for  a  jjoat  ranch,  the  term  of  the 
foinier  lessee  having;  expired  some  time  aj^o.  The  goats  are  killed  for  their  hides 
chielly.  but  small  i|Uantities  of  the  llesii  beiiij;  saved.  In  diy  seasons  many  of  them 
perish  for  lack  of  water. 

I  left  San  Diej^o  on  the  schooner  Sintta  litirlxirii'  on  .May  II,  1S!»L',  reachiii}--  (lua 
dalupe  Island  on  the  Kith,  the  lirst  landinfj  beint;  at  the  deserted  settlement  of  North 
I'oiiit.  We  at  once  commenced  a  thoroiijih  -search  of  the  shores  with  the  dory,  rowinjj; 
close  under  the  clitVs,  usually  within  a  distance  of  10  ieet  of  the  rocks,  landini;'  and 
euteriiij,' the  caves  and  volcanic  holes  which  could  not  be  inspected  I'rom  the  boat. 
r.y  the  L'.lth  we  had  in  this  manner  rowed  almost  entirely  around  the  Ibrly  or  nnue 
miles  of  coast  line,  followed  at  a  mile  or  two  from  the  shore  by  the  schooner,  to  which 
we  always  returned  at  nifihtfall.  The  work  was  very  laborious  on  aceoniit  of  the  small 
sizeof  our  party  and  the  limited  tinu'  at  our  disposal,  while  rou;:h  weather  made  many 
of  the  lamliiijis  daiifjerous  in  the  extreme.  \Ve  were  ni()st  unfortunate  in  our  e(|uip- 
ment.  Our  11.'  ton  schooner,  the  only  ves.sel  then  available  at  San  Diejjo,  was  incai)a 
bie  of  carryiiifj  a  suitable  hunting.;'  boat,  and  the  woiU  of  exjtlorinf;'  the  island,  devolv- 
ing upon  Messrs.  Anthony,  Streator  and  the  writer,  was  further  haini»ered  by  the 
added  labor  of  .standing  regular  watches  with  the  captain  and  the  cook  in  the  care  of 
tli«' vessel.  To  the  drawbacks  in  the  way  of  eipiipment  and  crew  mnstr  be  ascribed 
our  failure  to  secure  a  comidc'te  specimen  of  the  rare  <iuadalnpe  .seal. 

During  the  exploration  of  the  island  only  7  fur  seals  were  seen — none  of  them  on 
land.  1  killed  the  only  one  which  could  be  apitroached  within  shooting  distance,  but 
it  sank  before  it  could  be  reached. 

The  island  was  visited  too  early  in  the  season  to  find  seals  cm  shore,  the  young 
not  being  brought  forth  until  June,  but  on  the  site  of  a  Ibrnier  rookery  near  .lacks 
IJay.  (Ml  the  west  side  of  the  island,  t  skulls  were  found  which  proved  t<)  belong  to  a 
sjiecies  of  Arctocrpliithi.s,  which  has  since  been  described  as  A.  loinisciKli,  Merriam. 
The  fur  seaks  seen  at  Guadalujie  were,  with  two  exceptions,  more  than  a  mileotf  Hhore, 
the  others  liaviiig  been  found  close  to  the  rocks.  One  which  seemed  to  be  a  male 
about  t  years  old  lay  asleep  with  the  tlippers  held  out  of  the  water  in  the  nninner 
characteristic  of  the  species.  Owing  to  the  swell  and  thumping  of  our  dory  on  the 
waves,  it  could  not  be  approa<'lied  near  enough  for  an  etfective  shot.  Another,  ai)par- 
ently  a  female,  raising  its  .lead  near  the  boat,  I  killed  instantly  with  the  ritle.  It 
began  sinking  immediately  and  disappeared  before  wo  could  reach  it  with  the  gatV. 

'I'art.v  nil  lioanl,  (ieiirgo  M.  Haul,  uiastur;  \.  W.  Aiitliuii.v,  CharleH  .Siuitli,  C.  1*.  .Stroator,  and 
0.  II.  Ttiwiix'iid. 


4 


I'llt    ^F,ALS    n|.'    (il' AKAMI'K,    ( .AI-AI' \<  ii  ).s,  AM  i    LOI'.tiS    ISL\MS. 


2(J7 


4 


<v 


cM 


(iUii<liilii|H'  Isliiiul  is  llioi'iiu^tlily  volciiiiic  aixl  liiis  volcaiiif  vnvrs  anil  liolt-s  aloiifj 
nearly  ovciy  iiiili-  <>r  its  sliuic  lino,  wliicli  won*  (Ik*  I'avoriti'  icsorts  of  Cur  seals.  Seal 
liniiltMS  lindinj-  llicni  tijilitly  packed  in  tliesc  places,  killed  lliein  with  guuH  and  clubs, 
l''re(|uently  tliey  were  killed  in  eaves  so  daik  that  tlieir  eyes  were  the  only  target  to 
lire  at,  while  at  other  times  candles  were  used  lo  disclose  tlieir  hidinj,'  plaecis.  Voiiiij,' 
and  old  alike  wtMc  taken.  The  youn^'  ai)pear  to  have  been  hiouj,dit  forth  in  dune  and 
duly  and  the  species  was  present  upon  the  islainl  throu^ihout  the  year.  Its  lur  was 
worth  about  halt  that  of  the  Northern  fur  vSeal,  as  taken  on  the  Piibilof  Islands,  bein;,' 
worth  about  ^l"*. 

At  the  northwest  side  of  <  Inadalupe,  on  May  L'.'S,  IS'Ji;,  we  found  '-Sea  lOlephanf" 
beach,  a  locality  ibiii.eily  l're(inented  by  elephant  seals.  This  is  one  id"  the  three, 
sand  beaches  on  the  island.  The  others  are  at  da(;ks  I'.ay,  a  lew  miles  farther  south, 
and  at  the  villa^-'e  on  the  ojjposile  side.  At  "Sea  IllephanI"  beach  we  found  (»  sea 
elephants  slePiiin;^  near  hi};h  watei'  mark,  which  we  shot.  They  were  very  sh»w  in 
their  motions  and  ma<le  scarcely  any  elVort  to  K*it  away.  While  we  were  skinning 
these,  -  others  hauled  out  where  we  were  workinj;'.  The  siiiailest  of  these  we  added 
to  our  <'oIlection,  the  larjicr  one  was  not  mo- 
h'sted.  It  came  and  went  several  tinu-s  during 
the  afteinoon  and  wc  IVei|Ucntly  hail  our  hands 
on  it  without  its  assuniin;;any  tliieideiiiiii;-  atli 
tudes.  With  the  pro]»er  facilities  it  could  iia\e 
been  taken  ali\e. 

In  the  iiM'antime  a  heavy  surf  made  it  im- 
possible to  launch  the  boat,  while  the  lofty  clitVs 
iu)t  only  pre\('nteii  our  ascent  to  the  ])lateau  of 
the  island,  but,  exteiidin.u'  into  the  sea  on  either 
side,  impiisoiu'd  \!s  on  the  beach,  where  we 
were  without  water  or  food.  After  rejjeated 
attempts  we  made  our  escajie  to  the  .schooner 
late  in  the  eveninj;,  without  haviu:;  been  able 
to  take  any  of  tlie  heavy  elephant  skins  in  our 
small  boat.  <  >n  the  lbll()win;j;' day  we  recovered  three  of  our  prizes  with  great  exer- 
tions and  danger  and  were  tinally  compelled  to  abandon  the  rest.  The  sjiecies  brought 
back  repiesent  about  the  last  of  this  exceedingly  rare  species.  Captain  Weutworth, 
of  San  Diego,  counted  SO  sea  «'lcphants  upon  this  beach  in  188,'!.  We  found  nothing 
in  the  stomachs  of  those  killed  by  us  but  small  quantities  of  sand — a  pint  or  more  to 
each  animal.  The  large  animals  were  slu'dding  their  short,  still"  hair  at  tliks  season — 
May.  The  proboscis  of  the  elephant  seal  is  imperfectly  represented  in  all  ligures  of 
the  species  that  1  have  seen.  It  is  iu)t  rounded  like  that  of  the  elei)hant  or  tai)ir, 
but  llattened  abo\  e  and  below,  and  in  the  largest  male  specimen  we  obtained  is  8 
inches  long.  It  hangs  downward  iis  a  tlap,  about  1  in(dies  broad  and  '2  inches  thick, 
entirely  coiu-ealing  the  mouth,  the  nostrils  being  at  the  corners  of  its  nearly  .sipiare 
tip.  It  is  very  soft  and  flexible  and  in  life  is  kept  in  constant  motion,  the  usual 
]»osition  being  a  forward  and  downward  curve.  It  is  freiiuently  turned  upward,  the 
animal  in  the  meantime  opening  and  shutting  its  mouth  without  any  sound.  In 
crawling,  the  belly  alon(!  is  lifted  from  the  ground  as  the  animal  hitches  itself  along. 

About  'M  sea  lions  [Zaloplnin]  weie  seen  at  tin;  time  of  our  visit  on  one  of  the 
southerly  outlying  rocks  of  (iuadiilupe  Island, 


I'Ki.  I. — Ndniiil  ('lc)iljaiJl  ncal  rnmi  lirmalli 


I        I 


"n 


I 


ri 


m 


i 


•«i! 


I«I 


It' 


n 


w 


I  '4  ' 


iMiS 


iiiK  vv\i   si.Ai-s  (»!■•  nil.   i'i;ii;ii,<>i'   i>i,ani»>. 


Till'  (luiulaliiiKi  I'lir  soal  (onncrly  iiiliiiliili'd  oilier  isliimls  oil'  Lower  ("iilifoniiii.  If 
may  have  been  tlie  species  extenuiiiated  f)ii  the  l''aralloiies,  near  San  Kraiieiseo,  l>y  tlie 
KussiaiiH.  It  is  reported  tliiit  .">  seals  were  tukon  on  I.Melinnlsons  IJoek.oirSan  Mi^jiiel 
islanil,  one  of  the  Santa  Harbara  ^roup,  in  1S!>0.  Morrell,  in  ISIT).  I'oiind  no  I'lir  seals 
on  this  },'roup  of  islands,  lint  look  400  on  Han  Martin,  olV  Lower  ralifornia,  and 
reiiorted  liavinj;  seen  about  -M»  fni'  seals,  .il  10  sea  leopards,  and  I.nnn  liair  seals  at 
Hoi'orro  Island. 

I>nriiij.'  my  own  visit  to  the  islands  of  the  Socorro  f^ronp,  in  Mareh,  iss'.t.  no  seals 
of  any  sjieeies  were  seen,  bnt  the  shores  were  oidy  partially  examined.  We  saw  no 
seals  at  Alijos  KNu^ks  dnrintj  the  same  ernise,  but  (3apt.  Charles  Maritwen  saw  two  sea 
lions  there  in  May,  IHSO.  We,  found  sea  lions  ('/.nlopliiis  rolifonthnnis)  alon;;-  both 
eoasts  of  Lower  California,  ami  they  inhaliit  also  the  Tres  Marias  Islands.     Although 


Klu. 


several  speeies  (»f  tlu' seal  kind  have  always  existed  111  this  region  and  at    the  (iaia 
l)a};os  Islands,  there  are.  no  records  coneerninjj  the  oecnrreiice  of  any  sjieeies  of  seals 
olf  the  west  coast  of  Central  America. 

We  found  no  pinnipeds  at  Coeos  Island,  .MM)  miles  olf  Costa  Kiea,  during  thecrnise 
of  the  Alhtitfosn  in  isit]. 

The  lessees  of  the  (!omnninder  Islands,  I'.ering  S«'a,  had  the  seals  slaughtered 
upon  Kobben  Island,  Okhotsk  Sea,  in  the  vain  hope  of  driving  the  remnant  of  the 
herd  to  the  Commander  Island  rookeries.  There  are  no  records  to  show  tinit  the 
slaughter  of  seals  upon  the  rookeries  of  Caudalnpe  and  San  ISenita  islands  ev»>r 
resulted  in  driving  the  animals  to  other  localities.  From  the  histoiy  <>f  the  smaller 
seal  rookeries  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  it  would  seem  that  the  fur  seal  can  not  be  driven 
away  to  new  islands,  bnt  stujiidly  lingers  about  its  ancient  haunts  until  extermination 
overtakesit.  If  the  remnanfcof  the  race  remaining  nearoronthe  shores  of  (iuadalupe 
Island  were  protected  by  the.  laws  of  Mexico  and  by  a  resident  guard  upon  the 
island,  its  reestablishment  would  be  (piite  within  the  rangt^  of  ]Ktssibility. 

After  returning  to  San  Diego,  where  we  arrived  on  May  W,  I  obtained  from  a  num- 
ber of  men  who  had  formerly  engaged  in  sealing  at  (luadahipe  and  the  San  Benita 
islands  information  concerning  the  habits  ami  capture  of  this  speeies  of  fur  seal,  with 


4 


*» 


1 


VVR    SKAI.S    OK    <a'AI»ALUI'F';,   tiALAPAOOS,  AND    LOHOS    ISLANDS. 


2(!9 


HWorii  HtatciiiontH  as  to  its  loriner  iiltiiiulaiHrt^  upon  tliuso  JHlaiids.  Tlu^  tiiiio  at  our  <liH 
posal  (lid  not  ixMinit  of  a  visit  hciiin  iiiad*^  t<»  tlio  Sail  H<Miita  Fslaiids,  wImtc,  liowcvt-r, 
I  ohsiTVt'd  iiiiiiiluMH  of  /aliiitlins  in  18S4. 

1'1m' t'ollowiiiy' early  n'rcicMce  to  tliis  Hpecics,  liroii;;lit  to  my  attitntion  l»y  Dr.  I*. 
Stcjnoncr,  will  !)(•  of  intcn-st  in  tliis  ennnectioii: 

III  i'oi'imtr  )lii,vH  tluTo  wun  a  ^rriit  iiiultitiuli'  of  HealH  on  tliu  mrkH  of  tlic  I'liriklloiirM,  in  tint  oreini 
o|i|)ONitr  tile  ISiiv  of  Siiii  Kriinrisco.  Tlio  Aiiiei'it'aiis  of  tlic  I'liiti-d  States  liiivt)  foiiiplrtrly  PXttTini- 
iimIi'iI  tlieiii  llici't^  (Ml  (Iii:i(litlii|M'  tlii'ir  iit  uIho  foiiiiil  ii  H|ii'cieH  of  son  lieiir,  liiit  tlii'Nit  iiiliMliiliiiitx  of 
a  liot  cliinafe  iirr  MiiialliT  lliaii  tlirir  liintlirrN  in  llif  iioitli.      I'licir  culor  is  mIho  Ichh  silvery.' 


ji 


m.» 


Kill,  :i.     liiiul  tli|i|i«ia  III  i^lepliniit  himI 


PARTIAL   RKCnUn  OF  VVR  SEALS   TAKKN  ON   (irAl)AL(IPK  AM)   SAN  ItKNITA  ISLANDS 

FROM  187t!  TO  !«!•:.'. 

1S7(l-77:  Mr.  (toorgP  W.  ('liase,  of  San  Diejjo,  Oal.,  killed  :i  few  fur  seals  on  San 
Henita  Island,  and  rcixnts  that  tliey  were  accompanied  by  pups. 

1877:  Tlu!  late  Capt.  Charles  llaiitwen,  of  Alameda,  (!al..  'i  ^vled  on  (luadalupe 
Island  ill  1S77  in  connection  with  the  island  goat  ranch,  lie  n.fiined  me  that  sev- 
eral vt  ssels  were  sealin}^-  there  then,  one  of  which  he  remembers  to  have  taken  about 
.'iOd  and  another  ."•(«)  seals.     Seal  skins  at  that  time  were  worth  only  $2..'i(>  each. 

'  Haei  ill  WiuiigeH'H  Slal.     Ktlin.     Niiclir.     Noiilwost.     Auierika,  St.  reteisliuiK,  If^IW,  p.  39. 


M 


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i 


w 


V''::' 


^■9  ^|■ 


i    i 


I'l 


:  1  m 


ll 


t! 


270  i'MK  riu  sr..\i<s  or  ruw  nnitii.nF  islands. 

1877:  Captain  Ka.  h^^anl.  <»!'  Sail  I'laiuiiscu,  took  l."(  fm  sjials  f'loiii  (iiiadaliipo, 
iiimI  stah's  that  abmit  '..(KKt  wnc  scciircil  l>y  otlit-r  jtartics. 

I.s7!t;  Alioiit  ISTIt  Mt'ssrs.  .laiiu-s  lioifji's  and  Krrd  SisHon  obtain»'tl  I,.").")!!  fur 
walsttii  41innlali'|)r  and  San  iS^nita  islands,  Ixdii  adultsand  ymin^  liciii;;  takrn.  'riic 
Nkins  sold  in  San  Knuifiscd  at  *!(•  and  J?!.'..     (Statcim-nt  1).\   Hunt  and  Oliax'.) 

ISSt,:  Captaiii  llaiitwcn  took  101  Inr  seals  on  <iiiadaln|if  Island  lictwccn  May  1 
ami  -.'!.  lSS(t.  'riit'v  wfiT  taki'u  at  scvfial  iioints  on  tlit>  island,  l»nt  cliiolly  on  tlic 
wt'st  side,  wlii'if  tliii  larjjcst  r.iokcry  contained  (i(i(»  or  "(Ml  seals. 

.\t  tlie  easteniinosi  of  llie  San  lieiiita  Islands  '2  I'lir  seals  were  taken  on  May  •_'). 
There  were  three  other  \essi'ls  .sealin;;  oil  (iuadaliipe  at  the  same  time,  one  of  wliieli. 
reniainintj  lonpi'  than  the  Mihers,  took  ."»(M»  seals.  Tliisvessel  reported  that  Iheyoun;; 
were  liorii  about  I  lie  nnildle  ol'.luiu'. 

i'heseal  skins  were  ol' ;;iiod  ijuality.and  those  in  Captain  llaritwt'ii's  cateli  sold  at. 
ijtlo  ea(th. 

ISSd:  In  ISS(Mit'ort,'e  W.  Chase  aj;ain  sealed  at  Cuadaliipe  Island,  takin;,'  l.s,"»  in 
in  June,  l.'tO  in  .Inly  and  Autj:ust,  and  "."»  in  September.  The  skins  were  worth  yi't 
each  at  that  time. 

There  were  .'?,0(Mt  or  l,(MM)  seals  there  tliiit  yt'iir,  but  other  vessels  eaine  ami  seals 
soon  became  scarce.  They  were  (bund  btoedin^  in  .luneand  -luly,  ami  were  present, 
every  nioidh  in  the  year.  They  were  observed  at  times  al)oiit  loo  miles  west  ol'  (iua- 
daliipe. Seals  were  observed  at  (liiadaliiiie  on  trips  made  by  (Iliase  since  ISSO,  but 
they  were  not  hunted. 

ISs;;:  III  IS.S.;  ("apt.  (ieor};e  10.  Went  worth,  id'  San  I  >iefio.  sealed  at  (liiadalnpe, 
inakiii};  tbiii  trips  in  Novembir.  Hecember,  .lamiary,  and  iM'briiary.  About  l,oiii» 
seals  were  seen  and  1,',000  taken.  Other  vessels  wen'  there,  and  the  seal  rookevies  weie 
practically  broken  U|)  diirin;;  that  season. 

18S."i:  III  iss.-i  .laiiies  .M.  Niles,  of  San  Diefjo,  made  six  trips  to  (iuadaliipe  Island, 
timliii{(  seals  i>i«'sent  diiriiiy  most  months  of  the  year.  About  li,(  100  were  seen  and 
L'OO  killed.  There  were  pup  seals  in  plenty,  which  he  believed  to  liav<'  been  born  in 
June. 

I8S."»:  Seals  also  taken  at  (liiadaluite  l»y  Captain  Cannon.  (Statement  by 
Ilaritweii.) 

l>S>sr),     F.  Liipp,  sloop  I'liiiliin,  saw  r>  seals,  1  killed  ia  a  cave. 

18'M):  (ieoific  .M.  Iliiiit.  of  San  Diego,  visite»l  (iuadalu|te  in  ISltO  on  the  stdiooiier 
Ihnittr,    Oiil.v  4  fur  seals  were  seen. 

l.Si»l:  111  December,  IHIII,  (!eor},'e  .M.  Hunt  visited  (luadabiiie  Island  tor  the  pur 
pose  of  fur  sealinj;',  takin;,'  ~)  adults  on  the  east  side  and  1  |iiip  on  the  northwest  side. 
Seven  other  pui>s  were  seen. 

Ill  dune,  ISO!,  Messrs.  i'.urkti  and  Farwell  took  1  seals  on  San  lienita  Island. 
(Statement  by  Hunt.) 

18!)1-!)L':  Capt.  V.  M.  (iallney  found  no  seals  at  Guadalupe. 

ISO'J:  The  writer  visited  (iuadalujie  May  U\-i:>,  ISiL',  in  the  interested"  the  State 
Department,  Seven  fur  seals  were  seen,  one  (d'  which  was  killed  but  not  secured. 
Four  skulks  were  obtained. 

18!t;i:  Mr.  A.  W.  Anthony,  of  San  Diejro,  states  that  .{(I  seals  were  taken  in  18!»;{. 

18i»i:  Mr.  Anthony  reports  tin;  captiin!  of  15  .seals  in  bsoi. 
This  incomplete  record  accounts  for  5,575  fur  seals  killed  at  <iuadalupe  between 
187(J  aud  mU. 


tiM 


rat 


ii:: 


VVH   SKALS   OF   <iL'AI)ALUl'U,  (iAhArA(i(»S,  AND    LOIIOS    isLAiNUS. 


271 


I'y 


i 


«tjp 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE  GUADALUPE  SEAL. 

Tlic  lollowiti^r  ticsci'iptioii  of  (lio  (iii;uliilii|)c  sciil  (Avciint phiiliitt  toirnsrndi)  lis  a 
new  s|)('<'it'N,  is  l)y  l>r.  ().  Ihirt  ■MiM-iiaiii,  suhI  was  piiliIisluMl  in  tlii'  l'rt)ce»'(liii;,rH  ,,f  tli« 
l>i<>lo}{ical  Society  of  \Vasliiii;;ton  for  l.S!>7,  jiafjcs  175  to  I7.S: 

K'iM'iMill.v  I  have  riiiii|>ari'il  llui  hUiiIIs  collt'ctiil  at  (iiiailalii|in  liy  Mr.  'I'hwiihi'IkI  with  ii  HirirN  of 
Nkiills  (if  .In  li)(fiiliali(s  ,ii(!<lnilit  or  pliiUijH  CriPiii  tin'  (i.ilM|i,'ij,'(i,s  iHlamls,  iilsn  ciillccdd  1(V  Mr.  Tow  iiHfiiil, 
anil  linil  tlir  two  (o  lie  viiry  diHtiin't  spncii-*.  In  view  nt'  (Iu'mh  lactH  i(  sniiiH  |tarl  iciiliirl\  .qipropriatt' 
that  Ihi'  new  Npt'cicH  Hhoiihl    hfiir  Mr.   rcpwtiHciiirH  nainr,  wliiih  I    t;ilio  ph'a.siui'  in  lii'Mtowiiin  iipiiii  it. 

I  ln>  maliTial  cin  wliich  Ihr  iiru  upt'cif-M  m  haNi-d  i'oiimIsIh  hI'  lour  Hkidls  pitdicd  up  on  thr  liracll. 
OiH!  ol'  these,  the  typo,  is  an  adidt  iiiah'  \vhl(di  liaH  lost  the  teeth  and  hiwiTJuw.  Aiiothnr  is  u,  yoiiiiK 
udiilt  Ceiiiale  with  hotli  jaws  and  all  Ihn  teeth.  The  reniuliiiii;;  two  are  very  iinperf'ect,  laekliijj  liotli 
tint  jaws  and  t'aee, 

'I'lm  speries  seems  dooinerl  to  sjieedy  e\  teriidiiiit  Miii  and  so  far  as  Known  no  niiisenin  la  the  world 
hiiN  it  single  spiM'iinen.  It  in  hoped  that  our  National  .Mustiuui  will  bo  ahlo  to  .loeiiru  I'uniplete 
BpoeinuMiH  l)otor(t  it  is  too  late, 

ArctocophaluB  towiiaendi  Hp.  nov.     (iuadaluiie  fur  seal. 

Tiipi:  /iica/i^/.— (lundalnpe  Islanil,  (dV  I-owor  (,'alifornia.  Typo  No.  SlitllT,  /  lul.,  II.  S.  National 
Miisenni,     (Jollt!!  led  on  the  li(>aeh  oii  wt-.st  wide  of  (luadalnpe  May  '2'1,  WXl,  liy  ('.  II.  Townsend. 

('rmiinl  ihaidcln-n. — Contrasted  with  skulls  of  .Inlociiihuhis  taiintialiK  nr  plullijii)  IVom  the  (iala- 
patjos  Islands,  sknlls  <d"  .1.  hiiniHeinli  dilter  in  soiiiewha.,  smaller  si/e;  miirh  shorter  ripstmm ;  shorter 
iias.ils;  lar;;er  and  nioie  frnly  open  incisive  for.imina;  heavier  and  shorter  asiendinj;  liranehes  of 
picnni\illae.  whieli  do  not  push  lucKward  alon;;  thu  naMalH  as  in  iiii.ilrdtin ;  smaller,  Matter,  and 
Hmoolher  andital  hullae;  much  nanrower  and  more  deeply  uxeavated  palate;  narrower  |>ostpalatal 
uoteh;  broader  and  heavier  jn;;als;  broader  zyjroiuatie  prceisses  of  maxillae,  whieh  ari' expanded  lo 
form  a  broad  lloor  under  the  anterior  half  of  the  orbit;  larKOi.  broader,  and  moie  rounded  anierior 
nares  in  the  male,  and  absenee  of  Mie;it|;il  <Tesl  between  front.alH. 

The  most  important  i  liar.ieter.s  are  the  exeeediriely  ii:irrow  ;in<l  exeavated  p.alate,  llat  .ludital 
bullae,  short  and  thii  k  useeinlini;  arm  of  premaxill.i,  anil  brnadly  expanded  /yj;oniiltie  root  of  nuixilla 
lorndnf,'  ,i  lloor  under  the  anti'rior  half  of  the  orbit.  There  are  also  tocplh  iliaraeters:  the  lirst  upjier 
midarttil'th  niolaril'orm  tooth)  is  nuiiidy  |>osturior  to  pliiiio  cd'  anterior  rued,  of  zygoma;  liolh  upper 
true  inidars  are  double  rooted,  iind  the  last  upper  prenicdar  is  ineom|ili'tel>  double  rooted. 

In  the  female  of  fdiriifiTK/i  the  narrow  and  deeply  excavated  form  of  the  (lalale  is  I'ven  more 
emphasi/ed  than  in  tln^  male,  and  the  postiubital  eoiistrietion  is\ei'y  iniieli  narrower  than  in  the 
feuiali'  of  iitixtidlix. 

MiuiHiniiiieiiln  of  niith  /•kiill  of  .Irrtuccjihahin  tiiiniKeiuli  (llir  ti/iie). 

Mm. 

Oreatost  basal  leiif;th  i^^nathiiMi  to  oeeipital  eomlyloH) L'ati 

li.'isal  leiiutli  (jinathion  to  basion  ) i;.|U 

Hasllar  leufith  of  llensel  (basion  to  incisors) 233 

Palatine  leiijrth  (^nathion  to  inistpalatal  notch) li'O 

I'oHtpalatal  leiifjlh  (post palatal  notch  lo  baBton) 125 

ZvKonuilic  breadth ITil 

Lateral  series  of  teeth  (canine  to  last  molar  inclusive) HH 

Di'^lanii)  betwi'cn  caidnes 22.  fi 

Distance  between  IliinI  pair  of  nnilaiil'orm  teeth 22.  o 

Hreadth  (anteroposterior)  (d'/y{{omatic  root  of  maxilla  betwei  n  inferior  lip 
of  antorbital  foramen  and  orbit 21 


i 


il 


f 


m 


U 


sr 


■it 


1 1 


272  'I'lii:  irii  sk.\i,s  of  'iiik  riniui.oF  islands. 

MEASUREMENTS  OK  SALTED  SKIN  OF  ELEPHANT  SEAL. 

Following- arc  tlu'  iiicasiirciiifiits  of  tlic  lari't'st  ol'  tin-  mali-  elcpliai)!   seals  Killed 
on  jMav  -•',  tlu'  saltctl  sKiii  hciii;^  uriMt'u  sliniiikt'ii : 

It     In. 

IjPIlgth,  liONc  to  tillil  (if  tail ^      !'• 

Lcnsrlli,  iiosr  tu  I'lul  lit'  IlipiMT II 

I.irigtii.  IiiiHi'  til  <'I1<1  lit'  r\<' I         •' 

L»'iij;lli,  nose  ti)  I  III  I  111'  iipin'i'  ;i]» >* 

I.eiijitli,  liiil 4 

Li'iifTlh,  liart'  piiil  of  loir  llip|i('i I       '-^ 

Will  Ml,  liiirr  imit  "f  fni''  llipix-r -  7 

LriiHtli,  liiiinenl  wliisUciH KJ 

Leii^tL,  liiiijicst  liriNtli'H  over  I'M' 4 

L(Mi){tli,  imtiT  flaw,  loiiiifst 11 

I.ciijitli.  iiiinr  cIjiw,     liiiiii'^l li 

Wiilth  ai'lii.i'^  liMPk  til  riiil  iif  lull   llippiT li 

Will  til  HI  Td.ss  tijiN  III   III  nil  llipptM' li       It 

Wiiltli  liiitwi'fM  fvis 7 

Wlii.skeis,  IS  on  r:iili  side. 

UriMtli'.s  ovt'i  1  yi'.  S  tMilj  Niile  '  lliiir  piisifioiis  upposilr  to  li.iik  of  nyn. 

Ht-ar  uiiil  lowiT  w  liisUi'iH  loni^rHt     iVnnl  inu'  hall    iinli  lon^  i  ^raillii^  liark  to  loii>;i>Nt. 

No  trail'  of  rlav.8  on  liiiul  liip]ii'r-^:  riaws  lilack  ami  liroail. 

OiittT  rlaw  (will  til  1 i 

Innor  flaw  (wiiltli  i f 

Sjiivad  of  cIhw tU 

Spacf  lic'twi'i'ii  tirst  ami  socoikI  rlaws i 

Spari'  lii't\Vf(>ii  Hcriiiid  ami  ill  in  I  rlawB  i 

.•^p.iii-  ln't\M'iii  til  it'll  anil  foiirtli  rIawN I J 

Spaoi-  ln't\\  ri'n  Ion  I  III  anil  lit  til  rIaws L' 


NOTES  ON  THE   FUR    SEALS  OF  THE  GALAFAGOS   ISLANDS. 

The  liisloi y  of  tlit'cxtt'i'iiiiiiatinii  ol"  lluMlalapafios  Im  seal  (  An  tmi  jilntlus  jihUippii) 
is  similar  to  that  of  t  he  (iuadaliipt'  seal;  an  iiiiicstiictt'd  siaii}.',  liter  nt  male  and  foinah', 
old  and  yiaiufj  iilike.  whenever  and  wherever  tiuiiid.  The  notes  lelatino  to  its  capture 
in  lecenl  years  wen'  riiriiished  me  liy  sealers  whu  were  eiij.'as.'e'i  in  liiintiiifj  il. 

During  the  voya;;e  of  the  .l//<rt/>vi.v,v  to  the  (lalai>a;jos  Islands  in  I8!M  we  were 
iid'ormed  that  a  scattered  leininmt  of  the  herd  still  Ireiinented  the  more  inaccessible 
rocks  of  the  at'ciiipeiaoo. 

The  (ialapagiis  ter  .seal  was  usually  found  on  bciches  overhiinjr  with  clills.  and 
soiif^iit  caves  dnriiifi  the  day  to  avoid  ihe  heat.  The  yoini}:  were  usually  horn  in 
•aves,  and  ^vere  ob.served  at  all  times  diirinji'  the  summer.  The  species  was  loiin«l 
present  at  t'le  islands  all  the  year  round  and  dues  not  appear  to  havt'  mif^ra'td  at  all. 

The  history  of  the,  iialapaj^o.s  .seal  t'lirnishes  additional  proof  o'  the  fact  that  fur 
seals  clinti  tn  their  ancient  and  lu-customed  breediii};  places  with  the  ^jreatest  persist- 
eiu'c.  So  certain  are  they  of  returniny  to  th.  1  •  oh'  breeding  onuind.  that  the  reestab 
lishmcnt  of  t  he  ditVerent  specries  would  undoubtedly  le.siili  from  a  cmnplcte  protection 
of  these  placj-s,  and  the  result  winild  bt>  the  buildinf,^  up  i>\'  valuable  seal  tisheric-  for 
the  future.  The  later  sealiiit;  voyajjes  to  the  (iala)taj;iis.  fniiii  issti  tn  !SS7,  resulted 
in  the  killin;;  of  all  tli»!  .seals  that  could  be  found.  The  loji  book  of  Captain  Ifaril- 
wen's  voyajire  in  isSd.  now  in  my  possession,  show  that  seals  taken  at  that  time  fre 
(juentcd  certain  localititisoi  (lulpepjier.  Albemarle.  Narbor(ui};li,  Tower,  Wuiuiuin,  uud 


FUK    SEALS   OF    (iUAOALUPE,  OALAI'AGOS,  AND    LOHOS    ISLANDS. 


273 


seals  killed 

M.   In. 

M      10 

II 

1     :j 

« 

4 

I       3 

7 

i 

U 

n 

ti 

2      3 

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i 

i 

»U 

i 

k 

H 


Iks  jihilipftii) 
I'  iiiid  femaie, 
to  its  Dipt  me 
If,'  il. 

81)1  we  were 
iiiiKH-essihle 

til  elilVs.  1111(1 
i:illy  JMini  ill 
s  was  11)1111(1 
;raU,l  at  all. 

fact  that  tur 
litest  peivsist- 

tli»^  leestah 
te  protcctidii 

fislieric-  lor 
rtST,  n;siilt»»d 
il)taiii  Ifarit- 
liat  time  tie 
V'uiiiiiaii,  aud 


I 


Abinjjdon  islands.  Duiiiig'  the  louji-coiitinucd  Beriiij^'  Sea  controversy.  wh(  n  all  mat- 
ters peitainiii^-  to  the  world's  seal  lislicrieH  received  a  ^;ciiei'al  o\ crliaiiliiif;',  tlie  niconlw 
of  the  (ialai)a}jos  seal  lishcry  were  looked  np,  1ml  no  one  sii])]»osed  that  the  race  ol 
seals  there  had  in  any  defjree  revived,  it  was  a  iiiaiiier  (»lsuri)rise  to  those  interested  in 
the  subject  tliat  diirin;;' the  past  month  (December.  tSl>7i  a  vessel  arrived  at  San  Fra'i- 
ciseo  troin  the  (lalapaj^os  with  a  catch  of  131*4  seals.  This  -iiows  that  the  tew  that 
had  es("ai»('(i  the  slaii^ihter  of  the  last  voyajje.  made  jnst  ten  years  Itelore,  had  re(tstab- 
lished  themselves  on  the  identical  nx.keries  where  Captain  I  laiil  wen's  catch  had  t»eeii 
made,  and  the  nucleus  of  a  herd  existed  there  iiiikiiowii  to  anyone.  There  isiiodonlit 
that  it  could  have  been  develojied  into  an  important  seal  llshery  if  the  ''ici  iittdt  been 
discovered  in  rime  t(!  prevent  its  destriictidn  b>  raiders.  It  is  probalde  liiat  imii- 
viduais  have  escaped  this  latest  slaii;;hter.  and  liial  by  the  in'oteclioii  of  tbe  imikeriert 
a  lishcry  could  be  establisheil. 

PAUTIAI,   KECOUlt   OK   VVM   SKALS   TAKKN    OJJ    TUK   (iAI,Al'A(i(tS   ISLANDS, 

isld:  Dnriiiy  I'auiiiiifjs  voyat;e,  in  ISlfl,  S,0(IO  seals  were  taken  at  the  (iaiapatjos 
Islands. 

ISiif):  In  Mdiiel's  vipyafj;e  it  is  recorded  thai  a  few  seals  were  taken  at  the  south 
end  of  Allu'inarle  Island. 

I.S7L'-  18.S(h  <'a|)t.<\  W.  Ilecl  made  four  sealing'  voyaucs  lo  th(>  <  laiaiiauos  Islands 
between  1S7'J  and  1S,S(».  duriiij,'  whicli  about  «i,»HH>  seals  w(  re  taken.  I  he  skins  are 
said  to  have  been  less  valuable  than  those  from  ( liiadaliijie,  Santa  Itosa.  and  Saiila 
(!rii/,  islands. 

bsnt:  ("apt.  VV.  I*.  Noyes  found  "mon*  seals  than  in  lHi>7"  (his  latest  voya^ye). 

ISSO:  In  jxso  the  late  (Japt.  Charles  llaritwen.  of  Alame(la.  Cal..  sealed  on  the 
(ialapaj;()s  Islands,  takin<r  ■-!<>1  seals  between  .Iiiik^L'S  and  Au<,''iist  .in,  Irom  Ciilpeppci. 
Albemarle,  Narooi()iij;h,  Towe.',  and  Weiiimin  islands.  Many  youiij;  pups  were  seen, 
whicii  he  tli-Mi-ht  were  born  in  .Inly.  Many  seals  were  seen  on  the  southwest  side  of 
Wenmaii.  the  southeast  side  of  Narboron^ii.  and  the  west  side  ot  /Miiiiudon  islands, 
but  no  landiii-s  (lonld  be  elVected  at  these  |)laces.  The  seals  taken  at  Narboronjih 
were  procured  at  the  northwest  point.      I'lie  fur  was  poor,  the  skins  selliim  at  ".'i  each. 

ISSL':  <'.i|)tain  llaritwen  slated  that  he  knew  of  a  V(!ssel  which  took  son  seals  at 
the  (ialapajiits  alxnit  is.si,'. 

1«8."J:  rapt.  v.  M.  GatViiey.  in  lss."i,  obtained  about  l.tmu  seals  befween  .\uj;n8t  ,S(» 
and  l)eceml»fr  8. 

ISS7:  <';ipt,  Samuel  Smith, of  San  I'laneisco,  look  l,l'tH»  seals  trom  the  (Jalapajios 
Ishuids  jibout  1887,  tlie  skins  of  which  sold  \hv  .^T  each. 

*i.S!l7:  <'apt.  VV.  I'.  Noyes,  of  the  schooner  I'mninr,  of  San  J'raneisco,  visited  the 
lii'-iapaf-ds  Islands  in  lS!l7,aii(l  between  .Inly  I(i  and  October  1!»  secured  2l'l  seals.  i;i!» 
of  which  V, ere  females.     Althon;;li  the  lo;;  book  records  of  this  \oya}i'e  stale  that   the 
seals  were  procured  at  distan(!es  varyiny  from  one  hall  to  7  miles  tVoiii  slioic.  the 
master  subsc(|iiently  st.'itcd  that  some  ot   Hie  a  iinials  wen-  killed  in  caves  and  ekse 
wlier(M>n  land.     The  positions  given  in  tiic  lo.;  •*how  that  the  catch  was  made  in  tlit^ 
vieiinty  of  the  old  sealiii;.;  localities  on  *iie  '-lands  above  mentioned.     These  iiicom 
plete  i'e('ords  account  for  17,  ISA  fur  seals  killed  at  the  (!alapai;(is  Islamls,  but  probably 
represent  only  a  small  proportion  td'  the  numbeis  actually  taken. 
.■»!»47— I'T  6 18 


1 


?  V 


•J  74 


THK    ITK    SKALS   OF    TIIK    PIMlilLoF    ISLANDS. 


NOTE  TO  ACCOMPANY  A  PHOTOGRAPH    OF  ONE  OF    THE    SEAL    ROOKERIES  OF 

LOBOS  ISLAND,  URUGUAY. 

When  in  Montevidon,  ITni^uay.  in  .huiiiarv.  ISSS.  I  iiniiMircd  a  l»llot«>^'ral)ll,  taken 
ill  ISSC,  sliowiiifi  a  iMiitioii  of  Lohos  Island  cdVcnMl  by  seals.  It  represents  tlie  sontli- 
tM'ii  tiir  seal  {ArrloaitluilKx  tuistrulint,  and  is  inteiestinj;,  as  it  aeeins  lo  be  the  only  one 
to  be  found  representiiifj  soiitiu'iii  8»nils  ol  any  siteeics. 

The  small  rookeries  of  hobos  Island  illiistiaie  tlieu'ood  results  tollowiny  the  «'are- 
fill  protection  of  the  fnr  seal  upon  its  breeding'  ^'Ktiinds.  Altlioujili  .situated  direetly 
in  the  track  of  commerce  and  witliin  .">  miles  of  .Alaldomido,  a  town  more  tlian  one 
hundred   and  lifty  years  old.  a   prolita  »le  seal   lisheiy   has  been   miuntained   to  the 

present  time. 

rommercial  .senlin;.;-  was  carried  on  here  juior  to  IS'Jd.  The  ]»ieseiit  h'ssees  of  tlie 
island,  operutiiig  under  tiie  direction  of  the(TOVernmeiit  of  Urii;;iiay,  iilae.ed  upon  the 
London  market.  Irom  1S7.'.  to  ISitT.  .'.I'.t.TIti  salted  skins,  or  an  avcrajje  of  over  l.'.,(l(M» 
a  year.  Lobos  island  is  le.ss  than  a  mile  in  leii}itli.  is  low ,  bi  iisliy,  and  has  a  few 
bouses  near  its  ci-iitn.  Tlu'  od<ir  and  the  iioi.se  from  the  rookeries  are  noticeable  on 
passinjf  vesaels. 


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GUADALUPE  ISLAND 

LOWER  CALIFORNIA 

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Track  I'f  Schoofier Sania  Barharct 

.,         ..  dory 

Fur  Sea^ s  kill ed  o 

observed  * 

-s/va/As  co//ect.f.'d         + 


I 


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274 

NOTE  TO  , 

WUen 

in  l.SSd,  slu 
ei'ii  t'ur  seal 
to  be  i'ounil 

The  8111 
I'll!  piotetiti' 
ill  tilt'  tracl 
liuiulivil  ai 
l»rt's»Mit  till! 

<\)intui' 
islaiitl,  opei 
iiOiiiliiii  Liiai 
a  y«'ar.  Lo 
lioiisi  s  near 
passiiifi  ves; 


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Plate  XXIX. 


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CANUt    LEAVINCl    IHt    bCHOUNER. 


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Photographic 
.Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, ;  J.  Y.  14580 

;  ^r>)  872-4503 


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X.-REPORT  OF  AN  EXPEDITION  IN  SEARCH  OF  THE  FUR  SEAL  OF 
GUADALUPE  ISLAND,  LOWER  CALIFORNIA,  JUNE,  1897. 

INCLUDING  A  SURVEY  OF  THE  ISLAND  AND  NOTES  ON  THE  ANIMAL  AND  PLANT  LIFE 

OF  THE  REGION. 


Hy  WiLiiuK  Wilson  liKniuitN,  Ph.  I)., 
I'ruftSHuv  of  HioiiumuH,  .Stii -.i/urd  InivemHy. 


„    ,^  ,  .June  «,  18!t7. 

My  Okaii  Siu  :  V,„i  aro  hereby  appointed  assistant  t..  the  CouiiuisHioii  of  Fur  .Seal  Invesii.'ationH 
to  laJM' (;liiir^(M)r  tlit^  expedition  to  (jiiiuilaliii)e  Ishmd.  "  ' 

II  is  iiniliMslood  that  yomneif  and  assistants  are  to  sorvr  withont  salary,  bill  tliul  all  necea.siirv 
expeiiH.M  of  the  trip  will  l.n  paid  by  th.'.  United  Htatew  Troasnry.  It  is  understood  thai  I'rol'  li  {. 
(iieeii  shall  Im-  assistant  in  uliarKe  of  the  topographie  -.rvey  <d''the  island  and  that  I'rof.  Chailcs  H. 
'.VinK  shall  have  eharfje  of  the  photography. 

Von  iuv  dire.ted  to  take  the  steamer  (itiine<j,  of  the  United  .States  Co.ist  .Survey,  at  San  l-'ranoisco 
on.luneKI;  to  provide  yours.lves  with  instrninenis  for  toi>of,Maphir  reeonnoissan.e;  with  nmtrrial 
tor  the  eolle.tiou  and  i)res.Tvation  of  specimens  of  natnral  history,  ami  with  apparatns  for  photo- 
KiaphinK  all  oli.iei't.s  of  interest  which  yon  may  tiiid  (mi  the  island. 

Von  are  directed  to  give  special  attention  to  the  fur  .seal  rookery  which  is  Huppose.l  to  he  near 
the  nuddle  of  the  w.stoni  si.le  of  the  island.  Should  you  lind  such  a  rookery  aetually  pre.s.nt  you 
are  directed  to  .ount  the  seals  in  the  different  cateKori.'s;  to  take  photoj.raplis  of  iho  indivi'du-.l 
animals  and  of  the  rookery  as  n  whole;  to  preserve  in  formalin  three  pups  and  three  yonnti  male  skin's 
and,  if  possible,  the  skin  of  an  adult  male;  and  skeletcms  of  three  adult  males  and  of  ,■,«  minv  yonn.' 
males  should  be  pro.uie.l,  if  possibh'.  In  freneral,  you  will  ascertain  all  that  can  be  fouml  mit  in 
regard  to  tin,  natural  history  of  the  animal,  with  special  reference  to  the  comparison  between  it  and 
the  fnr  seal  of  the  north. 

I'urtbrr,  as  full  .an  investiKation  of  the  natural  history  <.f  the  island  as  is  practir.-.ble  shouhl  be 
ma.le.  This  should  imdude  the  collectiim  of  any  reptiles  and  mammals  that  may  be  found-  of  the 
lishes  and  marine  invertebrates  in  the  tide  pools,  and  as  far  aa  possible  the  birds  and  plants 

To  this  end  yon  will  iitili/e  all  the  facilities  which  may  be  giv.n  by  the  officers  and  crew  of  the 
(hdniii,  and  your  stay  on  the  island  is  at  your  own  discreticm  unless  orders  to  the  ca|itain  of  the 
Ucdnen,  Lieutenant-Commander  Osborn.  rei|uiro  him  to  leave  at  any  particular  time  (»n  leaviuir 
yon  may  i)iocce.l  back  with  the  <i,dnt,j  to  San  I'lam^isco,  or,  if  the  reasons  for  doing  so  justify  the 
expense,  you  may  proceed  to  San  Diego  and  return  by  rail. 

Any  information  concerning  the  past  or  ijresent  occupation  of  the  island  by  the  sea  elenhant 
should   be  ciiiefully  noted.  '  i    •  "u 

In  general,  the  first  work  of  the  expedition  is  to  secure  information  in  regard  to  the  fur  seal  and 
to  secure  specimens  of  the  seal,  which  is  an  nndescrihed  species.* 

Yours  very  truly,  j3,,,,,j^  j^   ,U,ui>j,^, 

Dr.  W.  W.  TiioHUHN,  Commission.,-  in  charge  of  Fur  Seal  Inre.tigation,. 

Asaiatanl  to  the  Comminslon  of  Fur  Seal  Inieatigaiiona, 

Stanford  (Jnirerxity,  California. 


•This  fur  seal  has  since  been  described  by  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam  as  a  new  species,  Arctocephalua 
tuwmendi.    I'loc.  Uiol.  Soc.  Wash.,  July  1,  1897. 

276 


1  ■;.[:! 


'if ' 


{ 


l\  .'b  i 


I 


■■I 


•J7(; 


I'liK  I'UK  hi;al8  <»k   ihk  I'ltiiiii-or  islands. 


l''oll(ivv'ni;;  tlic  iii.stnirtioiis  y;iv«Mi  in  tlic  Icllcr  iiltovv,  w«'  Ifl'l  Siiii  l'"iiiiirisco  on 
.luiiu  It)  nil  IIh>  .sl(>:uiK>r  (Inhity  iiiid  rt'iirliMd  <iiiii(liilii|)«t  Island  uii  tlio  iiioniiii^  of 
iliiiie  21.  Wo  iiMiiiiiiHsd  oU'vcmi  days,  and  during  tliis  tinu'  Wf  rarct'iilly  studied  Ww  r»(l 
niih's  (if  coast  liin',  laiMiinj;  wIumi  it  Wits  possibN^  or  ninniiif;  the  stjMincr  or  laiiiicli  so 
dost'  iiislion-  that  ('V»My  detail  <ould  I»o  closi-ly  oiiscrvrd.  XtMi'ly  llic  cntin^  t'listcni 
anil  soutluMii  shores  were  oxjilorcd  on  loot  and  about  liall"  of  the  wt'stern  sliori'.  Tlu' 
nortliwcstt'rn  sliorc.  whcrr  most  of  tlio  caves  are  located,  conld  not  he  leaclied  on 
account  of  tlic  hciivy  surf,  hut  it  was  possible  to  run  the  steamer  witliin  .".(Ml  feci  of 
the  surf  line  iind  curefnllv  observe  every  iioiut  by  means  of  the  glasses. 

The  interior  of  liu>  island  was  tliorou};lily  explored  and  nearly  every  form  of  Itird 
ami  insert  and  plant  life  seen  Wiis  ctdlectcd.  A  list  of  these  f(U*ms  is  iippcnded  bttliiM 
report.     No  reptiles  were  found.'     A  list  of  thetish  collccrtcl  is  fjiven  i)elow. 

To  Professors  (ireen  ami  Win},'  foil  the  very  dillicult  and  otten  dangerous  w<uk  ot 
oxploriii<;  tiic  inlerioi  of  llic  island,  whih-  I  };ave  most  of  my  attention  to  the  coast  line. 
Tiieut.  ('OMimander  A.  P.  Osboru,  commamliu}:^  the  (liilni ji,  \t\it  his  siiip  and  crvw  at 
our  disposal,  aiul  from  him  and  his  ollicers  wo  received  most  ellicient  help.  .\ 
complete  survey  of  the  shore  line  and  a  skoti^h  of  the  island  was  mad(>  by  the  ollicers 
of  the  (liihiii/.     A  copy  of  this  sUetcrli  map  is  transinitted  witii  this  report. 

The  shore  line  is  everywhere  comi»osed  of  ra;;;ie(l  nmsses  of  rock  freshly  lalleu 
from  the  clill's  abi>ve  and  seems  too  unstable  to  allow  the  ;rrowth  of  m;irine  forms  or 
of  tide-pool  life.  Tlieie  is,  for  these  tropical  waters,  very  little  lile,  and  the  inverte- 
brates that  were  found  were  small  in  size  and  iu)t  very  niunerous. 

There  are  no  kelp  beds  about  the  island,  ai'.d  everywhere  but  in  a  little  <;ove  on 
the  siaitli  side  of  the  island,  wher«i  it  is  comparatively  shallow,  the  water  is  very  deep 
a  sliorl  distance  from  the  sluue.  Tiiis  may  he  the  ex|)lanatioii  of  the  small  numbi>r  of 
water  birds.  Durinji  the  ten  <lays  I  saw  but  two  shafis  ami  ei;;ht  ;;ulls.  The  oidy 
water  bird  that  seemed  (piite  coiinnon  was  a  ni},'lit  tlyin;j  petrel  On  the  northwestern 
coast  are  numerous  caves  into  which  the  waves  break,  it  was  in  tlies(' caves  that  the 
fur  seal  was  fornu'riy  found  in  larp-  iiund)ers. 

A  very  earefid  study  of  the  TiO  ndles  of  <ioast  line  was  made  with  sjieciai  refereiiee 
to  the  present  or  past  occupation  by  the  fur  seal.  In  some  places  it  was  impossible  to 
land  on  account  of  the  hij;h  surf,  in  lliese  cases  the  boat  was  run  as  close  inshore 
as  possible  anil  every  object  visible  was  exauuned  with  };lasses.  I'nfortunatcly,  the 
sea  was  too  roui;h  to  make  a  iMimplete  and  ndnute  examination  id' all  the  caves,  iiut 
in  the  repealed  trips  around  the  i.-land  and  six  trii»s  alon^,' tlie  northwest  shore,  where 
most  of  the  caves  are  located,  no  fur  seal  or  bones  other  tlian  the  bones  of  ^^oats  were 
seen.  Two  sea  lions  {ZdlapliHs  aili/ornianHs)  were  seen  on  an  mitlyin^  rock  off 
Steamer  l'oint(see  maji).  l"'rom  the  blutls,  which  on  the  west  coast  are  from  r»(llt  to  1, ()(»(» 
feet  liifjli  above  the  shore,  the  coast  line  was  carefully  studied,  but  no  seal  were  noted 
on  the  rocks  or  in  the  water.  On  the  south  side  of  the  outer  island  (see  niajt)  is  a 
rookery  of  sea  lions  (/^(/o/>/(m,v  i-dlifornianiis).  A  count  made  at  S  o'clock  a.  m.  showed  10 
bulls,  TjU  cows,  and  M  i)ups.  This  rookery  was  repeatedly  exannned  in  hopes  of  lindiu}" 
fur  seal  amou};'  the  sea  lions,  but  none  wore  seen.  One  day  was  spent  on  the  rookery 
sketchin}''  and  photojrraphiny-  the  sea  lions.  The  adults  were  ciuite  timid  and  took  to 
the  water  if  we  approached  within  40  feet  of  them.  TlKMif^h  the  bulls  tried  to  herd 
the  cows  back  on  to  the  rocks  and  irequeutly  succeeded,  none,  of  them  would  come 
near  us,  nor  did  any  of  the  bulls  come  ashore  while  we  were  on  the  rookery.    The 

I  III  Itiill.Ciil.  Aiiiil.  S(ti.,  \  (.1.  I,  p.  L'L'ii,  I'nif.  i;.  I,,  (irecne  spealcs  (ifseoing  two  or  three  BuiiiU  lizards. 


r'Ml 


I 


•'riiinis('it  on 
inoriiiiii^  *>r 
iidiotl  Ww  r»0 
or  laiiiicli  so 
itin^  (Mstfiii 
slioii'.     Tlu' 

B   l'«MHll('(l    oil 

II   .-.(HI  r.rl  (»r 

toriii  ol  hirti 
I'II<I*mI  Id  tliis 
low. 

'Htiis  work  ot 
lie  coast  lino. 
I  !in<l  «'i'','\v  at 
IMlt  lu'lp.  .V 
»y  tilt'  ollirers 
It. 

llt'slll.V    tilliOII 

irine  t'orins  or 
(1  till'  invt'rtc- 

littli'  covf  on 
r  is  v«'iy  (Uu'p 
lall  niiinl)(>r  of 
lis.  Tin'  only 
north  wcstoni 
aves  that  tln' 

M'ial  r<il'tM('iu'(i 

impossilde  to 

close  inshore 
rtniiiitcly,  the 
c  caves,  lint 
t  shore,  where 

of  ^oiits  were, 
ying  rock  oil" 
mi.''>0()tol,()IH) 
3a I  wvw  noted 

see  Ilia]))  is  a 
,  111.  showed  10 

])esof  tiiidiii}; 
)ii  the  rookery 
id  and  took  to 

tried  to  herd 
111  wonld  come 

rookcuy.     The 

rei-  Huiitll  lizurda. 


FISH    OK    Oir.\LiAI,ll'K    I>I,ANI>. 


■-'77 


pups  were  •inile  fearless  and  crawled  around  our  feet.  VVc  took  oim*  skin  and  a 
skeleton  iind  two  pups.  On  the  rookery  we  found  a  cow  that  had  been  dead  two  or 
three  weeks,  and  evidently  shot.  There  were  everywhere  siffus  tha*  (lie  island  is 
freipieiitly  visited,  and  the  iinproteeted  fur  seal  whose  hide  is  said  to  l»e  worth  *l.') 
hiis  prolialily  iieeii  almost,  if  not  entirely,  e.\t«>rininated  by  those  who  visit  the  island 
for  other  purposes. 

.\s  to  the  presence  or  absence  of  In r  seal  on  the  island  at  the  preseiil  time,  I  can 
only  say  that  if  there  are  any  let!  they  are  few.  During  the  (lieven  days  wc  wvw  at 
(iiiadaliipe  parties  were  in  various  parts  of  the  islan<l,all  on  the  lookout  for  spc(;imens, 
and  none  were  seen.  Mr.  A.  V\^  Anthony,  of  Han  Diepo,  who  visited  the  island  a  few 
inontiis  hef(»re  <Mir  party,  says  that  he  Haw  two  or  three  then,  tlionnh  he  failed  to 
secure  them. 

In  this  connection  we  may  put  on  record  certain  notes  furnished  (MincerninK  these 
seals.     Mr.  Anthony,  under  date  of  November  -0,  San  l>ie{;o,  writes: 

II  wciiilil  Itn  iuipo^HiMo  fur  me  to  ^ivo  you  any  iileiiof  tlifliiiiinlior  of  t'lir  noiiInIIII  It^ftiii  <iiiailalii|in 
I^Iiiik!.  riial  a  low  iir«  li'I'l  tluMf  I  know,  for  I  liavr  Hcfm  two  or  tlircti  lli<(  (laul  uprliiK.  ioiil  iioiiti  liiivt* 
liriMi  Uilli'il  HJiiro.  'I'lit'ii'  iii'o,  howovor,  vriy  finv  Icfl,  ioul  IIk'hh  ari'Houlteniil  und  lun  only  to  li<i  foiinil 
III  a  lew  ctiTrs  that  aiB  cxposeil  only  at  low  tido.  I  can  nivti  yon  no  lanilniarks  wlinroliy  thcHu  cowh 
conlcl  li(<  fonml;  lint   I   think  tli«y  arc  lonliniMl  to  tlu'  weather  {noi  H   vest)  anil  caNturu  siclrs  '  of  llii> 

I  have  niailo  Ni-voral  tripH  to  tint  iNliiiiil,  th«  tirst  wiih  Mr.  TowiibcuiI  in  IS'tL',  U'r  I'aih'il  to  obtain 
an>  H|ioc  irnciiH.  Th.i  I'ollowiinj  y'ar,  howpvfr,  Htl  sralH  wero  killml  tliom.  ami  ajjain  l."i  wne  taken  the 
Hccond  year  after  onr  visit.  Since  then  the  Hoalers  have  couHidoroil  llicso  Mcals  extinct,  hnt  they  are 
a^uin  talking  of  sealing  the  island. 

III  conversation  with  thoMo  who  Healed  there  wlieii  tint  t  \m  wah  coniinnn  I  learn  that  the  old 
IhiIIm  left  the  feinaleH  and  jMipi)  us  Hoon  uh  the  latter  were  a  week  or  so  old,  anil  were  not  a^alii  m-en 
until  the  fi.  '  iiij;  year.  It  is  thonuht  that  they  f;o  to  sia,  hut  it  is  fur  more  likely  that  they  resort 
to  <aves  opening  lielow  the  Hiirface  of  the  water,  since  the  Hpecich  sceiiiM  to  he  resident  only  on  the 
ihI  I  '*,  and  liaH  never  lieen  neen,  ho  far  aH  I  can  learn,  east  of  the  Los  Henitos  Island,  not  even  hanlin^ 
on  Oerros  iNland,  20  inileH  east  of  the  lieniton,  when  they  were  coininon  on  the  latter. 

I  think  all  are  ^one  from  the  KenitoH,  nince  I  have  I'allcd  there  four  timcH  in  the  paal  two  yearn 
and  have  not  found  any.  1  am,  however,  satislied  that  enoiiKh  are  Htill  on  ttiiadalniie  to  reHlore  the 
herd  in  time;  lint  aliHoliite  protection  Ih  neceHsary  and,  fur  all  I  can  see,  imposiiilile. 

Since  learninn  that  the  (inadahipe  seal  lielon^ed  to  the  Houthern  nennn  I  fully  exjiected  to  tind 
Home  aliiint  the  liieville>;igedo  iHlands,  thim  conneetiuK  thorn  with  the  (ialapafjus  HpecicH,  lint  a  careful 
search  about  thone  iHlands  failed  to  lirin>;  to  li^;ht  evidences  of  Heals  of  any  specien. 

Jacks  Hay,  where  Mr.  C  \l.  Townseiid  found  four  skulls  of  fur  seal  in  May,  IS9L', 
and  Sea  Klephant  iieach,  on  the  northwest  side,  were  both  visited  by  Profes.sors  (ircen 
and  Wing;  but  a  careful  search  revealed  neither  seal  nor  elephant  seal,  nor  did  they 
Iind  any  parts  of  the  skeleton  of  either  animal. 

The  lisli  collected  about  the  ishiud  were  identitiod  by  Dr.  C.  II.  Tiilbert,  and  the 
list  is  given  below.  Except  in  the  tide  pools,  wliieli  were  worked  by  Professor  (Ireeii, 
no  thorough  stiuly  of  the  tisli  was  made,  lionito  and  yellow-tail  were  quite  comiuon 
and  were  caught  by  trolling  from  the  steamer. 


(lilinpliuiroitun J'rancinca  (iirard. 
Cariharhiuun  fronto  (.liirdan  and  Oilhort). 
Trill hiiruH  xiiinmitriciin  (Ay res). 
I'linilahrar  itnlhratiiH  ((iirard). 
(linlln  iiiiiricaHH  (Ay res.) 
Ilifpni/pupn  riibiciinduH  ((iirard). 


I'imeliwittopon  ptilvhrr  (Ayres). 
/rir/i'o  Hemirinrtiis  (Ayres). 
Clinoi of luH  (inalis  ((Iirard). 
<'au<itlaUUt»  princeps  .Jeiiyns. 
Kemora  rnnora  (Linna'ii.s). 


'The  euHtern  side  was  so  thoroughly  examined  by  our  party  that  I  feel  jiiHtitied  in  saying  that 
there  were  none  on  that  side  during  the  period  of  "ur  visit. — \V.  W.  T. 


i 


w 


278 


TllK    FUK    .sKALb    OF    TllK    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


if  ■ 


)i       I 


it 


\V' 


4t 


M' 


ft 


THE  BIRDS  OF  GUADALUPE  ISLAND. 

The  a'jsoiu'o  of  water  birds  was  constantly  noticed.  In  one  trip  of  18  miles  alojif; 
the  western  shore  I  saw  but  two  gulls  (fjanis  occhii'titalis),  two  (M)rinorants,  and  one 
sooty  albatross.  Nowhere  di  ■  we  see  any  signs  of  the  extensive  breeding  grouiids  so 
coinnion  on  the  islands  nearer  the  Mexican  shore. 

But  two  forms  of  water  birds  were  at  all  common.  The  first  was  the  night-tlyiiig 
petrel  {Ocvanodromn  leucorhoa  maerotlactyla).  This  was  abundant  about  tin'  sliip  at 
night  when  we  were  anchored  near  theclifts,  and  specimens  were  repeatedly  (*aptured 
alive.  It  was  attracted  by  the  fires  of  parties  camping  on  the  shore  and  was  freipiently 
mistaken  for  a  bat. 

The  other  water  bird  that  was  seen  in  large  numbers  was  calliid  by  the  sailors 
"sea  pigeon.''  We  met  them  in  large  numbers  some  distance  from  the  island,  either 
resting  uixm  the  surface  or  flying  close  to  the  water,  but  we  could  not  get  near  enough 
to  iilentify  them.  It  may  have  been  the  black-vented  shearwater  (l'ii(fitius  fiairn) 
which  Mr.  Walter  H.  Hryant  saw  here.  The  following  list  includes  the  birds  identified 
during  the  ten  days  from  June  21  to  .Inly  1.  I  have  followed  the  paper  on  the  Orni- 
thology »)f  Guadalupe  Island,  by  Walter  K.  Bryant  (Bui.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  11,201)). 

1.  LaruB  occideutaliB.     WoNttTii  ifuW. 

Two  specimens,  .seen  nearly  every  day  on  the  rocks  along  the  southern  .shore. 

2.  Oceaiiodroma  leucoiboa  macrodactyla.     Kr.viint'M  |)uM'«l. 

This  little  bird  was  very  common  «)n  dark  night,s.  It  w<»uld  fly  antund  the  ship 
uttering  a  |ie<uiliar  cry.  Occasionally  one  would  .strike  the  rigging  and  fall  to  the  deck 
or  enter  tiie  cabin.  Several  specimens  were  secured  in  this  way  and  kept  alive  several 
days. 

3.  Buteo  borealis  caluruB.    Western  rodtiii I 

Two  si)ecimens  weie  seen  over  the  southern  part  of  the  islaiul.  It  was  frequently 
seen  in  the  southern  part.     No  specimens  were  secured. 

4.  Falco  sparverius.    Ainorican  Hparrow  hawk. 

5.  Colaptes  rufipileua.    (iiiU(l:ilui*o  dicker. 

Three  specimens  were  secured  among  the  pines  at  thenorthern  imrtion  of  the  island. 

6.  MicropuB  melaiioleucus.     Wliito-lhruiktod  HwiCt. 

A  swift  of  some  kiml  was  occasi<mally  seen  about  the  higher  parts  of  the  island. 
None  were  secured  for  positive  itlentitication,  and  these  may  have  been  some  other 
species. 

7.  CarpodacuB  ampluB.    (iiiailiilupp  Iichiho  liiieli. 

\'ery  common  about  the  sj)rings  on  the  top  «tf  the  island. 

8.  Junco  iUBulariB.    (iii:id:iliii)<\iunc<>. 

Very  conunon  among  the  pines  and  cypress  trees  of  the  summit. 

9.  Pipilo  couBobriiiuB.    (iiiadulupe  towhee. 

One  8i)ecimen. 

10.  Salpiuctes  guadeloupensis.    (iiiaduliipe  rock  wruii. 

Very  commou  everywhere,  especially  among  the  rocika  along  shore. 


efjm 


41 


8  miles  aloiifj 
nts,  and  ono 
\f  grounds  so 

>  night- (lying 

tho  ship  at 

dly  (captured 

lis  frequently 

y  the  sailors 
island,  either 
.  near  enough 
ilfiniis  <f(tirii) 
I'dH  identitied 
iMi  the  Orni- 
Vol.  11,2()1>). 

rn  shore. 

iind  the  ship 
lltothede.'k 
alive  several 


as  frequently 


of  the  island. 

)f  the  island. 
II  Honie  other 


sriDKKS     \Mt    lNS|-.(    IS    OK    t,l  AliAl.ri'K    IS|,AM>.  27!) 

GUADALUPE    ISLAND    SPIDERS    AND    INSECTS. 

Hy  Wii.i.iAM  AiM'i.r.i'oN  Snow, 
Aaninhinl  in  Entomitlnijii,  l.thind  Sttin/i)iil,  ■hiiiinr,  riiiiinity. 

Class  AK'ACIINIDA. 

Order  ARANEIDA. 

1  LycoHa  s)i. 

liMiiiiitiiri'  mule.     One  spcciiiieii. 

2  Habrocest.um  II.  sp.   ' 

"  I'niliahly  new,  l>ii(,  as  it  is  not  adult,  I  would  raflier  not  descrilMi  it,  ailhougii 
its  (•o!(u-ation  is  doubtless  chaiacteiistic."— Kanks  in  lit-t.     T\v(»  sju'ciiiifiis. 

3.  Callilepsis  iiiaularis  II.  sp.     liMiik.s  MS. 

"Closi'ly  lest'inltlt^s  CnllilriisiK  i)litlit,  lidiii  Wasliington  8tate."'    Two  speeiiuens. 

4.  Maiptiisa  californica  I'ci'U  .' 

One  immature  speeimeii. 

Class  Mi;XAI'OI)A. 

Ordei   ORTHOPTERA 

1.  Trimerotropis  laiita  S( mill. 

Known  only  tVttin  ( iuiKhihijte.     Ten  sperinu-ns, 

2.  Gryllus  guadclnpensis  SiiicUl.     ,Ms. 

One  specinu'U.     'riieic  were  also  several  immature  Acridiche. 


Order  COLEOPTERA. 


Calosoma  semilaeve  l.t'iv 
Ainara  insignis  |)<<j. 
Amara  californica  DcJ. 
Derinestes  vtilpiiius  I'iilir. 
Trogosita  viresceiis  l'al>r. 
Pristoscelis  sp. 


1.  Myrmeleoii  sp. 
One  speeimen. 

1.  Lygii'id. 

One  specimen,  IVagmeiitary. 

2.  Payllid 

One  specimen,  fragmentary. 


Colaspidea  cuprasccns  Lor. 
Moiioxia  cousputa  l.ci-. 
Coelotaxis  punctulnta  lldrii. 
CcBlotaxis  muricata  Horn,  f 
Helops  bachei  Lee. 


Order  NEUROPTERA 
Order  HEJVIIPTERA. 

Order  DIPTERA. 


1.  Anthrax  sp. 

Two  specimens,  in  very  poor  condition. 

2.  Eupeodes  volucriH  ( isttMi  suckiii. 

One  specimen,  male.    A  Western  species, which  extends  as  far  eastward  as  western 
Kansas. 

3.  Erisfalis  lenax  l.iiiM. 

One  sp(  (■iineii,  male. 

4.  Mesogi  annua  sp. 

A  single  shrunken  and  di.scoloied  spe<'iinen, 


I  m 
I    ?i 


1  ■ 


i^  ■ 


'  4 


m 


^■^ 


■^ 


Hi 


280 


Till;    ITK    SKALS    OF    Tllli    I'Kimi.Ol'    ISLANDS. 


I  III 


ill 


III 


5.  DroBophila  s)i. 

Olio  spi'i'iiiUMi. 

6.  Sarcophaga  s]). 

roiii  spocimtMis. 

7.  Compsomyia  inacellaria  l'iil>r. 

<  )nc  apeciiiii'ii,  iiiiilt', 

8.  Li'.cilia  Uc«aai  l.inii. 

l'\»lir  s])i'C'illUMIs, 

9.  Calliphoia  vomitoria  I. inn. 

One  siK'ciiiu'ii. 

All  of  tlicsc  iiist'cts  wtMc^  pn'servtMl  in  alcoliol.  Tlu'  nioio  ddiciito  ot  (liciii — tlio 
(liptiMii — were coiisciiueiitly  soiiiowhat  shrunken  aud  discolon'd. 

.Iiidt;inj;  Iroiu  tliis  little  collcctioii,  the  insect  fauna  of  (iuadahipo  Island  can  not 
ditVcr  markedly  from  that  of  sonu'  parts  of  Calitornia. 


1^1  iS 


!)   if 


^1 


if 

r 


REPORT  ON   THE  PLANTS  OF  GUADALUPE  ISLAND. 

lt\   WlI.I.IAM     IvOSI.I.l.    DriH.KY, 

I'yoJ'insiir  of  Siisliinalic  Hotaini  iii  I.tlanil  Slaiil'ortI  Junior  riiirrrsity. 

The  collection  of  iilauts  made  on  (luadalui)e  Ishmd  in  IS!>7  was  oathoied  during 
the  lust  wetk  in  -luiic  by  I'rofs.  Ifufus  L.  (lieen,  (Miarles  I!.  Winp,  and  Wilbur  VV. 
Thobiun.  The  dry  season  was.  of  course,  well  advanced,  and  the  collection  is  ciiieHy 
interesting;'  as  showin,:;  what  is  to  Ite  found  in  bloom  in  the  summer. 

Tlic  island  had  been  visited  by  Dr.  Kdward  Palmer,  who  collected  from  February 
till  May,  l.S7o;  visited  all  parts  of  the  island,  and  obtained  ].'51  siteciesof  plants.  These 
were  ind)lished  by  Sereno  Watson  in  the  i'nicietliii(i.s  of  the  Amcrhnn  Aitidenni  i>J' 
Arts  (unl  Scifiiccs,  XI,  l((,j.  Of  these,  lil  were  peculiar  to  the  island.  Dr.  i'almer 
a>;ain  visited  (iuadalupe  Island  in  ISS!).  for  a  short  time.  A  list  of  Dr.  Palmer's  last 
collection  was  reported  ui)on  by  Dr.  .).  N.  Ko.se  in  tlie  Contributions  to  the  II.  H. 
National  Herbarium,  I,  I'l.  Here  4  new  species  are  imblished  and  L'lt  species  are 
listed  as  peculiar  to  the  island. 

Prof,  iklward  L.  (Jreene  next  cfdlected  there  seven  days  during  the  last  half  of 
April,  ISS.").  He  added  several  to  Palmer's  list,  iuirluding  several  new  s|»e(Mes.  His 
observations,  together  with  a  revised  list  of  the  plants  of  the  island,  were  published 
by  \\ni<'i(li/<>niia  Afadtmy  of  Scirnces,  Hidletin,  I,  L'l  1. 

Dr.  1'.  l'>anccsclii,  of  Santa  P.arbara,  collected  there  during  l)ec,eiid)er,  ISO'J,  ami  a 
|)art  of  .lanuary,  1S!>;>,  and  published  an  interesting  series  of  notes  on  his  observations 
in  Zoc,  iSan  l-'rancisco),  I  V,  i;i(l. 

A.  W.  Anthony  and  T.  S.  lUandegee  visited  the  island  in  Heptend)ei',  l.S!M»,  for  a 
short  time,  and  again  in  March,  1<S!>7,  ami  have  already  distributed  a  limited  number 
of  herbarium  specimens  fnun  there. 

About  )'•■  sjjeeies  of  tloweriug  jjlants  have  been  reported.  The  Stanf(»rd 
Tniversity  imity  l)rought  back  .'i?  sitecies,  of  which  .'{  (a  T<diiuim,  a  Fraiikriiia,  and 
a  I'liyllusixtdixj,  have  not  before  been  reported  and  belong  to  genera  new  to  tlie  island. 

NoTK.-Tlic  Ara4'lmi(la  wcro  (Intunniiiod  liy  Mr.  Niilliaii  Itaiikn;  the  orlho'itora,  l>y  Mr.  .S.  II. 
Sciuldcr;  ihi'  ('iilt'opttTa  liy  .Mr.  Sannifl  lluiisliaw. 


PLANTS    (»F   (iHADALUPK   ISLAND. 


2S1 


hcin — the 
d  ciiii  in»t 


0(1  (luring 
rVilhur  VV. 
I  is  fhieliy 

I  Fobiiiar.v 
its.  Tlieso, 
Ictnhiinf  of 
)r.  raliner 
Imt'i's  last 

tlie  II.  S. 

piHiies  are 

ast  half  of 
cii's.  His 
linblislied 


Our  party  laiMU'd  at  tlu^  aiudioratji^  at  the  south  end  and  explorod  the  dry  contral 
valley  (iccnpyini,^  (Im  south  halt  of  the  island;  they  also  explored  the  northern  half 
froia  the  west  anehoraye,  and  from  that  on  tln^  northeast  sidi^.  The  northwest  and 
much  of  the  ceiilral  part  remained  nnvisited,  chietiy  on  account  of  the  dryness 
and  lu^at  and  the  ilitlitulty  "f  transporting  water;  therefore  the  collection  coidd  not 
have  been  by  any  nioaiii^  exinuistive. 

Destiiiclive  of  vegetation  as  are  the  goats,  they  are  d«'barr<'d  froui  visiting  tin; 
southern  half  of  tiie  islainl  in  tin;  dry  season  by  the  distance  fr(»m  the  oidy  fresh 
water — the  springs  at  the  north  eiul.  If  anyone  could  uuike  a  thorough  survey  <>f  the 
summer  lloni  of  the  south  end,  he  would  find  apparently  the  natural  conditions  nearly 
iindistiiibed,  and  would  he  rewarded  i)robab!y  by  new  discoveries. 

Tlie  Stanford  jiarty  report,  as  all  otliers  have  done,  that  the  woody  plants  of  the 
island  are  doomed  if  the  present  conditions  continue.  They  nuule  careful  search,  but 
were  unable  to  discover  that  a  single  young  or  seedling  tree  had  escaped  destruc^tion 
)>y  tin'  goats.  Muny  dead  but  no  living  JuniperR  were  seen,  and  the  <!ause  of  the 
death  of  so  many  of  tiie  cypresses  iippcars  to  have  been  demonstrated.  The  goats 
strip  otV  th(^  living  bark  of  the  latter  in  places,  and  the  tree  in  its  effort  to  repair  the 
injury  forms  a  new  sonu'wiiat  hypertrophied  growth,  leaving  a  dead  streak  underneath. 
The  increase  and  decay  (»f  these  dead  spots  tinally  leaves  but  a  shell  of  living  bark 
and  wood  ncai'  the  base  of  the  tree,  and  the  winter  winds  overturns  it  years  be.ore  the 
time  of  its  natuial  death. 

'■'he  presence  of  a  considerable  amount  of  dead  wood  in  the  southern  part  of  tlui 
island  has  been  observed  by  collectors  previous  to  ours,  and  it  was  supposed  to  b<! 
the  juniper:  but  the  structure  of  the  specinu'us  brought  honu^  agrees  well  with  that 
of  the  cypress  and  not  with  the  wood  of  the  juniiier  collected  on  the  mainlaml.  The 
(■yi»resses,  theretbre,  probably  extended  ovt'r  the  s<mthern  half  of  the  island  until 
destroyed  by  the  goats,  and  their  disappearance  may  have  caused  the  disajtpearance 
of  subperennia!  springs,  iis  in)ne  exist  in  that  region. 

It  was  gratifying  to  find  I'lii/llnspadi.v  existing  on  (inadalupe.  It  is  another  link 
eonne(!ting  this  liora  with  central  Calilbrnia.  It  is,  moreover,  the  most  southern  station 
reported  to  me,  the  n(^\t  northerlv  being  at  Knsenada,  in  the  northern  part  of  Lower 
(lalitbruia.     It  is  the  most  insular  also. 

The  tiowering  plants  are  given  beh>w,  and  the  few  nu)sses.  lichens,  and  alga' 
brought  back  will  be  reported  elsewhere. 

l'l,0\Vi;WIN(i   I'liANTS  ('()|,LKCTi:i)  IN    IIIK  SIIMMKIJ  OK  IS'.l?  <»N  (il'AI>AI,ri'r,  ISLAND. 


S!t2,  and  a 
)ser  vat  ions 

1,S!M»,  lor  a 
:ed  nund)er 

Stanford 
il;fni<i,  and 
I  tiieislaiul. 

I>y  Mr.  S.  11. 


Eschacoltzia  ramosa,  K.  1..  (iri'dx'. 

.Mi  parts  of  tiie  island.     Only  a  few  in  llower. 
Oligomeris  subiilata,  Itois^. 

Near  the  northeast  landing. 
Silene  gallica,  1.. 
Spergularia  moerothica,  llt'viili. 

Ill   fruit.     Densely  glandtilar-tomenton.     Abundant  among  rocks,  smith  end  ot 
island. 
Praukenia  grandifolia,  Cliiiiii.  ami  Scliloclil. 

On  tiu)  side  of  the  bank  near  the  northeast  anchorage. 


282 


•111 


KUK    SKAI.S    CH'     IliK    I'UllllLol'    IsLANIiS. 


8! 


!1    ! 


!.       i 


Talinuni  Otiadahipense,  n.  s|>. 

Ijeaves  tliick  aiul  llesliy  (iblaiKtooliilo,  2  to  ~>  cciitiiiiotors  loiif^,  all  linlical.  IJoot 
lusifonn,  tlosliy,  broadoiiiiif;'  at  top  into  a  short  rliizoiiia  (!xtt'iMliii{j  latt'ially.  I'lowcr 
ill};  paiiiclos  .'{  to  5  (let'iiiietors  in  lioight,  asci'iuliii}:,  nuked  I'xcopt  for  tlio  deltoid 
aciiniinate  s(!aiions  hraitts  at  tlie  liases  »)("  tlie  divaricate,  scattered  liiaiidics  wliieli 
occupy  tlie  iijiper  halt'.  Flowers  in  terminal  close  clusters.  Sejials -,  Kniiidish,  jier- 
sistent.  Petals  rose-colored,  broadly  oborate,  nearly  1  centimeter  loii^.  Stamens 
numerous.  Slender  exseited  style  Avith  a  -  to  ;?  lobed  stijjma.  ('apsule  Ijioadly ovoid 
acute.  Walls  throe- valved,  splittinjjiVom  above.  Placenta  basal.  Seedsdisiv-sliapcd, 
numerous. 
Sphaeialcia? 

Material  scanty.     Near  northeast  laiidinj,'. 
Malva  borealis,  VValliu. 
Erodium  Cicutariiiin,  b'llor.  Alfllarjlhi. 

Ill  fruit. 
Erodium  moschatuni,  l/llei. 

In  fruit.     C'ontrary  to  Prolessor  <lreciie"s  tsxperieiice  in  ISSri,  the  Krodiiims  have 
become  widely  exteiidetl  over  the  island  and  Ibriii  the  favorite  food  tor  the  yoats. 
Rhus  Laiiriiia,  Null.     I.jiircl  Miiiiacli. 

In  tlower.     Colk'cted  troiii  the  shrubs  mentioned  by  l''ranceschi  in  the  old  crater 
on  the  northeast  side  of  the  island.     The  only  ones  seen. 
Trifolium  microcephalum,  I'lirsli. 

In  fruit,  north  end  of  island. 
Hosackia  ornithopus,  (iret'iii'? 

Too  fragmentavv  tor  exact  determinathui;  near  northeast  landing. 
Mentzelia  micrantha,  'Corr.  A  (Jr. 

North  end,  in  the  canyon. 
Cactus  Goodriohii  (Sclmer. ),  Kunl/n.     {  Maniilltiriti  ijoDiirh  .li  Sclicor.) 

In  fruit.    Not  many  specimens  observed,  and  all  contined  to  the  south  end  of  the 
island. 
Opuntia  prolifera,  Kiigoltii.     I'rickly  poar. 

Abundant  near  the  northeast  part  of  the,  island,  also  near  the  west  side  aiicliora{j;e, 
and  scarce  at  the  south  einl  in  the  central  valley. 
Mesembryanthemum  cryBtalliimm.    1.. 

Near  south  anchorage. 
Filago  Californioa,  Null. 
Franseria  camphorata,  (iroi'iic 
Hemizonia  frutescens,  (iray.     (.uailahiiic  lar  wcimI. 

In  full  tlower.  Abundant  in  the  soiitli  part  of  the  island  on  very  rough,  rocky 
lava  soil,  or  sand  near  the  red  lava  coucs.  Reported  by  Palmer  in  1S7r>  as  very  rare, 
by  (iieeiie  as  abundant.  It  may  have  increased,  as  goats  do  not  relish  it.  It  is 
reuiarkable  as  a  siilVrutescent  species  in  a  genus  of  annuals,  and  was  so  observed  by 
Dr.  Palmer  and  by  our  collectors  in  1897,  as  evidenced  by  specimens. 
Ferity le  incaiia,  <iray. 

This  tine  species  was  iu  full  tlower.    Abundant  in  southern  part  of  island. 


I'LANTS   UF    OUADALUl'E   IfjLAND. 


283 


Peiityle  Giayi,  I>'ipsc. 

In  llowcr  :iihI  ri«',i|iiciil   in   tlic  ciiiiyon  iibovc-  tiie  iiorUuuist  liindinj,'.     (Tliis  is  the 
/'.  //'woj// of  VViit.son's  :iii(l  /'.  (Jalifoniicd  ofMireeno's  list.) 
Centauiea  Meliteiisis.     I..     N.ip.i  lliistli'. 

Along  the  trail  near  mirth  ("ud.     Colict^ti'd  also  by  Dr.  Palmer  in  1881). 
Soiichus  oleraceus,  I..     Sow  iIiIhiIi'. 
Oilia  ITeviuii,  (iray. 

In  fruit.     (Tiic  <iiliii  miiUicuulis  miU<J\>Ua,  <iray  of  Watson's  list.) 
Fhacelia  floribunda,  (iri'ciii'. 

In  trait  and  tlower.    Canyon  at  the  north  end. 
Kiynitzkia  inaiitima,  <  I  room!. 

Wionj;ly  relcired  in  Watson's  report  on  Palmer's  eollection  of  I87ri  (o  Kfitrirhium 
angmfifoliuiii  Ton.;  included  later  by  Gray  under  his  K.  r<unosisiiim((,  from  which 
it  was  separated  l)y  (Jicene.     Mull.  Cal.  Acad.  1':1'01. 
Mirabilis  Califoinica,  (iniy. 
Cheuopodiiiin  miirale,  L. 
Atriplex  Palmeii,  (iiiiy. 

Ill  fruit.     In  the  central  valley  at  south  end. 
CypiesBus  Giiadalupensis,  WatNcm.     liiiiiiI:ilii|io  cyjiirNs. 

Hxeellent  youiij;  tlowers  and  fruits.  Its  time  of  tloweriii},'  must  therefore  be  much 
later  than  <'.  macroctiiini,  {lit'  ^Monterey  cypress,  with  which  Dr.  blasters  has  been 
inclined  to  unite  it.  The  bark  on  (sc-ctions  of  Iiiid)s  (J  inches  in  diameter  scales  otf  in 
irregular  Hakes,  suggesting'  the  rhttaiiii.s,  and  jihotographs  of  the  native  groves  show 
a  broad,  round  head  in  isolated  trees.  The  stringy  bark  and  .s}>iie  top  of  (J,  iinurovarpa 
are  well  known.  Moreover,  the  seeds  in  the  latter  are  nearly  twice  as  many  and  often 
only  half  as  large  as  in  V,  (luadahipinnis. 
Fiiius  insignia,  Uoii;;!,  var.  Binata.  Kiigclin.    (iiiaiUliipe  pint'. 

Few,  not  more  than  fifty,  on  the  northeast  ridge. 
Pliyllospadix  Torreyi,  Wuls.    Sen  giiiris. 

Scarce,  near  the  west  anchorage  and  the  south  anchorage.     Only  a  single  tlower- 
ing  branch  was  obtained  and  no  fruit.     The  leaves  and  spadix  are  more  attenuated 
than   in  the  California  plant,  but  the   inllorest^encc  ami  abundant  root-stocks  and 
leaves  are  of  similar  habit.     Not  reported  set  far  South  elsewhere. 
Brodiaea  capitata,  lienlli. 

Bulbs  of  what  is  apparently  this  spe(!ies  were  obtaineil, 
Erythaea  ediilis,  WiitHon.    (iu!ulalii]io  imliii. 

I'rof.  I\.  L.  (Jreen  obtained  photographs  of  this  beautiful  island  palm  and  observed 
it  in  three  canyons  opening  thi^  central  valley  above  the  south  anchorage,  in  one  canyon 
on  the  west  side,  and  on  the  northeast  side.     Fifty  or  more  trees  in  each  canyon. 
Polypogon  raonspeliens' I,  Dcsf. 

Coiinnon  about  the  springs. 
Huideum  murinum,  1-.     Wild  barley  srasN. 

Abundant  over  the  island,  especially  in  the  more  fertile  northern  part. 


{  «l 


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f 


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St«ani»ryt.    '"^ 


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South.  Slu^ 


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ffei^JUs  vn  teet 
2>50t'eet  Ctx-rves 


mVTlCAL     MILCS 


""■'■''  '  '' 


^a^^tefa 


'MM 

'    V. 0'"-?^/ 


SKETCH  or 


GUADATAJPE   ISLAND 


WEST  COAST  or  LOWER  CALIFORNIA 


/>4</T/C4L     MILCS 


Bytlift  Officers  of  the  U- S. Coast  Survev  Str.Gedney 
Lieut.  Com'olr.  A.P.  Osborn  U-  SNavy  Coimiiaaiding 


JUNE  1897, 


(sif'iZ.) 


JLieiU.  Corn^'dr.  U:S.?r.  Cotn, 


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GM^  ^,rt«rtr'tt.o  ^irnu^n/ramni*. 


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XI -OBSERVATIONS  DURING  A  CRUISE  ON  THE  DORA  SIEWERD,  AUGUST- 
SEPTEMBER,  1895.' 


Il\    A.    It.   Al.KXANIlKl;. 


Pursuant  to  instructions  from  the  lion.  Marshall  McDonald,  United  Htates  Oom- 
inissioncr  of  Fisii  and  Kisliciius,  to  sccuiu  passa^r  on  a  i)ela;;ic  sttalin^  veHs«'l  lor  tliu 
purpose  of  niakiii;;'  a  cruise  in  licrin^  Kca,  witli  the  ol)icct  of  jj;atlu;ring  information  con- 
cerning tlic  pclaj-ic  habits  of  fur  seals,  the  methods  employed  for  their  (rapture  at  sea, 
their  food,tli(r  proportion  of  each  sex  represented  in  the  catch,  etc.,  I  left  the  AlhattosH 
at  Unalaska,  tlie  middle  of  .Inly,  1.S95,  to  await  the  arrival  of  the  sealing- fleet.  Snbse- 
quently  accommodations  were  obtained,  through  the  kindness  of  Oapt.  II.  V.  Siewerd, 
on  his  vessel,  the  Ihnn  Sicin'tiljH  s<'hooner  of  1(10  tons  register,  and  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  lleet.  Slie  carried  18  canoes  and  2  boats,  and  a  crew  of  30  Indians  and  I)  white 
men.  As  two  Indians  go  in  a  canoe,  the  spearsmen  and  boat  steerers  were  equally 
divided. 

The  writer  went  on  board  the  Sieicfinl  in  the  evening  of  .Inly  li7,  but  owing  to 
stormy  weather  she  did  not  sail  until  the  morning  of  the  .'Jlst,  getting  under  way  in 
company  with  '21  other  sealing  vessels.  The  wind  being  light  we  were  obliged  to 
anchor  otV  IJIakhta  Head.  Hand  lines  were  jtut  over  here  and  fishing  carried  on  for 
two  hours,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  21i  cod  and  4  halibut. 

I'^arly  in  the  afternoon,  with  a  light  wiiul  from  the  eastward,  we  worked  toward 
Cape  Cheerful,  which,  the  next  morning  (August  1),  bore  southeast  2r>  miles,  the  lleet 
by  this  time  being  considerably  scattered.  At  9  a.  m.  2  sleeping  seals  were  observed, 
and  shortly  afterwards  the  vessel  was  hove  to  and  the  canoes  i)ut  over.  Karh  hiinter 
among  the  Indians  was  anxious  to  secure  the  first  skin,  a  superstition  prevailing  that 
he  who  kills  the  first  skin  at  the  beginning  of  a  cruise  will  be  attended  with  good 
luck  during  the  remainder  of  the  season.  No  time  was  lost  in  getting  the  (^anoes  in 
the  water,  as  a  number  (»f  other  vessels  in  sight  had  already  loweicd  their  boats. 
After  the  canoes  had  gotten  about  2  miles  ahead,  the  vessel  foHowed  in  their  wake; 
and  as  the  day  was  clear  they  (tould  be  seen  for  a  long  distance.  Occasionally  a  sail 
would  be  seen  to  lower,  which  indicated  that  the  canoes  were  among  seals. 

Before  entering  into  a  discussion  of  the  details  of  my  observations  it  may  be  well 
to  state  that  the  positions  of  each  day's  catch  will  be  found  in  appended  Table  No.  l,- 
the  same  corresponding  with  those  given  in  the  vessel's  oflicial  log.  The  noon  posi- 
tion each  day  is  shown  in  Table  No.  2,'^  in  which  is  also  recorded  the  direction  and 


I  Uepriiited  from  Heiil  Life,  Pt.  II,  Somite  ])<>.•.  137,  18!)5. 


'■'Here  omitted . 


L'&'i 


m  I 


fi 


!l :  If 


"I. 


il 


fei' 


M' 


1 


* 


Ml' 

If 


I'        P 


!    i:i 


286 


Tin;    Flit    SKALS    OK   TIIK    I'UIHIKOl'    ISLANDS. 


force  of  tho  wind,  the  baroniHtcr  reading,  mid  tlie  teinperutiire  of  the  iiir  and  water. 
The  toniperature  of  the  watur  waH  taken  5  feot  below  the  surface.  The  material 
found  in  the  stoniaehH  of  s'jaln  has  been  labeled  with  reference  to  the  noon  position. 

In  the  afternoon  w«'  passed  numerous  patches  of  seaweed  and  kelp.  In  a  few 
instancres  seals  were  seen  'vith  their  heads  and  flippers  thrust  up  tlirou;;li  this  floating 
material.  nu(;asionally  they  wouhl  dive  and  swim  a  short  distance,  soon  returning 
to  the  surface,  however,  ndliiig  over  and  over  in  the  tan},ded  seaweed,  but  some- 
times stopping  in  their  play  cui  the  alert  for  danger.  When  on  sealing  ground, 
hunters  always  carefully  inspect  floating  seaweed,  and,  as  a  rule,  if  there  are  seals 
about,  they  are  abnost  sure  of  finding  one  or  more  in  each  large  pat(;li.  Late  in  the 
afternoon  we  passed  close  to  auch  a  patch,  covering  a  considerable  area,  in  which  (i 
seals  were  jdaying.  They  paid  no  attention  to  the  vessel,  although  within  KH)  yards 
of  them.  A  hunter  with  a  shotgun  could  hav«'  captured  li  or  .'{  of  tlie  innnbcr,  ami 
an  imliuu  with  a  spear  would  have  secured  at  least  U. 

At  r*  p.  m.  the  canoes  returned  with  a  (latch  of  t'J  seals.  Three  of  the  nuiles  were 
about  ."»  years  old,  all  the  others  of  both  sexes  being  from  li  to  4  years  old.  Their 
stomachs  were  nearly  all  empty,  a  few  (;ontaining  some  material,  which,  liowever.  was 
too  much  decomposed  to  be  identified.  The  hunters  rep<uted  seeing  but  few  seals 
asleep,  and  these  appeared  uneasy.  M<»8t  of  those  observed  awake  were  linning.  No 
great  body  of  seals  had  been  notictMl,  and  in  such  pleasant  weather,  if  tliere  had  been 
many  on  the  ground,  IS  canoes  and  li  boats  could  havi*  picked  up  HMl  or  nnu'e. 
This  number  of  boats,  traveling,  as  they  do,  iu  a  path  from  Id  to  !.''>  miles  wide,  must 
necessarily  see  nearly  every  seal  within  that  belt.  The  few  seals  seen  traveling  today 
weie  going  toward  the  northwest. 

The  chief  of  the  tribe  reported  hearing  the  discharge  of  Drearms  a  short  distance 
to  windward  of  his  canoe,  but  he  could  not  tell  t«»  what  vessel  the  boat  belonged. 

The  next  day,  August  2,  the  b(»ats  were  lowered  at  7  a.  m.  The  weather  bid  fair 
for  a  successful  day's  hunt,  the  wind  being  north  northwest  and  light,  and  the  sea 
smooth.  In  the  early  part  of  the  forenoon  we  .jogged  close  lt>  .>  seals  playing.  Kre- 
(piently  they  wouhl  roll  over  several  times,  stop  suddenly  to  scrratch  themselves,  and 
.stand  up(m  their  heads  with  their  hind  flippers  about  li  feet  out  of  water.  They 
repeatedly  ])erformed  this  operation.  When  quite  near  tliem  one  of  the  .seals  lifted 
its  head  up,  but  the  sight  of  the  vessel  caused  no  alarm.  Having  no  boat  to  lower 
or  spear  to  throw,  a  loud  noitie  was  made  by  shouting  and  beating  upon  a  tin  can. 
This  did  not  have  the  effect  of  frightening  them,  but  a  light  thump  on  tluvrail  of  the 
vessel  (;aused  them  to  dive  instantly,  and  when  next  seen  they  were  about  L'()(»  yards 
away.  Pausing  to  look  at  the  object  which  had  frightened  them,  tliey  then  swam 
rapidly  away  in  an  easterly  direction. 

From  the  above  it  would  a])pear  tliat  seals  are  vrdinarily  but  little  frightened  by 
the  presence  of  vessels,  provided  they  are  Lo  le»!wat.l  of  them.  Had  we  been  on  the 
windward  side  the  seals  would  have  taken  aliiic  almost  instantly,  and  would  either 
have  dived  or  swam  rapidly  away. 

At  1  p.  m.  a  heavy  fog  bank  appeared  in  the  northwest,  and  shortly  afterwanls  the 
canoes  and  one  boat  returned.  The  other  boat  had  evidently  gone  astray,  but  as  the 
weather  was  smooth  no  great  anxiety  was  entertained  foi'  her  safety.  Korty-live  seals 
were  brought  on  board,  20  being  males  and  19  femal(^s.  All  the  females  except  2  were 
with  milk.    Their  .stomachs  were  mostly  empty. 


SCARCITY    OK    HKAI<H. 


287 


,'  •«■ 


•  anil  wiifor. 
lie  iiiutcrial 
I  ixmirioii. 

••  III  11  fVnv 
liis  tloiitjii^ 
I  rctiiiniii/j 

i    l>Mt    .SOIIU'. 

IK  « round, 
•'  arc  soals 
liatc  in  Mi(< 
ill  wliicii  (( 
I  100  yards 
iiiiImt,  and 

males  were 

»ld.    Tboir 

ivevcr.  was 

i'inv  seals 

iiiiik'.  N'o 
^  liad  lieeii 

•  or  more, 
lide,  must 
i'lH'  today 

t  disfanee 
i««^d. 
r  hid  fiiir 
I  the  sea 
II K-  l''re- 
Ives,  and 
r.  'I'lioy 
lis  lifted 

to  lower 

fin  can. 
Ill  of  the 
IM»  yards 
'II  swam 

ened  by 
I  on  the 
d  eitiier 

lids  the 
t  us  the 
ve  seals 
I  were 


Through  tlio  ni^rlit  the  weather  eontiniu-d  t'ogity.  Karly  tiie  next  morning,  Aii(;UMt 
3,  a  sharp  lookont  was  kept  lor  the  miHsiiif;  boat,  and  also  for  seals.  No  attempt  iiad 
been  made  to  lower  the  eanoes  altliounh  tlie  sea  was  comparatively  smooth.  The 
Wiihi  I'ojj  wiiieh  hiuifj  over  tlic!  water,  ;ii  conneitioii  witli  tlie  liiet  of  the  missirit;  boat, 
eaiised  the  Indians  to  han^'  Itack.  At  7  a.  ni.  A  sleeitin^  seal  was  obsiMved  under  our 
lee  e lose  aboard,  but  not  in  a  jinsition  to  detect  us  by  the  sense  (d' smell.  A  canoe 
was  soon  launched  and  started  in  jtursuit,  but  the  short  choppy  sea  made  it  somewhat 
dillicult  to  capture  it.  In  calm  weather,  or  at  times  when  there  is  only  a  li<;ht  wind 
stirrinj;,  a  canoe  in  approachinjf  a  seal  is  generally  jtaddhd  directly  from  the  leeward, 
but  in  a  tdioppy  sea,  siu;h  as  prevailed  on  this  oc(;asion,  an  Indian  always  approacdies 
Hide  to  the  wind,  wliiuh  brink's  the(;anoe  in  tiie  trough  ct'tlie  sea  and  prevents  it  from 
niakin^r  any  noise  that  would  disturb  the  "sleeper." 

AbiMit  noon  the  missing  boat  returned,  bringing  the  skins  of  li  seals,  1  male  and 
1  female. 

At  1  !>.  m.  another  sleeping  seal  was  observed  (dose  under  our  lee.  In  ninety- 
nine  <-ases  out  of  a  humlretl  a  sleeping  seal  will  awaken  when  a  vessel  is  close  to  it  to 
windward,  but  not  so  with  this  individual,  for  it  slept  on  wholly  uncouHcious  of 
danger  and  was  easily  captured.  At  this  time  the  weather  showed  si^rus  of  clearing, 
ami  soon  afterwards  the  <'arioes  were  lowered.  The  vessel  continued  Jogging  to  the 
westward  under  sealing  canvas.  One  vessel  was  in  sight.  Three  hours  later  the 
canoes  began  to  return,  the  wiiul  having  increased  in  force,  accompanied  by  a  choppy 
sea,  whicli  prevent  m1  seals  from  sleeping.  They  were  re|»orted  scarce,  and  tlie  few  taken 
bore  out  this  statement.  The  day's  hunt  amounted  to  only  Vi  skins,  G  nuiles  and  7 
females.  Fimr  of  the  females  were  with  milk.  Two  of  the  nuiles  were  quite  large, 
about  "(  years  of  ag»i  or  «»ver,  the  others  from  .'<  to  4  years.  Very  lew  seals  had  been 
observed  from  the  <^anoes,  and  those  noticed  awake  were  traveling  to  the  southwi'St. 

In  the  morning  of  August  4  the  weather  was  foggy  and  the  wiml  northwest  and 
moderate.  White  hunters  would  not  have  hesitated  aVmut  g«)ing  out  in  this  kind  of 
weather,  but  the  Indians  indulged  in  (utnsiderable  unnecessary  talk  and  paid  no  atten- 
tion to  a  few  scattering,  sleeping  seals  that  were  observed  among  patclies  of  seaweed. 
It  was  only  when  an  occasional  glimpse  of  tlu'  sky  was  seen  through  the  tdouds  and 
fog  and  indications  of  good  weather  were  plainly  visible  that  the  Indians  showed  a 
disposition  to  hunt.  At  10  o'chx'k  all  the  boats  went  out.  At  the  time  of  lowering 
two  other  sealing  vessels  were  in  sight.  During  the  absence  of  the  canoes  no  seals 
were  observed  from  the  vessel,  although  floating  seaweed  was  plentiful. 

The  canoes  returned  early  in  the  afternoon,  on  account  of  a  heavy  fog  bank  which 
suddenly  shut  down.  Only  Hi  seals  had  been  taken,  H  males  and  H  females.  Their 
stomachs  were  entirely  emjjty,  whicrh  would  seem  to  iiulicate  a  s<rarcity  of  surface  ti.':h 
in  this  locality.  One  of  the  hunters  spoke  the  schooner  Annie  C.  Moore,  winch 
reported  having  taken  (»"»  seals,  a  comparatively  i>oor  catch,  consi«lering  that  the 
weather  had  been  fairly  good. 

The  following  day  (August  .">)  the  weather  was  not  suitable  for  sealing,  owing  to 
fog  and  mist  most  of  the  time.    The  wind  was  from  the  west  southwest  to  east-south- 
east, gradually  increasing  from  a  ge.ntlc  to  a  fresh  breeze,  ac<-.ompanicd  by  a  seasufli 
cieutly  choppy  to  prevent  seals  from  sleeping.    One  "sleeper,"  however,  was  observed 
from  the  vessel  and  captured. 


■•!..« 


!  •: 


^:i 


I 

(I. 

II  '^1' 

h      1 

II .  1 

.,, 


■I' 

4!' 


=  1 


HI 


ryt-tg^,.'.- 


IK       I'i 


v|l' 


ii; 


288 


TIlK    FUR   SEALS   OF   THK    I'RIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


On  stormy  days  a  lookout  is  kept  by  the  luiiiteis,  and  tlie  one  wlio  fust  sees  a 
seal  is  entitled  to  stand  in  tlie  bow  of  the  canoe  as  si)ear8nian.  At  such  times  three 
men  ;i;o  in  a  canoe,  the  weather  usually  beinj^  too  ron^h  lor  one  mtin  to  manage  it. 
No  selection  of  cMuoe  is  made,  the  moHt  handy  one  being  used,  and  also  the  lirst  spear 
that  can  b«*  jjotten  hold  ol". 

In  the  afternoon  we  stood  to  the  east-sontheast  IS  miles  an<l  durinji  the  nif'lit  to 
the  south  by  west  17  miles,  siyhting  Unalaska  Island  on  the  mornin};  of  tiie  (ith. 
The  weuther  was  stormy  and  blowing  a  moderate  gale  (V(»m  southciist,  with  falling 
barometer.  The  noon  observation  placed  us  in  latitude  ."»' (H'  nculli.  longitude  l(5.So 
07' west,  which  showed  that  we  had  been  in  a  strong  southerly  cm  lent  for  the  past 
twenty  tour  hours.  Later  in  the  day  we  ran  10  miles  on  a  northwest  course  and  hove 
to  on  the  port  tack  under  a  two-reefed  foresail  aiul  fore  staysail  and  trysail.  In  the 
evening  we  pnssed  close  to  the  schooner  Sun  ./«.sr.  During  the  night  the  wind  hauled 
to  the  southwest  and  decreased  in  force  to  a  very  fresh  breeze.  At  times  during  the 
foHowing  day  the  sea  was  very  rough,  not  wholly  due  to  the  wind,  but  caused  by  a 
strong  current  running  to  the  southward.  At  nocm  the  fog  and  clouds  (-leared 
eiu)ugli  to  enable  us  to  get  an  observation — latitude  M^  .">(•'  north,  longitv'e  KJT'^  27' 
west.  In  the  afternoon  we  stood  to  the  northward  at  a  rate  sullicMeiit  to  otfset  the 
e(!'e(!t  of  the  current.  Late  in  the  day  we  spoke  the  schooner  Waltrr  I,.  liicli,  whi(!li 
had  taken  oidy  (15  seals.  She  had  been  (iruising  to  the  westward  of  our  present  posi 
tion,  near  the  (»() mile  zone,  and  while  in  that  region  had  seen  but  few  seals. 

Toward  evening  two  youn^  seals  ]»layed  about  the  vessel  for  some  time.  They 
were  enticed  (piite  near  by  whistling,  but  not  ch)se  enough  to  spear.  It  is  only  rarely 
that  seals  are  speared  from  ihe  deck  of  a  vessel.  The  young  will  often  api)roach  very 
near  and  [day  about,  sonu'times  lor  an  hour  or  more,  but  keeping  out  of  reach. 
Occasiouidly,  however,  their  <!uriosity  overcomes  their  cnstomary  prudence,  smhI  at 
such  times  they  are  generally  captured. 

In  th,»  uunning  of  August  8  there  were  indicatiiuis  of  clearing  weather,  with 
rising  barouu'ter  and  an  occasional  clear  spot  in  the  sky.  A  dozen  or  more  seals  in 
bands  of  three  and  four  were  noticed,  causing  considerable  commotion  among  tln^ 
Indians.  A  week  of  the  sealing  season  had  alrea<ly  jiassed  and  only  a  few  seals  had 
been  (iaptured,  in  consequence  of  which  the  liulians  weie  beconiing  restless.  At  S 
a.m.  wore  ship  and  shook  the  reef  out  of  the  foresail,  but  in  a  short  time  the  log 
again  settle  '  down  and  remained  so  foi'  the  remainder  <»l'  the  day. 

In  theaiLernoon  we  saw  quite  a  large  luiniber  of  seals,  more  than  at  any  time  since 
entering  the  sea.  They  were  not  moving  in  any  particular  direction.  Ontas  or  killer 
whales  were  plentiful,  and  kept  close  to  the  seals,  but  they  did  in)t  have  the  etVect  of 
driving  them  from  the  ground.  The  sealers  claim  that  the  orcas  <Iestroy  large  num 
bers  of  seals  annually,  especially  in  ami  about  the  nnincrons  i)asses  tlnongli  the 
Aleutian  Islands  and  oH'  the  coast  of  Japan.  J\Iany  hunters  .say  that  when  out  in 
their  boats  it  is  not  an  nnfrequent  ocimrrence  to  see  orcas  «levour  seals.  One  hunter 
on  board  of  the  nS/Vwrov/  informed  nm  that  (»n  two  occasions,  otf  the  .Japan  coast,  orcas 
atten«i)ted  to  take  the  seals  that  he  had  shot.  During  the  afternoon  we  saw  liv(^  other 
of  the  sealing  vessels. 

On  Augu.st  i>  the  canoes  were  put  over  for  the  lirst  time  in  live  days.  The  white 
hunters  made  a  start  at  0  a.  m.,  the  weather  having  moderated,  and  being  promjited 
so  to  do  by  the  sight  of  a  sleeping  .seal.    The  Indian  hunters  held  back  for  a  time,  but 


INDIAN    HUNTERS   EASILY    DISCOURAGED. 


289 


^  m 


)  Jiisf  sees  a 
'  times  tliiee 
to  maiijige  it. 
Ii«  liist  S|K'iir 

tlie  iiifjlit  to 

of  till'  (itii. 

with  Caliiii;; 
iiyihulf  KJ.so 

foi'  (lie  jiast 
•s«'  and  li()\  0 
tail.  Ill  Mio 
rt'iiid  liai/lod 

<lnriii{r  fiie 
•iuiscd  by  ii 
"(Is  clo.irca 
:■?«!  Uil^  '21' 
o  offset  tlie 
li'icli,  wliich 
ie.se nt  posi 

iiiie.  Tliey 
only  rarely 
iroacili  very 
of  leaeh. 
ce,  iiiid  at 

itlier,  witli 
le  seals  in 
unoiif;  the 
seals  iiad 
L'ss.  At  -S 
le  (he  fujr 

time  since 
■<  or  kiiliT 
i'deet  of 
ige  inim 
oii^'li  (he 
'II  out  in 
le  hunter 
i.st.oreas 
iv((  other 

h«  wliite 
lompted 
iine,  hnt 


several  other  seals  being  observed,  tiie  reniaininji-  canoes  were  lowered.  During  most 
of  the  time  while  the  hunters  were  absent  numerous  birds  and  whales  and  several 
porpoises  were  observed  about  the  vessel.  Early  in  the  afternoon  the  wind  began  to 
increase  in  force  and  the  canoes  to  return,  liy  1  o'clock  they  were  all  on  board, 
having  secured  20  seals,  of  which  13  were  males  and  7  females.  The  stomachs  were 
nearly  all  empty,  a  piece  of  stpiid  being  taken  f:  mu  one  and  a  few  tish  bones  from 
another.  One  of  the  females  had  lost  a  hind  flipper  and  shot  were  found  in  two  of 
the  skins.  One  of  the  seals  represented  by  these  skins  had  been  recently  wounded, 
the  other  probably  some  time  early  in  the  spring,  the  shot  being  found  encysted.  All 
females  were  in  milk;  the  males  were  all  young  bachelors. 

Two  vessels,  the*  F.  M.  Smith  and  iSauey  />«».v,  were  in  sight  at  the  ti'ne  the  canoes 
returned.  The  (captain  of  the  former  came  <mi  board  and  reported  having  taken  lO.'i 
skins,  lie  also  said  that  the  schooner  Triumph  had  obtained  2.S.'{;  j\laiid  S.,  -40;  V.  J). 
Hand,  100,  and  the  iSaiicy  IjUss  between  60  and  70. 

On  the  following  morning  (August  10)  the  weather  was  eloudy  and  cool.  At  7 
o'clock  th(^  canoes  and  boats  started  out.  At  the  time  of  their  going  the  sea  was  long 
and  rolling  and  the  temperature  of  the  water  2  degrees  below  that  of  the  air.  When 
the  air  is  a  great  deal  colder  than  the  water  experienced  hunters  do  not  as  a  rule 
ex]te(!t  to  find  many  sleeping  seals.  They  state,  however,  that  there  are  exceptions 
to  this  rule,  but  in  most  cases  extra  <'old  air  makes  them  restless  and  very  diflicult  to 
approach  within  spearing  distance;  but  with  shotguns  they  may  when  in  this  con 
ditioii  be  kilh'd  with  comparative;  ease. 

In  the  middle  of  tiie  forenoon  two  vessels  were  sighted.  Only  one  seal  was 
noticed  from  the  vessel.  This  individual  was  "  mooching,"  a  term  used  by  the  hunters  to 
indicate  swimming  at  tht3  surface  of  the  water  with  only  a  very  small  portion  of  the 
body  exposed,  occasionally  thrusting  the  head  (mt  far  «Miough  to  breathe.  Seals  fre- 
quently swim  this  way  on  raw,  cold  days,  when  they  may  readily  be  shot  with  nns, 
but  are  nrtt  easily  approached  with  spears. 

At  2  ]».  m.  the  Indians  began  to  return,  much  earlier  than  they  should  have  done, 
having  lost  patience  and  become  discouraged.  They  lack  the  persistence  and  Judg- 
ment of  the  white  hunters,  and  will  give  u|)  the  chase  on  the  slightest  pretext.  The 
latter,  on  the  contrary,  will  remain  out  as  long  as  a  chance  remains  of  adding  another 
skin  to  their  catch.  One  hunter,  however,  had  secured  II  seals,  the  largest  catch  of 
any  one  canoe  since  entering  the  sea.  The  total  nund)er  of  seals  in  the  day's  catch 
was  7.'{,  IS  being  males  and  S")  females.  Their  stomachs,  like  those  previously 
exan>ii»»d.  contained  but  little  food;  only  a  few  pieces  of  fish  an<l  fish  bones  were 
found.  In  one  of  the  canoes  .'Ueniale  seals  had  been  skinned;  of  those  bi ought  on 
board  .'>  were  without  milk.  When  asked  if  f'e  seals  Kkinned  in  the  canoe  were  in 
milk,  tlu;  Indians  said  they  had  not  noticed.  If  the  condition  of  the  seals  had  been 
observed  the  same  answer  woidd  have  been  given,  for  as  soon  as  these  Indiiins  learn 
that  certain  inforiiiiti'sn  is  wanted  they  arc  very  reticent,  and  but  little  (b^pendenco 
can  be  placed  in  what  riiey  do  say.  Seemingly,  they  have  been  taught  to  look  with 
.suspicion  on  every  pers(»n  in  search  of  sealing  data. 

The  canoes  that  went  to  the  northwest  of  the  vessel  were  mcne  successful  than 

those  that  went  in  other  directions,  and  the  one  that  biought  in  the  It  ;ieals  hunted 

about  0  miles  to  the  northwest  of  all  the  other  canoes  in  that  lo(rality.     A  great  many 

traveling  seals  were  observed,  all  bound  to  the  northward.    Nearly  all  information 

5!»47_i.T  ;{ IJ) 


'i\  M 


ft    , 

2  If. 


1 

'I 


! 


f  I 


2!K) 


TMK    KTTU    SKALS    OP    'I'lIK    I'lUBILOl'    ISLANDS. 


coiiuerniiig  tlie  direction  in  wliicli  seals  wt'ic  travi'liiifj  was  obtaintMl  Cioin  tlie  white 
hunters.  Indians,  as  a  rule,  pay  hut  little  attention  to  traveling  seals,  generally 
attempting  to  capture  only  those  that  are  asleep,  hut  sonietinu^s  they  will  endeavor 
to  spear  them  wlien  rolling  and  finning. 

In  two  ot'  Mi(^  s«>als  taken  shot  were  found,  the  wounds  heing  (u)niparatively 
fvesh — not  more  than  a  week  old. 

On  August  11  tiie  canoes  and  boats  went  out  at  5  o'elotrk,  light  wind  and  cloudy 
weather  prevailing  all  day.  In  the  afternoon  sleeping  seals,  two  and  three  in  a  bunch, 
wero  frequently  observed  from  the  vessel.  Whales  were  ])lentit'ul  from  sunrise  until 
dark.  Tin!  smoke  of  a  revenue  (Mitter  could  be  noticed  to  the  s(mthwest  all  the 
morning,  tlie  sight  of  which  caused  our  canoes  to  hover  nuich  nearer  the  vessel  than 
usual,  the  Indians  having  a  dread  of  all  (iovernment  vessels.  At  10  a.  m.  a  canoe 
belonging  to  the  S(;hooner  Triiiiiiph  came  alongside  with  a  seals.  Oni'  <'anoes  began 
to  return  at  ">.;?(>  p.  ni.  and  continued  to  come  in  until  7  o'clock,  when  the  last  one 
arrived.  The  largest  catch  was  IP  skins,  and  one  (ianoc  obtained  nothing.  SleejMug 
seals  were  reported  in  small  bunches  from  I  to  li  miles  ajiart.  The  hunters  who 
happened  to  be  near  these  bunt^hes  did  fairly  well,  but  a  few  miles  to  the  southwest 
only  lew  seals  were  found.  Traveling  .seals  were  also  plentiful  among  the  bunches. 
Considering  the  Uih!  weather  prevailing  and  the  number  of  seals  observed  from  the 
vessel,  the  catch  was  «oinparatively  small,  i>nly  «S!)  having  been  taken — 10  males  and 
79  females.  Sixty  live  of  this  number  were  examined.  The  stomachs  in  40  were 
empty,  l.'{  contained  licjuid  matter,  and  7  material  which  it  would  be  possible  to 
identify;  tlie  latter  was  preserved.  A  large  number  of  canoes  hunting  on  the  same 
ground  tends  to  destroy  the  chances  of  a  good  catch  by  any  of  them.  Canoes  from 
other  vessels  were  in  close  proxiniity  to  ours  and  none  of  them  did  well.  This  day's 
catch  was  nuide  V2  miles  north  and  0  niiles  west  fiom  that  of  the  day  before. 

On  August  12  the  hunters  made  an  early  start,  the  weather  being  cloudy  and 
cool,  the  wind  from  the  westward  and  light;  sea  smooth;  tenijierature  of  air  and 
water  the  same.  Later  in  the  forenoon  a  heavy  fog  bank  threi-tened  to  enveloj)  us, 
and  shortly  after  noon  it  came  in  thick,  causing  all  the  canoes  to  return,  having 
obtained  (tnly  1")  seals. 

On  August  l.'i  the  weather  was  unsuitable  for  sealing,  being  cloudy  and  threaten- 
ing; the  wind  fresh  from  the  southwest  and  west-southwest.  In  the  morning  we  were 
in  company  with  the  schooners  Triumph  and  S((i>j)hirc,  of  Victoria,  the  former  having 
tai^en  r»00  skins  and  the  latter  400  skins.  <'aptain  Siewerd  and  the  writer  went  on 
b*^  of  the  Siii)j)liiri:  It  had  been  noticed  that  the  water  about  us  was  very  dark 
!!>  (CO  nnich  darker  than  usual,  ami  it  had  also  been  observed  that  in  localities 
Hiieri  .i'e  had  taken  the  most  .seals  V.w  water  had  been  the  most  discolored.  Captain 
i-'(  jrd  had  on  nu)re  than  one  occasion  noticed  that  seals  fretiuent  water  of  this 
character  in  considerable  numbers,  and  had  noted  the  fact  in  his  log.  ('aptain  Cox, 
of  the  Triumph,  stated  that  when  in  Bering  Sea  last  year  he  got  most  of  his  catch  in 
this  locality,  namely,  latitude  ot"^  ad'  north,  longitude  108^  la'  west.  He  found  seals 
at  the  connnencement  of  the  voyage  in  water  very  nuich  discolored,  and  he  endeavored 
to  keep  in  such  water  as  much  as  possible.  This  experiment  resulted  in  his  averaging 
1^0  seals  for  each  time  the  canoes  weie  lowered  during  the  month  of  August.  1804. 
On  the  strength  of  meeting  with  such  good  success,  he  has  been  cruising  this  season  on 
the  same  gnmnd,  and  is  now  more  canvinced  than  ever  that  seal  life  is  more  abundant 


1 


I 


SI^EKPINO    AND    TRAVELING    SKALS. 


2'Jl 


aiul 
and 
us, 

ten- 
were 
viiiK 
t,  on 
lark 
lities 
)tain 
this 
Oox, 
cli  in 
seals 
vored 

1804. 
on  on 
idant 


in  discolored  wator  tlian  in  dear  water.  (3a|)tain  i)o\  attributed  tlie  poor  catch  of 
seals  on  August  1 1  to  the  -^reat  number  of  canoes  roaming  over  a  comparatively  small 
area.  On  the  day  mentioned  tlie  Sapphire  took  only  fiS  seals  and  tiie  Triutupli  73. 
A  few  days  before  a  large  bull  seal  was  captured  by  the  Sapp/iirr  with  two  spears 
end)edded  in  its  body. 

On  the  forenoon  of  the  nextday  (August  1 4)th«  weatherdid  not  bid  lair  for  sealing, 
the  sea  being  choppy  and  the  wind  fresh  from  the  west-southwt^st.  No  seal  life  was 
observed  until  tlie  middle  of  the  day,  when  onc^  seal  was  noticed  asleej)  not  far  from 
the  vessel,  and  so  soundly  that  the  Happing  of  the  canvas  did  not  disturb  it.  It  was 
<!ai>tnred.     Its  stomach  was  emi)ty. 

At  iLMTi  p.  in.  the  weather  began  to  show  signs  of  moderating,  and  soon  after 
wards  the  canoes  wen^  lowered  in  latitude  .^r»^  ,"}'  north,  longitude  Hi?  '  4.-1'  west,  wliere. 
a  number  of  seals  were  observed  playing.  The  good  weather  was  of  short  duration, 
however,  the  (sanoes  raturning  by  3.1.'»  p.  m.,  a  heavy  fog  having  settled  over  the 
water.  The  white  hunters  did  not  come  in  until  nearly  dark,  thus  showing  the  dif- 
ference between  the  two  classes.  The  fog  lifted  in  about  an  hour  after  the  Indians 
returned,  but  they  could  not  be  induced  to  go  out  again.  In  several  instances  where 
Indians  have  Itecome  discourage<l  and  wanted  to  return  home,  they  have,  in  order  to 
accomjilish  their  purpose,  broken  their  spears  and  smashed  their  canoes,  thereby  break- 
ing up  the  voyage.  Previous  to  about  two  years  ago  there  was  no  law  in  Hritish 
Columbia  regulating  tlu!  conduct  of  Indian  hunters  on  sealing  vessels,  and  the  result 
was  that  <n'ery  possible  advantage  was  taken  of  th(^  situation.  Under  the  law  recently 
passed  lndia!is  are  now  ?"'''l  ;v'(;ountable  as  much  as  white  men  for  the  success  of  the 
voyage. 

The  boats  containing  the  white  hunters  bnmght  back  4  seals,  making  the  total 
number  lor  the  day  .'!0,  of  which  14  were  males  and  H»  females.  The  females  were  all 
adults,  and  with  milk;  tlie  males  were  smaii,  from.'?  to  4  years  old.  Only  three  stomachs 
contained  food.  In  one  young  male's  stomac^h  was  found  a  number  of  squid  besiks;  in 
the  stomach  of  a  female,  a  |iiec(^  of  sipiid;  and  in  another,  materia!  resendding  partly 
digested  crust accans. 

The  water  through  which  we  had  jtassed  was  considerably  discolored,  and  the 
few  seals  taken  were  captured  where  crustaceans  were  the  most  abundant.  In  the 
evening  large  Hocks  of  guillemots,  i)etrels,  and  auks  were  noticed,  apparently  feeding. 
No  small  tish  being  noticed,  it  was  sujtposed  that  the  birds  were  feeding  on  minute 
'iirface  life. 

On  August  15  the  weather  was  very  i)leasant,  only  light  airs  disturbing  the  water, 
;!i<l  a  liner  day  for  sealing  couhl  not  hv.  desired.  l>y  a  a.  m.  all  the  boats  had  left  the 
ve.-sei,  not  reluming  until  about  the  sauu^  luuir  in  the  evening.  A  considerable  luiiD- 
'.  1  of  sleeping  and  traveling  seals  were  in  sight  most  of  the  day.  Those  that  were 
travailing  were  not,  so  far  j.s  was  observed,  going  in  any  one  directi(»n.  Honietiraes  a 
bunch  of  two  or  three  wo  ild  suddenly  start  toward  the  southeast,  swim  rapidly  for  a 
few  minutes,  stoj),  and  go  in  an  opposite  direction.  Freciuently  four  or  live  wouhl 
make  a  complete  circle  around  the  ves.sel  at  a  distance  of  a  ([uarter  of  a  mile.  In  a 
few  instances  young  seals  came  and  played  ab(mt,  diving  and  swimming,  etc. 

An  abundance  of  seals  was  seen  from  the  vessel,  bui,  as  they  occur  in  bands  more 
or  less  widely  .sei)arated,  it  was  not  certain  that  the  canoes  and  small  boats  would  get 
among  them.     All  thnnigh  the  day  whales  and  birds  were  numerous  and  the  water 


m 


r 
It 

i 


.1        I 

<i 

'^1 

i'\JB 

;_ 

i  M 

it 

■' Mff 

T 


n 


8  > 


li;; 


292 


TIIK    FUR   SKALS   OF   TUK    I'RIUILOF    ISLANDS. 


was  very  unu'h  discolon'd,  sijfus  now  looked  upon  as  favorabl*;  indications  tor  u  suc- 
cessful day's  hunt. 

At  4  \).  ni.  the  boats  began  to  return,  and  by  (!  o'clock  they  had  all  arrived  except 
one.  The  day  proved  fairly  successful,  !•!»  seals  having  been  takeii — .'51  males  and  6S 
fenuvles.  Nine  was  the  highest  catch  and  1  the  lowest  by  a  iiiigle  boat  or  canoe. 
They  were  by  far  the  largest  seals  yet  obtained,  oidy  .S  of  the  females  being  under  ."{ 
years  of  age.  All  of  the  stomachs  were  examined,  but  only  10  of  the  number  con- 
tained food — some  a  small  amount  of  liiiuid  matter  and  others  Alask<<n  pollock  and 
what  appear«'d  to  be  pieces  of  cod. 

In  the  evening  the  wind  began  to  freshen  from  the  east-southeast,  and  later  the 
stars  were  visible  for  the  lirst  fme  since  we  had  entered  the  sea.  All  through  the 
uight  the  wind  was  fresh,  causing  a  choppy  sea  by  morning.  During  this  time  we 
had  worked  liO  miles  to  the  westward.  A  sharp  lookout  had  been  kept  for  the  miss- 
ing canoe,  and  a  torchlight  was  displayed  at  frecjuent  intervals. 

No  boats  were  lowered  during  the  day,  the  conditions  being  unfavorable.  The 
wind  did  not  blow  hard  at  any  time,  but  was  strong  eiu)ugh  to  prevent  the  seals  from 
sleeping.  In  the  afternoon  wi  '><^hii  the  schooner  IjOids  i)l,seit,  which  had  taken  .'}() 
seals  the  day  before.     At  4  p.  ii..  .emi)ted  to  sound  in  latitude  ."iu^^  l~t'  north, 

longitude  108^  west,  but  got  no  ht,  -  although  we  were  close  to  the  edge  itf  the 
bank,  .lust  before  dark  .i  yonng  seal  came  ahuigside  and  began  to  ])lay  about  the 
vessel,  tirst  on  one  side  and  tiien  on  the  other,  atlording  great  amusement  to  the 
Indians.     After  a  good  many  wiUl  throws  it  was  captured  and  [troved  to  be  a  female. 

On  August  17  a  fairly  good  day's  work  was  accomplished.  Light  airs  prevailed 
from  .southeast  ajid  east  southeast,  witli  frequent  calms.  Light  tog  and  showers 
occurred  several  times  during  the  tlay,  but  they  were  not  heavy  enough  to  prevent 
seals  from  sleeping.  Karly  in  the  morning  a  yctung  seal  came  aJ.uigsi'lc  and  was 
taken.  At  l>  a.  m.  all  the  canoes  were  lowereil;  alter  their  departure  no  seals  were 
seen  from  the  vessel.  lOarly  in  the  afternoon  a  canoe  belonging  to  the  sciliooner  San 
Jose  boarded  us  and  reported  that  vessel  as  having  ."i-'JO  skins.  At  7.'M)  p.  in.  our 
hunters  returned,  bringing  S't  seals — 28  males  and  57  females.  All  of  the  females 
were  exceptionally  large;  the  males  were  all  young  bachelors  from  4  to  *»  years  old. 
A  careful  examination  was  made  of  the  stomachs,  only  <!  of  which  contained  food.  In 
one  stomach  was  found  small  pieces  of  squid;  in  the  others  small  bones  and  |)ieces 
of  tish.  The  catch  to  day  was  not  very  evenly  '-'distributed  among  the  boats,  the 
highest  bringing  in  14  and  four  I  each. 

On  August  18  the  wind  was  from  the  .southeast  by  south  to  south-southwest, 
decreasing  from  a  stiff  to  a  gentle  breeze.  The  sea  was  choppy  in  the  morning,  and 
a  long  rolling  swell  prevailed  in  the  afternoon.  The  weather  was  foggy  and  vaiiable, 
all  of  which  conditions  were  unfavorable  for  sealing.  At  noon  there  were  signs  of 
clearing  up,  and  shortly  after  that  the  canoes  were  lowered  in  latitude  /).■>"  51'  north, 
longitude  1(18^  :\2'  west.  The  Indians  had  no  great  desire  to  go  out,  and  probably 
would  not  have  ventured  had  it  not  been  that  the  schooner  Willard  linsiroith  was  a 
short  distance  away  and  had  already  lowered  her  boats,  I'Mve  other  vessels  were  also 
in  sight.  At  the  end  of  three  hours  the  hunters  returned,  having  secured  only  2  seals — 
I  male  and  1  female,  v^ry  few  seals  had  been  .seen,  the  only  "sleepers''  being  the  2 
that  were  captured.    l\ie  others  wei'e  traveling  in  various  directions. 


SKALS    FOUND    IN    l)lSf«  )L()Hi:n    WA'IKK, 


2!);{ 


our 

llll'S 

uld. 
Ill 

lecea 
the 

est, 
and 
able, 
IS  of 
ortb, 
iibly 
nis  a 
also 
als — 
the  li 


The  next  day,  AiijiiiHt  10,  rain  prevented  seals  from  sleepiii;;.  At  8  a.  in.  the 
canoes  were  lowiued,  but  the  weather  did  not  give  promise  of  satisfactory  results,  even 
ill  <'ase  seals  were  plentiful.  The  (^anocs  remained  out  only  two  hours,  returning  with 
2  males  and  2  females.  Their  stomachs,  like  those  of  yesterday,  were  empty.  The 
mate  of  oiir  vessel  while  absent  had  boarded  the  schooner  Florence  M.  Smith,  am\ 
learned  that  she  had  taken  .'JKi  seals.  On  the  15th  she  secured  IGO  seals;  her  position 
on  that  day  having  been  not  far  from  where  we  hunted — latitudt^  r>5''  OS'  north,  longi- 
tude 107"^  4(»'  west,  lie  was  also  told  that  our  canoe  which  went  astray  on  the  l.'»th 
had  taken  \'2  seals,  making  our  total  catch  for  that  day  111  skins. 

Slnntly  after  the  boats  returned  a  sleeping  seal  was  observed  close  aboard,  and 
although  it  was  raining  hard  it  slept  on,  wholly  unmindful  of  the  weather.  Such  an 
occurrence  is  very  unusual,  for  it  is  seldom  that  seals  rest  well  while  it  is  raining, 
unless  they  have  bet'oiiic  thoroughly  exhausted  by  a  hmg  spell  of  rough  weather. 
Later  in  the  afternoon  a  few  traveling  seals  were  seen;  they  freciuently  changed  their 
course,  but  the  general  direction  of  their  movements  was  northwesterly.  We  had 
been  in  discolored  wate-  all  day,  but  late  in  the  afternoon  we  suddenly  jogged  out  of 
it  into  clear  water.  The  noim  observation,  latitude  54"  50'  north,  longitude  108^  west, 
indicated  that  we  were  in  a  strong  south  southwest  (Uirreiit. 

On  August  -0  a  very  satisfactory  catch  was  made,  the  wind  being  a  light  breeze 
from  the  westwanl,  and  tiie  sea  smooth.  A  light  fog  hung  low  over  the  water  at 
times,  occasionally  clearing  for  the  sjiace  of  half  to  three  (punters  of  an  hour,  which 
enabled  the  hunters  to  keep  track  of  the  vessel.  The  b  nits  were  lowered  at4..'{0a.  m., 
at  which  time  seven  other  sealing  vessels  were  in  sight.  During  the  afternoon  we 
frequently  saw  canoes  lower  their  sails,  indicating  that  they  were  among  seals.  We 
could  not  tell  to  which  vessel  they  belonged,  as  both  boats  and  vessels  were  well 
mixed  up  together. 

One  canoe  returned  early  in  the  afternoon  with  11  skins,  and  by  7  p.  m.  Ill  seals 
had  been  landed  on  deck,  44  being  males  and  07  females.  kSixty-two  of  the  latter  were 
nursing  females.  All  the  males  were  from  4  to  5  years  old  except  2,  which  were  about 
0  years  old.  Squid  and  pollock  made  up  the  bulk  of  the  food  found  in  their  stomachs, 
a  few  being  gorged  with  it.  In  proportion  to  the  number  of  seals  taken,  however, 
only  a  few  contained  food.  The  squid  and  pollock  were  in  a  comparatively  fresh  state. 
From  the  stomach  of  one  male  an  eelitoiit  was  taken. 

It  is  a  faet  worth  mentioning  that  all  the  seals  taken  by  us  to-day  were  found  in 
"streaks"  of  discolored  water  from  I  to  ;J  miles  wide,  and  extending  nearly  in  a  north 
and  south  direction.  The  character  of  the  water  could  hardly  be  accounted  for  by  our 
close  proximity  to  the  bank,  for  if  such  had  been  the  case  it  wcuild  have  been  the  same 
all  over.  It  had  previously  been  noticed  that  these  discolored  bands  ran  parallel  to 
each  other  in  northeast  and  southwest  or  northwest  and  southeast  directions.  Water 
in  this  <;ondition  would  not  ordinarily  be  noticed  from  the  deck  of  a  steamer  unless  on 
the  lookout  for  it.  The  mate  reported  seeing  an  abundance  of  Alaskan  pollock  jump- 
ing and  many  traveling  seals  in  pursuit  of  them. 

Most  of  the  seals  taken  to  day  were  captured  aslee|i,  only  four  having  been  awake 
when  speared.    The  latter  were  "  mooching." 

In  and  about  the  neck  of  a  male  seal  were  found  several  shot  wounds,  with  blood 
oozing  from  them.     Another  seal  had  a  bullet  hole  close  to  its  rigiit  forwi^  '  Hipper. 


'(!  If 


f  1 


I 


li    i 


''I 


■HH 


i    til! 
'    I'!, 

I 
J       ■■! 

1 
'I 

J    . 
I 


!      i 


I 


f    I 


294 


IHK    FUR    SKAIiS    OP   THE    PRIBIIiCiF    ISLANDS. 


On  the  inorniiig  of  Au<;ust  21  tliiTe  was  every  indication  of  favorable  sealing 
weather.  The  sky  was  dark  and  dondy,  bnt  the  wind  was  light  and  the  sea  smooth. 
The  Indians  went  out  at  an  early  hour.  Not  long  after  their  departure  we  spoke  the 
schooner  Agnes  Mchonahl,  which  had  picked  up  our  hunters  who  went  astray  on  tlie 
15th.  The  McDonald  reported  having  !K)0  skins.  Her  white  and  Indian  hunters  were 
e<]ually  divided  as  to  numbers,  and  the  former  had  taken  between  40  and  50  more 
seals  than  the  latter. 

The  Indians  of  the  Northwest  coast  have  always  been  of  the  opinion  that  while 
men  could  never  become  exiterl  in  the  use  of  the  spear,  and  this  spring  they  ridiculed 
the  idea  when  told  that  white  hunteis  were  to  be  emphiyed on  a  few  vessels.  If  white 
nten  will  only  exercise  the  same  ]>aticnce  when  hunting  with  spears  as  with  shotguns, 
they  will  soon  become  as  proticient  in  its  use  as  the  Indians.  Such  a  result  would  be 
greatly  to  the  advantage  of  captains  and  vessel  owners,  as  the  Indians  have  had  the 
opportunity  heretofore  of  dictating  theii  own  terms. 

At  noon  a  heavy  tog  settleil  down,  causing  the  boats  to  return;  but  fairly  good 
results  were  obtained,  <!9  seals  being  taken — IL*  males  and  .">7  females.  The  males  were 
amall,  ranging  in  age  from  2  to  \  years.  I"'orty-eight  of  the  fenuiles  were  exceptionally 
large,  \  medium  in  size,  and  2  about  li  years  old.  The  tiist  mentioned  were  all  with 
milk,  the  others  without.  An  examination  of  their  stomadi  showed  that  they  had 
been  feeding  largely  <m  stinid,  Alaskan  pollock,  an<l  salmon,  a  ciuisiderable  amount  of 
which  could  not  have  been  in  their  stomachs  more  than  a  short  time,  as  it  was  very 
fresh  in  appearance. 

The  mate  reported  seein  r.  while  hunting,  a  small  school  of  sipiid,  bnt  observed  no 
seals  among  them.  The  other  white  hunters  noticed  nunierous  small  lish  Jumping,  and 
frequently  seals  in  pursuit  of  them.  The  tish  could  not  be  approached  near  enough 
to  determine  their  species. 

At  the  time  of  lowering  the  canoes  a  dea<l  whale  was  seen  to  windward,  about  \k 
miles  distant.  We  kept  in  sight  of  it  all  day.  In  the  evening,  after  the  work  of  skin- 
ning iiad  been  linished,  a  party  of  Indians  went  to  it  and  brought  back  a  qnantity  of 
blubbtu'.  The  head  had  been  cut  otf.  Numerous  birds  were  hovering  over  the  carcass 
and  many  were  feeding  on  it,  bnt  no  „eals  were  noticed  near  at  hand. 

On  August  22  the  boats  were  lowered  at  an  early  hour,  the  weather  being  similar 
to  that  of  the  day  before,  with  light  and  gentle  winds  from  the  westward.  At  the 
time  of  lowering  four  other  vessels  were  in  sight,  directly  to  windward.  This,  of 
course,  placed  our  boats  in  a  bad  position,  as  a  windward  berth  is  superior  to  all 
others.  When  following  in  the  wake  of  other  boats  only  poor  results  are  to  be 
expected,  as  the  windward  hunters  disturb  the  sleeping  seals. 

At  noon  a  hunter  on  the  Aijnvs  MfDonaUl,  who  came  on  board,  reported  his  vessel 
as  having  J>20  skins,  the  highest  <at<!h  for  one  day  having  been  253,  and  the  next 
highest  ISO.  The  2r»3  seals  were  taken  on  the  15th,  and  not  far  from  our  position  (»n 
that  date.  The  hunter  informed  the  writer  that  on  the  day  before  he  speared  a  large 
male  just  as  it  came  to  the  surfacie  with  a  red  rocktish  in  its  month.  The  tish  was 
alive,  and  as  it  was  not  at  all  mutilated  it  was  taken  on  board  and  cooked,  lie  also 
stated  that  he  speared  a  sleeping  seal  close  to  the  tloating  carcass  of  a  dead  one. 
Indians  claim  that  seals  will  not  remain  where  carcasses  are  tloating,  but  this  is  not 
always  true,  for  on  several  occasions  we  had  noticed  seals  among  such  objects. 


I  u 


LAKOE    CATCH    OF    SKALS. 


295 


oil 

so 
lie. 
not 


At  4  p.  III.  a  lioavy  fojj  sot  iu,  piittiut;  an  end  to  further  hunting  for  the  day. 
Forty  four  seals  cromposed  the  catch,  12  being  males  and  32  females.  The  males  were 
all  young  bachelors  and  all  the  females  were  in  milk  except  2.  The  stomachs  of  33 
were  empty,  11  contained  pieces  of  squid,  salmon,  pollock,  and  numerous  fish  bones. 

In  the  evening  we  shaped  our  course  to  north-northeast,  and  during  the  night  ran 
25  miles  in  order  to  get  near  our  position  of  the  21st.  In  the  morning  the  weather 
was  unfit  for  sealing,  and  as  the  day  advanced  the  chances  gn'iw  less  favorable. 

At  10  a.  m.  we  sounded  in  90  fathoms,  the  first  time  we  had  been  on  souiidiugs 
since  leaving  Unalaska.  At  4  j).  in.  our  longitude  by  observation  was  168^^  0.'>'  west, 
latitude  at  noon  .'•f)'^  28'  north,  near  where  the  (59  seals  had  been  taken  on  ihe  21st. 
In  the  evening  we  were  boarded  by  otiicers  from  the  revenue  cutter  Rush. 

On  August  24  the  weather  was  too  variable  to  entertain  hopes  of  success  at  hunt- 
ing. A  heavy,  wet  fog  in  the  morning,  combined  with  a  moderate  breeze  and  choppy 
sea,  prevented  an  early  start.  At  7.30  a.  in.  a  slight  clearing  caused  the  canoes  to  be 
lowered.  The  signal  gun  was  kept  firing  at  short  intervals  until  10  o'clock,  when  the 
fog  entirely  cleared.  The  spell  of  good  weather  was  of  short  duration,  however,  for 
at  noon  a  stjuall  from  the  north  brought  all  the  hunters  back.  In  the  short  time  tiiat 
the  boats  were  out  21  seals  were  taken.  This  was  encouraging,  for  it  indicated  that 
we  were  on  good  sealing  ground.  Most  of  the  seals  captured  were  restless,  few  being 
sound  asleep,  or,  in  sealers' parlance,  they  did  not*' lay  up"  well.  The  mate  came 
across  two  seals  hleeping  side  by  side,  one  of  which  was  s[)eared.  Instead  of  the 
other  one  becoming  alarmed  and  diving,  as  is  usually  tiie  case,  it  remained  near  its 
struggling  (fonipanion  until  tlie  latter  was  hauled  into  tlic  boat.  The  food  tbund  in 
the  stomachs  of  the  seals  to-day  did  not  vary  much  from  that  recorded  in  those  pre- 
viously examined  iu  this  locality,  namely,  scpiid,  scpiid  beaks,  salmon,  imllock,  and 
fish  bones.  The  males  were  comparatively  large;  the  females  were  all  adults  and 
with  milk. 

During  the  night  we  stood  to  the  westward  .jO  miles,  and  then  hove  to. 

The  weather  on  August  2.")  prevented  sealing,  being  cold  with  a  fresh  breeze  from 
north  to  north  by  east,  accomi)aiiied  by  a  rough  sea.  The  vessel  was  hove  t<t  under 
sealing  canvass.  Hxcellent  observations  were  taken,  it  being  the  first  time  the  sun 
had  remained  out  for  any  length  of  tiiiu-  siiuie  the  cruise  began.  All  day  birds 
had  been  numerous,  and  occasionally  a  sleeping  seal  was  observed;  sometimes  two 
and  three  were  seen  together.  This,  combined  with  the  great  number  of  birds, 
assured  us  that  we  were  on  good  ground.  We  frequently  wore  ship  in  order  to  hold 
our  position.    In  the  evening  rain  st,ualls  passed  over. 

On  the  morning  of  August  26,  the  wind  and  sea  having  subsided,  the  canoes  were 
lowered  in  latitude .lo'  15'  north,  longitude  170 'r>3'  west.  Tlic  weatlicr  was  jileasant 
but  cool,  the  air  being  2  degrees  colder  than  tiie  water.  Tiiis  ditl'eience.  according  to 
the  theory  of  many  scalers,  would  cause  seals  to  "lay  low,"  or,  to  put  it  in  clearer 
terms,  they  w(»uld  sleep  with  less  of  their  body  exposed. 

In  view  of  the  number  of  seals  observed  before  the  boats  went  out,  a  large  catch 
was  anticipated,  nor  were  we  disappointed,  for  in  the  evening  when  the  last  canoe  had 
returned  there  were  157  seals  on  deck. 

The  opinions  advanced  to  the  effect  that  seals  are  more  plentiful  where  birds  occur 
seem  to  be  entitled  to  consideration,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  ha<l  we  not  heeded 


ill 

II 

I*     '   9M 

f 


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II  III' 
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11 


1     •' 
1 

B 
I 


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29(5 


IHK    FIR    «i:.\l.S    Ol'    THE    I'KllULOl"    ISLANliS. 


Hi    t 


ibeir  piosenct' yestcrilay.  iiiitl  had  siiiliMl  by  tliem.  our  catcli  today  woubl  not  bav« 
been  larjje.  Our  captain  had  become  thoroujjhly  convinced  of  the  vabie  of  these  signs 
after  years  of  experience. 

Tiie  canoes  were  all  back  at  <>..'{(>  j).  in.,  haviiifj  been  absent  over  twelve  hours. 
Ill  the  forenoon  seals  were  inclined  to  be  restless,  but  occasional  warm  rays  of  sun  in 
the  afternoon  caused  them  to  sleep  soundly.  It  was  noticeil  that  a  large  portion  of 
to  day's  catch  was  speared  either  in  the  breast  or  back,  ch»se  to  the  forward  llippers, 
indicating  that  the  seals  slept  soundly,  with  their  bodies  largely  exposed,  which  gave 
the  hunters  an  opportunity  to  strike  the  most  vital  part.  Aside  from  the  favorable 
condition  of  tlie  weather,  the  absence  of  other  vessels  from  the  giound  materially 
aided  in  increasing  the  day's  catch. 

In  only  12  stomachs  was  food  ftmnd  which  could  be  identiticd,  the  others  being 
emi)ty.  In  the  full  stomachs  were  observed  stiuid,  pollock,  and  one  jtieee  of  salmon. 
Fifty  of  the  (12  males  were  4  to  't  years  old.  the  other  12  about  .5  years  old.  Niuety-two 
of  the  females  were  adults,  and  2  under  .'5  years  of  age. 

All  through  the  night  of  the  2(lth  and  the  morning  of  the  27th  the  weather  was 
calm,  or  nearly  so.  At  daybreak  a  light  fog  hung  over  the  water;  in  the  middle  of  the 
day  it  cleared  away.  On  tlie  strength  of  yesterday's  success  the  hunters  went  out  at 
an  early  hour.  Trom  the  vessel  scattering  seals  were  observed  all  through  the  day. 
The  water  was  very  much  discolored,  and  whales  and  jtorpoises  were  abundant,  but 
there  was  a  marked  scarcity  of  birds  as  comjiared  with  yesterday.  At  noon  a  good 
observation  of  the  sun  was  taken,  which  placed  us  in  latitude  oo  '  10'  north,  longitude 
170    47'  west. 

At  I  p.  m.  the  hiiuters  began  to  return,  and  at  7.30  o'clock  the  last  one  had 
arrived.  The  catch  nearly  e»jualed  that  of  yesterday,  amounting  to  IW  seals.  •  8  being 
males  and  78  females.  It  will  be  seen  by  this  that  there  are  times  when  the  .sexes  are 
nearly  ecpially  distributed,  but  as  a  rule  the  majority  of  seals  taken  at  sea  are  females. 
Sixty  of  the  140  seals  were  opened;  food  was  taken  Irom  0  males  and  14  females,  con- 
sisting of  sipiid,  pollock,  and  a  small  i|uantity  of  lishbones.  The  stomachs  of  the 
females  opened  contained  a  greater  (juantity  of  food  than  the  males.  Thus  far,  in  the 
examination  of  stomachs,  it  had  been  noticed  tliat  those  of  the  males  contained  much 
less  material  than  the  females. 

Most  of  the  males  caught  to  day  were  very  young,  J}  and  4  years  old;  the  females 
were  much  larger.  Seventy-four  of  the  latter  were  in  milk;  those  that  were  not  were 
from  2  to  'i  years  old. 

On  the  morning  of  August  28  the  weather  looked  favorable  for  a  repetition  of 
the  previous  day's  work.  The  hunters  were  well  clear  of  thi;  vessel  at  ."»..'>()  o'clock,  at 
which  time  another  vessel  and  the  smoke  of  a  steamer  could  be  seen  low  on  the 
horizon.  In  the  middle  of  the  daj'  a  canoe  belonging  to  the  schooner  James  (I,  Swan 
came  alongside  and  reported  that  vessel  as  having  800  skins.  During  the  latter  part 
of  the  day  the  weather  became  threatening.  The  biuometer  had  been  falling  rapidly 
since  noon,  the  wind  had  shifted  from  southwest  to  southeast,  and  no  seals  had  been 
observed  from  the  vessel.  At  0  p.  m.  the  hunters  returned,  bringing  .")7  seals.  Two 
of  the  males  were  large,  l.ic  others  were  all  small. 

As  soon  as  the  canoes  and  boats  were  hoisted  in  and  secured  for  the  night,  a 
single  reef  was  put  in  the  foresail  and  a  reefed  trysail  set,  and  preparations  made  for 
stormy  weather.    At  dark  the  wind  began  to  increase  in  force,  and  by  midnight  it  was 


IMIKNOMKNAL    CATCH    OF    SEALS. 


297 


blowing  ii  iiiodci'iitt!  gal<>,  which  coutiuued  until  the  following  noon.  OcciisioniU 
hoavy  niiii  squalls  piisst'd  <»vfr,  which  kept  the  sea  down  somewhat.  In  the  evening 
two  sleeping  seals  were  noticed,  which  was  unusual  under  the  cin-uinstances. 

In  the  morning  of  August  30  the  wind  had  again  increased  to  a  motlerato  gale, 
and  since  midnight  had  changed  2  points  to  the  southward.  The  sea  was  very  rough; 
weather  clear  and  sunny. 

At  10  a.  m.  wore  ship  aiul  lay  to  on  the  starboard  under  closereele<l  sails.  Both 
in  the  forenoon  and  afternoon  we  saw  scattering  seals.  They  were  seemingly  not 
bound  in  any  particular  direction,  and  most  of  them  were  playing.  One  was  observed 
asleep. 

We  had  been  in  companitively  clear  water  all  day,  but  late  in  the  afternoon 
.suddenly  jogged  into  discolored  water.  At  tt.'.W  p.  m.  the  Jib  was  set,  and  we  stood 
on  a  southeast  by  south  cour.se,  so  as  to  give  the  (10 mile  limit  a  wide  berth,  the  wind 
and  sea  for  the  past  twenty  tour  hours  having  carried  us  toward  it.  We  worked  to 
the  south  and  west  all  night.  In  the  morning  of  August  ;?1  the  wind  and  sea  had 
gone  down  considerably,  and  one  vessel  was  in  sight.  At  noon  we  were  in  latitude 
,').") ^  11 '  north,  h)ngilu(le  17(r  0,")'  west.  We  sjjoke  the  schooner  l-'iiferpris.;  of  Victoria, 
with  1,.'>S7  skins  on  board.  She  reported  the  schooner  /.//;/>»■,  with  1,040  .skins,  and 
the  Ciolotiii  Co.v,  with  (iOO.  The  last-named  vessel  carried  only  (!  boats,  and  white 
hunters,  which  speaks  well  in  their  favor  as  .seal  hunters  with  spears. 

Siiortly  after  meridian  we  pa.ssed  .several  sleeping  seaLs,  but  the  conilition  of  the 
weather  prevented  the  hunters  from  going  out.  About  two  hours  later  several  uuu  e 
were  seen,  and  at  i  p.  ni.  we  came  across  a  bunch  of  "sleepers."  At  this  time  the 
weather  showed  signs  of  clearing,  and  7  canoes  were  lowered,  but  they  were  out  only 
a  sliort  time  when  the  weather  again  became  threatening.  ICleven  seals  was  the 
result  of  this  .short  trial,  ;>  being  males  and  (5  females.  They  weie  all  very  small  and 
oidy  one  contained  food.    Four  of  the  females  were  without  milk. 

Through  the  day  we  had  been  in  markedly  discolored  water,  and  thi  other 
indications  were  favorable  to  the  presence  of  a  considerable  body  of  seals  on  this 
ground,  which  turned  out  to  be  the  fact,  as  proved  by  the  results  of  the  huntiug  on 
the  tbUowing  day. 

The  wind  had  been  moderate  all  through  the  night,  and  in  the  morning  of 
September  1  a  light  air  was  moving  from  the  southwest,  the  sea  being  smooth.  The 
sky  was  cloudy  and  the  air  cool,  but  as  the  day  advanced  it  grew  warujer.  Whales 
could  be  heard  blowing  through  the  night,  and  at  daylight  a  number  were  seen  clo.se 
by;  also  immense  tlocks  of  birds.  At  't.'M  a.  m.  the  hunters  started  under  very 
favorable  c(mditions,  the  .sea  being  smooth  and  nothing  in  the  atmosphere  indicative 
of  a  change.  The  wind  being  very  light,  the  vessel  remained  in  one  position  mo.stof 
the  day.  Numerous  seals  were  observed,  both  awake  aiul  asleep.  The  former  were 
moving  only  slowly,  seldom  going  over  100  yards,  and  sitendiug  most  of  the  time  in 
tinning,  rolling,  and  scratching  themselves.  In  the  afternoon  we  were  boarded  by  the 
revenue  cutter  h'ush.  Atr).;JO  p.  m.  the  canoes  bef^au  to  return,  each  one  bringing  a 
good  catch,  the  largest  amounting  to  --■)  seal.s,  the  smallest  t«  II.  The  total  catch  was 
'MG.  This  was  a  ])henomenal  day's  work,  affording  the  greatest  number  of  seals  ever 
taken  in  Bering  Sea  in  one  day,  except  that  the  scho(mer  flappliire  in  1804  captured 
about  too  in  the  same  length  of  time.  There  were  120  males  and  L'Ki  females.  The 
stomachs  of  those  opened  showed  a  remarkable  scarcity  of  food.    The  material  from  ii 


4 


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29« 


I'HK    I'I'lt    SKALH    OK     I'MK    I'liliULOF    ISLANDS. 


iiialoH  and  10  feinaluH  was  all  that  was  in  siiitablLi  condition  to  identify,  and  ronsislcd 
(diietly  of  scpiid,  altliough  {xdlock  and  what  looked  like  cod  made  up  a  portion  of  tln> 
food  preserved.  Taking  into  consideration  the  anionnt  of  surface  life  observed  from 
day  to  day,  it  has  appeared  remarkable  that  so  few  seals  should  have  footl  in  their 
stoma(;hs. 

To-day  both  Indian  and  white  hunters  reported  numerous  seals,  tinning,  rolling, 
and  asleep.  In  the  early  part  of  the  day  they  were  iiu^lined  to  be  restless,  but  in  the 
afternoon  the  warm  sun  caused  them  to  sleep  soundly,  and  so  plentiful  were  they 
that  som(;timcs  it  was  a  hard  matter  to  decide  which  one  to  spear  tirst.  (^f  course, 
where  seals  sleep  so  near  together,  those  in  close  proximity  to  the  one  speared  are 
liable  to  be  disturbed,  but  there  were  enough  others  in  the  near  vicinity  to  keep  the 
hunters  busy  without  paying  much  attention  to  the  disturbed  ones.  They  were 
reported  as  lying  about  like  logs,  as  far  aa  the  eye  (;ould  rea<-h.  The  hunters  claimed 
that  in  all  their  experience  they  had  never  before  beheld  anything  like  the  sight 
presented.  Kinall  schools  of  squid,  pollock,  and  other  tish  were  plentiful.  One  of 
the  white  hunters  reported  seeing  several  Atka  nnvkerel,  and  from  the  description 
given  it  is  possible  he  was  «'orrect.  The  day  'la'l  been  a  perfe(!t  one  for  senling,  and 
no  other  vessels  were  on  the  ground. 

During  the  night  we  jogged  to  the  southwest  It  miles.  In  the  morning  of 
September  '2  the  hunters  were  ont  at  an  early  hour,  weather  being  clear  and  pleasant, 
the  sea  smooth,  and  the  wind  light  fnmi  northeast  by  north.  At  10  a.  in.  two  of 
the  canoes  returned,  the  hunters  claiming  that  the  air  was  too  raw  and  chilly  for 
the  seals  to  sleep  well,  there  being  2  degrees  ditterence  between  the  air  and  water. 
Only  a  few  scattering  seals  had  been  seen,  and  they  were  rolling  and  finning.  It  was 
not  long  before  all  the  canoes  returned,  bringing  altogether  10  seals — 6  males  and  4 
females.  Three  of  the  latter  were  nursing  fenuiles.  Their  stomachs  werct  com])ara- 
tively  empty,  what  little  food  they  contained  being  of  the  same  character  as  on  the 
previous  day,  namely,  sfpiid. 

At  4  p.  m.  an  observation  of  the  sun  phiccd  ns  in  latitude  iW L'2'  north,  longitude 
170'^.'i(i'  west.  At  this  time  we  saw  several  patches  of  seaweed  in  which  s»'iils  were 
finning  and  playing.  We  spoke  the  schooner  Enttrprixv  and  learned  that  she  had 
captured  23(i  seals  on  the  1st,  about  lli  miles  south  of  our  position.  We  were  also 
informed  that  a  number  of  other  vessels  had  been  very  successful,  which  would 
indicate  that  the  seals  covered  a  considerable  area  on  that  day  and  were  not  wiiolly 
confined  to  our  immediate  vicinity. 

September  3  was  cold  and  cloudy,  the  wind  being  northeast  and  fresh,  the  sea 
short  and  choppy.  A  few  "mooching''  and  tinning  seals  were  occasionally  seen;  no 
travelers  were  observed.  At  5  p.  ni.  we  spoke  the  schooner  Aivoho,  which  had  taken 
750  skins.  For  the  past  week  she  had  been  cruising  in  the  vicinity  of  Akutan  Pass, 
but  had  not  found  seals  abundant  enough  to  remain  on  that  gnaind.  Last  season 
good  catches  were  made  there.  She  was  now  bound  to  the  westward  in  search  of  a 
large  body  of  seals  which  had  been  reported  a  few  days  previous  by  the  revenue  cutter 
Grant. 

We  continued  to  jog  to  the  northward  for  about  liO  miles  and  then  hove  to.  All  the 
afternoon  scattering  seals  had  been  observed,  most  of  them  in  our  wake.  They  would 
follow  the  vessel  for  a  half  hour  at  a  time,  seemingly  through  curiosity.  At  times 
during  the  night  seals  could  be  heard  playing  around  ns.  In  the  morning  several 
hunches  were  noticed  close  by,  a  few  playing,  but  the  majority  going  in  a  northwest- 


STOMACHS    OF    SKALS    KMI'TY. 


2yy 


crly  »lin>(!tioii.  In  tlio  t'arly  part  of  t\w  day  tlio  haroiimtoi-  ])0({aii  to  fall,  tlio  woatlnu' 
bt'caiiu!  Miicatuiiiiig,  with  tlio  wind  east  and  sea  rough.  At  10  a.  ni.  wore  ship  and 
Jogged  to  the  soiitlieast  unch-r  snug  canvas,  wind  a  moderate  gale  from  the  east-north 
east.  From  dayliglit  until  dark  more  seal  life  had  been  observed  from  tin-  vessel 
than  at  any  jtrevious  time  since  entering  Bering  Hea.  Our  att«'ntioii  was  esp«'cially 
attracted  to  the  character  of  the  water,  which  had  the  appearance  of  being  tilled  with 
minute  surface  life.     Ilirds  were  numerous,  and  an  ocuaHional  whale  was  in  sight. 

During  the  next  three  days  stormy  weather  prevailed,  the  wind  being  east  north 
east  and  blowing  from  a  moderate  to  a  strong  gale;  the  sea  was  heavy  most  of  the 
time.  On  tlu'  morning(»f  the  7th  the  wind  had  subsided  to  a  nutderate  bree/e.  During 
this  long  .spell  of  boisterous  weather  .seals  wore  freciueiitly  observed,  .sonu-  jdayiug 
ami  others  traveling  in  a  .southwesterly  direction.  Birds  were  plentiful  most  of  the 
time.  At  uooy  on  the  7th  we  were  in  latitude  5(P  '22'  north,  longitude  171  >  aO'  west, 
and  it  was  (piite  evident  that  we  had  encountered  a  strong  northwesterly  current. 
At  8  ]>.  m.  wore  shii)  and  .stood  t<»  the  southeast  so  as  to  give  the  (10-mile  zone  a  wide 
berth.  A  ve.ssel  cruising  near  this  line  without  getting  an  ob.servatiou  for  .several 
day.s,  and  having  no  means  of  knowing  the  direction  of  the  current,  is  very  apt  to  be 
from  tiO  to  10  miles  out  in  her  reckoidng. 

.Vt  (i  a.  ni.  on  September  8  the  hunters  were  making  preparations  to  lower,  the 
.sea  being  smooth  and  a  light  breeze  blowing  from  the  eastward;  the  weather  was 
chtudy.  At  10  a.  m.  the  hunt  was  interrupted  by  a  heavy,  <lamp  fog.  Ten  .seals  had 
been  obtained — 7  males  and  .'i  females.  Five  of  the  former  were  between  1  and  5 
years  old;  the  other  two  were  very  small,  about  1  year  old;  the  feinaU-s  were  all  nurs- 
ing cow.s.  The  stomachs  of  these  .seals  were  nearly  all  empty.  Only  a  few  of  the 
hunters  saw  seals,  and  according  to  ap])earanceH  there  were  but  few  in  this  locality. 
Two  of  tiu",  boats  rr)\ved  and  sailed  fully  1")  nules  diwh  without  encountering  a  single 
one.  Fisli  and  other  siiiface  life  were  correspondingly  scarce.  As  our  ])osition — lati- 
tude "(6'  ;>.")'  north,  longitude  ITli^  -0'  west — placed  us  very  lu'ar  the  bank,  the  scarcity 
of  .seals  was  surprising. 

While  a  nund)er  of  the  canoes  were  w  aiting  alongside  to  be  hoisted  on  board  a 
small  .seal  came  up  in  our  wake,  apparently  attracted  by  the  blasts  of  the  fog  horn 
and  renuiining  un«'on.scious  of  danger  until  one  of  the  canoes  luul  closely  approached 
it  and  the  spear  had  been  poised  tor  striking.     It  was  cai)tured. 

At  .'}  p.  m.  we  nuide  all  sail  and  stood  to  the  southeast.  Shortly  after  this  the 
fog  lifted  for  a  short  time  and  an  obsiTvation  of  the  sun  was  taken,  placing  us  in 
latitude  oG^  .'W  north,  longitude  17li'5  45'  west. 

The  next  morning  we  had  maile  50  miles  in  a  southeast  direction;  the  weather 
was  jdeasant,  the  sea  smooth,  and  the  sky  i)eriodicalIy  clear.  \  few  seals  were 
noticed  early  in  the  day.  At  1»  a.  m.  the  presence  of  ■'{  seals,  supposed  to  be  .sleeping, 
prompted  two  hunters  to  launch  their  canoes,  but  they  dived  just  as  the  spears  were 
being  thrown.  The  appearance  of  seals,  however,  acted  as  an  "ucentive  for  all  the 
canoes  to  go  out,  but  they  soon  returned  in  consequence  of  fo;  Mne  .seals  only  were 
obtained,  i  being  males  and  5  females.  Although  tish  were  reported  jumping,  nothing 
was  found  in  the  stomachs  of  these  specimens. 

In  the  night  we  had  worked  to  the  east-southeast,  and  in  the  morning  we  were  in 
latitude  55^  50'  north,  longitude  171'^  49'  west.  At  5  a.  m.  a  sleeping  seal  was  speared 
close  to  the  vessel;  its  stonuich  was  well  tilled  with  food,  consisting  apparently  of 
Alaskan  pollock.     At  this  hour  the  weather  was  very  foggy  and  the  Indians  were  not 


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rm;  Fiit  skai-s  ok  tiik  imuuiloi'  iskanhs. 


iiifliiH'tl  to  stiirt,  l*r«'s«Mifl,v,  liow«'vcr,  tlio  fo;;  liflrd  suincwiiiil  and  .>^('v«>Mtl  innn- h«'h1s 
\v<-i'«'  Hft'ii.  A  .Hj};iiiil  ;<iiii  roiild  now  Itf  lioiiid,  inilit'iitiiiK  that  a  sosilin^'  vt's.s<-|  \va.s 
ii<>in'  and  tliat  liur  boatn  werr  nut.  TliiscirciiiiistiiiKeNtiiiinlatfd  tlii^  liiiiitcrs  toatttioii, 
iind  ill  II  Hliort  time  tlit'  caiiucH  '.\**tc  lioistod  out.  As  tli«>  fng  clenri'd,  liirds,  \vlial«>s, 
mid  porpuiHos  roiild  bo  m'Oii  to  tlio  iiortliweHt,  and  also  flocks  of  petrt'l  on  tlio  watt'i- 
closc  by.  Tlie  season  beiiin  now  well  advanced,  tlic  biinters  were  expected  to  take 
iidvantii},'e  of  every  oppoit  unity,  and,  moreover,  on  tlie  strciij,'tli  of  their  previ<Mis  j;oo(! 
success,  they  were  <|uite  ea{ier  to  add  a  few  more  skins  to  the  number  on  b«)aid.  The 
weatiier  could  no  ]oii};er  be  triisteil  tor  any  lent;th  of  time,  and  that  jiroved  to  be  the 
case  on  this  day.  .\t  1 1  a.  m.  the  ton  became  so  dense  that  llic  captain  was  as  anxious 
to  iH'i  tlie  hunters  Itack  as  they  were  to  return.  kSeveiileeii  seals  coinitosed  the  catch, 
.'">  bein^'  mules  and  1'2  females.  Eleven  of  the  females  were  nursiii;;  cows,  and  tlin 
males  were  ail  youn^.  One  canoe  obtained  r»  of  the  number,  all  of  which  were  asleep 
and  separated  just  far  e!iou|i;h  so  the  noise  made  in  capturing'  one  did  not  disturb  the 
others.  A  couHideiablc  numlicr  of  "rollers"  and  "tinners"  was  noticed,  but  the 
damp  fog  seemed  to  inevent  them  from  sleeping.  Had  the  day  been  warm  it  is 
probable  that  a  good  catch  would  have  been  secured. 

In  proportion  to  the  iiumb«-r  of  seals  taken,  a  greater  amount  of  food  was  found  in 
their  stoinaclis  than  on  any  )U'evious  occasion.  Hqiiid  and  ptdlock,  mixed  with  criista 
eeaiis,  composed  the  greater  part  of  the  material  ideiititied.  Scpiid  beaks  were  very 
(conspicuous  in  (!very  stomach  in  which  food  was  found.  .\s  in  previous  ca.scs  the 
stomachs  of  the  females  were  much  better  tilled  than  those  of  the  males. 

The  second  mate  wliile  out  hunting  liad  boarded  the  sciiooner  Triuinpli,  wh<»se 
gun  had  been  heard  earlier  in  the  day.  She  reported  having  1,80(1  skins.  The  day 
before  she  took  L'O  skins  ;?0  miles  to  the  eastward  of  our  present  position.  For  the 
jiast  few  days  she  had  been  gradually  working  to  the  westward,  but  only  a  few  scat- 
tered seals  had  been  noticed.  To  day  lier  liunters  brought  in  42  skins.  (Japtain  Cox 
exjiressed  the  opinion  that  if  good  weather  should  luevail  for  a  few  days  encouraging 
results  would  follow,  as  there  was  every  indicaticui  that  seals  were  plentiful  on  this 
ground.  The  elements  were  against  us,  however,  and  tVtr  the  next  four  days  the 
weather  was  rough  and  boistei'ous. 

On  September  11  the  wind  blew  a  very  fresh  lireeze,  varying  in  direction  from 
south  by  east  to  southwest,  accom])anied  l»y  a  rough  sea.  No  seals  were  seen,  but 
many  birds  were  about.  During  the  night  of  the  Iltli  and  the  nuuning  of  the  12th 
the  wind  increased  in  Ibrce  and  hauled  to  thic  westward.  The  sky  was  tilled  with 
heavy  chmds,  the  air  was  raw  and  chilly.  Occasionally  we  wore  shij)  to  hold  our 
position.  Scattering  i»etrels  and  other  .sea  birds  were  frequently  seen,  but  only  (Cie 
seal  was  .sighted  during  the  day.  At  sundown  the  barometer  began  to  rise.  In  .he 
evening  the  sky  cleared  and  the  stars  came  out,  but  the  s«ia  continued  heavy  and  vas 
acc<unpanied  by  a  Hying  scud. 

On  September  13  the  wind  varied  in  force  from  a  light  to  a  stitf  breeze,  with 
changeable  weather,  rain,  mist,  fog,  and  rough  sea,  occasionally  cltuiring.  Birds  wore 
plentiful,  one  of  which  was  seen  to  dive  close  to  the  vessel  and  bring  u])  a  lish  about 
10  inches  long.  In  the  afteruoon  3  seals  were  observed  sleeping  side  by  side,  ti;e 
vessel  almost  running  over  them  before  they  awoke.  They  must  have  been  iiiuc'a 
exhausted  from  loss  of  sleep  in  the  recent  gale. 

In  the  morning  of  September  14  the  wind  had  again  increased  to  a  moderate  ga  'e. 
The  weather  was  foggy  and  misty  at  times,  with  a  heavy,  rough,  and  tiimbliug  se*: 


AHl'NUAN('K   OF   MAHINK    LIFE. 


301 


Two  Heals  wcrr  obsiMVi'il  in  tliu  t'oifiiooii.  Nettr  noon  wt^  ran  into  an  ari>a  of  tlisiolorrtl 
wat«>i',  in  latilu<lo  r»5  liO'  nortli,  lon^itiido  171  -5'  west,  in  wliii-li  wert'  a  nninlifr  of 
seals.  Xotwitlistiintlin^  tlit*  very  ri»iigli  condition  of  tiH>  si>»  and  t\w  moderate  ^'ale 
prevaiiinjj;,  Heveral  of  thcin  were  asleep.  Their  bodies  were  bnt  little  expose«l,  and  if 
was  only  when  we  were  (|uite  near  them  that  they  eould  be  made  out.  The  >,'ale 
finally  broke,  and  in  the  morning  of  September  lo  only  a  li^ht  varhible  air  was 
moving;.  The  sea  had  also  ^nadnally  ^onodown  with  the  wind.  At  7,.'S0  a.  m.  several 
seals  were  «»bserved  and  the  canoes  were  lowered.  Two  sleepers  were  (-.vptured  a 
short  distance  from  the  vessel.  At  II  u.  in.,  however,  a  heavy  foi;  ami  niiHt  settled 
down,  accompanied  by  a  cold  wind  from  the  northwest,  which  had  the  et1e<!t  of  brinu- 
in^  back  the  hunters,  all  of  whom  were  on  board  at  l..'tO  o'elock,  having  captured  2t 
seals — l(i  males  and  8  females.  Pieces  of  .sipiid  were  found  in  the  Ktomachs  of  sonuM)f 
them.  F(turtcen  of  the  nudes  were  very  snnill,  and  li  between  I  and  ."»  years  old.  The 
liMuales  were  larger,  r>  being  with  milk.  The  hunters  reported  seeing  a  large  number 
of  seals  rolling  and  (inning. 

Nnmerons  birds  and  a  great  nuiny  whales  were  in  sight  all  day.  At  unnii  we  were 
in  latitude  ").'»'  10'  north,  longitude  170  '  00'  west,  which  was  not  far  from  the  position 
where  \\t'  had  taken  1  ■)7  seals  on  August  liO  and  1  M»  on  August  -'7.  The  c<dor  of  the 
water  varied  but  little  on  these  date.s,  the  strips  of  disvolorution  also  running;  in 
the  sanu^  general  direction.  It  would  a))pear  as  though  these  bands  of  discoh>rcd 
water  were  governed  chielly  by  the  currents,  iteiiig  but  little  allected  by  the  wind. 
Late  in  the  day  the  fog  gav«'  way  to  occasicuial  rain  H(puills.  I'.irds  were  exceedingly 
abundant,  and  we  frequently  sighted  scattered  seals,  the  most  of  which  were  playing. 
In  the  evening  several  hail  S(pudls  passed  over,  at*   r  which  the  sky  cleared. 

Preparations  were  made  to  lower  the  canoes  on  the  following  morning,  but  the 
work  was  interrupted  by  the  sudden  breezing  up  of  the  wind  Ironi  the  westward.  In 
the  afternoon  the  clear  weather  suddenly  changed  to  nnst  and  rain,  with  an  occasional 
squall.  Only  2  seals  were  seen,  1  asleep  and  the  other  playing.  A  canoe  was  lowered 
for  the  "sleeper,"  but  it  was  lost  sight  of  in  the  choppy  sea.  Whales  and  birds  were 
plentifidall  day,  and  in  some  places  inimen.se  tloc^ks  of  petrel  were  sitting  on  the  water. 
They  were  evidently  feeding  on  simill  marine  organisms,  tor  as  soon  as  we  had. jogged 
past  they  would  settle  down  in  the  same  spot  from  where  they  had  been  frightcnetl. 

Karly  in  the  evening  a  s«-aling  vessel  passed  to  windward  with  her  Hag  .set, 
indicating  that  she  was  homeward  bound.  The  sight  of  this  vessel  put  the  Indians  in 
high  glee,  for  the  season  was  now  getting  late  and  they  were  anxious  to  go  home. 

On  September  17  the  weather  was  a  repetition  of  that  of  the  previous  <lay.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  day  we  saw  !•  seals  circling  around  in  various  directions  and 
o(!eaaionally  rolling  and  tinning.  Observing  this  nundier  of  seals  from  the  vessel  with 
a  chopi»y  sea  running  was  a  good  indication  that  under  better  conditions  they  would 
be  found  plentiful.  At  noon  the  weather  .showed  signs  of  nu)derating,  but  the  Indians 
couhl  not  be  induced  to  venture  out  on  account  of  a  ftnv  sfpially  looking  clouds  low  on 
the  hori/.on.  At  2  p.  m.  two  white  hunters  .started  out,  but  after  a  two  hours' hunt 
they  returned  empty  handed.  Only  4  seals  had  been  .seen, .'{  tinning  and  1  asleep. 
At  the  time  the  boat  left  the  \essel  the  water  was  comparatively  clear,  but  about  .'J 
miles  to  the  northwest  it  came  into  very  nnich  discolored  water,  in  which  birds  were 
plentiful  and  a  few  fish  were  seen  Jumping. 

Early  in  the  following  niorning,  September  IH,  the  canoes  were  lowered,  the  wind 
being  light  from  the  southeast  and  the  sea  smooth.    The  barometer  indicated  no 


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THK    FUR   8KAI.8   OF    THE    PRIUILOP    ISLANUS. 


change,  but  in  a  short  time  the  wind  began  to  increase.  No  seals  were  observed 
either  by  the  small  boats  or  from  the  vessel  during  the  day. 

Oil  .'^ejjtember  19  Mh«-  weather  was  similar  to  that  of  tlie  previous  day.  Four  seals 
were  seen,  2  asleep,  the  otheis  traveling  to  the  nortliiiorthcast.  'I'lie  former  did  not 
awake  until  the  swash  of  the  water  from  our  bow  struck  them.  In  the  evening  we 
headed  for  IMiimak  I'ass.  As  tiie  .season  was  now  hite,  it  was  tiiought  inadvisable  t(» 
remain  longer  in  the  sea.  The  condition  lor  the  last  ten  days  had  convinced  tlie 
captain  that  little,  if  any,  more  sealing  weather  could  be  e.\i)ected. 

The  next  morning  we  .sighted  the  schooner  tSan  ,/<>se,  which  had  mad.-  a  catch  of 
(100  skins.  Her  cai>tain  came  on  board  and  reported  that  until  recently  he  had  been 
hunting  northwest  of  the  Pribilof  Lslands.  In  that  legion  seals  were  abundant,  but 
the  weather  had  been  too  stormy  to  operate.  On  Hei>tember  I.!,  in  latitude  ."iS^  ."H)' 
north,  lonuitude  171i  "3(»'  west,  several  hundred  .seals  had  been  observed,  but  tiie  ,sea 
was  too  rough  for  lowering  the  boats.  In  the  latter  part  of  August  the  Sun  -Aw  had 
hunted  near  Unimak  Pass,  but  tew  .seals  were  toiinti  there. 

.At  10  a.  m.,  t!ie  wind  being  liglit,  !S  of  the  canoes  were  i)ut  over,  but  at  i'  p.  m.  a 
dense  fog  settled  down.  Ten  seals  were  secured,  I  males  and  (!  females.  They  were 
all  snudl  and  their  stomachs  were  empty.  On  this  ground  birds  were  plentiful  and 
one  orca  was  observed.  At  2A^>  p.  m.  we  continued  on  our  conr.se,  and  at  <!  p.  m.  Cape 
Cheerful  bore  abeam  about  15  iniles.  The  next  day  we  were  olV  the  northern  entrance 
of  Unimak  I'ass,  tbui'  other  .sealers  being  in  sight.  In  the  evening  we  cleared  the 
.southern  entran<!e  of  the  pass  and  shai)ed  u  course  for  (!ai)e  Flattery.  ( >n  the  morning 
of  October  s  we  anchored  oil"  LrcK;uet,  an  Iiulian  village,  situated  on  the  north  side  of 
liarclay  .Sound,  Vaiu'onver  Island,  where  most  of  our  linl'ans  belonged.  We  reacdu'd 
X'ictoria  on  Ocitober  H,  having  been  twenty  days  on  the  passage  iionu>,. 

OBSKUVINCi    SKAI.S. 

In  sealing  weather  hunters  do  not  wait  until  seals  have  been  seen  from  the  vessel 
betbre  lowering  the  boats.  They  .start  out  as  early  as  possibh^  and  seaii-h  for  them, 
as  otherwise  the  catch  (d'  the  entire  fleet  would  be  snndl.  Very  often,  when  no  seals 
ar(!  ob.served  from  the  vessel's  deck,  the  boats  will  be  among  bunclu^s  of  them  only  a 
mile  or  two  away,  and.  on  the  other  hand,  it  .sometinu^s  happens  that  when  .scattered 
Ht'als  are  noticed  from  the  deck  the  boats  may  be  cruhsing  over  barren  grouml.  As  a 
rule,,  however,  the  number  observed  from  the  ve.ssel  is  small  as  compared  w  ith  the 
number  sighted  from  the  boats.  A  vessel  whih>  Jogging  will  naturally  frighten  a 
great  nuiny  which  lie  in  her  path;  the  tiappingof  the  canvas  and  the  creaking  and 
slatting  of  the  booms  arouse  the  sleejM'rs  long  betore  they  can  be  seen  and  give  them 
ample  liuu'  to  escape,  in  the  early  days  of  jielagic  sealing  the  boats  used  to  be 
stationed  at  <UI1'ereht  tlistances  and  in  ditt'erent  directions  Irom  the  vessel  and  would 
drift,  waiting  for  seafs  to  come  near.  This  method,  however,  ]>roving  unremunerative, 
it  was  given  up,  and  the  hunters  began  to  crui.se,  which  ci.stom  they  have  continued 
to  follow  ever  since. 

MAKNER  OF   OorNTINCJ    THE  SEXES. 

Considerable  (controversy  has  ari.sen  fnmi  the  atrc.aints  rendered  by  tht>  sealing 
captains  regarding  the  proportion  of  nniie  and  female  seals  taken  in  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean  and  Hering  Sea,  Previous  to  the  tinui  when  .sealing  ves.sels  were  reipiired  to 
enter  the  number  of  each  sex  taken  in  their  otiicial  logs  little  thought  was  given  to 
this  (piestion,  ami  it  was  always  claimed  that  the  two  sexes  occurred  in  ahnost  etpMil 


HOW   RECORD   OP   SEALS   IS    KKPT. 


303 


numbers.  All  sealers  knew  which  se\  predominateil  l)iit('lr\iig  to  their  oritjina]  story, 
and  there  was  Jio  one  who  could  controvert  tlieir  assertioiis,  althoufili  there  was  every 
reason  to  doubt  them.  An  order  from  tiie  Tnined  States  Tn^asury  Dejiartnient 
requirinf?  the  cateli  of  all  American  sealers  to  be  examined  on  tiwir  arrival  in  jtort  was 
the  means  of  throwinff  considerable  light  on  the  subject,  and  nlic  int'ormation  gained 
from  this  source  fully  established  the  \u:t  of  the  great  prcpomieranee  of  I'emales. 

It  has  generally  been  sHi»posed  by  most  sealers,  and  the  view  is  still  Iwld  by 
juany,  that  if  it  were  kiu»wn  that  a  greater  number  of  females  than  males  were  taken 
it  would  greatly  afll'ect  and  possibly  restrict  their  privileges  when  the  tin;*'  caoif  tor  a 
readiu8tnu>nt  of  the  pelagic.  re{|,nlations.  The  fact  has  generally  been  lost  slight  of 
that  the  condition  ol'  the  rookeries  at  tlie  end  of  five  years  will  have  the  most  weight 
in  deciding  the  matter. 

That  pelagic  sealers  should  pay  little  attention  to  the  sexes  of  tiie  seals  taken  was 
bnt  natural,  as  Ihey  had  no  object  in  determining  which  sex  ivredominated;  the 
thought  uppermost  in  their  minds  being  to  capture  us  nuiuy  seals  as  possible. 

No  check  is  placed  upon  the  official  logs  of  the  Canadian  sealers  by  the  custom 
house  otlicials  at.  victoria,  wiio  accept  such  records  as  authentic.  If  the  skins  landed 
at  Victoria  \v»',re  subjected  to  the  same  rigi<l  examination  as  those  landed  in  United 
States  p<u't.s,  little  or  no  dill'ereuce  would  be  found  in  the  pntportion  of  each  sex  rep- 
resented in  the  catch  by  the  vessels  of  the  two  trountries.  It  seems  strange  tliat  on 
several  occasions  when  American  ami  ('auadian  sealer;;  have  hunted  on  the  same 
ground  and  in  close  proximity  to  each  other,  the  catcii  of  the  former  has  always 
been  compo.sed  largely  of  females  and  the  latter  of  males.  There  are  days  when 
more  males  than  females  are  taken,  l^ut  such  times  are  not  fre(|uent.  It  is  oidy  fair, 
however,  to  stat.e  that  a  number  ot  both  American  aiul  Canadian  sealing  captains 
have  ailndtted  tiie  truth  to  the  writer,  and  all  rnited  States  hunters  with  whom  lie 
has  converseii  utlniit  that  the  majority  of  seals  captured  oil' . I a|)an  and  arouml  the 
(^onunamlcr  lsland>  are  females. 

During  the  season  of  18JM  the  stihoouer  Litids  <H.scii  kept  an  account  of  the  seals 
taken  oil'  the  coast  of  .lapan,  and  it  was  found  thai  out  of  I,(I(M(  two-thirds  were 
fenuiles.  In  isi».~»  the  scluutner  llritula  obtained  S!((l  seals  on  the  same  coast,  fully 
two  thirds  of  which  w.-re  also  females,  according  to  the  statement  of  one  of  her 
hunters.  In  nearly  every  instn nee  where  the  writer  has  siKiken  with  hunters  on  this 
subject  they  liave  admitted  that  in  all  waters  where  the  ncuthern  seal  herd  is  found, 
with  one  excepti*tn,  females  largely  predominate.  This  exception  is  the  Fairweather 
ground,  wheie.a  f»'w  years  |)revious  to  the  beginning  of  the  close  seas(»n  now  in  force, 
most  of  tlie  pehigic  sealing  was  (tarried  on  during  the  nuuith  of  May.  (Mi  this  ground, 
as  re.Muded  by  the  writer  in  a  previous  repiuf,  is  found  a  greal  number  of  large  nuiles, 
and,  ac(!ordi>ig  to  the  statement  of  all  sealers  and  of  others,  it  is  now  (|iiite  well  estab 
lished  that  large  breeding  males  Iminent  this  ground  in  greater  numbers  than  any 
other  kn«»wu  region. 

It  may  be  well  to  illustrate  brictly  a  few  of  the  conditiinis  under  which  the  record 
of  seals  is  kept.  When  seals  are  brought  on  boa.d  in  small  inimbers  it  is  very  easy  t^t 
identify  the  stx,  but  when  tlu^y  arrive  in  large  quantities,  a  hundred  or  more,  it 
requires  considerable  time  to  examine  eacih  one,  and  sealers  have,  to  them,  more  impor- 
tant duties  to  attend  to.     Ifoftens  happens  that  the  hunters  are  forced  to  return  on 


<  II 


m:  i 


I! 

It  ■  . 

Hi 
I 


304 


THE    KlIR   SEALS   OK   THE    PBIBILOl'    ISLANDS. 


t 


ri 


if 


1 1 


I  i 


li     5  \ 


V   s 


U     ! 


Ij!' 
'  11      I 


iiC(;oiiiit  i»f  bad  woatlier  or  an  approacliiiifj  storm,  at  wliicli  tiiiu-s  tin'  satV^ty  of  tho 
fanoes  aiwl  voissel  is  of  more  consequence  than  the  determination  of  tlie  charucter  of 
the  eateh.  When  the  Itoats  and  canoes  are  being  lioisted  in,  the  ollicers  and  men  are 
stationed  at  either  side  of  tlie  vessel  to  uo  this  work,  as  well  as  io  ki'ep  the  records, 
and,  as  is  to  be  expected,  in  tlie  bustle  and  excitement  a  very  corre*  t  account  of  the 
sexes  is  not  jjiven  In  many  cases  the  seals  are  not  examined  at  all.  I'-y  the  tinu^  the 
last  eanoe  is  hislied  on  board  the  weather  is  rongli  and  stormy  and  the  iiunters  are 
anxious  to  fjo  ixdow;  and  if  it  be  di'.ri;  the  seals  will  be  left  until  moniiufj  for  skinninn-. 
No  further  examination  is  nuule,  and,  rij^ht  or  wrong,  tiic  lirst  account  rendered  is 
aet^epted.  The  fact  of  tin  matter  is  that  in  only  a  lev,  cases  is  tiie  sex  correctly 
recorded. 

Iiniceuracies  in  this  respect  also  result  when  the  seals  an-  skinned  in  the  boats. 
Upon  arrival  at  the  vessel  the  skins  are  at  once  thrown  into  the  hold  without  exami- 
nation, and  nobody  knows  or  cares  whether  they  are  nuUe  oi-  fenmle. 

Although  United  States  revenue  cutt«'rs  have  the  privilege  of  boarding  vessels 
and  overhauling  the  eateh  made  in  Bering  Sea,  the  conditions  under  wiiich  this  work 
is  carried  on,  however  zealous  the  otlicers  nuiy  bo.  render  it  dillicult  lor  the  sexes  to  bo 
separated,  ami  they  return  to  their  ship  little  wiser  tiuiu  when  they  came. 

CONUITIONS   Ol'   TtIK    l''EMALE   SEALS   TAKEN    UV     I'lII'.    l)Ul!A    SIllWKRI). 

Of  the  'M2  fennde  seals  secured  by  this  vess«'l,  S8li  were  opened  and  examined  by 
the  writer.  Of  this  number  8.'{!>  were  fouiul  to  be  adults,  and  (!(iS  were  clearly  in  milk. 
Many  of  tiie  remaining  171  may  also  have  been  nursing  females,  which  at  the  time  of 
their  capture  had  not  obtained  suttieient  nourishment  to  cause  their  milk  glaiuls  to  till. 

SEALS   MADE  SHY   UY    IIUNTINC;. 

Inquiry  was  made  of  several  captains  and  iiunters  as  to  whetlu'r  seals  wero,  as 
easy  to  capture  this  year  as  last  in  licring  Sea.  They  all  give  it  as  their  Judgment 
that  seals  were  more  dillicult  to  approach  this  season  than  in  l.S!»l.  Captain  (!o\,  of 
the  schooner  *SV»/»j>// (Vo,  said  he  had  noticed  a  nuirki'd  difference  in  that  respect,  and 
attrlbutcMl  it  to  the  hunting  that  ha<l  been  carried  on.  In  nniny  ca.ses  they  appt^ared 
to  be  unusually  shy  wiien  there  was  no  apitarent  cause  for  it. 

KOOl)   Of   SEALS. 

The  nniterial  which  has  been  fouml  in  the  stonnichs  of  seals  taken  in  different 
parts  (»f  I'xM  ing  Sea  indi<!ates  that  only  a  small  percentage  is  composed  of  lish  wliicii 
Inhabit  d<'ep  water.  It  is  only  reasonable  to  suppose,  however,  that  when  seals  are 
in  .shallow  watei'  they  feed  both  on  bottom  tlsh  and  on  thos(^  swimming  near  the 
surface.  A  not  une(unnn>n  eompoiK'nt  of  their  food  is  the  red  rock (ish,  which  occurs 
both  in  deep  and  shallow  water  ami  ])ossibly  also  iu>ar  the  Hurfa<-e  at  times,  which 
would  account  for  its  being  found  in  the  stonmehs  of  seals  capturetl  where  the  water 
is  loo  fathoms  or  more  deep. 

On  Aug.ist  1-"J,  IS!).-),  in  latitude  nn"  04'  n<n-t..,  longitude  HiS'An'  west,  the  head 
of  a  maciurns  was  tbund  in  the  stonuich  of  a  nmle  seal.  This  groii])  of  lishcs  inhabits 
c<msiderable  depths,  ami  much  speculation  ar<)se  as  r,o  lu)w  it  inid  been  obtained  by 
the  seal.  It  was  subsequently  learned,  however,  tinit  the  Allxitross  had  been  dredging 
tu  deep  water  near  our  position  from  the  l.Sth  to  the  'Jlid,  ami  during  that  time  there 


■  iJ^MJlUiiMBgg 


DISAIlVANTAGKS    OF    WHITK    HUNTKRS. 


305 


liad  l)ecn  I'irowii  overboard  iiiiiiiy  rej«T.te(l  sporiiiieiis,  aiiKiii^^  which  were  a  niinibor  of 
iiiat'i'iiri,  wliuli  wouhl  be  apt  to  Hoat  t'oi-  .suuie  time  at  or  near  the  surface  if  not  inoh'sted. 

It  has  been  claitncd  that  seals  will  not  eat  dt;id  fish,  but  this  is  a  mistake,  for  tlie 
writer  lias  seen  them  devour  salmon  that  had  been  dead  several  days. 

Surface  lishes,  and  esi)eeially  scpiid,  seem  to  be  the  natural  food  of  the  seal.  In 
the  stomachs  that  have  been  examinet'  a  variety  of  material  was  fctiind,  such  as  pieces 
of  Alaskan  pollock,  salmon,  and  other  tishcs,  but  it  has  also  been  observed  that  in 
localities  where  stpiid  are  plentiful  very  little  other  food  may  be  looked  for.  1  am 
informed  by  hunters  that  on  the  coast  of  Ja]>an  and  otf  the  Oonunaiuler  Islands  s<piid 
occur  in  }>Teat  abundan(;c,  and  that  it  is  not  an  unconnnon  sight  to  see  a  half  (h)/,en  or 
more  seals  together  feeding  on  the  tentacles  of  octopus  floating  on  the  surfa(;e.  Sealers 
usually  tiud  squid  plentiful  otV  the  island  of  Kadiak,  and  in  that  locality  they  have 
often  been  found  iu  large  quantities  in  the  stomachs  of  the  seals. 

WIUTK  HUNTKUS   AT   A    1)ISADVANTAi;K. 

The  white  hunters  on  the  Doni  Slricrnl  did  not  have  the  same  opportunity  ot 
getting  seals  as  the  indians  for  several  reasons,  one  of  which  was  that,  as  a  rule,  they 
were  the  last  to  leave  the  vessel  iu  the  morning  and  the  first  to  return  at  night.  They 
were  expected  to  hoist  out  all  the  canoes,  and  in  the  evening  to  hoist  them  in  again, 
stow  them  away,  an<l  lash  them.  Indians  are  useless  in  this  kind  of  work,  and  upon 
their  arrival  ah>iigsidc  their  duties  have  ended,  as  the  skinning  of  the  seals  devolves 
upon  the  steersmen. 

The  Indians,  therefore,  had  every  a<lvantage  in  respect  to  hunting.  On  leaving 
a  vessel  the  boats  nearly  silways  form  a  line  so  that  each  wdl  have  a  clear  space  to 
windward.  When  all  the  boats  start  out  together  they  arc  all  on  an  equal  footing; 
but  when  one  or  two  boats,  as  was  the  case  with  our  white  hunters,  arc  obliged  to 
follow  in  the  rear  of  others,  their  chance  of  seeing  uniiiy  seals  is  greatly  lessened,  for 
they  are  hunting  in  water  already  passed  over,  but  the  situation  improves  as  the  boats 
beconu',  nH>re  widely  se])araied.  Sometinu's,  also,  a  sudden  change  of  wind  favors  the 
last  boats  to  go  out  aiul  places  theui  to  windward, a  coveted  position  which  they  could 
not  otherwise  have  secured,  a  windward  position  being  always  cotisidered  the  best. 
In  i>erfectly  calm  weather  one  position  is  as     nid  as  another. 

Ii'tionl  !>/  //((  /((("/(((Oi  !>/'  till'  ffgnel  anil  of  llii'  lali'h  I'J'Jii'  ■'!  •  tinli  day  hi/  Ihrmulinii  xvhoonir  horn  ■'^iiwerd 
iliirhiii  (I  cniini'  in  lifrinij  Sm  in  .lufiiml  and  ■'^eplemhir.  'sW.  ihowinii  iiIko  '*•'  numher  of  eavli  in  Uikeii 
daily  a»  enti'iid  in  tliv  official  loy  of  the  rensvl. 


189J. 


I.«t.  N. 


Fe- 


LonK.W    M.!.,..!    ,^,-..     Tutal 


1895. 


Lnl.  .N.     I.iiii)(.  W.  Mttli.- 


inulcA. 


k 


Inlal. 


AiiK.  I.... 


.■i4     J« 


M     ^11 


r>4   Vi 

M    58 


4 M    ;i" 

» i 

111 

11 

12 

U 1 

15 

15 

17 55     15 

18 

1«  .... 

•Jil 

21 


167 
167 
167 
167 
1B7 
1(17 
55     HI    I  167 


55  m 
.'i5  u:i 
r>5    08 


167 
167 
187 


55  21 

54  51! 

55  15 

55  28 


168 
168 
1118 
168 
KM 


;i6 

26 
7 

II 
18  I 
2lt 
6 
14 
48 
(a) 
.18 

2 
44 
26 


1!) 
0 


6U 
It 
16 
51 


«0 


117 

4;i 


12 
45 
IU 
16 
20 

7:t 

8U 
15 

Mil 

\m 

12 
85 

4 
111 
68 


•VhkW 

24 

26 

27 

28 

Ill 

1 


Siipt 


8   .. 

(I... 
10  .. 
15... 

20... 


Tnliil. 


55 


06 
26 
15 

08 
06 
02 
28 
•15 

.T2 
51 
55 
18 
36 


,  168 

I  168 
171 
171 
170 
170 
170 
170 
172 
171 

I  171 

;  170 

I  167 


20 
10 
74 

68 
28 

101 
6 


24  44 

II  21 

8;t  157 


78 

2» 

6 

145 

l\ 
12 

8 
6 


800  > 


146 
67 
II 

:t;iit 
10 
10 

D 
17 
24 

10 


1,577 


LJi 


rtOii  An^iiHt   1.)  n  raiiim  went  iiHlrny,  liut  al'torwunls  raturuud,  briugiOK  In  12  iikiiis,  ul'  whiuh  Ibu  aaxea  wure  uot 
ili-li'inilnril 


':7!l 


:i 


I 


11 


i  i 


-J 

f     * 


306 


THE    FUK   8EAL8   OP   THE    PRIBILOF    ISL.VNDS. 


litvord  of  Ike  eatrk  of  fur  nealii  and  of  the  Number  of  eavh  set  taken  dailii  by  the  Healiuij  schooner  Dora  Sicwerd 
diirinij  a  cruise  in  Jiering  Hca  in  August  and  iSiptember,  ISOo,  as  determined  by  ./,  II.  Alvxander. 


18U5. 


Aug.  1. 


4. 
0. 
10., 

11. 

12.. 
14. 

15. 
15. 
17., 
18. 
10. 
20. 
21. 


Mali'it.      Foiimlus. 


Total. 


1805. 


Mi 
2« 

0 

8 
13 
18 
10 

3 

14 

31 

I 

28 

1 

2 
44 
12 


(«) 


42 
45 
13 
16 
20  I 
73    , 

88  ; 

15  li 
30  i 
ilU 
12 
85  ,! 

2    I 

4 
111 


Auk.  22. . 
24.. 
26.. 
27.. 
28.. 
31.. 

1.. 

?.. 

8.. 

9.. 
10.. 
15. 
20. 


Svpt. 


'I'otul  . 


MuIkh. 
12 

Keinuli'H. 

Total. 

32 

44 

10 

11 

21 

62 

U5 

157 

68 

78 

146 

14 

43 

57 

5 

6 

11 

120 

216 

.•)3B 

6 

4 

lU 

7 

3 

10 

4 

5 

» 

5 

12 

17 

16 

8 

24 

4 

6 

10 

U82 


1.577 


uOu  AuKUHt  IS  tvrolvK  Mkinii  wrre  takoii,  at'wliicli  tliesoxrH  were  ud'  Ubtenninoil. 

ApproKimatc  at/rs  of  thv  with  and  the  numlier  of  nitrsinii  females  taken  during  the  cruise  of  the  sealing 
schooner  hora  Siewerd  in  licrimj  Sea  in  August  and  September,  ISH'i,  based  upon  examinations  made,  by 
A.  It.  Alexander. 


Mttlev. 

Fcmulua. 

1805. 

Auk.  20 
21 

22 

24 
26 

'J7 

28 

31 

Siipl.   1 

2 

0 
10 
16 
20 

Mulus. 

FuiiialoH. 

NiiiiibiT 
of  nurs- 

iniF 
romiueH. 

Number 

18US. 

taken.  1    ^«*- 

Number 
takou. 

Agii.  II 

Niiinlicr 
tukuii. 

Ago. 

Number 
taken. 

Ago.  a 

not  vxaui- 
iued. 

Auk.     1 

Years. 

3             5 

21             3 

10  {            2 
18              3 
8              2 
0      3  to5 

S 

3 

Year, 

ad. 

2 

1 
5    

35 
0 
5 

4 

3 

12 

r«or«. 
4 
5 
4 
3 

'J 

4 

67 

Yean. 

lul 

62 

...... 

54          ud. 
3             2 

48 

•> 

17 
2 
U 
1 
4 
4 
7 

ad. 

2 
od. 

2 
ad. 

2 

Hd. 

17    



i 

6    

28           ud. 

4              2 
11           ad. 
U2  :        ad. 

3  '            2 
78           ud. 

28 

\ 

&              4 

3              5 
12              4 
1              5 
1              6 
8               4 
0               3 
10  ,    3  to  5 

4  j 

10 

50 
12 
«5 

3 
U 

5 
110 

1 

I 

4 

5 
4to5 

;i 

3  to  4 

4  to  5 
3  til  5 

3  to  5 
3Ui4 

5 

4  lo  5 
4  to  5 

1 
2  to  3 

11 
65 

u 

fi .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. 

72 

74 

60 

10 

55 

ud. 

47  1 

43           ud. 

6           ud. 

216          ud. 

37 

4 

80 

11 

70 
0 
0 
3 

16 

ail. 
ad' 
ad' 

50  j             24 

156 

12 

2               4 

1  5 
12  ,            3 

2  4 
27              5 

4              4 

0  1 

4          ud. 
3  <        ud. 

3 
3 

14 

16  ' 

1 

3          ad. 
2       1  to  2 
11          ad. 
1              1 
8          ad. 

-' 

15 

60 

8 

1 

67 

ad. 

2 

ud. 

ad. 

5i-|:::;::;;:; 

5 

2  to  4 

" 

10 

1 

17 

20               4 
8              5 

\              I 

■    351...;;:... 

14 
2 

? 

2  to  3 

4  to5 

3 

5 

3 

18 

i 

2 

ud. 
ud. 

ii::::::;::; 

2    

6  ,        ad. 

10 

• 

a  All  t'emuluH  ubuvu  'J  ycarH  oUt  ,irr  cliwatxl  an  uiluUti,  "lul.' 


i 


XII.-FUR-SEAL  HUNTING  IN  THE  SOUTHERN   HEMISPHERE.' 


By  Dr.  .J.  A.  Ai.lkn. 


Fur  8eal8  t'urincrly  «;.\istc(l  iit  great  nuuibur»  alou^  portions  ot'tho  soiitUurii  coasts 
of  iSoutli  Ainuricu,  South  Africa,  Australia,  aud  New  Zealand,  ou  the  outlying  islamls 
off  these  coasts,  aud  also  on  many  of  the  pelagic  islands  of  the  southern  oceaus.  Seal 
hunting  for  commercial  purposes  began  here  during  the  closing  decades  of  the  last 
century,  aud  as  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  the  industry  had 
assunted  gigantic  proportions.  The  skins  at  this  time  and  for  many  years  after  were 
taken  to  the  Canton  market  and  exchanged  for  teas,  silks,  and  other  well-known  prod- 
ucts of  the  Chinese  Empire.  The  price  obtained  for  the  skins  was  small  in  comparisou 
to  their  value  in  later  years,  usually  ranging  from  50  cents  to  $4  or  $5  per  skin.  Yet 
the  sealing  business  proved  immensely  profitable,  and  led  to  an  indiscriminate  and 
exterminating  slaughter.  One  after  another  of  the  populous  seal  rookeries  was  vis- 
ited and  reduced  to  the  verge  of  extermination,  followed  by  new  voyages  of  discovery 
in  search  of  new  sealing  grounds,  which  in  turn  were  quickly  despoiled.  Every  seal 
that  could  be  obtained  was  killed  regardless  of  age  or  sex.  The  fur  seals  generally 
selected  for  their  homes  barren,  volcanic  islands,  situated  in  stormy  seas,  often  inac- 
cessible oxcei>t  to  the  uiost  venturesome,  skillful,  and  hardy  seamen.  The  seals  that 
escaped  the  hunters  usually  owed  their  preservation  to  the  inaccessibility  of  their 
haunts. 

Sealing  tirst  began  in  the  southern  hemisphere  at  the  Falklaud  Islauds  about 
1784.  The  immense  fur-seal  rookeries  at  the  islands  of  Mas-ii-Fuera  aud  Juan  Fernan- 
dez were  first  visited  iu  1793,  where  millions  were  taken  during  the  next  fifteen  years. 
In  the  year  1800  the  South  Georgian  rookeries  were  attacked  and  speedily  exhausted. 
In  1801  the  sealing  fleet  at  this  island  numbered  thirty  vessels,  while  an  equal  number 
of  vessels  were  employed  during  the  same  year  in  sealing  ott'  the  coast  of  Chile.  At 
about  this  date  sealing  began  on  the  Patagouiau  coast  in  the  archipelago  of  Tierra 
del  Fuego,  at  St.  Marys  Island,  off  the  coast  of  Chile,  and  at  the  St.  Felix  group.  In 
1803  and  1804  voyages  were  made  to  the  coast  of  Australia,  Borders  Island,  aud  the 
Autii)odes.  In  1804-l.S0(i  seal  njokeries  were  discovered  at  the  Crozet  and  Prince 
Edward  islands.  In  1820  the  immense  wealth  of  seal  life  at  the  South  Shetlands  was 
discovered  and  the  seals  nearly  exterminated  in  a  single  season.  At  the  Auckland 
Islands  sealing  began  to  be  vigorously  prosecuted  in  182li  and  1823.  At  these  and 
numerous  less  noted  fur-seal  resorts  sealing  has  been  intermittently  prosecuted  from 
the  date  of  their  discovery  till  the  x)resent  time,  although  of  late  years  the  catch  has 
been  small,  and  in  many  instances  the  vessels  have  nuide  losing  voyages.    At  most 


l{e]>rinto(l  from  I'roc,  Fur  Hoal  Arb.,  Appendix  to  U.  S.  Cuhu,  >'u1.  I,  p.  305. 


307 


mm 

•If!  $ 


I 


1  i 


.4::t  i 

i 


W   M  ,1 


i' 


■  it-ii 


308 


THE    FUR   8KALS    OF    THK    PBIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


h 


i 


of  the  t'lir-Ktml  ri'Morts  above  inuiitiuiied  tlu>re  are  now  not  enoiigli  hchIs  left  to  make  it 
worth  while  to  attempt  to  captiii-e  them.  At  all  of  tlii^n  the  HlaiiKliter  has  been 
indiseriminate  and  to  the  highest  degree  improvident;  since,  if  the  killing  had  been 
wisely  regiilattHl,  tens  of  thousands  of  seals  might  liavt^  been  taken  annually  at 
ea<'b  of  a  dozen  to  twenty  of  the  larger  rookeries  without  any  undue  decrease  In  the 
Heal  jiopulation. 

In  eontnist  to  this  maybe  eited  not  only  the  history  of  the  seal  rookeries  in  Uering 
Sea,  but  those  at  Lobos  Island,  Auckland  Islaixl,  and  on  the  west  coast  «>f  South 
Africa,  where  the  killing  has  been  more  or  less  stringently  regulated  by  the  several 
governments  to  whose  Jurisdiction  these  seal  rookeries  pertain. 

In  the  following  pages  a  succinct  general  history  is  given  of  ea(;h  of  the  princiital 
rookeries  and  fur-scaling  grounds  of  the  Southern  hemisphere. 

FALKLAND   ISLANDS. 

The  lirst  cargo  of  fur-seal  skins  obtained  at  the  Falkland  Islands,  or  i>i;ibably 
from  anywhere  south  of  the  eiiuator,  appears  to  have  been  secured  by  the  Ai!ieri<uui 
ship  St»teH,  from  Boston,  about  the  year  1784.  In  17!>2  several  vessels  obtained  full 
carg(»e8  of  fur-seal  skins  at  these  islands,  and  they  were  visited  by  one  or  nmre  ves- 
sels nearly  every  year  as  late  as  1800,  and  8ubse«iuently  at  less  frequent  intervals  till 
the  present  time,  as  the  Falkland  fur  seals  were  less  abundant  than  at  many  of  the 
islands  oft'  the  coast  of  Chile  and  elsewhere  in  the  Southern  seas.  Yet  the  vessels 
whieli  tirst  visited  them  seem  to  have  found  little  difticulty  in  securing  good  cargoes 
of  fur-seal  skins.  Later  the  rookeries  became  nearly  exttuminated.  According  to  the 
affidavit  of  Gapt.  .lames  W.  Budington,  a  close  season,  lasting  from  October  to  April, 
was  established  in  1881,  but  owing  to  the  granting  of  licenses  for  killing  during  the 
close  season  the  ordinance  was  of  little  benelit  to  the  seals.  About  1880  the  annual 
catch  varied  from  5»>  to  500  skins.  So  far  as  our  knowledge  extends,  there  are  still  a 
few  fur  seals  lelt  at  these  islands. 

As  supplementary  of  the  foregoing  account  we  may  (juote  the  following,  taken 
from  N'enning's  report,"  in  the  department  of  marine  and  lisheries  for  1805.  The 
incident  seems  to  us  to  need  verification,  which  we  are  nimble  to  obtain.  There  is  no 
good  reason  why  the  skins  c^uld  not  have  been  taken  oft'  the  coast  of  California,  and 
their  reported  similarity  to  skins  usually  " secured  by  the  British  Columbian  fleet" 
suggests  this.  We  give  the  account  foi-  what  it  is  worth.  Mr.  Venning  rejmrts  it  as 
follows : 

I'erhiip"  one  of  the  luimt  iiotewortliy  iiioiilents  in  the  hultiNtr.v  this  your  ix  tlx'  cutch  l>y  the 
suhuourr  IHrrctor,  in  th*'  Nortti  Atlantic  Uvoiin,  otV  I'^illilaiitl  I^^llln(ls,  of  Ol^OBe.ilH. 

lni|iiiri(!M  were  iiiHtitiitcd  for  tlio  iinrpuse  of  collecting  any  inl'uiination  in  i-unnvctiun  with  the 
incident  whicli  might  lie  of  interest  to  the  ijueHtion  of  the  Healing  industry  j^uneriilly. 

11  was  nsrertainod  that  Cajtt.  I'rrdi'riclt  W.  (iilliert,  of  tlie  sdiooner  lUreclor,  S7  tons  re^jistcr, 
with  a  crmv  of  'St  nit-u,  nailed  from  Halifax,  Nova  8<'otia,  on  the  20th  of  Dtu'cnibor,  18!)l,  hound  for  the 
AHiatic  Hide  of  the  North  Puritic  Ocean. 

()u  reaching  the  tenth  degree  of  south  latitude,  the  master  was  obliged  to  change  his  courBe,  by 
reason  of  liiH  8U])ply  of  provisions  and  water  bring  inxufllcient  to  euablc  him  to  com]>li'tu  hiH  voyage. 

The  run  from  Halifax  to  the  Falkland  Islands  was  made  in  forty -right  days.  While  oH'  the 
southern  end  of  the  islands  hit  encountered  several  gnuipsof  simls.  He  cop«"(|uently  devoted  thirty- 
six  days  to  sealing  in  that  neighborhood,  as  well  as  olf  the  east  and  west  end  Of  >Staten  Island,  result- 
ing in  the  capture  of  ti20  seals,  which  be  took  to  the  port  of  Victoria. 

'  Paiuplilet  entitled  "The  Ueriug  Sea  Question,"  etc.     Veuuiug,  1895,  p.  15. 


\i 


MAS-A-I 'ITEKO    AND   Jl'AN    FF-RNANPEZ 


809 


Tbe  ciiptain  rejiorts  tliat  he  wuh  comiiclled  to  Bimprnd  IiIh  «ealiiiK  opcratioiiH,  owiii^  t»  n  cIiiiiiko 
iu  tho  wuathor,  wliirh  liuctinif  qiiito  Hloriiiy,  anil,  us  it  was  ^ttttiiiK  luti<  in  tliu  HrusoD,  liopriM'eedcil  uu 
biH  voya■^   to  Victoria,  ri^aulilii);  tliiTr  on  May  21,  IH'Xt. 

(Captain  (iillxTt  reported  that  all  the  hciiIh  wore  HeoiiriMl  at  hcu,  far  diHtant  from  any  of  the  hoiiI- 
in>;  preservt's,  and  were  Hhot  In  the  same  niannrras  are  those  taken  iu  thr  North  I'arilie  Ocean  by  (he 
Viotoria  Healinjr  tlet-t.     lit;  met  with  no  inlurl'tTcnce. 

In  reply  to  the  iui|iiirii'H  uiadu,  it  wax  ascertainuil  that  uo  ruconl  itxiatud  of  the  lainliuK,  in  the 
past,  of  any  Heal  skinH  at  a  Itritisht'olnmbia  port  which  did  not  form  (tart  of  the  catfh  of  tho  Hi-alera 
opuratiiiK  >■>  the  North  I'acillc!  Ocean,  either  on  thi^  American  or  ANiatic.  HiduH  thereof. 

Thf  HkiUM  aro  reported  to  have  been  in  );ooil  conilition,  and  to  liu  of  the  Mame  kind  ax  thoao 
nxnally  sold  by  Messrs.  l.anipson  A  Co..  London,  and  ar<>  clas-si'd  and  known  with  the  Lobos  Island 
Hual  Bkinu,  frcmi  the  month  of  the  Kiver  I'latti',  and  brinfr  aliont  the  same  priccH  tin  thosi'  taken  in  the 
North  I'acillc  Occwkii. 

The  character  of  the  skinH  Ih  represented  as  being  very  similar  to  that  of  those  nsnally  secured 
by  tlie  Itritisb  Columbiun  lleet. 

MAS-X-FITEUO. 

The  island  of  Mus-ii-Fuero,  .situated  ofl'  the  tiotist  of  (Jhih*,  in  hititude  .'{4°  south 
(about  4(M)  miles  west  of  Valparaiso),  when  tii-.st  discoveretl,  in  15<KJ,  swiiruied  with 
fur  seals.  The  island  seems  to  Inive  been  tirst  visited  lor  fur  seals  by  the  siiip  HIiza, 
Oapt.  William  It.  Stewtirt,  of  New  Yoriv,  in  17!>li.  This  vessel  setnired  a  cargo  of 
.'{8,000  skins,  wiiieh  were  taken  t«»  Canton  and  .sold  f«>r  ii)l(t.(M)0.  In  170.S  Capt.  Kdward 
Fanning,  of  the  ship  lietsey,  t'vtmi  New  York,  took  100,000  seal  skins  to  the(Jantoii 
market,  netirly  till  of  which  were  obttiined  tit  Mas  ti-Fiiero.  lie  estimated  at  the  time 
of  his  leiiving  ]\las-ii-Fuero  there  were  still  left  on  the  island  between  .~>(Nt,000  and 
700,000  seals.' 

(lapt.  A.  l)ehin<»,  writing  of  the  same  subjeet,  says: 

When  the  Americans  came  to  Mas-ii-Fucro,  abont  tho  year  17117,  and  bej^an  to  make  a  Imsiness 
of  killing  seals,  there  is  no  ilonlit  but  that  there  were  2,00(),(M)O  or  :t.0OU,IXM)  of  them  (m  the  island.  I 
have  made  an  estinnite  of  more  than  li,(KIO,0()0  that  have  been  carried  to  (,'anton  from  thence  in  tho 

space  of  seven  years.     I  have  carried  more  than   1(K),000  niysolf,  ami  have  I n  at  the  plaiut  when 

there  were  the  pc^opli^  of  fourteen  ships  or  vimsels  on  the  island  at  one  time  killiuK  seals. - 

It  is  therefore  st-tircely  a  matter  of  surprise  that  in  1807,  act^ording  to  Captain 
Morrell,' "The  hiisine.ss  was  .scarcely  worth  following.  *  *  *  In  ISL'4  the  island, 
like  its  neighbor,  Juan  Fernandez,  was  almost  entirely  absi.uloned  by  these  animals." 
In  other  wonls,  die  seals  hatl  become  so  netirly  CKtennina^ed  that  there  were  not 
emingh  h'ft  to  render  the.  pursuit  of  them  lU'olltable.  In  later  years  the  island  has 
been  visited  iit  intervals  by  fur-seal  hunters  and  snmll  catches  obtained.  As  late  as 
ISO]  Capt.  Frank  .M.  (Salfney  states  (atlidiivit)  thsit  on  visiting  the  islainl  for  fur  seals 
he  saw  300  4U-  100,  ami  took  19,  showing  thiit  a  feware  still  t<»  be  tbuml  at  Masa-Fueru. 


1-:    1 

?  '^  i 

'  ■  1  i. 
11'';* 


!i 


H 


J 


.IKAN   KEUNANDEZ. 


The  island  of  •liian  Fevnande/,,  situated  it  few  miles  to  tint  eastward  of  Mas-a  Fuero, 
was  formerly  the  home  of  immense  niind)ers  of  ftir  seals.  Dampier,  who  visited  f  's 
islaixl  in  HiKi,  sttys: 

Seal,  swarm  as  thick  about  this  Island  of  .lohn  Feramloas  if  they  had  no  other  place  in  the  World 
to  live  in  ,  for  there  is  not  a  May  or  Koi^k  that  oneitan  got  ashore  on  that  is  not  full  of  tiiom. 
These  at  .lohn  Ferando's  hr.vo  liue,  thick,  short  Fnrr;  the  like  i  have  not  taken  notice  of  anywhere 


'  Voyages,  etc.,  pp.  117. 118. 


'Narr.  Voy.  and  I'rav.,  1817,  p.  306. 


Voyages,  etc.,  p.  I'M, 


i 


ir- 


'ww^ifflSBr'iWIP'' 


'■iOxiL'jii 


310 


THK    PUR   SKALH    OP   THK    PUiniLOP    ISLANDS. 


ri 


1 ' 

i 

I*' 
i 


'\ 


lint  in  theso  Sean.  Hero  nru  nlwu.VH  thoiisandH,  I  iniKht  Hity  poHgihly  iiiilliotiH  of  tlieni,  oitlior  sittiiif; 
on  tb<-  KayH,  or  goin^  and  coming  in  tlio  Sea  ronnd  tlie  Ulnnd;  wliich  In  i-ovorcd  with  tlitini  (iih  t)iey 
lyo  at  the  top  of  the  Watnr  pliiyinj^antl  HunniuK  tlii'niHolvtm)  for  a  mile  or  niorr  from  tlioBlion-,  When 
they  cnmr  out  of  tlie  Sea  they  bleut  like  Shi-op  for  tlioir  yoini);;  and  tlionfrli  tlmypiWH  tlirongh 
Innidn-dH  of  otliers'  young  onim  before  tlioy  como  to  their  own,  yut  they  will  not  RiilVcr  any  of  them  to 
Huck.  The  young  ours  are  like  I'nppioH  and  li<*  much  ashore;  lint  wlion  beaten  by  any  of  uh,  they,  as 
well  as  the  old  onen,  will  make  toward  the  Sea,  and  swim  very  swift  and  nimble;  tho  on  shore  they 
lie  very  sluggishly,  and  will  not  go  out  of  our  way  unless  wo  bout  them,  but  snap  at  us,  A  blow  <in 
the  nose  soon  kills  theui.  Kargi-  shi|is  might  here  load  themselves  with  Seal  Skins  and  'I'rayne  Oyl, 
for  they  are  extraordinary  fat.' 

Seal  limiting  begiui  at  Juan  Fernandez  at  tlie  same  time  as  Ma8j'i-I''iien),  the  two 
islands  being  but  a  few  miles  apart  and  the  fur  neals  fre<|ucntiiig  them  belonging  to 
the  same  herd.  Owing  to  tho  early  settlement  of  tliis  island  (it  had  a  population  of 
3,000,  according  to  Delano,  in  the  year  1800)  the  .seals  probably  found  tho  island  an 
nncongenial  resort  almost  before  the  scaling  business  fairly  began,  as  Delano,  writing 
in  1800,  says  there  were  not  then  any  seals  on  any  part  of  it.^  Hubscciuently  the 
island  appesirs  to  have  been  visited  at  intervals  by  sealers  in  sear(;h  of  fur  seals,  but 
always  with  poor  success.  Altliougli  not  yet  extinct  there  (see  iillidavit  of  Capt. 
Frank  M.  (Jattiiey,  who  reports  seeing  a  few  fur  seals  there  in  December,  1891),  the 
number  left  is  txio  small  t4i  possess  any  (^onunercial  im]>ortanc(^ 

OALAI'AOOS   ISLANDS.' 

The  Galapagos  Islands,  situated  under  the  e(|Uiitor,  about  000  miles  west  of 
Ecuador,  are  the  home  of  fur  seals,  which  probably  belong  to  a  difl'erent  species  from 
that  formerly  so  abundant  farther  south.  The  (ialapagos  seals  reside  at  the  islands 
throughout  the  year.    They  are  said  to  breed  in  caves  and  to  bring  forth  their  young  at 


I A  Now  Voyage  Uouud  the  World,  etc.,  l(iU7,  pp.  «!•,  iM». 

•  v^oyages  and  Travels,  etc.,  1817,  p.  31.S. 

•'  The  following  facts  regarding  the  cruise  of  the  schooner  Prosper  during  the  summer  of  18!t7  to 
tho  (ialapagos  Islands  were  obtained  by  Mr.  George  A.  Clark,  socret.iry  of  the  Pur  Seal  ConniiisBion, 
in  a  rceent  interview  with  tho  c.iptain  of  the  vessel,  AVilliiim  L.  Noyes. 

The  captain  said:  "Thegroupof  Islands,  known  as  tho  (ialapagos,  from  I'crtain  interesting  turtles 
found  there,  lie  under  the  equator  an<l  In  the  region  of  the  ninetieth  degree  of  west  longitude.  They 
arer)Ot)  miles  ofl'  the  shores  of  Kcuador,  to  which  they  belong,  and  were  nniiihabited  until  a  penal 
colony,  now  abandoned,  was  planted  there.  The  climate  is  tein]iered  by  the  cool  currents  of  the  ocean. 
The  shores  are  broken  and  precipitous,  marked  by  cliffs.  Parts  of  the  surface  reach  an  elevation  of 
3,000  and  1,000  feet.    Tlier<f  are  live  islanils  of  considerable  m/.ti  In  the  group  and  ten  small  ones. 

"  I  sailed  from  San  Piancisco  May  !l,  1S!>7,  in  the  schooner  I'roupcr,  a  vessel  of  211  tons  regigt«r,  owned 
by  (ieorgo  W.  Kneass  A  Co.,  of  San  Prancisco,  and  carrying  a  crow  of  live  men.  We  arrived  at  Wen- 
man  Island,  one  of  the  (ialapagos  group,  lying  in  J'  20'  north  latitude,  .Inly  17,  and,  landing,  found 
seals  with  theiryoung  already  born.  The  breeding  grounds  occupied  by  the  seals  were  rough  bowlder 
beaches.  The  animals  did  not  haul  inland  to  any  great  extent,  and  were  not  I'ouiid  upon  the  sandy 
beaches.  The  seals  wore  not  very  numenius.  In  the  hope  th.'vt  more  seals  would  appear  later  and  in 
order  to  let  tho  pups  grow,  we  left  Wennian  Island  and  sailed  to  the  south  of  the  ei|Uiit(ir. 

"On  a  certain  island  in  S'  south  we  found  uuiro  seals,  and  a  number  were  killed  which  contained 
nnborn  pups.  This  we  found  to  be  ch.aracteristic  of  tho  seals  south  of  the  e<|uator.  Solium  killed  as 
late  as  September  were  still  bearing,  and,  T  should  Judge,  would  not  be  doli\ered  until  some  time  in 
October  or  November. 

"In  October  we  returned  to  Wenuwin  Island,  finding  and  taking  a  few  seals,  but  none  of  the  pups 
we  left  in  .luly.     On  another  island  I  saw  a  single  pup  alone  swimming  in  a  little  pool. 

"The  waters  about  the  island  were  infested  by  sharks  of  the  man-eating  type.  One  of  those  we 
killed  while  at  anchor  beside  the  vessel.     Its  st«uiach  contained  the  tiesli  and  bones  of  an  adult  seal, 


■ 
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1 

1 

.2SB=:ai 

I 


8T.  FKTilX   AND   ST.  AMHROSK    IHLANDS. 


311 


all  Heivflons.  The  Hiipply  lioro  appears  niwor  to  hav»  been  abiiiulant.  Dolano,  writing 
ill  1800,  Hays:  "Those  islaiuls  atlord  some  seals  of  both  tlu;  hair  and  fur  kind,  and  £ 
think  a  vessel  might  procure  several  thousands  of  the  two  kinds  uix)n  the  whole 
cluster  of  islands,  as  all  of  them  aftbrd  some." '  They  wore  frequently  visited  later, 
and  Oaptain  Fanning  states-  that  in  1810  lie  obtained  there  8,000  fur  seals  and  2,000 
hair  seals.  (Japt.  lionjamin  Morrell  mentions  taking  a  few  fur  seals  at  the  south  end 
of  AlbiMuarle  Island  in  November,  182.'i,'  and  doubtless  many  have  been  taken  at  the 
Galajtagos  sin<'e  that  dato.  (/a])t.  (/harles  W.  Reed  (aflida^Mt)  states  that  in  1871^  he 
took  .'{,(MM)  fur  seals  at  these  islands,  and  about  as  many  more  <iur!ng  three  subsequent 
voyages  between  this  date  and  1880.  In  1885  Oaptain  Oaffnoy  (aflidavit)  obtained 
1,000  fur  seals  there. 

ST.  KELIX,  ST.  AMUnOSE,  ST.  MARYS  IST-ANPS,  ETC. 

Many  of  the  small  islands  oil'  the  (^oast  of  Chile,  from  the  Strait  of  Magellan  north- 
ward, were  formerly  inhabited  by  <HiIonies  of  fur  seals.  Kvon  before  the  atinihilatiou 
of  the  seal  rookeries  at  Juan  Fernandez  and  Mas-a-Fuero,  these  islands  were  visited 
by  scalers,  from  some  of  whi<;h  they  reaped  rich  harvests.    Delano,  writing  in  1801, 


I  beliovn  tbnl  tlxt  HliarkH  iiiiist  havocHton  tlin  |>n|iH  \v»  n»w  iit  tlio  tiiiio  of  tho  lii'st  viHit  to  tlio  iHlanil 
in  July. 

"Wo  killed  Olio  tu'i\\  which  had  ii  llippnr  hittiMi  c.lniiii  oil',  probably  by  ii  Hhark.  In  oiio  caHo  wo 
Haw  a  bull  Mai  lyiiiK  on  tlio  fiiirrara  of  tho  water  and  a  ffw  fnct  nnd«r  him  wont  a  iinmbor  of  Iningry- 
looking  nharkH.    Thoy  did  not  mmmii  iiiiilinod  to  attack  liiin,  but  ho  evidently  watclind  them  cloHely. 

"  While  Iho  HhnrkH  were  not  srcii  to  touch  tho  living  Hi-als  wliini  iininjiircd,  Uicy  on  one  occivxion 
attacked  a  wounded  ono  whii'h  liadHuccccded  in  f^eUing  intotho  water  and  wan nndoavoring  to oBi^apo. 
Thoy  wore  ]irobab]y  incited  by  the  taste  of  the  blood, 

"  The  Hoalit  wori«  ofloii  found  in  cuvch  and  under  the  great  bowldorH,  In  one  cave  tn  which  there 
wax  but  a  small  oponin;;  iHhot  anddra;;ged  out  threo  in  Huccossion,  onn  appearing  aH  mooii  as  tho  other 
waH  taken  away.  Innido  the  cave,  which  could  not  bo  entered,  hoiiihIh  from  other  HoalH  could  be  hoard. 
"  The  HoalH  were  very  tamo  and  iiinnifestcd  no  fear.  Wo  nsod  tho  rillo  in  killing  tboin,  whother  in 
the  water  or  on  shore.  In  tho  water  we  got  as  close  as  possible,  which  was  usually  IS  or  K  feot.  We 
did  not  lose  any  of  the  seals  shot  in  the  water.  A  few  killed  on  shore  near  tho  edge  rolled  off  and 
sank  in  deep  wati^r  before  we  could  got  to  them.     We  killed  all  we  could  find. 

"Tho  Hoals  eviilonlly  do  not  migrate.  They  do  not  seem  to  have  a  dellnito  rookery  life,  im  on  the 
islands  of  the  north.  At  ono  island  we  saw  a  number  of  yearlings  and  a  score  of  old  bulls  lying  about, 
but  apparently  no  cows.  At  another  island  a  number  of  bulls  seemed  to  bo  scouring  the  caves  and 
shores  as  if  in  search  of  cows. 

"There  is  not  the  marked  diirereiico  in  Ni/ebotwenn  the  inaloand  female  that  is  (Oiaraoteristic  of 
thit  northern  Heals.  A  typical  bull  would  lie  about  .5  foot  in  length.  The  noso  scorned  shorter  and 
blunter.  The  fur  is  more  uniformly  dark  shade.  Tho  throat  and  belly  do  not  show  the  lighter  colors 
found  in  the  northern  seals.  There  is  little  or  no  din'ereiice  in  shado  between  the  back  and  under 
parts  of  Iho  body  except  in  rare  eases  which  show  a  )iatch  of  lighter  brown  on  the  Hank.  The  fur 
see'iis  overywhore  shorter,  and  is  particularly  short  on  tho  belly,  (irobably  because  tho  animal  spends 
so  much  of  its  time  on  land. 

"  We  probably  did  not  got  all  the  seals,  but  there  were  few  li'i't.  I  visited  tho  islands  in  187!),  at 
which  time  there  were  more  sciils  than  in  18!t7.  Our  total  catch  numbered  224  skins,  of  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  examinations  in  the  ciistoin-hoiise,  Kt  were  males  and  l.S!)  females. 

"In  former  years  a  groat  many  skins  were  taken  on  the  O.alapagos  Islands.  One  catch  of  .'),000 
W.1S  lost  through  imperfect  curing.  The  catch  of  the  VroHfxr  was  brought  in  in  goml  condition,  having 
lieeii  dry-salted  first  and  then  kept  in  pickle  until  arrival  in  |ioi't,  when  they  were  again  ilry-saltod, 

"We  left  the  (iaiapagos  Islands  on  Oct«dter  22  and  reached  .San  Francisco  on  December  14," 

'  Voyages  anil  Travels,  p.  381 . 

•Voyages,  p.  110. 

'Narrative  «>f  I-'our  Voyages,  etc.,  18:i2,  p.  221. 


"I  ■■'.  '■ 


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312 


THK    I  rit    SKALS   OF   THE    PBIHH.OK    ISI,\N1)S. 


8|icaks  of  St.  ViA\\  and  St.  AinbroHt^  islaixls  aH  Itciiig  visited  by  tlio  HOiilors.  tiic  greater 
part  of  the  catcli  lieiiig  taken  from  St.  Felix,  tiie  lar^^cr  island  of  tlie  };ro:i|>.' 

In  18I(>  Capt.  Kdward  Fanning  t<M)k  1  t,<Nll)  fur  seal  skins  at  St.  iMarys.'  lie  also 
Hpeaks  of  having  visited  these  islands  in  l<S()l  and  linding  there  a  small  fleet  of 
Anieriean  sealers,  live  ships  and  a  sehooner.'  While  it  is  impossible  ti  give  even 
apjiroxinnite  statistics  of  the  ttat^Oi,  the  aggregate  number  of  seals  tnken  must  have 
been  large. 

At  some  of  these  islaiuls  small  remininta  of  the  former  herds  still  exist,  as  shown 
by  the  atlidavitsof  Capt.  Frank  M.  OalVney  and  (ieorge  Fogel.  The  latter  states  that 
in  187(»  he  saw  at  Chikhiway  thousantls  of  fur  seals;  in  IHOl,  however,  there  were  "no 
seals  worth  mentioning."  In  Deeember,  1891,('aptain  (iatfney  saw  only  two  fur  seals 
at  St.  Felix  and  St.  Ambrose  islands,  where  formerly  they  were  so  abundiint.  At 
IJees  Islet  (latitude  4(P  4."*'  south,  longitude  75  '  4"»'  west)  during  a  stay  «»f  two  weeks 
in  December,  ISiU,  he  obtained  one  seal,  lie  says,  however,  that  they  still  breed 
there,  but  that  the  (Chilians  go  there  and  kill  all  they  can  obtain,  as  has  been  the 
case  tor  many  years  at  other  islands  olf  the  Chilean  (ioast.  Ilencre  there  is  little  oppor- 
tunity for  the  re<-u|)eration  <»f  the  seal  herds. 

TIEKKA    DKI,   FlKlio    AND  Till',    l*ATA(ii»NlAN   COASTS. 

The  group  of  islands  south  of  Patagonia  known  as  Tierra  del  Ftiego,  with  wliit-h 
nniy  be  here  included  the  l)iegi>  Hamirez  group,  are  celebrated  ('•»■  the  number  of  sea 
elephants  aiul  fur  seals  which  they  have  yielded  to  comineree,  as  are  also  the  coasts 
and  outlying  islaiuls  of  Patagonia.  Without  going  into  details  as  to  the  former 
abundan(;e  of  fur  seals  in  this  general  region,  it  may  sutllce  to  show  that  at  present 
the  species  is  practi«'ally  extinct,  at  least  in  a  eommenrial  sense.  Says  Captain  H.id- 
dington  (aftidavit),  great  numbers  were  formerly  taken  on  the  east«;oastof  Patagonia; 
at  the  present  time  there  are  no  seals  there.  There  are  not  enough  on  the  Patagonian 
coast  to  pay  for  hunting  them,  lie  says  that  in  1<S81  he  took  (>()(>  fur  seals  ou  the 
western  c«>ast,  at  Pictou  Landing.  In  1889  he  again  visited  this  coast  and  obtained 
only  four  skins. 

At  Tierra  del  Fuego  and  tiie  adjacent  islaiuls  he  took  .IjOtH)  skins  during  the 
season  of  1879-80;  in  1891-92  he  obtained  only  9t»0,  and  lhe.se  came  from  another 
part  of  the  coast.  F<unierly  thousands  of  skins  were  taken  there,  "but  the  animals 
are  practically  extinct  there  t4»ilay.'' 

Mr.  (Ieorge  Coiner  states  (aflidavit)  that  he  spent  the  years  1S79  to  1882  about 
Tierra  del  I'^uego  and  the  coasts  of  Patagonia  and  Chile,  on  a  three  years'  sealing 
cruise.  During  these  three  years,  he  says,  "our  catch  was  4,<KK)  seals,  2,(MK)  of  which 
were  taken  the  first  year,  and  we  jtractically  cleaned  the  rookeries  out." 

The  testimony  of  Capt.  ('aleb  Lindahl  (atlidavit).  a  .sealer  of  long  experience,  is 
to  the  same  effect.  He  states  that  in  Oct«>ber,  1891,  he  went  on  a  sealing  cruise  to  the 
S<uith  Seas,  starting  in  .sealing  off  the  coast  of  Patagonia  and  sealing  there  and  in 
the  neighboring  seas  till  the  tbilowing  March.     He  says: 

'\'\w  HenlH  arc  uunrly  all  killuil  otl'  down  llioii',  ho  tliut  \v«  ^ot  oiil,v  about  twenty  nliiiis.  It  is  iu> 
use  for  veMgi-ls  to  {{o  tlierr  HcaliiiK  ii»y  iiiorv.  I  waH  tlicT«  twflvit  yeaiH  a^o  on  a  Nntilhig  fxpcilitioii 
an<l  tlic  rookeries  were  full  of  seals.  Now  they  are  nearly  all  j-one.  They  never  gave  the  m-iils  a 
chanee  to  breed  there.     They  shot  theui  as  soon  a.s  they  eanie  n|i  on  the  roeks. 


: 


'  Voyages  aud  Travels,  p.  854. 


■^Voyages,  ele.,  \t.  411. 


Ibid.,  p.  aOti. 


iOHOS    ISLAND    AND    SOUTH    SIIKTLANDS. 


.'ua 


Tlie  socullwl  "CiiiM!  Horn"  cut.cli,  wliirli  pn'suTnaltly  inrliulos  all  of  tin!  fur  wills 
taken  oil'  the  ciiaRtH  of  8uiitli  Aiiiuiicu  and  tlie  varionH  outlying;  islands  and  arclii- 
])«lagoH  to  tliu  Moiitliward,  from  l.S7<S  to  I8i>:2,  aggn'ffiites  a  total  of  about  1  l.'t,(H)i)  skiiiM, 
varying  in  dilViM-ent  yeai-H  from  about  17,r»(M)  in  1SS<»  to  lass  tinui  l,(MN>iii  1SM<;.  but 
averii);inK  foi-  rlio  last  tun  years  about  :(,r>UO  annually.' 

Lonos   ISLAND. 

The  fur-seal  rookery  on  L<»bos  Island,  olV  the  mouth  of  the  llio  de  la  Plata,  and 
bclon},nn^  to  the  Uepublii;  of  I'ruguay,  is  one  of  the  few  that  have  escaped  annihila 
tion  at  the  hands  of  the  seal  hunter.  Many  fur  seals  w«'re  taken  here  jirior  to  182(». 
Captain  Morrell^  found  men  stationed  there  to  take  seals  in  1824,  and  Captain  Wed- 
dell,'  writing  in  18l!5,  refers  to  Lobos  Island  as  bein^  farmed  out  by  the(fOverniuentof 
Montevideo  for  sealing  purposes,  under  retaliations  designed  to  prevent  theexterniina 
tion  of  the  seals.  As  evidence  that  the  nuitter  has  been  long  managed  with  discretion 
may  be  cited  the  statistics  given  in  the  allidavits  of  .Messrs.  Kmil  Teichmann  and 
Alfred  l-'raser  (of  the  tirm  of  i\  M.  Lampson  &  ('o.,  of  London),  which  show  that  the 
catch  for  the  last  twenty  years  has  averaged  about  13,(tO(l  a  year,  or  a  total  of  some 
lir>(>,0(M>  fur-seal  skins.  This  throws  into  strong  relief  the  folly  of  the  exterminating 
slaughter  of  fur  seals  that  has  been  waged  unremittingly  for  nearly  a  century 
throughiait  the  Southern  seas. 


M 


SOITII    SriKTI.AXD    ISLANDS. 

The  Houth  Bhetlamls  constitute  a  numerous  gnuij)  of  small  islands  situated  about 
.'{00  miles  south  of  Cape  Morn.  Sealing  began  here  in  IHIO,  wIumi  the  American  brig 
Hersiliti,  from  Stonington,  (^onn.,  and  an  Knglish  vessel  fnun  liuenos  Ayres  obtained 
cargo«'s  of  very  fine  fur-seal  skins.  News  of  the  discover^  of  this  new  sealing  ground 
(|uickly  spread,  and  before  the  end  of  the  following  year  a  fleet  of  .'iO  vessels  (18 
American,  10  Knglish,  antl  '2  Russian)  had  reached  the  South  Shetlands  to  gather  in 
the  valuable  pelts  of  the  hapless  seals.  Captain  Weddell,  writing  in  182."»,  gives  the 
following  account  of  slaughter  which  ensued. 

Till'  i|ii!U>tity  of  srals  taken  nil'  llicsn  iHluixU  liy  vosboIh  from  ililViTent  ])iirtH  ihiring  the  years  ISlil 
null  IX'J'2  limy  \w  nmiimteil  ut  3'J0,iKM),  and  tlir  ijiiantity  of  sfa-tilupliant  nil  at  !•!(»  tonN.  This  valiiiilile 
animal,  tin-  fur  .seal,  might,  liy  a  law  Hiiiiilar  to  that  whiili  ri'Htraiim  tint  tiHlu^niii-n  in  tint  ni/.v  of  the 
nieah  of  their  nelH,  havit  ht-en  Niiarcd  to  renilur  unniinllv  ir)0,(HI()  I'lir  si>alHfor  many  yt'iirii  to  conio.  TbiM 
would  havti  followrd  from  not  killiii<;  th<i  motherH  until  the  yoiinu;  wito  ahlc  to  takr  tlii<  water,  and 
even  thi'ii  only  tlioHu  wliirh  ujipeared  to  he  old,  together  with  a  |iro|iortion  of  the  maloH,  thereby 
dimiuiHhing  thi'ir  total  nnmlier,  but  in  nlow  iirogression.  Thin  HyHteni  Is  inavtirt^I  at  thr  Uivur  IMata. 
The  iHhmd  of  l.oboK,  at  the  mouth  of  that  river,  contains  a  iiiiantity  of  Meulx,  and  in  farmed  l>y  the 
(iovernuuMit  of  Monti'vidtu),  nnili-r  cerlain  rt'strirtioiis.  that  the  hunter  shall  take  them  only  at  stated 
|>erlod8,  in  order  to  prevent  extermination.  The  system  of  exterminatinn  was  praeliceil,  however,  at 
the  South  Shetlands;  for  \vhenrver  a  .seal  reached  the  lieach,  of  whatever  denoiiiiiiation,  be  was 
immediately  killed  and  his  skin  taken,  and  hy  Ibis  means,  at  the  end  of  the  seeond  year,  the  seals 
hecame  nearly  extinet.  The  young,  having  lost  their  mothers  when  only  three  or  four  days  old,  of 
course  died,  wliieb  at  the  lowcHt  ealeulation  exceeded  100,000.' 


'  Altldavit  of  Kmil  Teiehmauu,  of  London  firiii  of  ('.  M.  Laui|)son  A-  ('" 

•' Voyages,  |i.  154.  'Ibid,,  ]i.  112.  '  \'oyage«,  ete.,  |ip.l41,  142. 


» 

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.      -^ 

314 


IIIK    KIIIJ    SI'.AI-S    OF    Tin;    IMMIIILOF    ISLANDS. 


Till)  history  of  Mio  Hoiitli  Hlietliinil  Heiil  llnlirry,  h'uwa\  tliJH  indiRcriminiite  mid 
oxtcriiiinntiiiK  Hhiii^^htor,  jh  tliiiH  given  hy  C.  A,  WillianiM  in  his  report  t«>  a  (uiiiiiiiitt^te 
of  Cont;re8H  on  Mordiiuit  Marine  and  KishtTies,  in  188.S. 

Ill  IHTJ,  llfty  yonrH  »l't«r  ttii<  Hl»ii){litor  ikt  tho  Shntliin<l  IhIiiiuIh,  th«  lociilitinH  Ix't'iirc  iiiiintloiiitil 
wi<r<>  till  I'ovJHitvil  li,v  ttiiothor  Kmiurotioii  i>r  lianterH,  tiiiil  in  tli<t  Hixt«)>ii  vniira  tliikt  huvo  «la|iM<>il  thi^y 
Unvn  mmrrhtnl  evory  liciu'li  aiitl  );1*">I><*<1  overy  rock  known  to  their  |)i'<«lnoi'HHorM  uiiil  roiinil  u  low 
NorliiiliMl  uiiil  inlinfi|iitiil)l«  ]ilttreH  Imfuro  iiiiknown,  and  tlin  iint  roHiilt  of  itll  tlieir  toil  anil  iliiriu)(  lor 
llir  yi'iti'H  NRarci'ly  niiionntitil  t,i>  1*1,(100  Nkiiia;  ami  now  not  ovrii  a  riMiiimiit  rriniiiim  oiivn  on  IliorofkH 
oir  tint  pitch  III'  ('A|)«  Horn.  'I'lin  luHt  vimHi'l  at  South  Sbctliiiiil  thin  year  of  IKKM,  af'.rr  hiintiiiK  all  thn 
Ki'onp,  roiiiiil  only  ;t,"i  NkhiH,  iiiiil  tho  laHt,  at  Ker^ni'laii  l.aiiil,  only  til,  iiii'lnilinK  piips.  So  in  wroti'lii'il 
wuMtr  and  wanton  ilrHtniction  huo  ((ono  ont  rorovi>r  t'roni  thn  Roiitliitrn  HoaH  a  raro  of  aninuilH  iihoI'iiI  to 
until  and  a  poHHilili'  iadiiHtry  connected  with  them.  And  it  i*  plain,  without  the  aid  of  the  law  to 
Kiiido  and  control,  no  other  riwnit  conld  luive  been  expected  or  attained. 

The  narrativii  is  brouj^ht  down  to  date  hy  tii«  loUowiiif;  tostiinony  Ironi  tho 
atlhlavit  of  ('apt.  •lames  VV.  ltndin};toii: 

The  HliorcH  xl'  tlicHe  iHlands  were  onre  rovnred  with  Hcnln,  hut  there  are  practically  none  there 
notv.  I  don't  think  1(X)  hkinH  could  he  taken  from  there  at  thn  ])reNniit  time,  while  I  liiivo  known  of 
one  veHNnI  taking  00,000  in  a  hcohoii. 

He  adds  tiiat  in  the  Hcasoii  of  1871-712  six  vessels  took  ahont  lL',00l)  skiiiR,  and 
th  it  in  IH7;J-7I  a  fleet  of  seven  vessels  took  about  r»,(MM).  Tp  to  1880  from  1(M»  to  L'Oi) 
were  taken  annually.  Since  ISSO  the  rookeries  were  not  worked  until  1888-S!),  when 
Captain  HtidiiiKton  took  3!>  skins,  and  18!>1,  II  skins. 

SOUTH   OEOUdIA    ISLAND. 

The  island  of  South  (leorgia  is  situated  about  .'MIO  miles  cast  of  ('ape  Horn,  in 
abont  latitude  r>.^t  de<;rees  south.  When  the  island  was  first  dia(;ov(U'ed  sea  elephants 
and  fnr  seals  were  abundant  on  its  shores.  Capt.  Edmund  Kanning,  of  the  American 
corvette  .U;MA>Vf,  visitiul  this  island  in  18IHI  and  secured  a  car{;o  of  57,00(1  fur  .seals, 
and  Htatt^s  that  1(>  other  vessels  procured  at  the  same  island,  between  November, 
1800,  and  Kebrnary,  1801,  (ir>,(MK)  fur-seal  skins,  making  a  total  of  IIL',(M>0  skins  taken 
there  in  a  single  season.'  Tho  slaughter  coiitinned  during  the  succeeding  years  until 
tho  supply  of  skins  was  exhausted,  the  t^ital  niiinber  of  fur-seal  skins  taken  here 
during  these  early  years  being  estimaU'd  by  ('aptaiu  Weddoll  at  none  less  than 
1,200,(MM).  He  also  states,  writing  in  18liU:  "These  animals  are  now  almost  eviinct."' 
During  many  years  following  this  period  of  sianghter  the  island  was  rarely  molested 
by  sealers,  but  so  few  seals  had  been  left  alive  that  their  increase  was  very  slow. 
Captain  Morrell,  in  November,  1822,  vainly  searched  its  shores  for  several  days  for 
fur  seals.'  Capt.  tlanics  W.  liitdiiigton  states  (a(lidavit)  that  on  visiting  the  island  in 
1874  he  took  l,4r>0  skins,  and  that  in  1875  live  \es8els  secured  (iOO;  the  next  season 
(187(i)  four  ve.-^sels  obtained  110.  The  island  was  not  worked  again  till  January,  1892, 
when  Captain  Hndington  took  l.'{5  fur-seal  skins,  "none,  however,  coming  from  the 
old  rookeries,"  which  had  become  practically  e.vterminated  long  before.  "The  seals 
of  South  (Jeorge,"  says  Captain  Budingtoii,  "are  practically  extinct."' 

Mr.  (leorgo  Coiner,  who  visited  the  island  in  1885  and  1886  as  mate  of  a  sealing 


'  Fanning.  \'oya<{CH,  ji.  L'W.  •'  Voyajjes,  ji.  5;{.  ■'  Voyages,  p.  TiS. 

^See  also  atlidavit  of  Alfred  Fraaer,  of  the  linn  of  C.  M.  l.anipNon  iV  Co.,  London, 


TIUSTAN     l>A    (IMIA. 


31; 


! 


veHMcl,  Hiiys  (ftl1i<liivit):  *' VV»i  liciiril  reports  of  (lie  iininlM'r  uC  sriils  lunnt'rly  taken 
there,  but  wo  iliil  not  (jet  u  seal,  iind  saw  only  on«."  lie  took  three  there,  however, 
in  1H87. 

SANDWICH    I.ANII. 

ICiirly  in  tlie  inewMil  cenlnry  many  I'lir  seals  were  taken  at  ISonvette  ishnnl  anil 
Hnnilwieh  Land,  Hinall  islands  a  lew  hundred  miles  southwest  of  South  (leor);ia,  lu'.t 
when  visited  by  ( 'aptain  Monell  in  lS2i.'  he  lound  m)t  u  .sin;;le  I'ur  seal  iit  Hiindwie.h 
liiuid,  and  Hiieceeded  in  |)roenrin^'  '<iily  id)oiit  -'<)(>  at  ISoiivett(*  Island.' 

Acu-ordin^r  to  Captain  Kudiiij^ion  (atlidavit),  in  lS7.*i-7(>  the  s(uithern  iHland  ot 
(Sandwich  hand  was  Keandu'd  nnsiuuiessfiilly  tor  sealH,  but  about  li,(MM»  were  taken 
that  season  on  the  northern  island,  where  also,  in  the  season  of  IH7n-77,  six  vessels 
took  about  4,0(H>.  The  next  year's  eat'''ii.  however,  ilid  not  extreed  !•>((  skins.  During 
the  senHon  of  l.S,S(»-.Sl  the  island  was  again  visited,  but  no  sepals  were  taken.  In  lS!H-!)li 
about  4(10  wen^  obtained  and  alxmt  '_'()()  more  were  seen.  Prior  t<»  1S7I  the  Handwieh 
Land  gnuip  of  islands  had  not  Iteen  w(»rk»'d  for  tw«^nty-tive  or  thirty  years,  during 
whitdi  time  the  seals  had  greatly  imaeased  in  nunibt>rs  and  had  beconn^  very  tame. 
At  (Irst  tlu^y  were  easily  kiUed  with  e.lubs,  but  since  ISSO  it  has  been  necessary  to 
shoot  them.  Old  and  ycuing  were  killed  indiscrinumiti'ly,  only  young  pups  being  left, 
whicdi  wore  killed  by  ituzi'.ards  or  died  of  starvation.  Captain  ISiidington  further  adds 
that  ''seals  in  the  Antar<'ti<r  regions  are  praetic^ally  extiin-t,  ami  I  have  given  u|>  the 
business  as  unprolitable.  The  whole  annual  catch  fiU'  seven  vessels  has  not  oxceedod 
2,(HH)  skins  for  the  last  tour  years." 

TRIHTAN    l>A   OINHA    ISLANDS   AND  (Jorr,!!   ISLAND. 

The  Tristan  group  of  islainls,  situated  in  the  South  .\tlanlic  about  midway 
between  South  AnuMica  and  the  Oapo  of  (iood  Hope,  was  lirst  visited  lor  fur  seals  in 
1700  by  Captain  I'atten,  of  the  .Vmerii^an  schooner  ImlKstri/,  o(  Philadelphia,  who 
secured  ~>,iHH)  skin.s.  Large  numbers  are  said  to  have  been  siibseijuently  obtained 
there,  probably  from  th(^  snuilloi'  islands  of  the  grouj),  Inaccessible  and  Nightingale 
islands.     The  latter  is  apparently  still  frequented  by  a  few  fur  seals. 

(lOUgh  Island,  somewhat  to  the  southward  of  the  Tristan  group,  formerly 
abounded  with  fur  seals,    ('aptaiii  Morrell,  writing  in  IS20,  says: 

'I'liis  isliind  iisf><l  to  iilxtiMi)!  w  illi  I'lir  mini  iiiul  sen  cloiiliaiits,  Imt  tli<',v  wi-ri'  sci  iimrli  iiminvoil  liy 
tlioir  rxliMitlt'Hs  |)iM'Hr<'iitiirH  Mi.it  tlii\v  liuvo  hoii;;!!!  iiiiiiti  Hiifc  anil  ilistniit  rrtroats,  |i<<rliii|iH  hihiii'  Iminlv 
Men  in  tlii>  sontlinrii  oci'im  iiH  yet  unknot  ii  to  that  I'rll  tlcstroyoi',  man.  'I'luwc  iilaccs  iiiinlil  !'•'  ••aNJIy 
foiMiil,  liowjivfr,  if  niiTcliaiilH  wiiro  willliijj  ti>  risk  tliri  pnihmiso  of  Hio  attflnipt.' 

Fur  seals  n|)pear  t(»  have  survive<l  at  (rough  Islainl,  however,  till  the  present 
time,  Mr.  Ceorge  Comer  states  (in  his  adidavit)  that  his  vessel  put  six  men  on  the 
island  in  1SS7,  where  they  renniined  nine  months,  taking  about  forty  to  lifty  skins, 
lie  adds:  "  Years  before  the.  lOnglish  had  had  the  working  of  <i<Migh  Island  and  had 
run  the  business  out,  so  there  were  i)r.actically  in)  seals  there." 

I'UINI'K   KDWAUD    AND   rWOZKT    ISLANDS. 

The  Priiu'*^  Kdward  Islands  are  situated  about  !•()(•  miles  southeast  of  the  <'a|)e  of 
Good  IIo|)e.   They  formerly  yielded  a  large  supply  of  both  fur  se.'ils  and  sea  elephants. 


'  Morrftll's  Voyafjes,  pp.  "iS,  .lit,  anil  tlti, 


■  \  oyani'H,  i>.  ;{;">»!. 


I 


1 

1. 

1 

(, 

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r 
i 

i 

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if        'W' 


p  .  I 


31() 


THE  Fim  sr.Ar,s  ok  thk  prihilof  islands. 


About  IHOfJ  Ca])t.  H.  Kiiniiing,  in  tlii'  Aiiiericiui  ship  Catlierinr,  (if  Now  York,  obtained 
a  full  carfjo  of  fur  aeaLs  at  tliewi  islands,  as  tlid  otiuM-  vtissels  tiie  .same  y«!ar.  At  that 
time  the  ishiiids  >vere  fretineuted  by  vast  iiuml>ers  of  seals,  lint  dcliiiite  statistics 
resptM'tinj'-  tlie  iininber  taken  are  not  availabh'.' 

The  (Jroy.»'t  Ishmds  arc  in  the  same  hititutUr  ia.hout  U!  '  sontli)  as  Frinee  l-'dward 
Islands  and  Kerijuelen  Land,  and  about  half  way  between  these  two  jjronps.  The 
first  Healer  to  visit  them  was  Captain  Fannin^',  in  lS()r>;  but,  altlioii^h  he  found  ai> 
abuiidanee  of  fnr  seals  there,  lie  passed  on  to  tiie  I'rinee  I'^dward  f,'r«ni|).  Later  l-oth 
.sea  elephants  and  fur  seals  were  taken  in  lar^'e  numbers,  seal  liuntinj^' being  carried 
on  here  for  many  years.  At  l'osse.ssion  Island,  thf  largest  of  the  group,  C/aj>t.  Linde- 
.say  Brine,  l».  N.,  refers  to  tlnding,  in  1S7(),  "hundreds  of  seals,  wliieh  wore  resting  on 
the  damp  grass  bordering  on  the  stream  whieh  at  this  point  enters  ^he  sea."' 

In  18S7,  aeeording  to  Oeorge  Corner  ^sco  his  atlidavit),  a  se'iiing  party  was  left  by 
him  on  the.se  islainls  for  live  mo'iths,  l»ut  they  took  only  th'.ee  seals.  The  English  at 
Cape  Town,  .says  Mr.  Ccuuer,  had  recomniendei  as  to  go  t'.iere  because,  they  said,  that 
"formerly  they  had  taken  a  greit  nniul)er  of  skins  there," 

KKi?(nii:ii;N  i.and. 

This  large  island,  also  known  as  Desolation  Island,  which  lies  in  the  southern 
Indian  Oeean,  in  about  latitinle4!>  'south  and  in  about  longitude  ti!)<^ east,  has  long  Iteen 
celebrated  for  tiu;  great  numbers  of  sea  elephants  taken  there.  It  has  also  furnisheil 
a  small  sup])ly  of  fur  seals,  ^^ealing  began  here  as  narly  as  l<s;{(),  and  has  continued 
till  the  present  time,  mainly  for  sea  elephants.  Mr.  Ifl.  M.  Mo.sciey,  .if  the  CliitUoniier 
expedition,  states  tluit  in  .lanuary,  1874,  two  of  the  whaling  schooners  then  at  the 
islnml  "killed  over  7(>  fur  seals  on  one  day  ami  upwards  of  liO  on  another  at  scnne 
snnill  islands  oil"  Howes  Korelami.  It  is  a  pity,"  he  odds,  "that  some  (lis(;retion  is 
m»t  exercised  in  killing  the  animals.  *  *  »  The  .sealers  in  Kergueien  Land  kill  all 
they  can  tind."  ' 

liespeciting  its  still  more  recent  history,  the  folli»wing  may  be  citwi  from  the  alH 
davit  of  Mr.  (ieorge  Comer,  who  spent  live  months  there  in  tht^  wuitiir  of  IHH.!  and 
1884,  obtaining  six  seals,  lie  says  further:  "About  IS")! t  this  island  was  viHited  by 
an  American  who  praetieally  cleaned  olV  tlm  seaJs.  The  (;aptain  I  shipped  with — 
•losepli  Fuller — visited  the  islatul  in  ISSOaiul  took  [\MM)  seals — pracricaliy  all  there 
were — and  this  was  the  increase  for  thirty  years  from  l.Sott."  Heard  Island,  about 
3()()  miles  south  of  Kergueien  Land,  which  has  l>e«n  a  noted  hunting  grouiul  tor  sea 
elephants,  appears  to  have  never  been  much  of  atiir  seal  resort. 

UOUDKE.^  I.SLANlJ,  ANTIl'ODKS   ISLANDS,  IJOUNTY  ISLANDS.   AI'CKLAND    ISLANDS,  ETC. 

About  the  beginiung  of  the  present  century  iiiie  oc<;urreuce  of  fur  and  haiir  seals 
in  considerable  numbers  along  the  scaithwestern  coast  of  Australia  and  in  the  vicinity 
of  Tasmania  and  New  Zeiiland  was  made  kiiowi  b\  Cook,  I'.ass.  Flinder.s,  Anson, 
Peron,  Koss,  and  other  early  navigatiu's.     A  littli  latei,  stimulated  bytlie.se  reports. 


'  KuiiniiiK'B  VoyugeN,  pp.  'i'M\  ami  'XM. 
■Uuogr.  MuK-.  t»<77,p.2(i7. 


'NuUm  iiy  »  iiotiiruliBl  on  the  Clmiltm<jir.  p.  18U. 


^ 


-*sr 


iilli 

ilixl 


MACQIARIK    AND    ACCKLANI)    IHLAN'DS. 


317 


th<<  d>(1veiitiii'ouH  Huulurs  disitovt'red  an  appaniiiMy  silnumt  iii<)\liaiistii)lD.su|)ply  of  these 
iniiiials  on  tlio  nunieroiiH  small  islands  ot)'  tliu  soutlieaHtxn'n  coast  of  New  /ualand. 
Fiorders  Island  was  discovered  by  Captain  I'endleton,  of  the  American  brip  flnion, 
of  New  York,  in  18(('J.  Althougli  ho  reaclicd  here  toward  the  end  of  the  sealinfj  sea- 
8(m,  he  secnred  some  14,(M(0  fnr-Heal  skins,  lie  also  visited  Antipttdes  Islands,  where 
he  left  a  crew  of  men  to  take  seals  and  await  the  return  of  the  vessel  frcni:  Sydney, 
New  South  VVal'js,  which,  however,  was  lost  on  a  subsecjuent  (^rnise  to  the  Fiji  IslandH. 
On  the  receipt  of  this  sad  news  at  Sydney,  "Mr.  Lord  chartered  a  ship  and  proceeded 
with  her  to  the  ishihd  of  Anti|)odeH.  At  this  pla<-,c  the  otlicers  and  crew  whom  ('a]i- 
tain  Pendleton  had  letL  there  had  taken  ami  cured  rising,'  of  (iU,(MK>  prime  fur  seal 
skuis,  a  i)arcel  of  very  superior  quality."' 

Pt;lack  states  that  Ma(M|uarie  Island  was  discovered  by  a  sealing  nntster  in  1811, 
who  procured  there  are  a  cargo  of  .SO,(MK>  seal  skins." 

Mr.  A.  W,  Scott  states,  on  information  furnisluMl  Ity  a  professional  sealer  named 
Morris : 

III  New  .Sutitli  WaleH  tho  Beiiliii(r  trade  wuh  iit  its  hfi^lit  troiii  1810  to  1S20;  the  lirst  syHteiiiatiR 
IiriiiMotei'H  of  wliicli  wi>re  tlie  Sydney  tiriim  of  ('iible,  l.urd  A  I'liderwond,  Kiley  A  .loiieN,  Kirno,  lloak 
<V  (^uiiipltell.  '      ''     '!'<>  80  ^reat  an  extent  wi^b  tliiH  iiiiliHrriniinate  IvilliuK  carried  that  in  two  yetirH 

(1814-15)  no  lesH  than  l(M),0t)O  NltinH  were  obtained  from  I'enantepod,  or  Aiiti]iodeH  IshindH  alone,  and 
necessarily  collected  in  so  hasty  a  manner  that  many  of  them  were  iiiiperfeetly  enre<l.  The  Hliip 
PeyunHiiii  took  home  ltN),(MH)of  theH(<  in  hulk,  and  on  her  arrival  in  London  the  skinN,  liavin^  heated 
dnring  the  voya);e,  had  to  he  dn<;  out  of  the  hold,  anil  were  sold  as  manure,  a  sad  and  reckless  waste 
of  life.' 

According  to  other  iiuthorities,  the  New  Z(>aliind  sealing  industry  cetisetl  to  bo  a 
paying  investment  prior  to  IS<;.3. 

Respecting  the  Aucklantl  Islands,  Morroll  .stiys: 

In  the  year  1823  ('apt.  Kohert  .loliuson,  in  the  schooner  llenrij,  of  New  Vork,  took  from  this  ishind 
and  the  surrounding;  isletM  aliont  i:t,IMH)  of  as  ;rood  fnr-seal  skins  as  were  ever  liroiight  to  the  New 
York  market.     '  .\lthoiif;h  the  Auekhind  Isles  once  ahiiiinded  with  numerous  herds  of  fur  and 

hair  s<<als,  the  American  and  KuKJish  seamen  engaged  in  this  liusiness  have  made  such  rleaii  work  of 
it  as  scarcely  to  leavr  a  breed;  at  all  events,  there  was  not  <uie  fur  seal  to  be  Ibiiud  on  the  4th  of  .lau- 
uary,  is;«).' 

Early  in  the  pre.sent  century  many  fur  and  hair  steals  were  taken  from  Bounty 
Isles,  near  the  southern  tmd  of  New  Zealaiul;  from  the  Snares  iind  the  Traps,  from 
Stewarts,  Chatham,  and  Campbells  islands,  and  also  from  other  ishinds  to  the  south- 
ward of  New  Zealand;  but  at  most  of  tlnvse  jioints  they  aiipetir  to  have  become  very 
soon  i)ractically  exterminated.  A  few  survived  the  genciiil  slaughter,  and  in  retrent 
yesirs,  under  the  protection  of  the  government  <»f  the  cohniy  of  New  Zealainl,  Inive  so 
far  incrttased  thtit  there  luive  been  of  late  years  a  smtill  iinnnal  ciitch  of  fur  seals  in 
the  New  Zealantl  waters,  amounting  to  frtim  1,(HK>  to  'J,(KM»  ])er  year.'' 


'  1''!"ining,  Voyages,  etc.,  p.  H2(>. 

-I'olack,  New  Zealand,  II,  p,  ItTti. 

'Seott,  Mannuulia,  Ueoent  and  K.xtinet,  rinuata,  pj).  18,  I'J. 


'.Monell,  A'oya)»es,  p.  SlKJ. 
'Allidavit  of  Kmil  Teiclunann. 


■a 


'i 


W 


■I 


It 


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11  !■ 
11 


t\ 


( 


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u 


-III  I 

III! 


■;i;ii 


w  I 


318  TUK    FUK    SEALS    OK    TIIK    PKIHILOI'    ISLANDS. 

ST.  I'AUL  ANU   AMSTKUUAM   ISLaNOS. 

TheHc  JsiuiulsiU'csituiitL'tl  in  the  soutliuiii  iiuUiiii  i)<;uiiu  (ubuut  latitiulu  ^8  '  south, 
luii^itutle  IT''  'tiii'  east)  initlwiiy  between  the  Capo  of  (lootl  Hope  an«l  Australia;  were 
first  visited  by  Capt.  Henry  Cox  in  May,  178!).     lie  says: 

Oil  lirHt  laniliii;;  wo  ruiiiid  tlir  hIkii'ds  covtaml  with  siirlia  iiiiilliliiilo  dIhuiiIh  that  wit  wuru  oliliged 
to  diNiicrMu  thuiii  but'oi'u  \vt<  );ot  out  of  the  boat.  *  \V<;   procuiuil  hire,  a  thinisaiiit  nUIus  of 

vur.v  Nii|)urior  i|iiality,  whilu  \v<'  riuiiaiiicil  on  tlie  i.slaiiii  of  Aiiisltu'iluiii,  ln'sidiN  Hovrral  caHks  of  good 
oil  foi' out'  liiiiiiacltiH  and  othur  imi'|ioNc8,' 

Lord  MiifCartitey,  who  touelied  <tt  Antstenlaiti  in  l77o,  tbuntl  live  men  here  eol- 
leetinj;  seal  sivins  for  the  Canton  iiiarUet.     lie  says  of  the  setils : 

In  tho  Nitnimui'  inontliH  tht;y  coniu  aNJiort^  HiinirtitiioM  in  tIrovvH  of  H(A)  nr  1,(KMI  at  a  tinit',  ont  of 
which  KKI  ai'u  (luNtroyiMl,  tliat  niiinlM-r  being  as  many  as  tivu  niun  can  nIvIu  anil  prg  down  to  dry  in  tliu 
coiirHu  of  a  day.     '  Mout  of  thoso  ivhirli  ronio  ushon- arc  fcnialuH,  on  the  proportion  of  nioru 

than  thirty  to  onu  inulu.-' 

1  liud  no  tleUnito  reference  to  sealiiin  at  these  ishintls  in  later  yetirs,  but  it  is  prob- 
able th(iy  were  not  overlooked  by  the  enterprising  stiilers  who,  tlnrinj,'  the  next  lifty 
years,  explored  every  nook  and  eorner  of  the  southern  seas  in  seiinih  of  prey.  Scores 
of  voyayes  iire  simply  credited,  in  Mr.  A.  Howard  Clarke's  stiitistical  history  of  fur 
sealing  ( alnsady  cited ),  iiowever,  siiii|ily  to  the  "  Soiitiiern  Seas."  M.  Chiirles  Vt'-lain, 
who  visited  these  islands  in  1871  with  tlu'  French  Transit  of  Venus  Expedition, 
reports  that  they  were  at  that  date  still  visited  by  i;onsiderabIe  herds  of  fur  seals.  ■ 

WEST   <!OAST    <»1''    SOUTH    AFIMOA    AND   Ai.-.IAl'UNT    ISLANDS. 

As  early  as  the  yetir  17'.tO  seiiling  voytiges  were  lUiule  to  the  west  coiist  of  South 
Africa,  smd  ti  greater  or  less  nuiiib(-r  of  fur  seals  iippear  to  have  been  takeu  there  at 
intervals  from  that  time  till  the  present.  In  October  and  November,  18U8,  Capt.  lien- 
jiimin  Morrell  cruised  along  the  west  coast  from  Cajte  of  Cood  Hope  to  VVallish  T>ay, 
in  about  -.'5'^  south,  dctirching  for  setils.  From  his  ntirrative  it  appetirs  that  he  first 
met  with  them  at  a  small  islautl  in  latitude  '>iV'  ■U'  south,  about  half  a  mile  olf  the 
coast.' 

At  Lchaboe  Island,  8  leagues  north  of  Angrti  Petjuena,  he  found  gretit  numbers 
of  fur  seals,  tiiid  'took  about  a  thousiind  of  their  skins  in  a  few  days,'*  Ue  sjMiaks  of 
the  island  its  the  resort  of  •'multitudes  of  fur  seals;'  us  many  fur-seal  skins  here  as 
was  practicable."'  lie  ptissed  on  a  few  leagues  ftirther  to  Mercury  Island  (latitude 
25'^  42'  south,  longitude  14^  58'  east),  where  he  took  about  it  thousand  fur-seal  skins. 
At  Hird  Island,  about  1  tiegree  farther  north,  he  obtaine*)  "the  skins  of  1,400  fur  seals 
at  one  time,  although  the  landing  wtis  very  biid.'"'  "As  the  season  (November)  was 
nttt  sufliciently  advanced  for  the  seals  to  come  up  in  their  ustml  numbers  on  the  islands 
an*l  rocks"  south  of  WaDish  Bsiy,  he  miulc  an  (excursion  into  the  interior  and  again  vis- 
ited these  Islands  about  the  end  of  Dettember.    He  then  took  u  few  seals  from  ISird 


'Cox  Voy.  to  TuncrilVc.  AniHtcrdani,  etc.,  p.  1((. 

•Sir  <i.  Staunton,  .\ccountof  an  KuiliastMy  frotnthe  Kinjrof  (In^atllritaiii  to  Iho  KinpiM'orof  China, 
l,p.210. 

'Cf.  . I.  W.Clark,  I'roe./ooL.'-ioc.  London,  l«7,j,  p.  (BH.  •        II  Id.,  p.  l'"JI. 

' Morruil,  Voyagem.  '■  lliid.,  pp.  'J'X>,  2Jtli. 


,.,..  .'-SteitrBia^'WMi'i' 


COAST    OF    AFRICA. 


319 


ishiiid,  Hud  made  iiii  attack  ui>oii  tliuse  on  Murcury  Islaud.  '-The  rush  of  uiy  little 
party,''  lie  say.s,  "was  ^siI^ultaueou8;  eveiy  nerve  and  miisule  was  exerted,  and  wo 
reiu;lied  the  opposite  side  of  the  rookery,  killing  several  seals  on  our  way,  when  wo 
found  that  the  other  party,  under  command  of  Mr.  Burton,  had  been  stopped  in  'nud- 
course'  about  the  center  of  the  rookery  by  the  immense  number  of  seals  that  began  to 
pour  down  the  steep  rocks  and  precipices  like  an  irresistible  torrent,  bearing  down 
their  assailants,  and  taking  several  men  nearly  into  the  sea  with  them.  *  *  * 
Several  bundled  fur  seals  were  left  lifeless  on  the  shore  and  rocks."  Owing  to  a  fatal 
accident  to  «)ne  of  his  most  valued  men,  due  to  a  heavy  breaker  eugulling  three  of  the 
party,  the  island,  with  its  wealth  of  seals  was  immediately  abandoned  and  the  vessel 
returned  directly  to  the  Capo  of  (iood  llope,  having  taken  in  all  about  l,(KM)  seals.' 

In  1830  Capt.  Crurdon  \j.  Allyn,  with  the  sealing  schooner  ii2)ark;  of  Jfew  Loudon, 
Conn.,  visited  Ichaboe  Island,  but  arrived  too  late  in  the  season  (January  14)  to 
secure  many  fur  seals,  lie  found  the  carcasses  of  about  a  thousand  from  which  the 
skins  had  been  removed  by  sealers  who  had  precedeil  him  the  same  season,  lie  says, 
speaking  of  the  coast  generally :  - 

The  I'oitHt  wus  well  Houled,  anil  wu  coulil  only  ^loiili  a  few  from  tlio  loiighe.st  lui'kH.  '    We 

tVuind  it  ti'w  doalH  »t  itach  landing;,  '     '     and  li.v  tli«  tith  of  Seiitombcr  bad  tukun  tiOU  Nual  HkinH. 

He  secured  small  catches  at  intervals  during  the  foUowing  months,  and  started 
for  home  on  March  .'U,  1831,  with  a  cargo  of  3,700  skins.  In  1831  he  made  another 
voyage  with  two  vessels  to  the  same  coast,  visiting  lchab«)e.  Mercury,  an<l  llird 
islands.  The  first  season's  work  amounte<l  t4»  only  800  skins,  the  seals  being  scai-ee 
an<l  shy.    Respecting  the  next  season  (1835)  he  says: 

Tlio  huuIh  liavin^  liuen  liaraHsed  ho  ninch,  tho  prunpcct  vriv*  Hlini  lor  tho  uuxt  Hvason,  liiit  liy 
pnttin^  MUtn  on  the  NUiall  rockH  tii  Hhuot  thorn,  and  by  great  diligence  wo  managed  to  Hocnre  aliont 
1,U(K>  skiuH  to  both  veHHels,  which  w.ut  a  hIIiu  Heatiou'H  work.- 

tSealing  seems  to  have  been  abandoned  for  some  years  following  on  the  African 
coast,  owing  to  the  low  price  of  seal  furs  and  tho  scarcity  of  the  seals.  It  has, 
however,  since  been  resumed  and  placed  under  restrictions  by  the  government  of  the 
colony  of  the  Ca])e  of  Good  Hope,  the  seal  islands  being  rented  to  a  sealing  company 
under  certain  stipulated  conditions,  and  poaching  rigorously  prohibited.  The  yield 
is  small  but  steady,  averaging  about  5,000  skins  per  annum.' 

'  Mori'ell,  Voyages,  i)p.  304-3(M!. 

-Capt.  (i.  li.  Allyn.     The  Old  Sailor's  Story,  an  iiuot^dhy  Mr.  A.  Howard  Clarke. 

'  Allldavit  of  Kniil  Teickmanu,  of  tho  London  tirni  of  fiirriertt,  C.  M.  LaiupHou  &  Co. 


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XIII.-THE  ROOKERY  MAPS  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS. 


ii 


Hy  .IKFKKUSON    F,  M08KK, 

Lieutenant-Commander,  I',  S.  N, 


III  tlie  instructions  of  May  !>,  l.SlKi,  givt'ii  prior  to  (lie  detail  of  tlie  AlhntruHH  to 
assist  tlie  Kur-Hcal  (Joiiiuiissi«iii,  tlie  followin^^  work  was  outlined: 

Thu  correction  of  hiacruracixH  in  thf  Nliorc  lines  of  tbo  rookury  Mia|m;  tbo  location  of  Mr.  Town- 
send's  landniurka;  tliu  detcmiinutionof  tlic  Icngtliiind  width  of,  lit  least,  tho  most  inipurtantrookuriuM 
by  a<^tiiiil  inoasnreini'iit,  where  thiH  could  be  undertaken  without  disturbing  the  sealH;  the  eHtablish- 
lueut  uf  rookery  outlineH  by  plane-table  Hurveys,  discriniinnting  accurately  as  to  the  limits  of  breeding; 
anr>  hauling  grounds  as  indicated  by  Mr.  TowiiHend. 

In  8ub8e(iueiit  instructions  of  date  of  May  i;{  I  was  directed  to  determine  discrep- 
ancies between  the  maps  of  Klliott,  Towiisend,  Stanley-Brown,  and  Drake,  and  to 
verify  tiie  accejited  ones.  As  tliese  instructions  were  afterwards  modilied  by  a  different 
detail  of  tiic  vessel,  it  was  impossible  to  carry  out  tlieori;>;iiial  orders  in  their  entirety, 
but  1  was  able  to  ascertain  what  the  ditferences  in  the  maps  are  and  how  they  may 
be  remedied. 

Tlic  AlhatrosH  was  at  the  {.slands  of  St.  (leorge  and  St.  Paul  from  .Inly  s  to  IS, 
and  when  the  conditions  were  in  the  least  favorable  not  a  moment  was  lost  in  making 
observations  in  tlie  Held  ftir  the  veritication  of  the  rookery  maps. 

I  was  supplied  with  a  set  of  the  Stanley- Brown  rookery  maps  on  a  scale  of  2M 
feet  to  1  inch.  A  set  of  the  same  maps  showing  the  areas  of  IS!*.!  and  shon*  line  cor- 
rections by  Drake  with  Townseiurs  criticisms,  and  also  a  set  of  the  Kiliott  maps,  were 
furnished  inc.  IJcfore  arriving  at  the  islands  a  set  of  the  Stanley-Brown  maps  were 
jirepaicd  with  Drake's  shore  line  corrections  in  black,  and  Klliott's  shore  line  trans- 
ferred, so  far  as  it  was  jiossible,  in  blue.  The  Klliott  shore,  line,  as  taken  from  the  i>rints 
furnished,  was  a  bad  mislit,  as  will  be  se(Mi  from  the  records  accompanying  my  fuller 
rejiort  to  the  Fish  Coniniission,  and  it  rarely  stood  the  test  of  an  instriiinental  angle. 

1  desire,  however,  to  say  that  the  Elliott  maps  furnished  seem  to  be  a  photo- 
graphic enlargement  to  tit  the  scale  of  the  Stanley-Brown  maps.  It  is  plain  to  be 
seen  that  the  enlargement  of  any  map,  even  by  the  most  expert  draftsman,  necessarily 
enlarges  the  errors,  and  when  enlarged  by  pliotograi)hy,  unless  done  by  spe(;ial 
appliances,  ami  by  an  expert  in  this  particular  line,  other  errors  are  introduced.  It 
is  hardly  fair  to  test  a  map  with  instruments  in  the  tield  unless  the  original  work  is  at 
hand,  and  this  holds  good  not  only  with  the  Klliott  maps  but  with  the  Stanley-Brown 
maps,  for  it  is  well  known  that  the  wet  t>rint  in  drying  is  very  appreciably  distorted. 
I  will  only  add  that  the  to[>ogi'aphy  of  the  Klliott  prints  as  issued  to  me  is  so  very 
vague  and  imlctinite  that  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  do  anything  with  them;  I  should 
call  them  sketches. 

I  had  several  interviews  with  Mr.  Joseph  Stanley  Brown  upon  the  methods 
employed  in  making  these  surveys  and  learn  as  follows:  The  triaugulation  of  St.  Paul 


r,947— PT  :« 'Jl 


321 


ll 


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111 


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322 


THE   PI'R  HBALS  OF  TUB   I'lttltlLo]''  ISLANDS. 


Ii 


i 


W'l 


I  \,n 


oil  tlie  ;;eiieiiil  iiiiip  ol'tlie  isliiiuls,  scale  l:<iO,(l(M),  wrh  done  by  Dr.  Timmiist/.  Mciiden- 
hull  in  1801,  when  he  served  jih  onuuf  the  Aniericiiii  eoiiiiuissioiieiH  in  theiiivestij^iitiou 
of  the  fur  sealH.  The  topography  was  supplied  by  Mr.  Stanley -Urown.  Dr.  Mendeii- 
liall  was  on  St.  Paul  Iroiii  July  129  to  iViigust !),  and  during  that  time  investigated  the 
seal  question,  made  obst^vations  for  gravity,  and  did  the  triaiigul!>tioii.  A  base  wiis 
measured  on  the  east  side  of  the  Lagoon  with  an  ordinary  st«'»'l  tape,  and,  from  wl  at 
I  can  learn,  no  jiressure  balances  were  used  and  no  corre(;tioii8  for  temperature  or 
curvature  were  applied,  and  no  signals  were  ereiited.  I  should  call  this  triangiilatioii 
a  reconnoissance,  and  think  Dr.  Meiidenhall  claims  no  more  for  it.  The  topograpiiy  by 
Mr.  Stanley- Itrown  was  tilled  in  by  methods  which  1  will  refer  to  later.  Tlu!  survey 
of  St.  (ieorge  on  the  general  chart,  scale  1  :(i(),0()0,  was  the  work  of  Mr.  Stanley- 
ISrown. 

The  rookery  surveys,  scale  I  iii(;h  to  2(51  feet,  were  made  with  a  jilaiie  table 
according  to  (ieological  Survey  nu^tliods,  and  a*'e  entirely  independent  of  those  pre- 
viously inentionci!.  Kacli  sheet  stands  by  itself;  that  is,  each  rookery  is  a  separate 
survey  and  the  rookeries  on  the  <litfer»Mit  sheets  wen^  not  connected.  The  bases  were 
measured  with  an  ordinary  sted  ta|»e  and  no  corrections  were  made  nor  pressure 
balances  used.  The  a/.imuths  were  observed  by  m  >aiis  of  a  compass  attached  to  an 
ordinary  geologist's  clinometer.  Cairns  were  built  of  loose  rock  at  prominent  points 
and  Hags  placed  in  favorable  positions  for  observation  points.  No  regular  signals 
were  built,  nor  were  angles  observed  nor  <;om|uitatioiis  made.  The  plane  talde  was 
placed  over  each  eiid  of  the  base  successively  and  ditferent  points  cut  in,  after  which 
these  points  were  occupied  and  others  iiuule.  No  high  or  low  water  line  was  observed; 
the  water  line  was  out  in  at  the  height  it  happened  to  be  when  tiie  observations  were 
made.  The  contours  were  traced  with  an  aneroid  barometer.  The  sciale  of  the  original 
slieet^'.  if.  the  same  as  that  published — 1  inch  to  2<i4  feet,  or  20  inches  t^i  the  statute 
mile. 

We  tested  these  maps  as  thoroughly  as  our  limited  time  would  permit.  The 
sheets  accompanying  the  fuller  report  will  show  the  large  number  of  angles  observed, 
and  the  data,  though  more  or  less  iiuromplete,  is  siitlicient  to  show  thoroughly  what 
has  been  done  in  the  past  and  what  is  required  for  the  present  and  future.  I  do  not 
think  Mr.  Stanley- Brown  claims  great  accuracy  for  his  maps.  I  should  call  them  a 
fair  reconnoissance.  They  are  not  accurate  in  the  sense  of  a  linishcd  survey;  they 
lack  detail,  and  what  is  given  is  in  most  instances  badly  represented  and  indeUnite; 
the  lines  and  symbols  leave  one  constantly  in  doubt  as  to  what  is  intended  to  bo 
understood.  \^et,  considuring  the  means  employed,  the  facilities,  and  the  methods,  it 
is  surprising  to  my  that  they  are  as  good  as  they  are.  These  surveys  by  Mr.  Stanley- 
nri>wn  are  no  doubt  the  very  beat  for  these  islands  that  have  ever  been  made,  and  ho 
deserves  nothing  but  praise  in  carrying  out  the  work  under  the  many  trying  conditions. 

When  the  rookeries  were  so  full  of  seals  that  a  few  tens  of  thousands,  more  or 
less,  was  a  matter  of  no  importance,  these  maps  served  their  puriiost;  and  served  it 
well;  they  were  a  good  general  guide.  They  satisfied  the  demands  at  the  time  they 
were  made,  but  as  the  number  of  seals  have  been  so  much  redm^ed  and  it  is  necessary 
to  make  an  estimate  within  small  limits,  we  are  unable  with  these  maps  to  make  an 
eye  survey  of  the  areas  occupied  by  the  herd. 

The  present  need  requires  a  topographical  map  of  the  rookeries  so  accurate  and 
in  such  detail  that  a  person  from  an  accessible  position  and  commanding  the  rookeries 


i 


THE  BOOKKRY  MAPS. 


323 


may,  map  in  liuiid,  Hketcli  in  accurately  the  areas  occupied  by  tlie  breeding  seals 
\vlii«!li  are  inaccessible.  With  the  Staidey-Iirowu  maps  it  is  <lit11cult  t«>  establish  one- 
self in  position,  and  if  established  the  same  diilh^ulty  is  experitmced  in  recognizing  the 
reference  jmints;  this  bowlder,  that  gorge,  this  slope,  that  projecting  ledge  are  not 
indicated,  or  if  indicated  are  indefinitely  shown  or  out  of  position.  The  result  is  that 
one  is  in  doubt  how  to  sketch  the  rookery  areas,  and  after  they  are  skotcheil  one  is 
etjually  uncertain  as  to  their  accuracy. 

I>ut  if  a  iiiiip  executed  in  the  highest  style  of  the  topograidicr's  art  now  existed 
it  would  tail  to  satisfy  lue  immediate  denniiuls,  unless  numy  reference  points  positive 
in  their  character  were  located  on  the  rookeries,  maintained  by  the  <iovernnient,  and 
accurately  represented  on  the  map.  Kvery  prominent  land  feature  might  be  indicated 
and  (;ontours  multiplied,  ami  yet  we  wouhl  be  unable  to  sketch  in  th<^  desired  area 
pr(»perly,  in  most  instances,  without  artificial  marks.  It  must  be  remend>ered  that 
when  it  is  desirable  to  nuip  the  areas  occupied  by  breeding  seals  the  rookeries  are 
inaccessible.  N«)  num  could  possibly  invatle  the  broitding  grounds  without  suffering 
probably  the  loss  of  his  life;  therefore  measurement  is  impossible.  Nor  is  it  practi(;able, 
ill  my  opinion,  to  locate  stations  from  which  instrumental  observations  can  be  iiuule 
for  the  purpose  of  cutting  in  the  limits  of  the  breeding  ground.  lOxceptionally  the 
harems  are  spread  out  in  plain  view,  but  generally  a  single  station  on  shore  (commands 
only  a  few  harems.     In  fact,  in  somt;  instances  they  can  only  be  seen  from  seaward. 

I  can  not  too  strongly  dwell  upon  the  necessity  of  well-locat<Ml  artificial  marks  <m 
the  rookeries  for  refereu«'e  points.  These  should  bti  numerous  and  occupy  seal  area 
if  possilde.  Crosses  have  been  painted  on  some  of  the  rocks  and  seem  to  wear  well. 
I  would  therefore  suggest  for  the  purpose  serial  numbers  painted  in  white  on  the 
largest  bowlders  and  ledges  where  the  breeding  grounds  impinge  on  the  shore,  and 
that  are  visible  from  ])roininent  i)oints.  A  hole  drilled  in  the  rock  or  a  cross  (!ut  with 
a  chisel  woidd  serve  to  identify  it  in  the  event  of  the  paint  bt^ing  worn  off. 

It  nnist  be  remembered  that  these  islands  are  surrounded  by  ice  during  the  winter, 
and  that  under  its  influence  bowlders  may  be  moved.  Hence  the  necessity  of  fixing 
these  bowlders  with  reference  to  located  positions  on  the  cliffs,  so  that  the  reference 
may  b»^  testetl  in  case  of  doul>t.  On  the  slopes  o(!Cupied  by  the  breeding  herds  which 
are  not  reached  by  the  ice,  and  where  no  prondncnt  natural  features  exist,  heavy  posts 
projecting  a  foot  or  two  from  the  ground  might  Im'  adopted.  With  these  reference 
points  well  locate<l  on  a  good  topographical  map  on  a  liberal  scale  the  areas  occupied 
by  the  seals  can  be  sketched  within  very  narrow  limits  of  error. 

The  w(»rk  originally  laid  out  for  this  vessel,  namely,  to  cornsct  inaccuracies  of 
rookeries  and  shore  line,  to  properly  lo(!ato  Townsend's  landmarks,  to  dcternuno 
length  and  width  of  at  least  most  iin])ortant  •ookerics  by  actual  mciisurement,  to 
establish  outlines  of  rookeries  by  plane  table,  or,  in  other  words,  to  (torrect  the 
existing  maps  and  furnish  a  set  of  rookery  maps  that  were  correct  in  every  detail,  was 
impracticable,  even  if  the  original  order  had  not  been  modified  by  a  «lif!crent  detail, 
aiul  for  the  following  reasons: 

IJy  reference  to  the  StanloyJtrown  maps,  on  which  the  angles  observe<l  by  the 
party  on  board  the  AlhntrotiH  this  year  have  been  set  down,  it  will  at  once  bo  seen 
that  the  maps  are  as  a  rule  in  error.  In  some  places  the  error  is  snnill,  in  others  large. 
In  other  words,  the  maps  are  not  topograi>hically  correct.  If,  therefore,  any  one  of 
these  data  is  accepted  with  the  intention  of  making  corrections,  a  start  is  made  with 


1 1  :     ' 


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riii;  i"iTi{  8i;al8  ok  thk  pkidilof  islands. 


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It 


III;  1  ; 


an  error  f^oiii  the  iiiitiiil  puiiit,  aiul  tbe  correctiuiiH  iiro  no  currection  at  ull,  but  must 
neccHsurily  be  in  erntr.  I  wl,  asked  quite  frequently  Ut  locate  dift'ereut  featureH  on 
or  near  tlie  rookeries.  1  did  it  Hiniply  to.  satisfy  the  i>erHon  making  the  request,  but  I 
knew  the  location  was  an  error. 

In  a  few  words,  then,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  it  is  itnpraeticable  to  correct 
the  present  rookery  maps  and  hope  to  obtain  thereby  maps  that  are  to|H)graphicaIly 
correct,  because  there  is  no  absolute  tlata  from  which  to  nnike  the  correction.  If  you 
accept  the  Staidey-Hrown  data  you  accept  his  maps.  The  only  remedy  I  see  is  to 
make  a  new  survey  with  the  best  means  the  ( iovernment  has  at  hand.  To  do  auythin{r 
else  is  simply  to  produce  nnips  which  have  no  greater  value  than  those  now  in  use. 
The  survey  of  tlie  rookeries  nuist  be  nnule  by  a  skilled  topographer,  using  tlie  best 
means  that  can  bo  supplied. 

The  Treasury  Department,  most  interested  in  having  correct  maiis,  has  fortunately 
at  hand  in  i»ne  of  its  bureaus  the  best  means  possible  in  the  world  of  making  such  a 
survey.  I  refer  to  the  I'nited  States  ('oast  and  (ieodetic  Survey.  This  bureau  has 
two  items  in  the  ap]Hopriations,  under  either  of  which  the  work  I  think  can  be  d(nie. 
The  one,  "Alaskan  explorations,"  and  the  other  "  For  objects  not  named  that  may  be 
deemed  urgent." 

It  will  take  a  comjtelent  assistant  with  an  aid  and  live  men  equipped  with  the 
best  instruments  at  least  one  full  year  to  nntke  the  nH>kery  surveys  on  a  scale  of 
l:li,.*»(K).  A  party  leaving  by  the  earliest  steamer  in  spring  and  wintering  on  the 
islands  might  iinish  to  return  by  the  following  summer,  (iencrally  the  breeding  seals 
lie  from  the  base  of  the  cliffs  to  a  line  reached  by  the  spray  of  the  heaviest  seas,  to  the 
high-water  nnirk  in  fa<rt,  on  a  cliff  or  series  of  shelves  projecting  from  the  base  of  the 
cliffs,  and  when  a  breach  or  gorge  through  the  (;litfs  forms  a  valley  the  ro«)keries 
extend  partly  up  the  valley.  This  shelf  is  narrow  in  places,  wide  in  others,  and  still 
in  other  locatitms  it  nieiges  into  the  valleys.  In  some  places  the  harems  are  three  or 
more  deep,  in  others  two,  tapering  to  one,  and  then  broken.  In  the  valleys  the  gorges 
may  be  six  or  seven  or  more  harems  deep.  To  map  this  shelf  or  shelves  with  all  the 
ramifications  into  valleys  and  gorges  and  represent  it  so  that  it  is  intelligently 
expressed  to  tin'  nonexpert  recpiires  topography  of  the  highest  order. 

The  ntokery  surveys  to  have  exact  valne  must  be  nnule  during  the  season  when 
the  seals  are  not  occupying  them.  The  rookery  must  l»e  occupied  by  the  topographer. 
During  the  breeding  season  bases  can  be  measured  and  the  work  carried  on  to  the 
edge  of  the  rookeries.  In  my  opinion  it  is  not  necessary  to  measure  the  base  for 
these  rookeries.  I  believe  that  all  the  rotikeries  on  the  .south  side  of  St.  Paul  from 
Poloviua  to  /apadni  can  be  connected  with  one  good  base. 

I  would  again  repeat  the  necessity  of  locating  permanent  nnirks  for  reference 
poiuts  on  a  ro(»kery  for  the  purpose  of  accurately  sketching  the  areas  occupied  by 
breeding  seals.  These  marks  must  be  plainly  visible,  numbered  or  lettered,  and  in 
considerable  numbers.  Without  such  reference  points  the  most  elaborate  survey  will 
fail  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  future  fur  seal  investigator. 

In  closing  this  portion  of  my  report  I  beg  to  say  that  it  is  my  opinion,  based  t»u 
twenty  years'  experience  in  surveying,  that  no  party,  however  well  equipped  they  may 
be,  can  go  to  the  I'ribilof  Islands  during  the  summer  season  and  either  correct  the 
topography  of  the  rookeries  on  existing  maps  or  make  new  surveys  of  the  rookery 
areas  that  will  fulfill  the  existing  re<iuirement8. 


t: 


XIV.-PRACTICAL  EXPERIMENTS  IN  THE  BRANDING  AND  HERDING  OF 

THE  SEALS. 


Ky  David  Stark  .Iokoan  and  <tR<iK(iK  Akciiihami  Ci.ahk. 


Ill  hiH  reiiurt  for  I8!ir>  Mr.  K.  W.  Triiu  niudc  riM-tiiiii  siiffgoHtioiis  as  to  wuys  and 
iiioaiiM  of  reiniMlyin^r  tlio  condition  of  tlu^  fiir-Hcal  herd.  One  of  tlicso  was  to  brand 
tho  HoalH  oitliur  with  a  pn^perty  mark  on  tluf  Hippor  or  witii  sucli  a  mark  on  the  liaidi 
as  would  destroy  the  value  of  tlie  skin.  Another  plan  was  to  drive  the  seals  back 
from  the  rookeries  in  August  and  contine  them  in  the  salt  lagoon  and  certain  fresh- 
water lakes,  where  they  (;ould  be  held  during;  the  sealing;  season. 

With  these  suggestions  in  niiud,  in  the  autumn  of  180(i  t]w  present  commission 
undertook  to  test  these  plans  and  determine  by  actual  experiment  their  feasibility. 
These  experiments  we  may  consider  somewhat  in  detail. 

THE  BRANDING  OF  THE  SEALS. 

Tho  commission  was  fortunate  in  having  as  ji  special  assistant  C'ol.  Joseph  Murray, 
whose  former  residence  as  a  Treasury  agent  on  the  islands  made  him  familiar  with  the 
handling  of  the  seals  and  whose  experience  in  the  branding  of  cattle  enabled  him  to 
understand  the  practical  workings  of  the  plan  of  branding,  lie  was  from  the  outset 
an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  branding  and  had  unbounded  faith  in  its  success.  To 
his  Judgment  and  su|>ervision  therefore  the  experiments  of  the  commission  in  this 
direction  were  intrusted. 

At  the  outset  it  was  decide<I  that  a  mere  property  mark  w«»uld  not  answer  (he 
immediate  needs  of  the  situation  and  would  be  of  doubtful  value.  Accordingly,  the 
experiments  were  directed  toward  so  marking  the  skins  as  to  destroy  their  value,  know 
ing  that  a  mark  accomplishing  this  result  would  itrove  ipiit*'  as  eflectivc  as  a  pro[)erty 
mark.  Naturally  the  branding  was  limited  to  the  females.  Here  a^',  >iii  it  became  at 
once  apparent  that  the  older  animals  could  not  be  handled  with  safety  on  iu;count  of 
their  viciousness  and  the  difllculty  in  controlling  them.  The  work  therefore  tinally 
resolved  itself  into  the  branding  of  the  female  pups. 

It  was  found  possible  in  the  month  of  September  to  ilrivc  u[>  the  pups  and  handle 
them  just  as  the  older  seals  are  handled  in  the  killing  season.  The  smaller  size  of  tho 
pups  made  it  possible  to  catidi  and  hold  them  without  danger  or  dittituiUy.  With 
this  work  the  Aleuti;}  found  themselves  at  once  familiar.  For  twenty  years  prior  to 
1890  it  had  been  customary  for  them  to  drive  up  from  10,000  to  15,04K)  pups  from  cer- 
tain rookeries  and  sort  out  the  sexes  to  secure  the  rt,{){H}  males  to  be  killed  for  winter 
food.  This  jtrocess  was  identical  with  that  necessary  for  branding,  and  at  the  outset 
laid  at  rest  tho  <iuestiou  of  the  iiossibility  of  hundliug  the  pups. 


f  1 

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32r. 


TlIK    FUK   BKALS    OF    rilK    I'HIUILOK    ISLANDS. 


Tliu  pups  to  bo  braiulcil  wuru  ilrivuii  l>ii(;k  in  hi'nls  rroin  tlic  rookcriuH  t<i  tlici  Ihit 
giuMsy  phiiiiH  ill  tiic  rear  himI  iit  a  coiivt'iiitMit  tlistuiiuo.  lluru  Hit'  lar^^tM'  <li'i»v(^s  wrii; 
broken  up  into  Miiiallur  poils  ami  li<>rth-il  Hupaiatuly.  Tiio  Ali-iits  Mh;ii  uxaiiiiiu'd  tiitt 
|uip8,  luul  Hortin^'oiit  tliu  iiuilcs  allowt-d  tli»in  to  gi>  back  to  thu  roukurics,  luiiviii);  only 
tUo  funmluH,  wliich  wore  then  ready  lor  branding. 

As  no  thought  had  been  given  to  this  subjeirt  prior  to  our  starting  tor  tli«^  ishiiuls 
in  the  spring  of  I.SIMj  no  special  preparation  was  made.  It  was  tliereforc  iii'tressary  for 
Colonel  Murray  to  improvise  a  set  of  irons  and  other  iieeessaries  for  carrying  out  the 
exiieriinents.  The  brands  were  made  of  pieces  of  iron  about  s  inches  long  by  1  inch 
wide  and  thick.  These  were  welded  to  iron  handles  about  t  feet  long.  A  small 
portable  forge  furnished  the  necessary  heat.  A  home  imule  salve  compose<l  of  ingre 
diuiits  designed  to  promote  healing  was  also  prepared  for  application  to  the  wounds. 
This  constituted  the  original  apitaratus  for  branding. 

During  the  season  of  1806  .'(77  pups  and  11  adult  cows  in  ull  were  branded.  <M' 
these,  1-4  (tups  on  Lukanin  rookery  were  niarki^d  on  the  back  with  the  following 
brand:  ^=.  Two  young  cows  on  this  same  rookery  were  branded  with  two  marks 
asross  the  shoulders,  thus  .  On  Kitovi  rookery  I'Jl  jmps  wen^  branded  thus  , 
with  a  single  mark  aiiross  the  shoulditrs.  On  North  rookery  of  St.  George  <»-  pups 
wore  branded  thii.s,         ;  and  ',)  cows  thus, 

The  branding  of  the  cows  was  attended  with  great  dilliculty.  It  was  luicossary  to 
lasso  them  by  means  of  a  loop  allixed  to  the  end  of  a  pole,  by  which  they  could  Ite 
pinned  to  the  ground.  The  experiments  clearly  enough  showed  that  any  g«tneral 
branding  of  the  adult  females  would  be  impossible. 

With  the  pups  the  matter  was  comparatively  simple.  The  little  animals  t;ouhl  be 
easily  held  down  by  placing  one  hand  on  the  neck  and  holding  tint  hind  llippers  with 
the  other.  While  held  in  this  position  the  red-hot  iron  was  applied  to  their  backs, 
burning  through  the  fur  the  width  of  the  iron.  With  the  edge  of  the  iron  a  deeiter 
burn  into  the  skin  was  made,  which  was  destined  to  i>roduce  a  scar.  It  was  expected 
that  the  fur  would  replace  itself  on  the  bare  space  on  either  side  of  the  scar,  thus 
alTording  protection  to  the  pup  by  the  overlapping  of  the  fur.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
however,  while  this  replacement  of  the  fur  did,  as  a  rule,  take  place,  it  was  more  or 
less  imperfect,  and  left  the  skin  marred  throughout  the  entire  extent  of  the  burning. 

The  mere  mechanical  features  of  the  work  of  branding,  involving  the  liandling  of 
the  pups  and  the  application  of  the  irons,  was  entirely  successful  from  the  start.  It 
only  remained  to  be  seen  what  ell'ect  the  operation  would  have  on  tlu^  pups  themselves. 
With  a  view  to  determining  this  the  pui»s  were  closely  watched  during  the  months  of 
Sei)teiiiber  and  October,  18JM5. 

For  a  week  but  little  change  could  be  seen  in  their  condition.  The  wound  showed 
only  the  dull  scar  of  the  bMriiing.  In  .some  cases  suppuration  set  in  at  the  angles 
made  by  the  crossing  of  the  brands  on  the  piii)S  branded  first  on  Lukiiiiin.  The  skin 
curled  slightly  at  the  corners  in  these  cases,  and  made  apparent  the  inadvisability  of 
putting  oil  a  brand  .so  that  two  .scars  crossed  each  other. 

After  a  week  ov  ten  days  the  wounds  apjieared  raw  and  apparently  inllamed. 
The  cause  of  this  was  not  at  once  apparent,  but  later  on,  when  opiiortiinity  was  atlbrdcd 
for  closely  examining  the  skin  of  a  branded  pup  which  had  been  drowned,  it  was  found 
that,  iustead  of  being  raw  aud  seusitivo,  the  salt  water  had  merely  washed  out  the 


I  rt^ 


HUANUINCi    NOT    DKTUIMKNTAI.   To    SKALS. 


327 


Hful),  ItiiiviiiK  tlio  liuiiliii^  Hkiii  in  a  |iiiikiHli  *roiMlitiuii  ic,st;iiibliii^'  the  color  ol'  roriiod 
beef. 

Diiriii;;  tlii.^  titnt'  llio  piipH  appciircd  very  uiu-oiiitbrtiibli',  wlirii  out  of  tlir  wiiier, 
as  Mi«>  skill  toiulcti  to  dry  and  crark  and  doubth'ss  tlii>  inovfincnls  of  tiie  aniiiials 
caiisi'd  tlicni  pain.  On  K<'ii>r^^  a;;ain  into  tlio  water  tiic  wounds  were  softened  up  and 
waslied  «iiit.  With  itaeli  return  from  the  sea  they  bceanie  narrower  until  healing;:  was 
linally  eoniplelud  in  about  three  weeks  to  a  inunth  after  the  branding.  The  pups  then 
appt^ared  in  tiieir  usual  spirits  and  seemed  not  to  have  suil'ured  any  iiieonveiiieiiec  by 
their  experiences. 

While  the  wuiuids  were  still  sore  tlie  juips  inaiiifested  little  disposition  to  play. 
They  resi-iited  tin-  (  lions  attention  which  their  eoiiipaiiiiHis  soineliiiies  ^jave  to  their 
backs.  <  (iisionally  a  inui her  would  smell  the  back  of  her  branded  jnip,  which  called 
fortii  its  vi;,'orous  [irotest.  .\s  »  rule,  however,  as  characteristic  of  (he  w«Minds  of  the 
fur  seals  in  ju'eneral.  neither  the  animals  theiiiHelves  nor  their  companions  paid  any 
attention  to  the  wounds  from  branding. 

That  IK)  adverse  change  in  the  liabits  of  the  seals  resulted  from  the  braiuling  is 
ch-ar  from  tlu^  fact  that  no  alteration  was  Heeii  in  the  relations  of  the  pups  and  their 
mothers.  They  were  treated  exactly  as  if  nothing  had  happened.  The  relations  of  the 
pups  ainon}>  themselves  remain  unalVected.  Five  out  of  nine  of  the  adult  cows  were 
tbuiitl  in  lSi>7  on  the  breedin{f  ;,'r(>und8  with  their  |>ups.  One  of  the  cows  was  fcmiid 
ill  a  harem  on  Lukanin  rookery,  in  practically  the  same  spot  from  which  she  was  driven 
at  the  time  of  her  branding'  in  IH'M.  « 

Only  lour  of  the  branded  pups  were  positively  known  to  have  died,  and  I  lie  rookeries 
of  Kitovi  and  liiiktiiiin  were  do.sely  inspected  on  various  occasions  with  a  view  to  liiid- 
inj;  them,  if  present.  One  of  these  was  killed  to  furnish  a  specimen  skin.  Another 
was  Ibiiud  in  ^ood  ''onditioii  at  high-water  mark  on  riiikanin  beach,  ])laiiily  drowned. 
A  third  was  killed  w  Idle  almost  dead  from  starvation.  The  cause  of  death  iii  the  case 
of  tlui  fourth  could  not  be  determiniMl,  because  the  animal  was  Ion;;  dead  when  found 
and  doeomposition  was  far  advaiuied.  At  the  time,  of  the  count  (d' dead  pujis  in  0<!to- 
ber,  IS  of  the  brandeil  pups  and  2  of  the  branded  cows  on  St.  (ieorge  were  seen  all  in 
perfect  condition  and  the  brands  showed  distinctly.  Throughout  this  month  an  inspec- 
tion of  liiikaniii  and  Kitovi  rookery  <m  any  day  showed  from  5(1  to  ItKI  of  the  branded 
]m|>s,  which  was  a  largt!  percentage  considering  the  dilliciilties  of  an  insi)e(!tion. 

On  our  way  to  the  islamls  in  tlu^  season  of  ls<,)7  we  obtained,  throu^U  tiie  kindnes.s 
of  Mr.  (iray,  the  agent  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  (Joini>aiiy  at  Unalaska,  the  skin  of 
a  branded  pup  which  had  been  taken  late  in  November  by  the  natives  at  Akun  Island. 
This  skin  showed  tln^  fur  of  the  pup  in  a  more  advanced  stage  than  the  one  taken  on 
the  islands  in  October.  The  braAd  was  perfectly  healed  excei>t  for  a  slight  break  in 
the  skin  at  the  <!ro8sing  of  the  brands.  The  skin  was  tanned  with  a  view  to  determin- 
ing the  eti'ect  of  branding  on  the  pie| >ared  pelt.  This  ilemonstrated  more  clearly  than 
ever  the  true  elVect  of  the  branding.  When  the  blubber  was  removed  and  the  skin 
was  worked  over,  the  jiart  which  had  been  atl'ecteil  by  the  brand  in  places  fell  out, 
leaving  a  long  slit  in  the  skin. 

This  fact  adds  eiui>hasis  to  the  statement  made  in  181Hi  by  Mr.  J.  J).  VVilliams,  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  V.,  a  dyer  and  dresser  of  seal  skins,  that  "if  a  brand  were  to  be  applied 
to  the  back  of  the  seal  even  so  imperfectly  as  to  leave  no  penuaueiit  scar  or  trace  in 


!  ( 


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32K 


TIIK    VVn    HKALW   oK 


III;    IMUIULOK    ISLANUB. 


tlif  riiw  Hklii,  ill  i\w  \mH'ASHH  of  tMiriUK  tln^  t'nr  would  tloiilitU-ss  conit^  mit,  and  Mn< 
vt>ry  fiit;t  thai  any  i-laHH  itf  HkiiiH  w«>i'u  lialtU^  to  tliiH  ticlvrt  would  (hmI  doubl  on  tlif 
wlioli^  lot.  and  dcpn^'iatc  their  value." 

We  thuH  tind  that  ItrundiiiK  is  not  only  n  leaHible  «>|KM-ation,  hut  that  it  iH  entirely 
efl'eelive.  Without  injury  to  the  animal  itNelt'  or  intert'erenee  with  iti^  liabitH  and 
relatioiiH,  its  Hkiii  can  he  so  marked  as  to  destroy  itH  value  tor  commeri-ial  purpoHes. 
lVla(;ic  skiiiH  are  now  of  mneh  less  value  than  are  the  island  skins.  Two  or  three 
eroHS  brands  tit  intervals  throii^jh  the  most  valuable  part  (»!'  the  skin  muHt  reiliice 
Htill  lower  its  value  and  leave  the  businesH  of  taking'  these  skins  at  sen  unprotitable. 

We  may  note  here  that  there  Ih  no  truth  whatever  in  the  assertion  so  strenuously 
urged  by  Mr.  Henry  W.  IClliott,  that  the  t'ur  of  the  branded  seal  will  replaee  itself 
without  sear.  TIuh  eonteiition  is  baHed  on  analogy  to  the  way  the  woiintls  of  the 
seals  from  eiits  or  bites  heal.  The  dilVerenee  between  the  result  of  a  bite  and  of  the 
upplieution  of  a  hut  iron  is  too  evident  to  need  eominent.  The  one  destroys  the  hair 
eells;  the  other  does  not.  It  in  probable  that  most  of  the  iniiixr  wounds  of  the  seals 
heal  perfectly  and  without  a  .sear;  but  it  is  not  true  that  all  do,  as  the  wt'lts  in  the 
skin,  «lue  to  imperfect  healing,  which  causes  seals  to  be  rejected  on  the  killing  fields, 
abundantly  show. 

Hut  the  proof  necessary  t<»  break  down  this  contention  was  found  in  the  case  of 
the  adult  cows  branded  in  istKI  which  were  present  in  the  .season  of  18!I7.  Five  of 
thcst^  were  seen  and  the  nnirks  w<>re  ch>ai  and  distinct,  leaving  no  doubt  as  to  their 
destructive  etVect  on  the  fur.  That  this  would  be  the  n'sult  was  a  foregone  conclusion. 
The  process  «)f  branding  donu'stic  animals  has  been  in  vogue  long  enough  to  sliow 
that  a  scar  thus  iiuide  in  the  skin  of  an  animal  remaius  perunineiitly.  Ther«^  is  no 
reuHoii  why  we  should  suppose  a  special  exception  in  favor  of  the  .seal.     There  is  in)ne. 

It  is  necessary,  also,  to  refute  an  equally  absurd  re])ort  that  the  branding  had 
the  etlect  of  driving  the  seals  away  fr<nn  the  Pribilof  Islands  acru.ss  to  the  other  side 
of  the  I'aeillc,  it  being  reported  that  <lnring  the  season  of  181)7  branded  skins  had 
been  taken  otV  the  •lapan  coast. 

We  may  say  that  an  inspection  by  Captain  Ilooitcr  of  the  catch  of  the  schooner 
St.  IjiiirrciKr,  the  vessel  said  to  have  taken  the  skins,  in  I'lialaska,  failed  to  discover 
any  branded  skins,  and  tlie  master  made  atlldavit  that  he  not  only  did  not  take  any 
skins  of  this  sort  on  the  .lapanese  coast,  but  he  had  not  cv<>n  heard  of  any  being 
taken  tluMi'. 

This  of  course  is  merely  negative  evidence.  The  liu't  that  five  out  of  nine  cows 
bramled  in  1<H0(>  were  seen  present  in  18!)7  is  snilicient  proof  that  they  were  not 
driven  away  by  the  process  of  braiiiling.  That  four  should  have  been  overlooked 
among  the  thousands  of  seals  on  the  rookeries  is  not  strange.  If  any  class  of  the 
seals  were  likely  to  be  atl'euted  by  the  branding  it  would  be  the  adults.  It  is  absurd 
to  suppose  for  a  moment  that  the  pups  of  3  months  old  would  remember  what 
had  occuried,  ov,  in  »;a.se  tliey  did,  that  a  mere  temiHtrary  experience  should  weigh 
against  such  an  unerring  and  thoroughly  fixed  instinct  as  the  homing  instinct  (»f 
the  seal. 

During  the  season  of  1807  the  woik  of  branding  was  largely  extended.  Ccdonel 
Murray  branded  on  8t.  Paul  Island  in  all  r»,.'{71  ))ups  and  1 18  adult  cows.  Mr.  James 
Judge,  Treasury  agent  in  charge  of  ^it.  George  Island,  branded  1,880  puits  on  the 


r   .  -  •  ■aSilW',  •r'Ji—^^ 


MKKI»INU    sK.\LA. 


8t9 


r«H»k<M'ifs  III'  tliiU  JHliiiHl.  Tilt'  (li-tails  of  Ili«-  work  of  iMaiiiliii);  tin  llii*  >«-iiniiii  itf  \HU7 
will  Im^  t'oiiiid  ill  the  r«!|N)rtN  of  A;:i>iits  Murray  aiid  iliul^c,  a|)|M>iMlfil  lii>r«<\vitli 
I A|i|KUiili\  I,  II). 

Ah  a  rvHult  of  tlii^  ivxpciiiiKMits  of  IHINS  it  waH  Hiig^tmtutl  that  an  cliu'triral  raiilory 
ini(;lit  Xni  iisi-U  instfiitl  of  i\u-  red  hot  iron  as  an  instriinicnt  oi'  Itraiidiii^.  With  tliiH 
end  ill  vit-w  i-\poriiiii-iils  wim'c  coiiductiMl  by  Mr.  Klni(>r  K.  Farnu-r  in  the  lalH)ratoi'y  of 
clt'ctriral  iMi;;iiif«>riii;;  ill  Stanlord  riiivursity.  Tliu  iit'reNNary  apimratiiH  waH  con- 
striictt'd  and  tak«'n  to  tlit^  islands.  In  tlio  ro|M>rt  of  Mr.  Farnior,  also  appt'iidud 
licn^witli  ( App(Miili\  I),  will  Ik*  foiiiid  a  d«>tail<*d  arcoiint  of  tlio  matter. 

Tlif  apparatus  for  t>U>ctri(;al  braiidin;;  was  no!  laiidtMl  at  tlic  iulands  bcforv  our 
dopartiiD'.  As  a  result  wi-  did  mil  have  an  opportunity  to  tist  its  working  in  person. 
Tlu^  aetiial  eonditioiiM  \vi>m  .so  dilVerent  fi'.Mii  the  experimental  eoiiditioiis  that  the 
upparatUH  provetl  in  some  respeetH  inadui|(iate.  ItH  use  was  therefore  eontlned  to 
experiments.  The  aetaal  work  of  itranding  wiih  done  by  Cohmel  Murray  by  means  of 
the  simpler  and  already  tested  irons. 

It  will  In*  seen  from  Mr.  Farmer's  iieeoiiiit  of  the  experiinents  with  the  eleetriitnl 
cautery  that  the  praeticability  of  this  ]>riiieiple  with  improved  and  perfected  ajiparatUH 
is  proved.  Tliis  answers  our  present  (iiirpose.  If  branding  as  a  business  beeumeH 
necessary  it  will  be  a  companitively  simple  matter  to  develop  the  prinei]ile  of  electrical 
brandin;f  ami  make  it  work.  The  advantages  of  tim  white  hot  cautery  wire  over  the 
cliiiiiHy  red  iiot  iron  are  too  obvious  to  need  comment. 

It  is  to  be  hopttil  that  branding  as  a  means  of  protecting  the  fur  seal  herd  will  not 
be  necessary.  It  must  be  said,  however,  that  the  plan  is  entirely  feasible.  The  task 
involves  .sonu>  labor  and  e\p<>nse,  but  uo  insurmountable  obstacle.  As  Colonel  Mur- 
ray ])uts  it:  "With  an  assistant  and  a  duplicate  set  of  'brgea  and  men,  r>,()(H>  juips  a 
day  c(»uld  l»c  easily  branded,  or  in  twenty  working  days  10(),()(M>  pups."  This  is  about 
double  the  number  of  female  pups  on  the  islands  at  present,  so  the  work  could  be 
done  in  ten  days;  or  luie  brander  with  the  for«-e  of  men  now  on  the  islands  could  do 
the  work  ia  twenty  days,  and  the  period  in  which  branding  can  be  done  will  admit  of 
fully  this  time.  To  brand  all  these  female  pups  for  tiv«!  years  in  succession  would 
settle  the  fate  of  pelagic  sealing. 

HERDING. 

No  attempt  was  made*  in  the  ex|M-rimeiits  in  herding  to  «-arry  4Uit  Mr.  True's  idea 
of  driving  back  and  holding  all  classes  of  animals.  Whether  this  could  be  doiu*  in 
any  event  seems  to  us  extremely  doubtful.  It  ought  not  to  be  tried,  we  think,  because 
it  is  probable  that  such  a  course  would  result  in  the  death  of  most  of  the  pups  and  the 
complete  demoralization  of  rookery  life. 

On  the  contrary,  we  accepted  the  |ilan  of  h  ;rdiiig  as  forming  merely  a  complement 
to  the  plan  of  branding.  The  latter  plan  was  designed  to  protect  the  female  portion 
of  the  herd.  Ilenling  «'aii  in  a. similar  manner  protect  the  young  mules.  At  the  close  of 
the  killing  season  in  July,  if  .such  of  the  bacbelors  as  are  left  can  be  herded  up  during 
the  mouth  of  August,  or  even  longer,  they  can  be  kept  out  of  the  way  of  the  pelagic 
sealer. 

Ouring  the  .season  of  ls<M)  the  jmicticability  of  this  plan  was  te.sted  by  driving  up 
and  retaining  in  the  salt  lagoon  on  St.  I'aul  Island  about  .'i,()(H)  bachelors  and  half 
bulls  under  guard  of  a  force  of  natives.     No  dithcuity  seemed  to  be  encountered,  and 


ililil? 


i! 

I? 

ft 


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iiMte^iiMgiu 


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:*«' 


330 


Tin:    FUK    SEALS   OK   THE    PKIUILOF    IBLABTOB. 


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I ; 


t    , 


su  (luring  th<^  season  of  181)7  t'eiiciiiiu'  wan  taken  up  to  St.  I'mol  iHlaiid  and  tin*  suit 
lagoon  was  inclosed.  This  lajjoon,  lovcriny  n»-  it  iIoch  upwaid  nl' , '{(((>  iici«'s  of  spa(!e 
and  iiuviiifi  a  direct  conncclion  with  tlu-  sea.  i.s  admirably  adaoteti  tor  th«'  |»urpos»\  It 
io,  moreover,  conveniently  located  lor  all  th«-  rookeries  on  rln-  s(tuthcrii  end  of  the 
island.  For  tlio  two  remaining  breeding  areaH — l'oh)viua  and  .Norrhuast  Point — IVcsii 
water  lakes  ans  available,  several  in  the  vicinity  cd'  the  loruier  and  one  of  considerable 
size — Webster  Lake — near  the  latter. 

The  fencing,  nid'ortunatcly,  was  n<ir  delivemd  at  the  ishums  until  late  in  August, 
and  HO  the  only  use  which  could  be  made  of  the  luelosure  hM-  the  pntscid  scas«)n  was 
in  further  testing  its  utility.  Seals  were  i^onnncd  in  the  inelosure  during  the  lirst 
week  of  Septend)er,  and  it  was  found  entirely  feasible  to  so  retain  them.  <  M'  the  details 
of  this  experiment  an  account  will  be  found  in  the  daily  journal  of  the  coniniission 
for  September,  l.S!)7,  and  also  in  Colonel  Miirrays  brief  rei)ori  a|»pende(l  her«rwith 
(Appendix  II). 

The  proper  time  in  which  to  titilizci  this  inelosure  is  in  th(^  early  j)art  of  August. 
The  younger  bachelors  como  to  the  islands  lart-  in  .July,  and  in  the  last  few  days  of  this 
mouth  the  bachelors  should  be  gathered  U]>  and  held  in  the  lagoon  or  elsewhere  as 
long  as  it  is  possible  fo  hold  them.  Whether  rhey  ((mid  be  nstained  h»nger  than  the 
month  of  August  would  remain  to  be  seen.  lUit  Judging  from  the  length  of  time 
wbicliit  takes  the  hir-seal  pup  of  three  mouths  old  to  starve,  they  would  not  sulfer 
for  want  of  food  witliin  a  month. 

It  is  to  be  hop(j(l  that  neither  branding  nor  herding  the  seals  nmy  be  necessary  in 
the  future  as  a  means  for  the  protection  of  the  fur  seals;  but  in  case  such  measures 
are  necessary,  we  desire  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  both  plans  are  entirely  feasi- 
ble, and  that,  systematically  carried  out,  they  furnish  a  means  of  doing  away  with 
jtelagic  sealing,  or  at  least  so  seriously  crippling  it  as  to  make  its  abandonment  certain. 
With  its  mark  of  owii«rship  and  reservation  thus  stamped  upon  its  herd  of  breeding 
I'enuiles.  the  I '  nitetl  vHt,iiuvs  should  then  set  alxMit  a  determination  of  its  rights  of  redress 
against  the  slaughter  (it  such  animals,  wherever  killed. 

In  •toueluHiou  we  ui»y  call  attention  to  the  faet  that  both  of  these  exneiiments 
have  a  I  imnor-.int  ])!!■»•  in  the  proper  managemeiit  of  the  fur-seal  lu^rd,  aside  from 
their  l.t;,i-.-u  •♦ii  the  tnrnwKd  question.  As  the  young  yearlings  and  I'-year-old  males 
swaiii  'vt'-  ii]«'  luniliui^^  zionnds  late  in  July,  they  cn>wd  the  drives  and  become  a 
luiisan*"  ami  ixtsiiii'T  <»ri  r»n  the  killing  fi«ilds.  From  the  beginning  of  the  season, 
moreovei.  thr  Half  hinlt   iiid  idle  bulls, of  which  mjuiy  get  into  the  drives,  are  a  menace 


to  those  c(«MiH?t.in<.'^     -i>- 
turned   into  "li*      i 
grounds  U)  rea^n '•:: 
or  until  a  sceimil  tirtv^'  v. 
being  tilled  by  th 


ailing.  These  seabi.  re(ei;ted  fnmi  the  killing,  should  be 
">  instead  of  being  aiilowed  to  go  back  to  their  hauling 
very  next  drive.  TheA'  should  be  held  tor  a  week  at  least, 
m  b«ai  miule,  and  then  released,  their  jilace  in  the  lagoon 
f  rtwected  seals.  The  unnecessary  driving  whi(!h  nnirks 
the  close  ot  th*'  sMWMwr^nlVlliie  in  ;..  iarge  ineaHore  dimini.shed,  and  the  work  of  handling 
the  seals  (m  tiw  killing  giumnds  trill  bo  nnide  much  simpler  and  easier.  Furthermore, 
it  will  in)t  III!  cievoid  of  nitcrest  no  study  the  actions  of  the  seals  themselves  under 
coidinement,  opitortuniti^'  to  do  naich  will  he  thus  aJldrded. 

In  the  matter  ol  branding,  .tarn,  we  may  note  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the 
Government  to  know  just  wha'    iroportiou  of  breeding  males  are  necessary  for  its 


^KALh    SHOULD    UK    BKANDKl). 


331 


lierd.  This  fact  once  known,  it  then  becomes  etiually  inipoitunt  to  sec  that  the  proper 
nuiiiber  of  yoiiny  males  are  reserved  for  the  rei»leiiishmeiit  of  the  breedinf;-  stock. 
[Glider  present  conditions  tiie  matter  of  securing  tins  reserve  is  left  more  or  less  to 
cliance.  Tiiere  is  no  evidence  that  the  3-year-old  wiiich  is  allowed  to  escape  from  one 
drive  will  not  be  taken  in  the  next. 

It  is  more  than  probable  that  the  reserves  are  at  present  sufticiently  supplied 
from  those  hauling  gnuinds  which,  through  inaccessibility  or  from  other  cause,  it  is 
didicult  t(j  reach,  liut  this  still  leaves  the  matter  to  chance,  hi  the  future  manage- 
ment of  the  herd  it  ought  to  be  jjossible  to  reach  and  utilize  these  hauling  grounds. 
With  the  fidl  product  of  the  herd  under  control,  it  should  be  the  business  of  those 
having  it  in  cliargo  to  choose  out,  brand,  and  so  reserve  for  all  time  those  males  which 
are  to  be  set  apart  as  breeders.  Whether  this  branding  should  be  done  when  the 
males  are  i>ups  or  at  the  age  of  1  yeai'  or  at  the  age  of  3  are  matters  of  detail  which 
must  be  worked  out  in  practical  experience.  What  we  wish  to  point  out  now  is  the 
fact  that  branding  can  bo  and  should  be  thus  employed  to  uiake  certain  that  the 
proper  reserve  of  males  is  left. 


'J 


If 

11 


9 

I 


i!  Wti 


APPKNDIX   I. 


REPORT  ON  THE  ELECTRICAL  EXPERIMENTS  IN  THE  BRANDING  OF  THE  FUR-SEAL 

PUPS- SEASON  OF  1897. 


liy  P^LMEfi  K.  Fakmkk,  JsBhlant  to  the  CommiHsion, 


S 


r, 


Tlie  «ailiest  o,xi)eriiiieiits  in  oIec,tii(!iil  bviiiiding,  iiiado  in  the  laboratory  at 
Htaiiford  Uiiiversiiy,  \voi»i  carried  on  mider  serious  (iil)i<;ultios,  resiiltiiifj  from  a  lack 
of  siiitablo  apparatus  and  niacliiuery  as  well  as  of  suitable  fur  on  wliieli  to  operate. 
Haviuff  neither  low-voltage  dynamo  nor  suitable  rheostat,  it  was  necessary  to  use  the 
iiM-aiulescent  light  circuit,  on  account  of  the  high  voltage  of  which  approximately 
1I,(K>0  watts  wci-e  used  instead  of  the  necessary  3(K>.  This  ex(!essive  voltage  caused 
tr(t)ible  in  the  loaded  dynamo  an«l  reacted  on  the  exjieriments  by  changing  factors 
whi<h  were  snjtposed  to  remain  constant. 

The  only  available  fur  of  a  living  animal  ap]>roaching  that  of  the  seal  which  we 
could  obtaih  for  use  in  the  «'arly  experiments  was  cat's  fur.  On  this  our  results  w.^ro 
very  satisfactory.  Searing  the  outer  sarface  of  the  skin  of  the  cat,  without  burning 
underneath,  was  found  suHicient  todostroy  the  hair  cells.  This  could  beiicconiplished 
with  one  stroke  in  about  ten  seconds,  a  mark  1  inch  wide  and  about  T)  inthes  long 
being  made.  When  we  came  to  deal  with  the  actual  fur  of  the  seal  we  found  it  so 
different  that  these  early  exi»eriments  gave  us  no  real  idea  of  what  was  wante«I. 

As  a  result  of  the  preliminary  tests,  uTuler  yojir  authori/ation  1  set  about  the 
preparation  of  more  suitable  a]iparatus. 

THK   Al'l'ARATTIS. 

The  apparatus  provide<l  for  the  work  in  electrical  branding  consisted  of  a  direct- 
current  dynamo,  compound  wound,  and  weighing  85  pounds.  The  <lynamo  was  con- 
nected to  a  halfhorse  power  gasolint'  engiiu'  weighing  l«iO  pounds.  The  gas  was 
ignited  by  a  battery  and  coil. 

Platinum  was  chosen  as  a  tiautery  wiic  -m  account  of  the  high  temperature  of  its 
melting  point  and  its  coujjjarative  nonoxitlizability.    The  size  of  wire  used  was  No. 
IS  H.  iS:  S.,  which  seemed  large  enough  to  insure  the  retjuired  strength  at  white  heat 
and  yet  small  enough  to  re(iuire  only  an  economical  amount  of  power,  with  a  ndni 
mum  expenditure  for  replacement  in  case  of  fusing. 


i 


n 


i  n 


334 


TIIK    KUK   SKALS   (»K    THE    PFtlHILOF    ISI-ANDS. 


I 


If 


ft^ 


t     5' 


I 


I 


The  liiiiul  rli<M»st!it  to  wliicli  the  cautery  wire  waa  attached  had,  in  its  final  form, 
simply  a  (joil  of  iron  wire  short  circuited  by  a  heavy  lever  arm  and  pluy  "cutout" 
inserted  in  series  with  tlie  wire. 

The  counectioiis  were  as  rei»rcscnted  in  the  (igurc:  a,  plug  cut  out;  //,  cautery 
wire;  e,  iron  wire  resistancje;  tl,  lever  arm;  <■  and  /,  terminals  t«»  be  connected  to  the 
dynamo. 

After  the  dynamo  of  low  voltage  was  completed,  a  run  of  live  hours  was  nuide 
with  the  current  at  its  full  value,  to  test  the  plant.  The  test  iilso  showed  that  the 
current  could  be  coutrolled  by  tlu^  rheostat,  and  was  largt^  enough  to  keep  the  cautery 
wire  white  hot  during  the  burning. 

Our  pra(5ti<'al  work  with  the  apparatus  shows  that  improvement  can  be  nuide  on 
the  present  handle,  in  the  method  of  holding  the  cautery  wire,  and  also  in  the  form 
of  the  lever  for  the  control  of  the  current.  The  least  weight  possible  was  put  into  the 
plant,  as  it  was  supi)osed  to  be  necessary  to  (-arry  it  by  hand  fnrni  phuie  to  pla«;e. 
This  nuide  i)arts  of  the  ap[»aratus  t<M>  light.     For  permanent  work  a  heavier  plant 


n 


^^^wuum^ 


mounted  on  wheels  would  be  better  suited  to  the  eoiulitions.    There  are  few  of  the 
rookeries  which  can  not  be  reaehed  with  a  team. 

TIIK  KIKST  TKSTS. 

The  first  tests  were  made  on  dead  pup  skins  soon  after  the  apparatus  reaehed  the 
island,  and  were  a  failure.  The  <'ngine  furnished  an  insufficient  amouiit  of  power  to 
burn  with  any  degree  of  ease  tlirough  the  seal  fur,  which  is  several  times  denser  and 
much  liner  than  that  of  the  cat. 

The  power  generated  in  the  earliest  tests  was  less  than  that  previously  obtained 
in  the  trial  run.  This  was  due  to  the  following  causes:  A  bent  shaft  on  the  engine, 
caused  by  rough  handling  in  transport;  slipping  of  the  belt:  dampness  in  the  coils  of 
the  dynamo,  allowing  a  leakage  of  the  magnetizing  current;  and  an  inferior  (puility 
of  gasoline  which  had  been  supplied. 

Before  the  time  arrived  for  work  in  active  branding,  these  faults  were  corrected 
and  an  improvement  made  in  the  (commutation  of  the  current,  but  there  was  still 
insutticient  ])Ower  to  do  the  branding  rapidly.  Two  hand  gears  were  then  mounted 
on  the  base  between  the  engine  and  dynamo.  They  were  belted  to  the  vacant  lly 
wheel  and  a  wooden  pulley  mounted  on  the  same  shaft.  With  this  arrangement  more 
power  was  generated  than  could  be  used. 


KI.ECTRICAli    HKANDlNa. 


335 


Uiuler  tiieao  lioinlitioiis  tlu".  apparntus  j)r<»ve(l  safisfiwUtry.  Dead  pups  were 
brauiUnl  with  a  uiiil'unuly  .siiiootli  brand  U  iiicht'H  wide  at  a  single  stiuko. 

'J'lIE  TESTS  OK  LI  VINO    TUl'S. 

When  the  apparatus  was  tlius  made  ready,  12  live  pups  were  ln-oiight  up  in  a 
wagon  li'oMi  Kitovi  rookeiy. 

The  coiitlitions  in  dealing  witli  the  living  animal  were  found  to  be  entirely  dilVej- 
enl  tVom  those  in  <M>nneetion  with  tiie  dead.  It  took  some  tinu>  to  learn  how  to  handle 
the  eautery  over  the  loose  and  yieliling  skin  of  the  living  pup.  As  a  result  it  was 
found  neeeasary  to  make  two  strokes  instead  of  one.  On  the  whole,  therefore,  the 
branding  of  the  first  8  live  pups  was  much  less  satisliuitory  than  the  bianding  of 
the  dead  ones.  On  the  last  4,  however,  better  results  were  obtained.  Kxperienee 
gave  eonlidenee  in  handling  the  eautery,  and  the  brands  were  satisfaetory  in  all 
respeets  as  regards  length,  breadth,  intensity,  and  uniforndty.  They  were  acceptable 
to  ('(dorud  Murray.  The  oidy  unsatisfactory  element  was  that  of  tinu'.  It  reijuired 
fully  thirty  minutes  from  the  begimiing  to  the  end  to  brand  the  12  i)nps. 

The  time  was  greatly  leiigtlien«'d,  liowev«'r,  by  several  delays  due  to  aeeidents, 
A  belt  was  thrown  from  ontt  of  the  hand  pulleys,  and  one  of  the  improvised  stands 
was  completely  overturned  by  the  loosening  of  si  screw  in  the  soft  redwood  base. 
The  i>lng  "cut  out''  had  been  soldered  up,  to  do  away  with  a  small  loss  of  power,  and 
it  theretbre  bei^ame  necessary  to  stop  the  entire  plant  ea<'h  timc!  a  cautery  wire  fused. 
This  oc(uirred  four  times  in  the  branding  of  the  first  S  pu])s  but  not  at  all  in  the 
branding  of  tlu'.  last  1.  The  uidcnown  factor  of  how  long  a  cautery  wire  would 
last  under  constant  use  could  only  be  tested  by  actual  continiutus  trial.  These  and 
all  other  questions  we  had  no  (»pportiinity  to  projierly  test,  as,  tlie  Commission  having 
left  the  island,  we  were  not  allowed  by  the  Treasury  agent  in  charge  U}  experiment 
further  (n>  living  pups  neither  at  this  time  nor  at  any  tinu^  later. 


'i 


iiik 


CONCLUSION. 


and 


While  this  test  was  wholly  inadc(piate  to  show  the  full  possihiljties  <»f  branding 
by  the  cautery  wire,  its  action  in  the  cas*'  of  tiie  last  '  i)iii)s  JDnlicated  that  tiie 
principle  of  the.  (rautt^y  was  a  success.  With  the  apparatus  improv<-d  and  perfected 
the  work  (!an  undoui»tedly  be  greatly  accelerated.  P>arring  accident.s,  it  ia  my  belief 
that  after  a  littht  i)ractice  4  pups  a  minute  <'ou]d  be  branded  with  the  cautery  wire, 
as  running  at  the  close  of  our  test.  With  the  i)erfection  oi  the  apparatus,  aided  by 
experience  and  jiraetice,  this  iinnd)er  could  tindoubtedly  be  imrreasetl.  Itwas  possible 
with  tlu!  irons  to  average  live  a  minute,  ami  in  that  (^as«^  it  was  necessary  to  burn 
through  the  eutin^  fur,  whc;rcas witii  the  cautery  wire  <m!y  a  shoit  length  of  lur  at  the 
surface  of  the  skin  had  to  be  buriuMt. 


COMPAUATIVR   UliSlTLTS. 

Wc  were  allowed  for  a  short  time  at  the  first  day's  bn«<ling  to  ooserve  the  mc(,iiod 
of  branding  with  the  irons.  It  was  in  riu^  whole  vi',ry  sarisfactory.  In  the  matter  of 
speed  ami  simitlicity  tim  process  is  all  that  coidd  be  desired.  A  round  iron  wouiil  be 
better  than  the  rectangular  one  used  by  <'olonel  Murray.  We  madt;  one  of  these  md 
Ue  used  it  lor  a  time. 


I 


Tl« 


■"^W" 


330 


THR    FUR   SEALS   OP   TMK    PHIBILOr    ISLANDS. 


I 


TliP  principal  objection,  which  is  in  no  sense  fatal,  to  tlici  present  method  of  brand- 
ing by  the  hot  irons  lies  in  the  smallness  of  the  animal  and  the  weight  of  the  iron.  It 
is  ditticnlt  to  control  the  depth  of  the  bnrning  and  the  h)ng  handle  (nearly  4  feet) 
removes  the  \v(n'k  too  far  from  the  eye  to  make  it  possible  to  see  clearly  what  is  being 
done.  It  wonhl  be  better  to  use  a  small  iron  with  a  short  handle,  which  would  bring 
it  under  the  direct  control  of  the  muscle  and  8ij,dit  of  the  operator.  The  heavy  irons 
now  used  are  adapted  more  to  the  branding  of  cattle  than  to  the  branding  of  a  small 
aninxal  like  the  fur-seal  pup. 

The  advantages  of  the  electrical  cautery  are  that  it  brings  the  work  closely  under 
the  contnd  of  the  opcratcu';  it  reciuires  no  weight  or  pressure;  it  docs  not  ne«!essitate 
the  burning  down  through  the  thick,  oily  fur.  The  wire  cuts  thnmgh  the  fur  at  the 
snrfiice  of  the  skin  like  a  razor.  The  platinum  being  kei)t  at  a  nnifoiin  and  nuich 
higher  temperature,  the  sear  can  be  made  more  quickly  and  practically  without  pain. 


Al'PKNDIX  II. 


EXPERIMENTS  IN  BRANDING  AND  HERDING  SEALS  ON  ST,  PAUL,  1897. 


i' 
'4, 


KV  .lOSKI'H    MriJKAV. 


f    I 


In  accordance  with  instructions  from  l'>r.  David  S.  .Ionian,  uniler  date  of  August  8, 
I  submit  the  following  brief  report  oti  tla«e  results  of  I  lie  experiments  in  herding  and 
branding  the  .seals: 

UEIlDINd    IN   THK   LAGOON. 

The  fence  about  the  la::'tM>u  was  completed  in  due  time  by  the  yonng  men  assi.st- 
ants  left  for  this  purjiose  and  to  help  in  the  branding.  On  S([»tenilier  1  the  .seals  were 
driven  from  the  hauling  grounds  of  Ueef,  Kitovi.  Lukaiiin,  Tolstoi,  and  .Middle  Hill 
and  kept  within  th*;  inelosure  under  close  watch  until  September  7,  when  the  fence 
was  opene<l  and  they  were  allowetl  to  return  to  the  .sea  and  to  their  resiiectivc  hauling 
grounds,  which  they  did  by  degrt^'s  during  the  following  week,  many  of  tlm  animals 
showing  no  particular  haste  in  abandoning  the  inelosuie. 

At  lirst  the  seals  gave  evidence  of  feeling  the  restraint  put  upon  them.  Tlicy 
patrolled  the  iiisidt!  of  the  fence  until  they  establi.shed  a  beaten  path.  .V  few  eiimbcd 
«)Ver  and  others  tbund  holes  under  the  fen«!e  through  which  they  crawled.  After  a 
day  or  two,  however,  the  novelty  wore  oil"  and  no  further  attention  was  jiaid  to  the 
fence.  The  elo.sest  observation  during  the  lime  of  their  captivity  failed  to  di.scover 
anything  in  their  actions  or  moveuu'uts  that  indi<iated  uneasiness  or  suftering  of  any 
sort. 

The  experiment  of  holding  the  seals  in  the  lagoon  by  iiicans  of  a  fence  may 
therefore  be  considered  entirely  successful.  I  never  doubted  its  practicability,  and 
the  test  has  removed  all  possible  doubt.  I  strongly  favor  the  fencing  of  every 
ini|»ortant  body  of  water  on  the  islands,  which  can  be  ccuiveniently  used  for  the 


I 


HUANDINfi    WITH    IKONS. 


337 


piirpoNU,  iiiid  tlu;  lioldiii^'  in  tluuii  of  tlui  yoiiii;;  hcuIh  for  a  luontli  or  Hix  wi>ekH  in  the 
Hcaliiifi;  Munson. 

IIRANOINW. 

The  brundiii;;  was  bo{;iiii  on  September  7,  nt  liUkaniii  rookery.  About  .IHU  pup8 
were  driven  up,  assorted,  and  branded  during  the  foreuoun,  an  elVort  bein^;  made  to 
make  tlie  natives  taniiliar  witli  tlieir  work  ratli*T  tlnm  to  accompbsli  largo  results. 
TIh;  natives  entered  into  tiii^  spirit  of  the  work,  and  soon  became  skillful  and  etiective 
in  its  varitnis  operations. 

On  tlie  Stii,  <,'etting  an  <nirlier  start  and  having  two  forges  running,  we  branded 
1,017  pu]>s.  I>uring  the  Ibrenoon  of  the  !lth  U(M)  pups  were  branded  on  Kit«»vi,  and 
in  tiui  afternoon  1M)0  on  the  lietii'. 

Heavy  rains  interfered  with  the  work  until  the  14th,  when  S04  additional  pups 
were  brande<l  on  the  Reef.  <>n  the  l.")lh  work  was  again  interrupted  by  the  ruin,  but 
on  tin;  ICith  a  tiiird  Itranding  of  (KM)  pups  ami  100  cows  was  nnule  on  the  Ueef. 

On  the  17th  we  crossed  over  to  Zapadni  in  boats  and  branded  000  pu])s  and  8 
eows.    The  following  day  oOO  pups  and  10  cows  were  branded  on  Tolstoi  rookery. 

In  all  w<'  branded  I  IS  cows  and  r),;{71  pups,  I  used  two  forges,  with  two  men  to 
attimd  eaeb,  ke  'ping  six  irons  hot.  ( )ne  nuin  <-arried  the  irons  to  and  from  the  forges. 
With  nine  activ<;  young  men  to  handle  the  pups,  1  found  it  ])ossible  t(»  brand  300  an 
hour  without  special  exertion. 

With  an  assistant,  and  a  duplicate  set  of  forges  and  nu-n,  .">,000  pups  a  day  could 
easily  be  brandt'd,  or  in  twenty  working  days  100,(M>0  pujis,  which  is  nearly  double 
tiie  number  of  female  imps  at  {iresent  on  the  islands.  So  far  as  the  labor  is  ctincerned, 
the  branding  of  all  the  female  pups  each  year  is  entirely  'tossible.  It  is  simply  a 
iuatt«r  of  time  and  num. 

HEANDINCi   DOKS  NOT    IN.7URK  THE   ANIMALS. 

It  is  evident  that  the  branding  does  not  in.jiiro  the  animals.  The  adult  cows 
bramled  last  year  were  seen  in  good  condition  ami  with  their  pups  on  the  rookeries 
this  year.  The  pups  brandc^d  last  year  were  also  to  be  seen  in  numbers  hale  and 
hearty  on  the  hauling  grounds  and  rookeries.  The  salt  water  helps  rather  than 
hinders  the  healing  of  the  wound.  Neither  i>ups  nor  adult  cows  are  driven  from  the 
islands  i>y  the  ojHMation  of  branding. 

The  most  diHicult  part  of  the  work  is  the  driving  of  the  pujts  and  the  sorting  of 
th»;  sexes.  This  reipiires  men  and  careful  supervision,  but  this  is  all.  The  pups  stand 
the  handling  well.  Of  the  luunber  handled  this  season,  which  nuist  have  exceeded 
10,(M)0,  only  om>,  juip  was  killed. 

Tlu;  appearaiKic  of  the  biainled  cows,  as  well  as  of  the  yeailings,  shows  clearly 
the  elVeetiveness  of  the.  brand  to  depreciate  the  value  of  the  skins.  Each  brand  mark 
stands  out  bare  and  clean,  not  a  trace  of  fur  having  come  to  replace  that  whi<;b  was 
burned. 

rONOLlSlON. 

I  am  well  satisticd  that  in  the  plan  of  herding  the  bachelors  and  bran<ling  the 
female  seals  has  been  struck  tlu)  keynote  of  the  whole  situation.  Carried  to  their 
logical  conclusion,  these  methods  will  forever  settle  the  vexed  (luestion  of  pelagic 
sealing. 

5947— PT  3 L'2 


4  '.''• 


iSWI 


k\: 


f: 


■1: 
it;  :i.j: 


1& 


338 


THE    PTTR   SEALS    OP   TIIK    PRIHILOP    ISLANDS. 


The  followint;  is  a  (l«>ttulcil  listoftliobraiidiii^H,  to^^etlicr  witli  tli»  (iil1'ei-«tit  iiiiirka 
iisetl,  wliiuh  will  douhtlesH  bu  of  value  to  fiitiin^  (»bsurvei-8: 


Stiilemeiil  of  wal  hrandiiiij  on  St. 

I'aul  Inland  for  Ih 

!  »ea*on  of  1S97. 

1H07.                               IbHikory. 

CUWH. 

Bruiiil. 

I'lipii. 

350 
1.017 

i;ini 

INHI 
KW 
III  Ml 
OUII 

Ilranil. 



TiiUl. 

350 
1.017 

(UNI 
IHNI 

8114 
Tiki 

lillH 

r.lll 

Sept.    7  1  Lukanin 

" 

H     t.iikaiiiii  mill  Kitovi 

U     Kitii\i 

II     Mm< 

U    ili> 

.     Ill    ilii 

IIMI 
H 
HI 

• 

17  '  /iiliiiiliii 

IH     TuIhIiiI 

Tiilul 

IIH 

!>,:vi\ 

S,4HU 

AT»1»KN1>IX  TIT. 


BRANDING  ON  ST.  GEORGE. 


(  ra 


Mr.  .Iamks  JiiiKiK. 


! 


!  ;i' 


II  i| 


In  piirsiianco  of  inatructioiis  rcccivt'd  from  Dr.  David  8.  Jordan,  itoniinissioiKU'  in 
char(;e  of  fur-seal  iiive.stipitioiis,  I  Hiibiiiit  tliH  following  .stiitcineiit  regarding  ilie 
work  4»f  branding  fcinaiu  fur-seal  pups  on  i\n'  island  of  St.  (iuorgu  for  the  season 
of  1897. 


iiiit«. 


Sept.  17 
18 
21 

'a 

■j;i 


liiiiikrrv. 


Nortlt 


a  Art  III. 
ill 


S. 

Kn 

Lit  till  KuHt . 

Total 


I'lips 
I  liiaiiili'il. 


416 

27 
4114 
077 

2;ir> 

121 
1,880 


witi 


The  pups  on  North  and  Staraya  Artel  rookeries  were  branded  across  the  back 
ith  this  mark,  — — — ;  those  on  Ka.st,  Little  Kast,  and  Zapadiii  rookeries  with  tlii.s, 
=r.     The  marks  extended  well  down  on  the  .sides  of  the  pups,  giving  the  brands  a 
circular  appearance. 

In  the  drive  on  Kast  rookery  four  sea  iitni  pups  were  in(;luded  among  Iho  fur-seal 
pups  and  were  branded,  one  with  three  and  the  others  with  two  marks  each,  similar  to 
those  put  on  tiie  lur-seal  pups.    These  may  be  of  interest  to  future  ob.servers. 


{8 


I 


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It'- 
>ll 


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to 


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mn 


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r» 


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Hpm 

■JI^H 

H 

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^^^^^HSh' 

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r.          H^H 

BHPjnj^HRdH^f 

^^^H 

'  1    ^IH 

IBhH^'' 

■    Ij^^ 

"^  ^1 

^^^^^^^^^■iB'il^^^^^^^V?  * 

P^^al 

JH 

W-'>^Kmlm 

^^^^^HH>^i  >     <' 

is^H 

1 

^^^^HPvf  w- jj^^t  ^^^H^^^^^^3 

mM 

^H 

BHI 

HI 

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i  S 

L.  " 

t  / 


i  M 


-I  >  - 


5     =  y 


t  i 


fi 


,i'     ..«/, 


pi' 

■^  a^' 

>'i\ 

1 

i(a;i 


f  ■;!= 


1}  r 

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1 


II 


l%i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


4 


{./ 


Z 


^.% 


A^^'- 


<  ^• 


A 


1.0 


I.I 


128 


11-25  i  1.4 


|2.5 

1.6 


Sden.ces 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRIET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  I4SS0 

(716)  S72-4503 


V 


^ 


'^ 


<> 


i  if 


I  ,t 


L_ 


Plate  XXXVII. 


HERDED  SEALS  IN  THE  SALT  LAGOON. 
Iiriiwii  t'rorii  iialiiri'  liy  lii-istnw  Ailniiis. 


I 


'"        M 


XV.-THE  BLUE  FOX  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS. 


Hy  J)A\ii)  Stauk  .loKiiA.v  iiiiil  UKOKiih:  AiKjiiiiiAr.n  Ci.akk. 


11 


One  of  the  iinportiuit  resources  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  is  tlie  so-ealled  Arctic  fox 
or  bhio  fox,  Vulpcs  layopus,  wliich  is  widely  distributed  aloiij>-  the  coasts  of  Alaska 
and  on  the  islands  of  P.ering  Sea.  It  is  associated  with  the  fur  seals  both  on  the 
Tribilof  and  on  the  Commander  islands,  and  in  these  places  it  has  received  a  certain 
degree  of  protection.  The  blue  fox  and  the  white  fox  are  identical  as  species,  both 
being  found  in  the  same  litter,  the  white  fox  being  simply  an  albinistic  form  of  the 
other,  its   iiner  fur  showing  always  some  blueness  or  grayness. 

Of  the  general  distribution  of  this  animal  Ivan  Petrolf  in  his  report  of  188;{ 
gives  the  following  account:' 

Of  the  Arctic  fox  we  find  in  Alaska  two  varieticB— one  white  and  tlie  other  a  l)luisli  gray,  com- 
monly called  "blue  fox"  by  the  traders.  The  white  fox  is  fonnd  along  the  const  of  continental 
Alaska  from  the  month  of  the  Knskokwim  northward  to  Point  Harrow  and  the  eastern  l.onnd-irv.  Its 
fnr  is  of  a'snowy  white,  csi.o.ially  in  the  yonng,  and  both  soft  and  long;  bnt,  owing  to  the  iack  of 
durability,  it  does  not  coin.nand  a  high  price  in  the  market. 

The  animal  is  very  numerons  northward  or  Norton  Sonnd,  and  not  at  all  shy.  Natives  and 
travcd.^rs  alike  report  instances  of  the  fearlessness  with  which  the.se  foxes  enter  their  camps,  and 
oven  dwellings,  in  search  of  food  or  ont  of  nuire  curiosity.  A  large  portion  of  tlie  skins  .sccnred  by 
Eskimo  and  «.ther  natives  are  nsod  by  themselves  for  trimming  their  giirnients,  and  the  r.^mainder 
falls  chielly  int<.  the  hands  of  whalers  and  whisky  smugglers,  so  that  it  is  imi.ossiblo  to  obtain 
accnrate  lignres  as  to  the  annual  catch.  They  may  be  called  omnivorous,  and  (hey  refuse  nothing 
that  will  fill  their  stomachs.  I  observed  one  sleek  and  apparently  well-fed  specimen  which  devoured 
nearly  the  whole  of  a  large  salmon  and  afterwards  worried  down,  with  considerable  diflicnltv,  a  thick 
leather  strap  with  a  heavy  buckle  attached  to  it.  In  the  depth  of  winter  the  natives  (in<l'it  unsafe 
to  leave  any  article  of  clothing,  dog  harness,  or  boat  material  within  their  icaeh. 

The  blue  fox  exists  iio-v  on  several  of  the  Aleutian  Islands,  where  it  was  found  by  the  first  dis- 
cov.irers  in  17U.  The  animal  is  also  fonnd  on  the.  I'ribilof  Islands,  and  here,  where  it  has  been  pos- 
sible to  protect  the  species  against  intermixture  with  other  and  inferior  foxes,  the  skins  are  of  the 
finest  quality,  coinmamling  a  high  price  in  the  market.  Traders  report  the  existence  of  the  bine  fox 
to  a  limited  extent  in  the  vicinity  of  Oogashik,  <ui  thoAliaska  Peninsula,  and  also  on  (he  Lower 
Kiiskok Willi;  and  it  occurs  also  on  the  delta  between  the  mouths  of  the  Yukon  and  Knskokwim. 
Captain  Hooper,  of  the  Keveinie  Marine,  who  cominanded  the  IT.  S.  S.  Corwiii  during  iwo  successive 
cruisesinthe  Arctic,  reports  that  ho  saw  blue  foxes  at  Cape  Kspcnberg,  Elephant  Point,  ITothani 
Inlet,  Point  Hope,  Point  Helcher,  and  I'oiiit  Harrow.  The  same  gentleman  also  states  that  he  "found 
the  blue  fox  niiKdi  more  plentiful  on  the  Siberian  than  on  the  Americiin  coast,  and  that  all  the  blue 
foxes  in  the  far  north  are  so  inferior  to  those  on  the  islands  of  Heiing  8oa  as  to  suggest  tlii^  possibility 
of  their  being  a  ditlerent  species."  Even  on  the  Arctic  coast  Captain  Hooper  saw  blue  foxes,  taken 
at  the  same  time  and  place,  dillering  very  much  in  the  color  and  ((uality  of  the  fur.  On  the  Pribilof 
Islands  fiom  t,OtK)  to  \,rm  of  the  best  .luality  of  blno-foxskiiisare  annually  flHSS]  shipped,  andseveral 
hundred  of  a  little  inferior  .luality  from  Attoo  and  Atkha  islands,  but  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  the 
(jnantity  obtained  along  the  Arctic  coast  by  whalers  and  illicit  traders. 


'  Seal  and  Salmon  Fishfirius  and  General  liesources  of  Alaakn,  1897,  vvi.  IV,  pp.  255-250. 

33'J 


,., 

1 

li 

M 

.% 

i  i 

! 

'■i 

340 


THE    FUR   SKALS   OF   THE    rUIlULOP   ISLANDS. 


Ill  our  investijjatioiis  of  tlie  past  two  Hciisoiis  we  found  tlieac  littloaiiiinuls  objecita 
of  iiiucli  interest.  They  live  in  the  crevices  and  inti^rspaces  of  tlie  castle-like  masses 
of  an|;n1ar  bowlders  that  crown  the  various  lieadlands  of  the  islands.  Tiiese  head- 
lands are  also  the  home  of  the  myriads  of  sea  birds  which  I'recjuent  the  islands. 

In  our  visits  to  certain  rookeries  of  St.  Paul  the  peculiar  rasjiing  cry  of  these 
little  animals  as  they  caught  sight  of  us  soon  became  a  familiir  sound.  After  a  few 
visits  to  the  Reef  on  St.  Vaiil,  a  pair  of  these  foxes  n^gularly  followed  us  about  over 
the  parade  ground,  dogging  our  footsteps  and  at  times  snapping  at  our  heels.  The 
animals  are  protected  from  m(destation  and  annoyiiiice  in  the  summer;  as  si  result  of 
this  immunity  they  grow  overbold  and  impudent. 

The  natives  are  allowed  to  take  the  foxes  only  in  traps  during  a  short  period  in 
midwinter  when  the  fur  is  in  the  b(wt  condition.  Krom  (mr  limited  ojiportiinities  for 
studying  the  animals  it  would  seem  that  they  breed  in  jiairs,  bearing  several  young  ••'^ 
a  birth,  and  that  the  time  of  bringing  fortli  the  young  is  in  June  or  July.  On  the 
29th  of  June  two  of  the  little  foxes,  which  appeared  to  be  about  a  week  old,  weieseen 
playing  about  the  mouth  of  a  fox  buri(»w  at  Northeast  Toint.  They  were  so  tame  that 
they  could  be  handled  like  kittens. 

Of  the  past  history  of  these  aninuils  we  have  but  little  data  beyiuid  the  account 
of  Ivan  Petrolf,  Just  (juoted.  As  to  the  importance  of  the  herd  of  blue  foxes  on  tlie 
Pribilof  Islands,  we  may  gain  some  knowledge  fnmi  the  statisti«!S  of  the  furs  pur- 
chased by  the  Uussian-American  Company  during  the  period  frfun  1812  to  1S(I(»;  also 
given  in  retrotrs  rejwrt.     From  this  we  may  take  the  following  summary: 

Arctiv/oxea  purclidHeU  hy  Ihv  llimaiaii-.tmerican  Company  from  i'\e  I'rlhiUif  luliiiidn,  IS4:'.'-IS(J(). 


Dattj. 

1842 
184:i 
1844 
1845 
184« 
1847 
1848 
1849 
18511 
1851 
18.52 

St.  I'aiil. 

St.  Cieorge. 

1,4'.II 

i,;i77 
i,:i4;) 
i,;i«8 

1,418 

I,:i54 

1,298 
1,0IJ9 

i,07;t 

1, 2KI 
1.477 

Dato. 

St.  I'ttul. 

St.  (ii'orKe. 

.5(15 
515 
;)94 
3li5 
528 
515 

4ni 

519 
GI9 
517 
045 

18,53 
1854 
18.55 
1850 
1857 
1S.58 
1859 
l8(iU 

(Ml 
«24 

1,238 
1,291 
1,123 
1, 145 
1,198 
1,.555 
I.2H0 
911 

.514 

1,417 

5,58 

Iil9 

025 

■rdtj 

ii ;i4 

707 

For  the  period  between  the  tranafei-  of  the  fur-seal  islands  in  18(i7  to  the  United 
States  and  the  year  1880,  Petrotf  gives  a  total  of  27,731  foxes  as  taken  from  Alaskan 
sources,  doubtless  including  others  in  addition  to  those  taken  from  the  Pribilof 
Islands.  He  remarks  that  these  returiiK  are  incomplete  and  "necessarily  below  the 
real  ligures." 

In  recent  years  the  catch  of  blue  foxes  has  diminishetl.  In  so  far  as  we  have  been 
able  to  get  the  returns,  it  is  a.s  follows: 

nine  foxes  taken  on  the  Pribilof  Jelauda,  1890-1S90.' 


Season. 

St.  I'nul. 

5U5 
nil. 
438 
nil. 

St.  (ivorgci. 

793 
nil. 
875 
nil. 

Sii.ifion. 

1894  95  .. 
189.5-90... 
1896-97... 

Total. 

St.  Paul. 

nil. 
407 
176 

St.  tieorge. 

nil. 
■'3,t 
497 

1890  91... 
1891-92... 
1892-93... 
1893-94... 

1,784 

'  Thi'so  flgnren  wore  I'lirnisliBil  by  the  North  American  Comniercinl  Company. 

^'I'hi'  takin;:  ofl'dxcs  on  St,  deciriiu  in  tbts  Hoaaon  was  Htopiied  by  the  Treasury  agent. 


CARE  OK  ULUK  KOXKS. 


341 


When  we  contrast  these  recent  catches  with  those  of  the  earlier  period  covered 
by  tlio  statistics  of  Pctrott',  wu  find  that  tliere  has  been  a  marked  falling  oH'  in  the 
product  of  the  herd.  It  is  not  necessary  to  look  for  the  probable  cause.  While  the 
foxijs  are  protected  at  other  seasons  of  the  year,  during  the  period  of  trapping  their 
only  safety  lies  in  the  limitations  of  the  trapper's  ingenuity  and  in  their  skill  to  elude 
him.  With  an  extended  period  of  hunting,  especially  at  tlu',  time  when  food  is  scarce, 
doubtless  the  whole  herd  tiould  be  wiped  cmt  in  a  single  season. 

The  precarious  condition  of  the  herd,  or  at  least  the  importancie  of  taking  better 
care  of  it,  has  evidently  been  recognized  by  the  Department,  as  the  following 
quotation  from  (!hief  Agent  Crowley's  report  for  189;{  will  show:' 

f  li.'ivx  ordorod  that  tlio  catch  <if  Miie  foxes  bo  limited  to  (lie  month  of  1  )ocuiiih<u',  ISO^,  anil  tliut  the 
price  fixed  for  the  skins  taken  Im  $5  iipiotu).  Tlio  canso  for  liniitin<r  tlio  time  to  ono  month  for  truiijilng 
was,  in  my  ,JMd}i;niont,  necessary  for  tlio  proservation  of  tlio  foxos.  It  Is  su^f^csttMl  in  my  instriK^tions 
in  connection  with  the  liliio-fox  trapping  that  if  a  trap  could  ho  contrived  in  snch  a  way  as  to  prevent 
injury  to  tlio  fox,  and  all  females  ho  caught  turned  loose,  such  a  conrso  would  tend  to  increase  the 
supply  of  thi'se  valuable  aiiiuutls.  Such  a  method  would  certainly  be  an  advantage  if  it  were  poHsihIe 
to  cany  it  into  etlcct;  but  at  least  two  obstacles  will  bo  in  the  way  of  making  this  method  a  success. 
First,  to  invent  a  trap  siilliciently  largo  to  hold  a  fox  without  doing  him  somo  bodily  injury,  and 
devising  a  plan  to  induce  the  wary  fox  into  it;  second,  to  take  chances  on  tho  native  trapper,  who 
has  jirobably  tramped  across  the  island  from  (ivo  to  seven  times  a  week  through  cold  and  snow  knee 
dceji,  having  convii^tions  of  honesty  and  courage  enough,  when  he  comes  to  his  traji  and  tinds  tho  only 
fox  ho  has  caught  that  wt^nk  to  bo  u  female,  to  turn  it  loose.  I  advis(^<l,  however,  that  this  sort  of  a 
box  trap  be  tried  as  an  exiierimeut.  To  avoid  tho  wholesale  slaughter  of  foxes,  tho  better  iilan  woultl 
be  to  adopt  tho  rule  of  only  trapping  foxescvery  alternate  winter  until  they  have  increased  sutliciently 
to  warrant  a  iiioro  freipient  limited  catch. 

Here  tlio  attempt  has  been  made  to  exempt  the  females  IVom  slaughter.  Doubt- 
less in  acconbince  with  these  same  instructions,  Mr.  James  Judge,  agent  in  charge  of 
St.  (leorge  Island,  in  the  season  of  189(j-97  put  the  idea  of  a  box  trap  into  practical 
execution.  IJy  salting  away  meat  in  the  killing  season  and  freshening  it  in  the  winter 
to  feed  the  foxes,  he  attracted  them  to  certain  centers  where  his  traps  were  locatetl, 
and  the  females  caught  were  released. 

It  may  be  noted  that  these  efforts  to  better  the  condition  of  the  foxes  are  based 
upon  a  mistaken  analogy.  It  is  attempted  to  treat  the  blue  fox  as  though  it  were 
identical  in  habits  with  the  fur  seals.  The  female  of  the  fur  seals  :s  exempt  from 
slaughter  on  the  islands,  ami  this  principle  is  applie*!  to  the  fox.  The  latter  is  not, 
however,  polyganums,  and  therefore  the  saving  up  of  I'emales  without  making  pro- 
vision for  a  like  suj  ply  of  males  would  bo  folly,  unless  it  should  have  in  time  tho  effect 
of  developing  in  these  animals  a  polygamous  habit. 

We  do  not  know  the  breeding  habits  of  the  blue  foxes  sufTiciently  well  to  say  Just 
what  should  be  done  for  their  protection.  From  our  casiuil  observation  it  would  seem 
that  they  breed  in  pairs  and  bring  forth  several  young  at  a  time — two  at  least,  possibly 
more.  Witli  these  fundamental  facts  in  mind,  any  system  of  preserving  females  (inly 
is  inadequate.  The  aim  should  bo  to  leave  a  definite  number  of  breeding  pairs  to 
survive.  When  the  number  of  pups  born  at  a  birth  is  exactly  known,  from  a  given 
stock  of  l)reeders,  it  will  bo  possible  to  know  the  approximate  product.  The  problem 
would  then  resolve  itself  into  the  discovery  of  practical  methods  for  insuring  tho 
reservation  of  an  ample  breeding  stock  and  making  i)rovision  for  its  growth. 

How  this  can  be  accomplished  we  are  not  prepared  to  say.    The  box-trap  method 


i 


'Seal  and  Salmon  Fisheries  and  General  liusourcoB  of  Alaska,  1897,  Vol,  I,  p.  411. 


342 


11  IK    IMK    SKALS    OF    THE    ['RIIUI.OK    ISI.ANDS. 


If 


of  ciiptiire,  in  .some  inoiliiU-d  tbrin,  iniglit  attain  ilu*  deHiicd  (>nd.  A  ccrtiiin  <U>tiiiite 
iinnihor  ((fiininiiils  in  pairH  from  tlie  first  Tuxes  tuuiglit  iniijlit  lie  st>t  apai't  as  lireedurs, 
wbicli,  being  marked  in  sumu  way,  could  be  released  if  again  i-auglit.  It  may  be  Miat 
a  time  limit,  eiit  sliurt  enongb  to  make  it  impossible  to  catvli  all  tbe  foxes,  is  tlie  oidy 
feasible  one.  The  iitcessary  ]»rotection  to  a  breeding  herd  might  be  all'orded  by 
exempting  certain  tracts  of  the  island  from  the  operations  of  the  trappers.  But  we 
ofler  these  merely  as  suggestions. 

It  has  further  been  attempted  to  provide  artificial  means  for  Iceding  the  foxes. 
A  successful  beginning  in  this  regard  was  made  on  Ht.  (Seorge  Island  during  the  sea- 
son of  1800  by  Mr.  .lames  .Fudge,  who  salted  away  in  silos  the  superfluous  seal  (!ar- 
casses  on  the  killing  field,  freshening  the  meat  in  the  winter  time  and  giving  it  out  to 
the  aninuils.  It  was  understood  during  the  past  season  that  the  lessees  would  make 
experiments  on  St.  Paul  Island  in  the  same  direction  with  artificial  food  of  some  sort. 

Here  again  intention,  while  good,  has  clearly  outrun  adecjuate  knowledge  on  the 
subject.  The  «iuestion  naturally  arises  whether  it  is  necessary  to  thus  i)rovide  food 
for  the  foxes.  We  may  note  that  during  the  nineteen  years  of  which  we  have  the 
record  given  by  Petroff  the  number  of  foxes  taken  averaged  three  and  one  half  times  as 
great  as  lor  the  past  seven  years.  We  are  not  aware  that  any  effort  was  made  to 
feed  the  foxes  then,  or  that  they  did  not  have  food  enough.  The  decline  in  the  fur- 
seal  herd  has  i)robably  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  matter.  The  presence  (»f  the 
bones  and  feathers  of  sea  birds  about  the  fox  dens,  and  the  broken  egg  shells  along 
tlie  fox  trails  in  summer  when  the  killing  grounds  are  covered  with  seal  meat,  clearly 
sbows  that  the  chief  diet  of  the  foxes  is  not  seal  meat.  In  the  autumn  of  1S9(»  the 
foxes  were  known  to  have  eaten  dead  pui)s  on  St.  George,  but  a  similar  phenomenon 
was  not  witnessed  on  St.  Paul. 

It  appears  from  the  early  records  that  St.  (Jeorge  has  always  furnished  the 
greater  proportion  of  foxes,  although  always  the  smaller  proportion  of  seals.  As  the 
sea  birds  are  far  more  numerous  on  St.  Oeorge  than  on  St.  Paul,  it  would  seem  that 
their  flesh  and  eggs  rather  than  seal  meat  is  the  regular  diet  of  the  fox  while  they 
arc  to  be  had.  T^e  fox-runs  on  the  islands  all  point  toward  some  clitf  or  place 
frequented  by  the  sea  birds. 

Whatever  may  be  said  of  these  attempts  to  better  the  condition  of  the  fox  herd, 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  they  clearly  recognize  the  two  important  factors  of  the 
problem.  Some  plan  must  be  adopted  whereby  a  definite  breeding  herd  is  insured 
and  if  possible  enlarged.  As  this  grows,  artificial  means  of  increasing  the  food 
supply  must  be  devised  after  the  natural  limit  has  been  reached.  The  criticism 
we  have  to  offer  is  that  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  apply  methods  and  means  of 
protection  without  definite  knowledge  as  to  the  facts  and  needs  of  the  herd.  To  a 
monogamous  animal,  wholly  confined  to  the  land  and  bearing  several  young  at  a 
birth,  has  been  applied  the  regulation  which  was  designed  to  serve  an  amphibious 
animal,  polygamous  in  its  habits  and  bearing  but  a  single  young  at  birth.  The 
attempt  to  feed  the  animals  by  artificial  means  has  been  undertaken  without  definitely 
knowing  whether  or  not  such  a  course  was  necessary. 

What  we  wish  to  emphasize  in  this  connection  is  the  fact  that  a  thorough  study 
of  the  natural  history  and  breeding  habits  of  tbe  blue  fox  should  precede  any  final 
plan  for  its  protection.  With  full  knowledge  of  the  problem  to  be  dealt  with,  means 
for  solving  it  can  be  intelligently  devised  and  effectively  carried  out. 


NKKI)    Ol     A    NATI'KALIsr    IN    CIIAIiOK. 


343 


t 


or  hi  so    1  T'T  ^"  '"'•'  ""  •■^•'""■^t'vo  l,ca..n.M.t  vitber  of  tl.«  history 

h^ilMtsot  the  bluo  (ox,  but,  to  point  out  the  „«,.e«sity  and  doHlralHlitv  of  i  ser  o  .s 
and  «yHtcMMatu.  study  of  the  subject.     As  we  have  seeu   f.o.n   tiu       bh      r  7 

«kn.8  ,^a8     ,800  a  year.     This  uuu.ber,  at  the  rate  whi.l.  the  Ie.ssees  now  „av  fl 
atives  or  tox  sk.ns,  wouhl  yiehl  a  sun.  of  $9,000  nnnualiy,  whieh        .  .     11; 
uatter  t.)  the  (iovernn.ent  iu  providing  for  tlu,  natives.      t  is  to  bo  suZs 

o.  .=r  ;:;;;;=' :;t=rroS  rr;;;::;:!^^^^ 

beco.no  the  object  of  syston.atic  study  and  care.     The  problen.s  con  ^        wtth  ti  e 
^ue.ox  herd  deuuun.  e,ualiy  such  attention  and   tun.ish  an  addlU:^:;;  1^  t 


yii 


H''< 


!^.. 


1 

i 


I 

|J 

H 

■*  '  ii 

*:, 

r 

m 

1 

i* 

1 

i> 

H 

11 

""^rr-TS"-'  ■■■■-" 


if 


XVI-MAMMALS  OF  THE   PRIBILOF  ISLANOS. 


Hy    l''RKI>KI{|CK   W.  Tltl'K, 


Th«  si>erios  of  terrestrial  inammiil.s  of  tlic  I'ribilol"  Isliuids  an-  ho  few  in  iminher 
tliat  tliey  can  Hciarcely  be  said  to  (ioiiHtitute  a  fauna.  Wo  find  only  a  shrew,  a 
IcMiin:  "t;,  and  a  fox.  Tlie  first  two  are  closely  allied  to  species  on  the  Aiueric'au 
mainland,  and  the  fox  is  siiijposcd  to  be  a  late  introduction.  The  islands  are  (;oni- 
posed  almost  exclusively  of  vcUanic  materials,  but  certain  fossil  remains  have  been 
found  on  St.  I'aul  which  are  believed  by  some  to  indicate  that  their  origin  was  not 
entirely  volcanic.  However  that  may  be,  if  the  present  mammals  were  derived  from 
a  preexisting  fauna  we  nught  properly  expect  them  to  dill'ei'  more  than  they  do  from 
the  miinland  forms.  That  they  are  very  closely  related  would  seem  to  indicate  that 
they  are  late  arrivals  from  the  mainland.  The  fox,  as  already  stated,  is  believed  to 
be  certainly  such,  and  the  same  is  probably  true  of  the  lemming  and  shrew. 

It  is  a  singular  fact,  however,  that  the  lemming  is  coiiHned  to  St.  George  Island 
and  the  shrew  to  St.  Paul. 

The  pinnipod  carnivora— the  fur  seal,  sea  lion,  and  walrus  (now  extirpated)— arc 
not  peculiar  to  the  islands,  and  no  (jetacoau  is  known  to  fretpieut  their  shores 
exclusively. 

PRIBILOF  SHREW. 

Sorcf  prihihfvimH  Mttriiuiii. 
Sorer,  prihilo/enfiia,  Merriiiin,  North  Aiiinricaii  Kaiina,  l(t,  Dccoinber  31, 1895,  p.87. 

This  beautiful  little  shrew  is  readily  recognizable  ]»y  its  peculiar  coloration,  being 
grayish  sienna  brown  on  the  back  and  abruptly  whitish  on  the  sides  aiul  belly.  The 
white  of  the  sides  is  tinged  with  butf,  while  that  of  the  under  surface  is  purer,'  The 
chin,  throat,  and  feet  are  white  and  the  tail  is  bicolored,  brown  above  and  white 
below. 

Dr.  Merriam  gives  the  following  average  dimensions  of  five  individuals:  Total 
length,  'i.l3  inches  (105""");  tail  vertebne,  1..50  inches  (34.5""»);  hind  foot,  0.5U  inch 
(13.2'""').'^ 

The  Pribilof  shrew,  so  far  as  known,  ot^curs  only  on  St.  I'aul  Island.    Mr.  Wil 
liam  Palmer  repcuted  in  1890  that  the  natives  onsidered  it  very  abundant  on  the 

'There  is  another  American  shrow,  Sorvx  rioharihoni,  which  is  shaii>ly  tricolored,  hut  this  is  a 
speciea  with  the  under  parts  dusky  and  washed  into  chestnut. 

^Mr.  William  Palmer's  measurements  of  seven  adults  give  3.7  inches  as  the  average  total  length, 

345 


«fi 


"a 


m 


.116 


Tin:  KirR  si:ai,s  ok  tiik  I'Kinii.or  ij^lands. 


iiorlh  isliui'c.  Ml*  uhlaiiit'ii  no  Icms  than  Ni.\l«><>n  HpuriiiHtiis,  inrlnilih);  liolli  utliiltH  iiiid 
.yodiiK.  IM-.  Mt'i'iiaiii  Ills*)  i)litiiin*>tl  s|M-cinifii.s  in  tstll.  Mr.  I'lfntiss  and  niysrll'  put 
ont  tiitps  I'm  it  many  tinit-s,  in  l.S<,)r>,  l>nt  ritlit'r  lor  want  of  proper  halt  ur  lor  Honit*  otiu'r 
H'ason  (lit!  not  captniu  any.  Ily  inipn'H.sin;,'  Mii;  initivc  hoys  into  «nir  scrvirt',  liowt'vur, 
w«)  olilaintMJ  .spi't-inicns.  Tliusu  wuie  caught  at  tliu  MuHt  Liiiulint;  salt  liousu  nour  (In) 
villa;ie  <»»■  St.  I'aul. 

I  fonntl  twotlcud  slirinvBon  Mu.'  low  ^khmhI  at  lliv  wustoiul  of  villa);u  hill,  and  lalcr 
«Mu-.  was  picked  up  aliv(«  on  on<>,  of  tlio.  hills  north  of  the  villaK:u  during;  a  st-al  drive 
tVoMi  liUkanin  hanlini;  ground,  Thv  natives  rcpiut  thai  tht-y  aio  ottfu  sum  in  tlu; 
water,  and  their  tracks  are  to  be  found  on  the  muddy  sIuucm  «if  the  village  pond. 

The  .shrew  feeds  on  the  .seal  eareaHses  ami  siu-h  insects  as  are:  ol>tainal>le.  One 
seen  l>y  Mr.  Talmer  in  ISitll  was  feeding  on  whale  blidtlier. 

The  young  are  noticeably  duller  in  coliu' than  th»  ailidts,  and  the  cohu' of  back 
nuTges  much  more  gradually  into  that  of  (he  belly.  The  feet  and  tail  are  nuu'e  hairy, 
and  the  hairs  at  tliu  eud  of  the  tail  form  a  long  pencil. 

A  male  taken  Juiu^  '-2,  IS'.tO,  in  molting.  Two  males  taken  .\ugust  I'S,  181),'),  are 
also  in  this  condition,  tinuigh  it  Heums  8ome\\hat  early  for  them  to  take  on  the  winter 
cuat,  if  such  it  is.     A  fonnvle  taken  August  14,  1H{).''>,  also  shows  traces  of  the  molt. 

lu  the  skulutuu  the  vertebra)  formula  is  as  follows:  c.  7.  d.  13. 1.  U.  s.  0.  ua.  11=45. 

priulof  lemming. 

I.emmiis  niyriprH  (Triio). 
lilyodis  niiiripes,  Tiiii),  Pioc.  C.  H.  Nut.  Miib.,  17,  No.  !»!«•.     Adviinco  Mlu^tit  Ainil  '.'(i,  1H!»4. 

The  occurrence  of  a  lemming  mou.se  on  St.  (ieorge  was  reported  by  Klliott  in  1875' 
and  also  ISS'2'  from  notes  made  between  1872  and  1870.  lie  idonti(ie<l  it  with  the 
Asiatic  species,  Lemmns  ohcnuifi.  Later,  Mr.  Charles  II.  Townsend  c^ollec;!  '•  two 
specimens  for  the  National  Musouni,  and  llnding  it  a])parently  distinct  from  any 
described  species,  I  gave  a  diagnoiiis  of  it  in  1894,  under  the  name  of  L,  niyripcs. 

The  following  is  a  repetition,  of  the  original  diagnosis: 

LEMMUS    NIORIPES   (True). 

Upper  Hiirfiiccs  nearly  iiiiir<iriii  ciiinamoii-^rity,  without  bands  or  Npots.  SiiloH,  incliiiliiiK  Ihf  lower 
part  of  the  cheeks  un<l  iiork,  ilear  tawny  brown.  TntUu'  HurliteuH  paler  tawny,  whieh  tint  Ih  gradually 
niergt^d  Into  llio  Ntronxer  eolor  o|"  the  sidi^H.  Nose  Mack.  Fore  feet  bluek  above,  tawny  below.  Hind 
feet  blaek  both  above  and  below.     Tail  bicolored,  black  above,  pale  tawny  below. 

Dimvnsiona  (from  dry  skin;  type). — Head  and  body  130""";  tail  vertebrae,  13"'"';  liinil  foot 
(without  claw),  17.5'"'". 

Type. — No.  59152,  U.S. N.M.,  male,  St.  George  Island,  Alaska.  Collected  by  Charles  H.  Townseud, 
August  18, 189(  f ). 

The  only  specimens  of  this  lemming  I  have  seen  are  from  St.  Cicorge,  and  Elliott 
in  1875  states  that  it  was  restricted  to  that  island.  Dr.  Merriam  also,  in  his  enumera- 
tion of  the  mauinu'.ls  of  the  Pribilofs,  cites  it  as  a  species  found  "only  on  St.  George."^ 
Mr.  Palmer's  manuscript  record  of  1890,  however,  contains  the  note  "none  seen  on 
St.  Paul,  though  a  few  have  been  introduced."    In  1895  1  saw  at  Northeast  Point,  St. 


I  Report  upon  the  Condition  of  Affairs  in  Alaska,  1875,  p.  72. 

''  Monogr.  Seal  Islands  of  Alaska,  Special  Unlletin  U.  S.  Fish  Com.  176, 1882,  p.  125. 

"  See  Abstract  iu  Science,  new  series,  I,  p.  (398,  J  unu  21, 1895. 


'' 


^^.^. 


THK   MAMMALS    OK    TIIK    IMMIULOF    ISLANDS. 


317 


I'mil,  wliat  ii|»|K'iir«Ml  lo  !»»'  {\u>  droppiiifrs  of  this  iiioiisc,  Itiil  ii.s  the  (iirnimstjuices 
HciiiiiKcd  only  ii  liiiMly  iiis|HM'tiiMi  ui  lli«>iii,  I   may  liiivc  bemi  misliikfii.     It   iimy  l»»i 
staU'd  posit ivcly  Jiat  no  s|M'»'ini('iis  of  tlie  loinmiii;'  arc  known  Cioin  St.  I'aiil,  ami  if 
thv  animal  occurs  tiicrc  at  all  the  tact  remains  to  l)c  tlcmonstiatcd. 
Mr.  I'illiott  wrote  as  IoIIowh  in  IHTo: 

AmjiIi'  I'loni  Mijil  lili)  on  llm  I'liliilol'  IhIiiiiiIn,  tlmm  uif  im  iiiiliKeiioiiH  iiiai tliii,  witli  tlm  oxccptioii 

of  liliHi  iiiiil  wliitu  CoxiH  Miiil   tlir   li'iiiiiiiiiK  i Mi/iMht  ohiiit^i^),'  wliirli   lultur  is   it<Hlrii'li«l,  Niii;,'iilarl,v 

ciKMinli,  1(1  thf  JHl I  ot  S(.  (if(nj.r,  wliBiv  it  is  cMiT.liiiK'ly  aliiiriilaiit.     Uh  limrowH  iiiiil  patliN  iinilor 

loi'l  i ii«   llii'  Krii'--'.v  liiiirmiocKs  aii<l  iiiiiHuy  tiati*  lili-nill.v  rImiKcr  rvurv  Ni|iiain  rml  of  lioiil  tlitim 

(■ovnriMl  Willi   tliis  M'KkIiiIIom  ;  iiiiil  altliciiiuli  .SI.  I'juil   JNlaiiil  liiH  Iml   2!)  iiiiIkh  to  tliti  iiortliweNt,  not  a 
hImkIx  Olio  ol'  tli<>H«  ai'tivK  ciirioiiN  littln  niilnialH  in  I'oiiiiil  lliorn.- 

Mr.  i'almcr  rcpoiteil  that  tlioii>,'h  forineily  ainimlant,  they  hail  liecomc  searce  in 
I.SHO.  My  own  ohscrvation  in  1S<»."»  Icil  me  to  the  saniecoiicliisioii  as  re};aiils  the  north 
side.  In  the  liidien-covcieil  liehls  between  the  village  ami  Staraya  Artel  their  run- 
ways were  enormously  alHinilaiit,  lint  they  were  very  lar;,'ely  deserteil.  Mr.  Prentiss 
labored  faithfully  diiriiij,'  a  sojimrn  of  ten  days  on  the  island  to  obtain  a  series  orH|)ec- 
imeiis,  but  only  hccu red  four.  Me  reported,  however,  that  on  the  south  side  of  the 
island,  in  the  vicinity  of  /apadiii  rookery  there  were  niimeroiiH  fresh  runways,  and 
at  one  point  he  saw  two  leniinin};s  riinnin;;  throii^rli  them. 

In  18!M}  am!  l;  17  the  siiarcity  of  lemmings  was  very  noticeable,  but  one  speeimeii 
bciiij,'  seen  and  n m.  taken.  This  scarcity  is  attributable  to  the  foxes,  which  are 
abundant  and  di^vonr  the  lemmings  whenever  [lossiblc. 

The  con<'''ion  of  knowledjre  re}.'ardin}(  the  American  lemminj^s  of  the  presiMit 
melius  is  no'  .  all  satisfactory.  Richardson  desuribcd  two  species  from  Arctic  British 
America,  under  the  names  of  helrolxK'  and  IriiHiirroiiiitns.'  Middendorf  considered 
them  both  identical  with  M.  obemis  Brandt,  in  whiiih  opinion  he  was  followed  by 
Cones.'' 

From  the  scanty  material  at  c,()ip.:v;ind,  it  would  ajijiear  that  the  American  lem 
niinfjs  are  certainly  distinct  from  the  Asiatic  o/>(7i«/«,  and  that  there  are  two  species 
besides  the  Pribilof  form.  Whether  Ilicliardsoii's  two  species  are  really  distinct  from 
each  other,  and  whether  either  are  represented  in  the  National  Museum  (collection  can 
not  be  detinitely  determined  at  present.  A  form  from  the  Arctic  coast  and  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Porcupine  Uiver,  which  appears  to  reineseiit  triinucrotiatus,  is  close  to 
the  Pribilof  species,  ditl'ering  only,  so  far  as  can  be  determined,  by  its  smaller  .size  and 
brownish  rather  than  black  feet.  The  island  form  may  thus  prov«»  to  be  at  most  only 
a  subspecies  of  one  of  the  mainland  species.*' 


i«i 


'  Thu  Hhrew  wim  not.  then  kuuwu  to  exist  there. 
2  K>3i)ort,  1H75,  pp.  72,  73. 
^iFaiinii  itoiittli  Aiuer.  I,  lH3i),  p.  128. 

■•Parry'M  Socoiid  Voyaf?e,  Appcmlix,  1825,  p.  309;  \.  <;.,  p.  1,30. 
'^Coucs  mill  Allen,  N.  A.  Koilentia,  1877,  p.  210. 

"Wagnur  also  deacribeil  an  AiiioriiNiii  species   under  the   naino  of  Myoden  alboyularia.     (See 
Solirebor's  8ilugeth.,  SiippL,  3,  1843,  p.  (j02.) 


M 


U  ' 


»  ii 


34« 


TUli    FUK   SI;AI-K   of   THK    FKIlULOl'    ISLANDS. 


HOUSE   MOUSE. 


,)fua  miisoiilun  liinnuoiiH. 

The  lionao  iiiouso  is  extremely  abundant  iibtmt  the  vilhipo  of  St.  Paul  and  lias 
been  noted  by  various  observers  al.so  on  St,  (leorge,  though  I  did  not  observe  it  theie 
myself.  As  soon  as  the  natives  on  St.  Paul  learned  that  1  wanted  spceiniens  they 
brought  them  in  abiindiinee,  but  not  always  in  a  condition  to  be  preserved.  The  mouse 
is  a  great  pest  in  the  houses.  A  colony  of  them  invaded  our  laboratory,  which  was 
established  in  one  of  the  houses  built  for  the  use  of  the  natives,  and  before  we  weie 
aware  of  it  took  up  headquarters,  with  disastrous  results,  in  a  box  of  birds  which  Mr. 
Prentiss  had  taUen  great  pains  to  collect. 

1  am  not  aware  that  any  re(!ord  has  been  made  of  the  date  of  introduction  of  the 
mtnise  into  the  islands.  Veniaminof  in  1840  includes  mice  among  the  animals  of 
the  islands,  and  presumably  has  reference  to  the  ]>resent  species.  According  to  his 
account  it  was  introduced  into  the  Aleutian  Islands  by  the  Russians.  Mr.  Elliott 
incliules  it  among  the  species  observe<l  by  him  between  1872  and  lS7<i,  but  as  it  was 
then  common  in  the  villages  it  must  have  arrived  at  a  considerable  earlier  date.  In 
his  report  on  Alaska,  published  in  1875,  Mr.  Klliott,  referring  to  the  l'ribih)f  Islands, 
remarks:  "The  islands  are  as  yet  free  from  rats,  but  mice  have  been  brought  long  ago 
in  ships'  cargoes  and  are  a  great  ])est  in  the  winter.'" 

I  saw  nothing  of  rats  while  on  the  islands  in  ISTO,  but  observe  that  Mr.  Palmer 
has  noted  that  they  arrive  occasionally  in  ships,  but  do  not  breed.  N'enianiinof  states 
that  the  rat  was  introduced  into  Unalsiska>  in  1828  by  the  ship  Finland  and  increased 
rapidly. 

ARCTIC    FOX  (WHITE   FOX  AND   BLUE   FOX). 

I'lilpea  lagoput  (LiiiiuuMiH). 

Next  to  the  fur  seal  and  the  sea  lion  the  fox  is  the  most  interesting  mammal  of 
the  Pribihtf  Islands.  One  is  not  long  on  the  islanil;^  before  making  his  acquaintance, 
and  his  maneuvers  are  a  continual  source  of  interest.  Now  he  will  be  seen  trotting 
along  in  the  distance,  turning  neither  to  the  right  hand  nor  the  left,  and  again  he  will 
spring  ui>  almost  from  under  one's  feet,  giving  utterance  to  his  higli-jtlcched  and 
quernh)us  bark.  There  is  something  uncanny  in  the  dogged  persistence  with  which 
he  follows  one's  I'ootsteps,  falling  back  and  barking  if  one  faces  about  and  drawing 
near  again  the  instant  one  proceeds.  I  took  pains  on  one  ot-casion,  when  a  fox  had 
been  following  me  for  some  distance,  to  ascertain  whether  these  little  foot[>ads  could 
be  readily  frightened  away.  I  commenced  by  throwing  large  atones  in  the  direction 
of  the  animal,  thinking  to  alarm  it,  but  it  merely  drew  aside  to  let  the  missiles  pass, 
and  continued  to  bark  at  intervals,  as  before.  Finally  I  aimed  some  rather  smaller 
stones  directly  at  the  fox,  one  of  which  struck  it  forcibly  on  the  forehead.  The  fox 
merely  drew  back  a  little  and  barked  defiance,  so  I  desisted,  fearing  that  I  might  kill 
the  animal,  which  I  luul  no  wish  t»»  do.  As  I  proceeded  the  fox  drew  near  again  and 
followed  me  to  the  boundary  of  his  domain,  for  each  fox,  like  his  neighbor  the  bull 
seal,  seenied  to  have  a  definite  territ«iry  which  he  regards  as  his  own  and  uixm  which 
he  resented  intrusion. 


Ki'purt  upon  tbu  Condition  of  AifiiirH  ht  Aliialia,  1875,  p.  73. 


>  ^  ..y.u'.'V  ». 


las 


THE   MAMMALS   OF   THK   PKIHILOP   ISLANDS. 


349 


On  the  liillside  t(»  the  west  of  the  Lagoon  and  over  toward  Lukanin  I  fieciuently 
lieaid  the  liarsli  bark  of  the  fox  proceeding  from  among  the  piles  of  rock,  an<l  here 
and  there  the  little  brown  head  of  a  cub  would  ai)pear  at  the  month  of  a  burrow. 
All  about  these  burrows  were  scattered  fragments  of  sea  birds'  bones,  of  skulls  and 
limbs  of  fur-seal  pups,  and  other  similar  relics  of  repasts.  Once  I  observed  a  fox 
trotting  along  toward  its  bunow  with  a  fresh  fur  seal  placenta  in  its  mouth,  and  foxes 
may  be  frecpiently  seen  on  the  outskirts  of  the  rookeries  linnting  for  placentas. 

I  )uriiig  the  summer  all  tlmse  articles,  as  well  as  birds'  eggs,  are  eaten  by  the  foxes, 
but  in  winter  they  lead  a  somewhat  precarious  existence  and  subsist  largely  «)n  sea 
nr<!hins  {Stron<iylo<ciityofus  ih-ohaehieims),  vrhu.h  they  obtain  at  low  water.  During 
the  fall  of  18!«)  the  fox(is  devoured  all  the  seal  pui»s  wiii<!h  had  perished  of  starvation 
caused  by  pelagic  sealing. 

The  fields  all  over  the  islands  are  traversed  by  fox  trails,  and  many  lead  uj)  and 
down  across  the  fiuie  of  the  precipitous  cliffs  that  bound  the  islands  at  different  points. 

All  the  foxes  I  saw  on  St.  Paul  were  of  the  brown  or  so-called  "i due"  variety. 
Of  the  whole  number  of  about  ,'500  taken  on  that  islaml  '.i.  any  one  year  not  more  than 
a  dozen  are  whit^'.  Mr.  Palmer  reported  in  1H90  that  of  800  or  1,000  taken  on  St. 
(leorge  annually  not  more  than  30  or  35  were  white. 

The  fox  is  slow  in  changing  the  winter  <!oat  and  presents  a  ragged  ai)pearance 
throughout  .June,  thcmgh  retaining  some  patches  here  and  there  of  the  long  winter 
fur.  Tiie  tail  remains  undianged  after  the  molt  is  comitleted  on  the  body,  and  by  its 
faded  color  and  the  density  of  the  fur  presents  a  curious  api)earan<!e. 

The  largest  bbui  fox  obtained  by  Mr.  Palmer  in  l.SOO  had  a  total  length  of  37i 
inches.  This  was  a  female.  Two  adult  males  measured  30  inches  and  34^  incihes, 
respectively. 

Mr.  ,1.  P..  Crowley,  special  agent  of  the  Treasury,  reported  in  18!)r>  as  follows: 

Tim  )>ast.  wiiitiM'  |18!t4-i»r)J  was  an  tixceptioiially  loii>;  and  novoio  one  at  the  seal  iNlanilN.  There 
was  nn)re  snow  lall  tlian  iisniil  and  the  ice  leniaiiied  attached  to  tlie  shores  much  hitei-  than  eomnioii. 
The  result  was  that  food  for  hluo  foxes  heeanu)  very  searco  ami  many  of  tlieni  starved  to  death. 
Special  Aueut  /iehach  on  St.  (ieorffo  Island  honght  food  in  such  ((uantities  as  lie  could  procure  and 
fed  to  the  foxes  that  came  to  the  villaj;e  in  search  of  food,  and  in  this  nmnuer  averted  the  death  of 
many  that  would  have  otherwise  perished.  No  foxes  were  trapped  on  the  islands  durinj;  the  past 
winter.! 

Veniaminof  in  IStO  «'ommented.as  follows  upcm  the  foxes  on  tlie  Prihilof  Lslands: 

Blue  fo.\es  are  conlined  to  the  I'rihilof  Islands,  on  St.  (ieoT^e  espoeially,  whore  tlioy  annually 
kill  about  1,,5(M).  It  is  said  that  when  these  islands  were  lirst  discovered  thi-re  was  naui'lit  but  blue 
foxes  there  of  most  oxeellont  <|'iality ;  hui,  a  few  winters  afterwards  eanio  white  foxes,  which  breed 
very  rapidly,  and  in  a  frreat  niuasiiro  spoiled  the  lur;  that  now  the  fur  whiili  once  was  called  blue  is 
called  Hnu)ky.-' 

Of  late  years  some  effort  has  been  made  to  attract  the  foxes  to  the  village  by 
placing  out  food  for  them,  and  the  white  ones  have  been  shot. 

In  1890  and  18!)7  Mr.  Judge,  the  Treasury  agent,  had  the  bodies  of  seals  salted 
in  order  to  feed  the  foxes  during  the  winter,  and  in  1807,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  seals 
on  St.  (ieorge,  it  was  necessary  to  bring  bodies  from  St.  Paul. 


I  Senate  Doe.  i;)7,  Pt.  I,  Fifty-fonrth  Congress,  first  session,  1896,  pp.  31,32. 
"  Condition  of  Alfairs  in  Alaska,  p.  258. 


n 

1 

1 

*  t   * 

\^ ) 

I 


I 


i 


350 


TlIK    PUli    SKALS    Ol'    THE    IMUUILOK    ISLANDS. 


FUR  SEAL. 


Callottiria  timiiui  (^Liiinnoiis). 

As  the  natural  history  of  the  fur  seal  forms  the  basis  of  discussion  in  this  whole 
report,  and  is  furthermore  spread  over  the  pages  of  numberless  other  reports  Icaring 
on  the  fur-8eal  question,  I  shall  refrain  from  any  attempt  to  snmmari/c  it  here.  No 
one  who  has  seen  the  great  seal  herds  will  liesitate  to  reckon  them  among  the  chief 
wonders  of  the  world,  and  there  is  no  nat  iiralist  who  would  not  think  himself  well  repaid 
for  ajourney  half  around  the  earth  by  the  sight  of  them,  were  it  but  for  a  few  days. 
Nowhere  else,  1  presume,  is  an  equal  t)ody  of  large  wihl  animals  to  be  found  which 
can  be  observed  at  close  range  in  their  natural  surroundings  from  day  to  day  and 
week  to  week  without  tlanger  to  the  observer  or  fear  in  the  observed. 

STELLERS    SEA    LION. 

£iime.lopiaK  sirlleri  ^  Lesson). 

I  had  but  a  few  opportunities  of  observing  the  .sea  lion  at  close  range  while  on  the 
Pribilof  Islands  in  1S!)5,  and  can  add  little,  therefore,  to  Mr.  {''.Iliott's  elaborate 
de.scription  of  its  natural  history,  published  in  ISSl'.' 

The  great  northern  .sea  lion  is  an  animal  more  grotesque  and  fully  as  interesting 
as  the  fur  seal,  but  its  reduced  numbers  at  the  present  day  and  the  general  inaccessi 
bility  of  its  stations  render  detailed  ob.servation  of  the  species  more  dillicult. 

On  St.  Paul  the  main  station  is  at  Nortiu'ast  Point,  and  on  St.  (Jcorge  at  Tolstoi 
Point  and  the  Kast  rookery.  In  l.S!).">  a  few  resorted  to(iorbatch  ISay,  Kitovi  rookery, 
and  other  points  ou  St.  Paul  Island,  lying  on  the  rocks  at  the  water's  edge.  They 
appeared  to  be  females.  They  were  very  consjticuous  among  the  black  basaltic  rocks 
and  the  dark  fur  seals  on  account  of  their  light  color,  which  on  sunny  days  appeared 
white  by  contrast. 

At  the  Kast  rookery,  St.  (ieorge  Island,  the  <dd  bulls  and  harems  mingled  at  the 
water's  edg«'  with  tlie  fur  .seals,  but  neither  gave  the  slightest  heed  to  the  other,  tlie 
bull  sea  lions  dozing  contentedly  on  the  beach,  while  tiic  fur  seals  passed  t<»  and  fro, 
seeking  the  water  or  returning  to  the  rookery.  Many  of  the  bull  sea  lions  at  this 
point  take  up  their  .staticms  near  the  .shore  in  the  shallow  water,  which  covers  them 
to  the  siioulders.  N'iewed  from  the  neighboring  heights,  they  presented  the  appear- 
ance of  so  nniny  casks  half  covered  by  the  waves. 

1  surpri.scd  the  group  at  Northeast  Point,  St.  Paul  Lsland,  at  <|uite  near  quarters, 
and  succeeded  in  photographing  them  with  a  snap  shot  camera,  but  tlie  fenuiles 
quickly  scented  danger  and  jilunged  into  the  waves  lith  a  great  splash,  followed  by 
the  bulls. 

The  movements  <»f  the  bulls  on  land  are  awkward  and  labored  to  an  extreme 
degree.  Tlieir  great  weight,  though  easily  siistaiiu'd  in  the  water,  oppresses  them 
when  on  land  and  renders  them  almost  lielples.s.  Mr.  Klliott  allirms  that  they  can  be 
driven  but  '2  miles  in  twenty  four  hours. 

Fifty  large  males  were  killed  in  .lune,  18!H>,  by  the  natives,  and  the  skins  of  si.\  of 
the  largest  were  measured  by  .Mr.  Palmer,  with  the  following  results,  the  measure- 


'U.  S.  Fish  Ciiiii,  .Spt'oiul  HuH.  I'li,  18SL>,  A  Moiiognqili  ofth.'  Soul  IhUiixIn  oC  Alaskii.  pp.  Sl-il2. 


THE    MAMMALS   OF   TlIK    PHIHIKOF    ISLANDS. 


8&1 


lueuts  being  from  the  tip  of  the  aose  to  the  root  of  the  tail:  No.  1,  10  feet  7  iitches; 
No.  2,  10  feet;  No.  iJ,  10  feet;  No.  1,  10  feet  3  inches;  No.  5,  10  feet  li  inches;  No.  0,  0 
feet  H>  in»  lies. 

Mr.  rahuer  olttained  a  male  on  Walrna  Island  .Inne  li{,  1800,  which  meaanred  11 
feet  1  inch  in  total  Icnj^th.  Kegardinj?  this  ball,  Mr,  Palmer  furnishes  the  following 
note: 

Whilu  on  Wiilnis  Ishiiid  ou  .Iiiiio  13  I  iiotiueil  thiit  Hcvcral  Hiiiall  nicks  a)>uut  10  yiirilH  iViim 
thu  iiiiiiu  i»l:iiiil  wero  literally  rovon-d  with  Bo.t  lious.  Onv  old  linll  orciipitMl  tlii<  center,  hIx  or 
seven  Hnialler  ones,  ]irol)alil,v  femiileB,  Hiirronnduil  him,  anil  some  twenty-live  oC  all  sizes  tx'cnpietl 
every  other  available  space.  I'poii  ni,v  trying  to  crei>p  within  ginisiiot,  the  suialler  sea  lions  ra|)iilly 
]ilun;;e<l  into  the  water,  followed  hy  the  others,  until,  as  I  noarcd  the  water,  non<'  lint  the  old  linll 
remained,  lie  slowly  raised  hinmell'  and  looked  amiind,  and  while  doiii^  so  received  (wo  shots  in  the 
neck,  which  haHtened  his  movements,  lint  liutbre  he  conld  leave  the  rock  a  Incky  shot  from  my  rille 
throuKh  the  base  ot'  the  hniin  sirntched  him  lifeless. 

The  skins  of  the  sea  lion  are  still  employed,  to  a  limited  extent,  for  <!overing  the 
larye  bidaras  or  skin  boats.  The  frames  of  these  boats  are  nuide  of  wood,  formerly 
lashed,  bnt  now  mainly  nailed  and  bolted  together,  and  over  these  the  skin  covering 
is  tightly  stiotched.  See  PI.  XXXI.  The  skin  is  oiled  and  is  carefully  removed  at 
the  end  of  the  season.  Bidaras  are  used  by  the  North  American  Commercial  Toni- 
pany  for  transfeiriiig  tlie  seal  skins  from  tlie  warehouses  l«»  the  steamer,  and  for  gen- 
eral lightering  purposes.  Tliey  are  iu»t  so  heavy  as  a  wooden  boat,  and  have  also  this 
atlvantage,  that  if  they  strike  a  rock,  as  not  infreciuently  happens,  the  bithira  gives 
to  the  blow  and  receives  no  injury,  when  a  wooden  boat  would  be  caused  to  leak. 

THE  HARBOR  SEAL. 


Vhoca  largha  Pallas  (f). 

The  hair  seal  found  about  the  islamls  has  generally  been  regarded  as  the  common 
PIkhv  ritiiliiKi,  Itiil  in  a  recent  communication  before  tiie  Hiological  Society  of  Wash- 
ington, Dr.  Merriam  has  shown  that  it  dilVcrs  in  some  respects  from  that  species,  and 
is  prtdiably  to  be  identitied  with  the  I'.larnhn  of  Pallas.  .Vccording  to  Dr.  Merriain's 
statements,  though  extremely  like  /*.  ritiilina  and  lucscnting,  in  like  manner,  Iwocohu' 
phases,  it  is  larger  and  exhibits  certain  peculiarities,  of  which  the  most  salient  relate 
to  the  form  of  the  teeth  ami  the  premaxillary  bones.  In  /'.  ritiilina  the  lower  pre- 
molar a:Hl  molar  have  usually  four  cusps  each,  but  in  the  Pribilof  .seal  three.  .Vgain, 
in  /'.  ritiiliiiti  the  upper  extremities  of  the  prennixillae  merely  touch  the  sides  of  the 
nasals,  whiie  in  the  Pril»iU)f  seal  they  run  ah>ug  the  sides  of  those  bones  for  a  con- 
siderable distance. 

Solitary  reiuest'ntatives  of  this  seal  were  seen  by  myself  on  the  rocks  in  (iorbatch 
liay,  St.  Paul,  in  IS',)."),  and  at  other  points,  ami  they  were  more  numerous  on  the  rocks 
«)f  Southwest  l>ay,  bnt  their  hcadi|uarter8  is  on  the  north  shore.  Three  young  ones 
were  brought  to  the  village. 

RIBBON    SEAL. 

IlislriophiHti  J'asnuia  (/iuini,). 

A  young  female  of  this  sjiecies  was  taken  by  one  of  the  .sealers  84  miles  west  of 
St.  Paul  in  August,  180(>,  s(»  that  it  nniy  be  regarded  as  a  probable  occasional  visitant 
to  the  Pribilofs. 


352 


TJIE    FUli   SKALS    »»F   TIIK    I'KJUILOF    Ifc^LANDS. 


^  ill 


BOWHEAD   WHALE. 

liahvnu  mystivuliin  IjiniiituiiB. 

Bones  of  the  bowhuad  uru  imini'i'ous  about  the  ishiiids,  particuhirly  ut  Northeast 
Point.  I  made  the  following  measurements  of  a  liglit  mandible  on  the  beauh  north 
of  Lukauunon: 

Kl.  111. 

Total  loiifjth  (8tiiii{,'ht) 1«  S 

Length  nioiiir  outer  curve 20  4 

(irtatest  <li!|)tli  of  the  ]iro\iiinil  oikI 2  0 

Depth  at  the  iiiiddlu  of  length 1  'S 

Depth  1  foot  from  iliHtal  end 1  j 

Diameter  of  inciHive  fonimen,  7  by  '<  iiieheH. 

The  left  mandible,  presumably  of  the  same  individual,  lay  near  by,  but  was  niueh 
weathered. 

In  the  right  mandible  the  internal  groove  started  from  the  lower  margin  of  the 
incisive  foramen  as  a  shallow  trough,  about  1  inch  broad,  and  curved  down  toward  the 
lower  margin  of  the  jaw,  becoming  a  narrow  line  inclosing  a  narrow  channel  fully  I 
inch  deep.  It  ran  along  close  to  tlie  lower  nuirgin  for  three  fourths  the  length  of  the 
jaw  and  then  forked,  and,  beciuning  more  and  nmre  shallow,  was  finally  lost.  The 
coronoid  process  was  represente«l  only  by  a  faint  swelling  of  the  nuvrgin. 

The  bones  on  the  beaches  are  from  dead  whales  which  wash  up  from  time  to  time 
in  winter. 

One  stranded  on  St.  George  in  1889,  and  about  1,500  p«>unda  of  whalebone,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Palmer,  were  obtained  from  it  by  the  natives,  who  received  ^l  a  pound 
from  the  company.  Another  came  ashore  the  same  year  near  East  Landing,  on 
St.  Paul.  The  mass  of  cervical  vertebra'  and  a  number  of  ribs  were  still  there  in 
1895.  1  also  found  a  portion  of  a  skull  imbedded  in  Zoltoi  Sands,  which  may  have 
been  of  the  same  individual. 

LARGE  FINBACK  WHALE. 
lialnnopiera  relij'era  (Cope). 

The  hind  part  of  a  skull  of  a  large  finback,  which  may  be  this  spe«M'os,  was  found 
by  Mr.  Prentiss  and  myself  on  the  shore  of  the  lagoon  in  1895.  Tl;:^  greatest  breadth 
iujroBs  the  temporals  was  0.35  feet.  The  height  of  the  occijntal  fro'  theu]>per  margin 
of  the  foramen  magnum  to  the  nasals  was  3.16  feet. 

I  saw  nothing  of  these  whales  about  the  Pribilof  Islands  in  tl.  .  snmmer  of  1895, 
but  when  returning  honieward  observed  them  in  large  numbers  on  September  3  along 
the  south  coast  of  Kadiak.  Mr.  Palmer  remarked  in  1890:  "Not  common  about  the 
islands  in  summer,  but  a  number  were  seen  after  leaving  St.  (ieorge  for  the  south  ou 
August  11.    A  dead  one  was  stripped  of  its  *  bone '  on  St.  Piiul  last  winter." 

DAVIDSON'S  LESSER  RORQUAL. 
liaUvnopUra  daridaoni  8caminuii, 
The  bones  of  a  small  finback  belonging  without  doubt  to  this  species'  Acie  found 
at  Rocky  Point,  St.  Paul.    There  were  27  in  all — tbe  seventh  cervical,  11  dorsals,  and 
15  lumbars  and  caudals. 

'If  distinct  from  tlie  /*.  aciilo-roslrald  of  tlio  Atlinitic,  which  Van  Henoden  denied. 


TUB    MAMMAhS    OV     I'HK    PUIHILOF    ISLANDS. 


353 


KILLER  WHALE. 


)lnii  ijliiiliiilor  (  ?  ) 

The  skull  of  n  kWUn-  was  Itnuijjfht  froiii  St.  I'aiil  Isluiid  in  l.syr»  by  Mr  Cliiules  H. 
Towiiseiul,  obtained  tVuin  a  speciuieii  which  came  ashore  to  the  south  of  Ilutchinsons 
IJill.  Many  noiiiiiiai  species  of  killers  have  been  established,  but  it  has  not  yet  been 
demonstrated  whether  there  are  really  several  or  only  one. 

I  saw  two  killers  on  one  occasion  (|uite  close  inshore  at  St.  ?'aul  in  ISOo.  In  1890 
Mr.  Palmer  wrctte:  "A  few  seen  about  the  islands  in  May  and  early  in  summer.  They 
return  in  Aufjnst.  We  saw  quite  a  number  on  Auj^ust  I'J  between  St.  (ieorge  and 
Unalaska."' 

Most  of  tins  natives  have  seen  killers  chasing  sea  lions,  and  have  seen  both  sea 
lions  and  killers  strand  on  the  rocky  shore.  Tllt^  majority  of  the  killeis  seen  had  a 
hu'ge  whitish  blotch  on  each  side  of  the  back,  immediately  behind  the  dorsal.  In  no 
case  was  this  blotch  pure  white,  though  the  center  and  upper  part  of  it  was  always 
lighter  thau  the  sides.    The  tip  of  the  dorsal  in  no  case  turned  over. 


t>m 


HARBOR  PORPOISE, 


I'liuiinia  vommiiiiix  Luhmoii. 


A  few  bones  of  a  small  porpoise,  a])i)arently  of  this  species,  were  picked  up  at 
St.  Paul  .Tune.'S,  l.s!)t>,  and  two  small  schools  were  seen  on  the  harbor  at  Unalaska 
May  li(»  and  21,  the  same  year.  A  si)ecimen  of  tliis  species  was  obtained  by  Mr. 
Charles  II.  Townsend  at  ('aptains  Harbor,  Knalaska,  August  17,  18!)"). 

The  range  of  several  other  cetaceans,  as  given  by  Seammon,  w(udd  include  the 
I'libilof  Islands.  These  are  the  California  gray  whale,  h'hdchianietts  i/lnueits,  the 
hiimythiu-k,  Meyttptint  rersahilh,  thv  right  whale,  Halaiut  sieholdil  Ci),  and  the  righi; 
whale  porpoise,  Tiosin  hortdliN.  As  regards  the  humpback,  Seammon  reimirks: 
"The  last  seen  of  them  in  high  latitudes  by  whalenuMi  is  on  their  return  from  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  when  they  are  iound  in  the  vi«!inity  of  St.  I'aul  Island,  Bering  Sea,  iu 
the  month  of  October,  and  these  are  usually  very  large.'"  Elliott  also  cites  the 
Humpback  as  occurring  about  the  I'ribilof  Islands,  but  says  there  are  "a  lew  only.''* 

Sl'KCIES   EXTEUMINATED. 

ISvn  Otter. — Sea  otters  occurred  in  great  numbers  on  the  Pribilof  Islands  at  the 
time  of  their  discovery,  but  were  soon  extirpated.  Hlliott  states  that  they  were  all 
gone  in  eiglit  or  nine  years.  1  note,  however,  that  Veniainiuott"  reported  them  as 
"scarce  generally  in  1811,  and  in  the  next  thirty  years  extinct." 

In  the  report  of  Treasury  Agent  Mclntyre  iu  1875  an  account  is  given  of  the 
appearance  of  tiie  schooner  Cygnet  otf  St.  (lectrge  in  September,  1874,  and  the  captain 
is  reported  as  claiming  "that  he  was  looking  tor  a  kel[)  patch  to  the  west  of  the 
island,  where  he  expected  to  find  otter  in  abundance." '  How  much  reliamte  can  be 
placed  on  such  an  intimation  is  uncertain. 


'  Miirinu  Mamiiuilia,  1874,  ]>.  68. 

-  Monograph  of  tlio  .Soul  iHJuuds,  1882,  p.  V2i>. 

'Seal  lislioriox  of  Ai:iaka,  lloiiso  Di>c.  No.  H'.i,  Korty-limrlli  (.'(iiigruss,  lirtit  sit.sHioii,  187(>,  p.  124, 

5U7—VT  ;j 'Si 


l: '  = 


354 


THK    VVU    SEALS    OF    THK    PUIHILOF    ISLANDS, 


NotliiiiR  WHS  scon  of  sea  otters  in  l.SKO  l»y  Mr.  Tiilnier  In  1S()2  Mr.  Townsond 
picked  up  a  skull  troni  the  beach  at  St.  Paul,  and  this  is  now  in  the  >iatiunal  Museum. 
There  is  also  another  skull  in  the  Museum  from  the  I'ribilofs,  without  definite  rec<«d. 
In  l<S!Mi  Mr.  Lucas  learn«>d  that  a  sea  otter  had  been  found  on  the  beach  near  Itocky 
Point,  St.  Paul,  in  the  sprinj;'  of  that  year. 

Walrus. — Walrus  formerly  occurred  ou  the  I'ribilof  Islands,  and  in  iarye  numbers 
at  lirst,  if  we  may  believe  the  Itussian  agent,  Sarytschew  ((juotcd  by  lOlliott  and 
Allen),  who  stated  that  they  "  fcuiuerly  resorted  in  summer  in  large  numbers  to  St. 
Paul  and  St.  (Jeorge  islands,  where  28,000  pounds  <tf  their  teeth  were  obtained  iji  a 
single  year." '  lie  reports,  however,  that  they  were  all  gone  from  these  islands  in 
1805. 

Veuiaminof  in  1840  includes  "a  few  walrus''  among  the  animals  belonging  to  the 
Tribilof  Islands.  These  were  presunuibly  ou  Walrus  Island,  where  they  still  occurred 
as  late  as  1890.  In  that  year  iMr.  William  Palmer  went  to  Walrus  Islaud  ni  the  hope 
of  getting  specimens  for  the  National  ^luseum.  He  saw  eight  then,  but  obtained  none, 
and  they  were  reiwrted  all  killed  the  following  season. 

During  my  sojourn  ou  St.  Paul  in  1805  I  noted  that  the  bones  were  very  abun- 
dant, especially  at  Northeast  Point,  and  in  1800  Mr.  Palmer  found  the  natives  digging 
in  the  low  sand  bluft'  near  Webster  House,  as  opportunity  occurred,  for  the  sake  of 
the  tusks,  which  they  sold  to  the  company  for  about  -'0  cents  ])er  pound.  I  dug 
about  there  a  good  deal  myself  in  1895,  but  found  no  skulls  with  tusks. 

I  saw  a  pair  of  tusks,  however,  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  N'oss,  which  were  obtained 
there,  and  a  few  others  were  procured  in  1897. 

h'cd  Fo,v  and  Polar  Bear. — These  animals  arc  said  to  be  oc<;asioually  biought  to 
the  islands  on  the  ice  in  winter.  1  saw  nothing  of  the  red  fox  in  1895,  and  Mr.  Palmer 
reported  in  1890  that  not  more  than  six  or  seven  had  been  taken  in  twenty  years. 


'  Allcu,  J.  A.,  North  Aiuuriciiii  I'iunipedti,  ISSO,  i>.  ITO. 


II  r^ 


XVII.-THE  AVIFAUNA  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS. 


By  Wll.UAM    I'AI.MEI! 


pill 

|- 


Cm-X'K  LIST  (»K  TIIK  .Sl'lX'IES. 


1.  I'Laliicrocoiiix  urilc. 

2.  Mor<;au8or  MiuuricaiiiiH. 
'A.  Ilardda  hyoiiiiilit), 

1.   Ilistrioiiicns  liiHtrioiiiuim. 
5.   ICiiicuiii'tta  Mtcllei'i. 
tJ.  Soiiiuteria  v-iiigra. 
7.  X<<ttiiiu  ciiroliuL'U8(\ 
X.  AiiaH  peiioloixr, 
0.  AiKiH  buachas. 

10.  AuHiM'  alhiirous  gainliuli. 

11.  Itrunta  caiiadoiisis  miniuiu. 

12.  Philacto  cuDiigica. 
i;{.  Olor  coliiiubiauim. 
11.   Diomedea  albatniN. 

!.■>.   Fiilmarii.s  glaciali.s  rodgt^rsii. 
11).  Oceauodioiiia  f'ur<;ata. 

17.  Oavia  adanisii. 

18.  (iavia  arctica. 

19.  Colymbiis  holbii'llii. 

20.  I.unda  clrrhata. 

21.  Fratert'iila  corniciilata. 

22.  Cyclonhyncliiis  psittacnius. 

23.  Simiirhyiii'hus  cri.statelliis. 
21.  SiiiiurbynchuH  piiHilliiH. 

25.  Syntliliboraiiiphus  aiiti(|iiu.s. 

2*i.  Copphus  coluuiba. 

27.   I'riatroilo  califoriiica. 

2X.  I'ria  lonivia  arra. 

2[i.  SfercorariiiH  pomariiiuH. 

30.  Storcorarius  parasiticus. 

31.  Sterfoiarius  luiigicaudus. 

32.  Lai'iis  sc'bistisagiis. 

33.  I.anis  glauce8<'euH. 
3t.  Icarus  bari'uviaiius. 
35.  I'agophila  alba. 


3<i.  KisHa  Iridautyla  [iidlicaris. 

37.  Kissa  lirtivirostris. 

38.  Xuiiia  sabiiiii. 

3U.  Sterna  paradisa'u. 
•10.  (iniH  canadensis. 

41.  Ciymophilus  fulicarius. 

42.  Pkalarupiis  lubatiis. 

43.  Tiiuga  ptilocnemis. 

44.  Tringa  luaciilata. 

45.  Tririga  daniaceiisis. 
I  4(i.  Kruuiietes  piisillus. 

47.  LiiuuMa  lajipoiiica  baueri. 

48.  Tutaniis  llavipes. 

4!>.  Ileteractitia  incaniis. 

50.  Niiiuenliis  liiidsoniciiH. 
I  51.  Niinieiiius  l)(>roalis. 
[  52.  Cliaradriiis  dominicus  fulvus. 
:  53.  .lEgialitis  seniipalniata. 

5J.  Arenaria  intcrpros. 

55.  Ilalin'ctiis  luiicoueidialiis  alasceusis. 

56.  Falco  niHticohis  gyrlalco. 

57.  Falco  peregriuus  anatiiiu. 

58.  Asio  accipitriniis. 
50.  Nyctea  nyctea. 

tiO.  Cuculiis  oanorus  tolcphuuus. 

til.  Meriila  niigratoria. 

(!2.  Autbns  peiisilvaiiicua. 

03.  Anortbura  ala8('en.sis. 

(i4.  Ilinindo  erytbrogastra  unalascbkensia. 

(!.".  Auimodraniiis  sundwiebensis. 

tUi.  Ci*icariu8  lappuniciis  ahvsceusis. 

t>7.  I'asserina  townsendi. 

(18.  Aoautbis  linaria. 

tiO.  Leucosticte  grisouuucba. 


INTUOUUCXION. 


This  list  has  been  prei)ared  partly  from  my  own  experience  and  collections  on  the 
islands  from  May  27  to  August  11,  18!»0,  and  partly  from  the  put  .  hed  results  of  the 
visits  of  Mr.  Henry  W.  EUiott  in  1872-73  and  1870;  also  from  such  other  matter  as  I 

355 


« 

I 

h 
» 


ill 


,  !i 


* 


;556 


TIIK    Fl'U    S1;AI,S    ok    THK    I'KIHILOF    ISLANIiS. 


Imvc  been  iiblc  ti»  ;ik'ini  Indii  tlie  litcratiin',  tli«  coUetitiiMis  in  tin*  riiitetl  S(iit(\s 
^'•itiiMiiil  .Miiseiiiii,  and  t'l'oni  l\w  niituralist.s  wlio  liavv  visitud  tliu  group  in  nrent 
years.  1  have  attunipttMl  to  },'ivii  a  lull  measure  of  credit  in  all  cases,  with  refereiute 
to  the  a«'tual  speeiniens  when  any  are  known  to  exist.  Nearly  all  of  tlu'se  I  have 
seen.  The  chapters  on  Migration  and  Distribution  seem  pertinent  to  an  understanding 
of  the  avit'auiia  of  these  islands  and  are  ollered  as  suggestive  for  future  work  in  the 
region. 

iVs  to  tlie  systematie  arrangement,  1  must  eonfess  my  responsibility.  I  have 
begun  the  list  with  what  appears  to  nic  the  lowest  and  most  generalized  type — the 
connorant.  N(»t  only  upon  general  i»hysioh»gieaI  grounds,  but  upon  the  purely 
inor])liologieal  one  of  the  nature  an<l  development  of  the  feathers  have  1  (ionsidered 
this  group  the  lowest  of  the  birds  given  in  the  list.  At  the  other  extreme,  the  higher 
and  more  specialized,  I  have  placed  the  Friugillida'.  Several  reasons  might  be 
advanced  for  this,  but  the  following  nniy  sutVice  bere:  As  in  botanical  science  the 
Spernuitophyta  are,  geologically  and  chronologically  speaking,  the  higher  and  most 
recent,  so  in  birds  the  seed  eaters  and  their  allies  are  necessarily,  in  point  of  time, 
the  most  recent,  and  as  a  grouj)  more  highly  specialized.  In  an  evobitiomil  sense 
they  have  kept  i)ace  with  the  general  development  of  the  higher  botanical  gntups, 
even  specializing  to  a  very  high  degree  in  their  food-getting  habits.  If  the  vegetation 
of  the  world  had  never  advanced  beyond  a  pteridophytan  stagt),  it  is  dillicult  to 
imagine  the  development  of  the  Conirostres;  nevertheless  the  insectivonms  birds 
would  have  been  prominent.  The  arrangement  in  such  a  small  list  of  the  intermediate 
groups  is  not  so  satisfactory.  The  value  of  the  purely  nonfunctional  and  almost  non- 
adaptive  characters  of  the  neossoptiles  '  and  nu'soptiles,'  when  they  are  bettei'  known 
and  have  been  comparatively  studied,  may  aiVord  a  clearer  insight  into  the  relation- 
Bhii)s  of  genetic  groups  as  well  as  of  the  lowest  members  of  the  various  orders.  The 
taxonumic  values  of  the  neossoptiles  may  be  indicated  as  follows:  In  I'hdlavfocurux 
they  are  almost  entirely  dissociated  externally  with  the  mesoptiles.  The  raehis  is 
short  and  weak,  and  the  rand  connect  with  it  in  an  uneven  manner.  In  the  Anittidw 
the  raehis  is  strong  and  long,  and  tluf  c(ninection  with  it  of  the  rami  is  regular.  These 
neossoptiles  are  (iarried  for  a  time  on  the  tips  of  the  new  growing  mesoptiles,  either  on 
the  llight  feathers  by  a  strong  connection  with  the  enlarged  tip  of  the  raehis  of  the 
mesoptile,  or  on  the  body  feathers  on  the  united  tips  of  the  rami  and  weakened  raehis. 
In  all  the  other  groui)s  the  neossoptiles  divide,  have  no  raehis,  and  are  carried  singly 
on  the  tips  of  the  rami  of  the  growing  mesoptile.  In  the  higher  groups  this  division 
into  single  p.arts  is  usually  prevented  by  a  band  formed  of  a  persistent  portion  of  the 
sheath,  (,'orrelated  with  the  above  are  other  conditions,  such  as  the  condition  at 
hatching,  the  duration  of  growth  or  nongrowth  either  of  these  feather  structures  or 
of  the  basal  portion  of  the  neossoptile,  the  period  and  time  of  further  changes,  etc. 

There  is  no  consistent  practice  eoucerning  the  u.se  of  the  comma  between  the 
specilic  part  of  a  mime  and  the  name  of  the  authority  or  citer.  I  have  used  the 
conuna  only  to  indicate  the  fact  that  the  author  following  is  the  user  and  not  the 
authority  or  original  describer. 

To  Mr.  Robert  Itidgway  and  Dr.  C.  W.  llichmond,  curatt»r  and  assistant  curator 
of  the  Department  of  Birds  of  the  National  Museum,  my  thanks  arc  due  for  many 
courtesies  In  connection  with  examining  the  specimens  and  literature.     To  Mr.  F,  A. 


Page  424. 


f*^ 


THr,    HIRDS    OK     rilK    PKII1II,(1K    rSLANDS. 


3/)  7 


liiiciis  1  am  iiiul«'r  deep  obliffiitioii  for  many  favors.  To  Mr.  Henry  W.  Klliott  I  am 
(>8|)e<Miilly  imlcbtctl  for  much  assistance,  specimens  anil  notes,  wiien  on  the  islands, 
to^etlier  with  Ivind  attentions  during  exceptionally  \infoi'tunate  eiicnnistances,  as  well 
as  for  liiR  published  notes. 

Necessarily  this  list  is  incompli^te,  as  the  winter-occurrin};'  birds  have  been  little 
noted,  li^ndoreach  sp* '-ies  will  b(>  found  a  synonymy  as  far  as  it  relates  to  the  islandH 
and  with  the  a<ldition  of  the  names  from  several  <;eneral  works,  such  as  the  Itird 
< 'ataloi;u(^s  of  the  ISritish  Museum,  the  American  Ornithological  Union's  Check  List 
of  18!»r»,  (>'(tues'  Key  of  l.S«M»,  and  Itiilfjway's  Manual  of  18!Hi. 

TIIK   Toi'ociUAl'lIV   OV  Tin;    ISLANDS,   ()llNITII(»L(MiICAI,I,Y   CONSIDKRKI). 

I  have  siniply  conlined  myself  to  an  account  of  the  topojjraphy  as  it  intluenees 
the  summer  distribution  of  the  birds. 

The  Pribih)f  fjronp  consists  of  four  small  islands,  Ht.  I'aul,  Otter,  and  W^alrus 
Island  constitutinj,'  a  subjiroui),  8t.'  (leorjje  another.  Tlu^  subgroups  difl'er  nuirk- 
edly  in  appearance  and  si/e,  and  though  evitleutly  of  the  sanu>,  volcanic  origin,  being 
simply  rocky  uplifts  through  which  volcanoes  have  broken,  and  with  a  more  or  less 
special  surface  deposit  of  lava  and  volcanic  <rinders,  may  be  of  son^ewhat  ditferent 
age;  and  certain  circumstances  of  life  distribution  would  seem  to  warrant  the  opinion 
that  they  have  never  since  they  were  uplifted  been  united. 

St.  I'aul. — This  is  the  largest  and  most  imi)or'aut.  It  is  1.'!  miles  long  from 
Northeast  Point  to  the  Reef  and  about  i>  miles  wide.  The  area  given  by  lOlliott,  who 
tirst  surveyed  the  grouj),  is  .'}.'!  sipuire  miles.  The  character  of  tlu^  surface  is  rolling, 
with  many  rounded  hills  of  volcanic  cinders  and  a  few  with  rugged,  weatheretl  sum- 
mits. I'sually  a  crater  or  tw(t  is  fbuiul  at  or  ab(mt  the  centers  of  these  hills  ami  are 
often  tilled  with  snow  or  water.  About  these  elevations,  whic^h  do  not  exceed  (MM)  feet, 
birds  are  very  sirarce.  Much  of  the  tiat  surface  consists  of  huge  masses  of  rocks, 
which  were  once  u[)litled  and  broken  and  are  uow  abnost  completely  covered  with  a 
dense  cari>et  of  flowering  plants,  mosses,  and  lichens,  mixed  in  indescribable  confusion. 
In  sonu^  places  it  is  possible  to  descend  between  these  rocks  for  8  or  l(»  lieet  and  even 
to  lunch  on  the  coarse,  granular  ice  snow  to  be  fotiud  there.  The  (binder  <l<'brih  from 
the  hills  has  covered  a  great  extent  of  these  nx^ks,  and  inland  along  the  shores  the 
drifting  sands  from  the  beaches  have  also  had  a  large  share  in  ])rodiicing  a  tiatuess 
which  enables  one  to  Journey  almost  entirely  around  the  island  with  some  comfort, 
even  much  of  it  being  accessible  to  teams.  On  the  slopes  and  \ovtvv  grassy  places 
the  Lapland  longspur  is  abundant;  about  the  tundra  and  snUill  rocky  clitfs  and 
gorges  the  I'ribilof  snowtlake  is  to  be  found,  while  practically  all  over  the  tuudra  the 
I'ribilof  sandpiper  makes  its  sununer  hoMus  lletween  the  slopes  at  nniny  places  are 
ponds  of  water  of  vaiying  sizes,  while  along  the  entire  eastern  side  numerous  ])onds  or 
lakes  oc(;ur  at  intervals,  many  caused  by  the  throwing  up  by  the  sea  of  sand  barriers, 
while  others  seem  due  to  steam  eruptions  from  the  now  extinct  volcanic  forces.  About 
these  i)ouds  waders  and  watertbwl  generally  are  found,  sometimes  in  great  numbers. 
The  oldsquaw  duck  makes  her  nest  in  their  vi<;inity  and  lea<ls  her  y(»ung  to  take  their 
first  lessons  in  swimnung  on  their  surface.  A  few  mallaids  ami  northern  phalaropes 
also  nest  in  their  neighborhood.  At  intervals  all  aroun'l  the  shores  bold  headlands 
jut  into  the  sea  aiul  are  connected  by  magnificent,  curved  strettihes  of  tine,  compact 
saudy  beaches,  back  of  which  is  an  extensive  area  of  dry,  loose  sand,  with  patches  of 


•V 


",    ii 

358 


riii'.  I'liu  sKALs  or   riiK  I'limii.oi'  isi.an-ds. 


graHSCH,  Hudfjos,  iiiul  wild  pens.  ti>>;*>tlii*r  with  pirci's  of  driftwood  and  orcaMioiial  l)un<',s 
of  cctact'iuiH.  ()(MMii».viii}j  tlic  Iniul  side  of  the  mom  oxfciisivo  of  tlieso  sandy  aroan 
are  nniny,  mostly  KraHS-grown.  sand  dunes,  soint^  in  jtrocoss  of  demolition  by  tlie  winds, 
and  all  inereaain};  or  decreasinfj  in  size  and  sliape  as  its  varying  veloeity  or  direction 
compels.  The  lioadlaiids,  always  rocky,  jjenenilly  liave  «dilVs  from  '2  or  .'i  to  <!0  feet 
in  lieiglit,  the  bases  of  which  arc  constantly  wusIumI  by  the  everpresi^nt  surf.  Tim 
bold  and  excee«lingly  brok«>n  faces  of  these  dill's  liirnish  innumerable  crevices  and 
Bhelves  in  and  on  which  various  species  of  waterfowl  breed  and  rooat  in  great  nund>ers. 
These  clitVs  are  generally  «'appcd  by  cinder  deposits.  In  other  i)Iaces,  where  the  rocky 
shores  are  Hat  lor  some  distance,  numerous  liuge  rounded  bowlders  hav«^  been  pushed 
up  by  ice  pressure  until  they  art^  mostly  above  high  tide.  I'nder  those  tlu*  <-honelikie 
(and  a  few  of  other  species)  lays  its  solitary  egg  and  is  always  to  be  found  in  «;oin])act 
little  tlocks  ]>crc.hod  on  their  sununits.  At  the  southern  end  of  the  island,  but  opening 
on  the  west  side,  is  an  extensive  Hat,  sandy  area — the  only  one  of  the  kind  on  the 
group — in  which  the  tide  ebbs  and  Hows,  and  which  is  known  as  the  Lagoon.  On  its 
beaches  during  the  sununer  the  Pribilof  sandpiper  tlocks  in  nund>ers,  gulls  and  ducks 
are  always  to  be  found,  and  later  the  migrating  swarms  rest  an«l  feed  in  ami  about  its 
waters. 

Otter  ImI(I)iiI. — This  is  a  small  copy  of  its  nOative,  St.  Pa»il,  from  whitdi  it  is  dis- 
tant about  (>  miles  south-south w(>st.  It  is  rather  nutre  than  a  mile  in  length  aiul 
alxHit  half  a  mile  in  width.  Three  sides  fronting  to  the  sea  consist  of  bold,  rocky  dilVs 
ranging  to  s(nne  '.iW>  feet  in  height.  On  the  north  side,  toward  Ht.  Taul,  is  a  small 
rocky  beach,  back  of  which  is  a  small  ])on<l.  1'^rom  this  pond  the  ground  .slopes 
U])ward  to  the  crest  of  the  clitl's.  Here  oc-curs  most  of  the  s])ecies  found  breeding  on 
St.  Paul,  and,  besides,  a  «rolony  of  fubnars,  which  are  only  to  be  found  elsewhere, 
on  St.  ^Jeorge.  Mr.  C).  II.  Townsend,  in  June,  lS!)."i,  C4)lle(^ted  here  many  specimens 
of  foir.teen  species,  breeding  and  migratory,  including  an  addition  to  the  Anu^ri<Mvn 
avifauna,  Trhuja  HamairnsiH. 

Wnlrus  Islnntl. — Seven  miles  eastwai'd  of  Northeast  Point,  on  St.  Paul,  lies  an 
exceedingly  rugged  huge  rock  on  which  in  summer  innumerable  individuals  of  com- 
paratively few  si>ecies  of  binls  breed  and  roost.  The  central  portion  is  an  iriegular 
]>lateau  some  40  feet  above  sea  level.  (PI.  XXXVIII,  tig.  1.)  Its  edges  either  end  in 
bold  dill's  or  slope  in  a  series  of  shelves  to  the  shore  line.  <  )n  the  lower  and  more  ex  ten- 
sive of  these  shelves  are  numerous  rounded  and  nnichcrowded  huge  bowlders  (PI. 
XXX  VI 1 1,  tig.  4),  while  almost  entirely  anmnd  the  island  low  .shelves  of  rock  extend 
irregularly  for  some  distance  seaward,  and  whi(!h  are  always  covered  at  high  and  but 
slightly  uncovered  at  low  water.  The  only  vegetation  are  some  clumps  of  grass  and  a 
few  other  plants  on  the  central  higher  portion.  The  area  is  about  o  acres,  the  length 
about  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  the  greatest  width  less  than  80  yards.  The  various  species 
occu)>y  delinite  portions,  and  practically  all  available  space  is  utilized  by  the  breeding 
birds.  Under  the  bowlders  the  horned  puttin  and  pai'oquet  .auk  breed  in  numbers,  and 
on  the  cliffs  of  the  southern  end  both  species  of  kittiwakes  nest  in  (colonies.  Upon 
the  central  portion  of  the  plateau,  at  its  southern  end,  several  hundred  nests  of  the 
glaucous-winged  gull  are  to  be  seen,  and  a  few  of  the  larger  Point  Barrow  gull.  These 
nests  are  built  but  a  few  feet  apart,  are  large,  and  their  surroundings  are  invariably 
clean,  in  great  contrast  to  the  nesting  sites  of  other  speiiies.  From  the  edge  of  the 
bluftis  and  oxtemling  all  over  the  available  s])aco  from  the  shore  line  to  the  gull  nests 
are  to  be  found  the  large,  strongly  marked,  and  often  gaudily  colored  eggs  of  the 


TTTn    lUKDS    Ol"    TMK    IM.'imi.or    ISLANDS. 


3r)9 


iniirroH,  rrin  lomrin  <nrti,  iiikI  /'.  troilr  cali/iiriiitti.  (I "Is.  \X\  VIM,  XXXIX.)  Tlioy 
k(>(>|)  iipsirt.  Ill  ISlMMlu'  tlrst  iiitiiUMl  occii|»i«'(l  tlu'  western  .side,  \v\\\\v  fli«  otiier,  tlio 
sloiider  liilltMl  anil  paltM'  (;oliir(>il  hini,  swarnitMl  on  tlic  western  sitl«>.  An  idea  of  their 
iiinnberN  jh  nIiowii  in  Mie  (ollowing  extnutt  from  Klliott :  "On  (lie  oeeaHioii  of  oiio  viHit, 
anil  my  lirsi  one  (liere,  .Inly  .■>,  IS"'-',  six  men  loaileil  a  hiilani  at  Walrus  Islet,  i'a]in- 
Itle  of  e,aiTyiii}j  I  Ions  exelnsive  of  our  erew,  down  to  tlie  water's  edjio  with  t^ntiii  in 
less  than  three  win kin^'  hoiiis."  'rhonsands  and  tlioiisnnds  of  these  birds  breed  hero 
elose  to);ether,  almost  toiiehiiiK  eaeli  other,  eonstantly  i|narielin^,  even  li>,'htinjj;  I'oin- 
int;  and  ^'oiii};;  while  overhead  the  hir^e  ^nlls  and  more  delieate  kittiwakes  aio 
Iioveriii},'  on  i|iiiverintr  win^j  or  protect iii},'  the  vieinity  of  their  nesta  from  the  erowdiiifj; 
Hwarins  of  tiie  niitrres.  At  intervals  entirely  around  the  island  are  solitary  m-  small 
eolonies  of  nests  of  tli«  red-faced  eorniorant  bnilt  in  niches  on  the  larger  shelves. 
(1*1.  XXXVIII,  tlfjs.  ;{,  4.)  Aa  the  eormorant  eoines  early,  it  ia  able  to  si-leet  and 
maintain  its  position,  btit  the  inurres  crowd  closely  about  its  home. 

.S7.  Oionji: — Unlike  Ht.  I'anI,  this  island  has  an  exi;eeilinfj[ly  bold,  rocky  shore 
line  with  no  aanil  bciiehca,  and  but  three  small  places  worthy  t  he  name  of  a  beach. 
"The  iaiand  itself  is  a  trille  over  10  miles  in  extreme  length,  eaat  and  west,  and  about 
•II  miles  in  {greatest  width,  north  and  south.  •  •  •  There  are  several  small  reser- 
voirs of  fresh  water — I  can  scarcely  call  them  lakes — (>n  this  island;  jiools.  rather, 
that  the  wet  aphai;num  aeems  to  always  keep  full,  and  from  which  drinkinfr  water  in 
abundance  is  everywhere  found.  Atdarden  (Jove  a  small  atream,  the  only  one  on 
the  rribilof  group,  ompties  into  the  sea.  St.  <ieor(;e  has  an  area  of  about  liT  aipiaro 
miles." — (NUiotf.)  Htaiiilinjj  on  the  dock  of  the  steamer  ancliored  oil'  the  villa(;e  of 
St.  <leorge  and  facing;  tliu  shore,  one  aees  on  his  right  the  eastern  end  of  a  great  clilf 
which  oxteiids  around  the  weslern  end  of  the  island,  with  an  idevation  of  from  I't  to 
00(»  feet  for  aome  II  miles.  The  sea  washes  its  base  for  its  entire  length,  but  the  force 
of  the  waves  is  considerably  broken  by  a  multitude  of  huge,  rounded  bowlders,  tho 
debris  of  former  parts  of  the  clilVa,  The  baae  of  the  clilf  is  basaltic,  hard  and  durable, 
but  above  the  rock  is  lesa  comjiact  and  is  Iraclured  into  innumerable  crevices  and 
holes;  and  generally  a  rough  stratilication  is  noticeable — the  shelves — which  are  parallel 
to  the  surface  of  the  water.  These  crevices  and  shelves  afford  iniiiimerabio  nesting 
sites  for  myriads  of  birds,  which  crowd  every  available  space,  are  constantly  (;oining 
and  going,  quarreling  and  shifting,  screaming,  and  even  dying.  ISack  from  the  clilf 
toward  the  village  ia  an  immense  area  of  rolling,  sloping  ground  thickly  atuildod  with 
huge  maaaes  of  rock  which  lie  in  every  possible  position,  and  under  which,  deep  down 
in  their  recesses,  myriads  of  the  least  anklet  breed.  Some  twelve  species  only  make 
these  ])lace8  tlieir  annimcr  home,  but  the  numbers  of  individuals  of  several  of  these 
may  well  challenge  tho  admiration  of  the  world.  During  early  morning  and  late  even- 
ing their  numbers  are  incalculable.  For  hours  they  swarm  about  the  I'lilfs,  the  adjaiieut 
land  and  sea,  in  indescribable  numbers  and  confusion.  Similar  conditions  ]n'evail 
almost  entirely  around  the  'sland.  rnland  the  surface  is  rolling,  with  valleys  and  hills 
deeper  and  higher  than  on  St.  Paul,  but  of  the  same  general  aspect.  The  same  speiiies 
as  on  that  island  occur  on  these  uplands,  but  another,  the  smallest  bird  of  the  group, 
ia  found  about  the  dilfs,  the  little  Aleutian  wren,  whii'h  is  not  found  on  any  of  the 
otluu-  islands.  On  the  south  side  of  St.  (Jeorge  large  colonies  of  the  fulmar  breed, 
which,  outside  of  a  few  on  Otter  Island,  is  its  only  summer  homo  on  the  group.  In 
all  else  the  avifauna  agrees  jn-actically  with  that  of  St.  Paul. 


'f 


i;  '■  I 


''■\f 


* 


'Kf 


■1 


.'J60 


I.,  I 
III 


TIIK    I'TIt   HEAI.S    or    Tin:    rUIIIILOF    IHLAND8. 


TIIK   »)|{NITIH»L«»OICAr     HISTORY    «»K   TIIK    ISI,ANI)S. 


I  liavt'  litul  littloopportniiity  for  loulviii^r  upaiicioiit  n'l'<MBiir<'s  to  MiohirilH.  T\wy 
arc  Itiit  iiM>af;(M-  aiitl  rnit^invntaiy.  (^oIikIc  in  IMIIO  inatlc  a  list  Dl'lnit  iiiiio  Hprcics  tliat 
wt'i-o  «-oII<>cUm1  by  an  oni«-t>r  of  (lie  K'UHsian  navy,  Mr.  Wanunrk,  in  IN.VJ.  Tln^jcalouH 
cai'O  0X(M'«!iseiI  by  tlio  I'nHMians  (or  \\w,  preservation  of  tlu>  seals  prevented  any  out- 
sidors  from  stutlyiiiK  tlie  avit'anna,  so  that  it  was  not  until  Mie  islands  |>asM4Ml  under 
tlie  etuitrol  of  tliiH  (ioveriiiuent,  ami  Mr.  lOlliott  nmde  Ills  iuvestiKations,  tluit  any  great 
olVort  was  nuide  to  study  the  bird  life.  Dr.  W.  II.  Dull  had  indeed  in  lH(i8  Hpciit  u 
Hhort  time  at  the  islands  and,  to);eMier  with  the  ollleers  of  his  surveyiui,'  vessel,  had 
collected  souu^  speeiuieiis,  one  of  whieh  was  described  as  new  by  rrof.  S.  I'".  Haird, 
but  the  (Irst  systeinatie  inveHti;;atiou  was  ina<l(«  by  Mr.  !Ieury  W.  Klliott.  The  result 
of  this  <;('ntlemaii's  work  was  a  list  of  III  spe«'ies,  based  on  (H>pi  mis  notes  and  uunierous 
speeimeus  which  were  named  and  (elaborated  by  Dr.  il'liott  Doues  in  Mr.  Klliott's 
report  f(H-  IH73,  and  which  was  reprinted  in  lS7r>.  Mr.  Kiliott  made  another  more 
oxttiiisive  elaboration  iu  his  mom)graph  of  th(^  seal  islands  in  1SS2.  Besides  t\n' 
above,  variiuis  other  (Jovcrnment  expeditions  whieh  have  visited  the  waters  of  IteriuK 
Sea  for  different  reasons  during  the  jtast  sixteen  years  have  }jeuerally  toiiehed  at  the 
seal  islands  and  jjiveii  several  naturalists  opp(U'tuuitics  lor  liollectiufj  and  uotiiij;  the 
bird  life.  Thus,  Mr.  L.  M.  Turner  in  I87S,  Dr.  T.  11.  I'.eaii  in  18S0,  Mr.  V).  W.  Nelscui 
iu  1S81,  Lieut.  .1.  K.  laitz  iu  1884,  Mr.  C.  II.  Towuscnd  in  l.SS'.  to  ISilO,  myself  iu  IH'M), 
Messrs.  K.  W.  True  and  1).  VV.  Prentiss,  jr.,  in  l.S!»."»,  Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas  iu  18i«}-il7  have 
ajieut  from  a  day  or  two  to  several  months  on  the  islands.  The  results  I  have  brought 
together  iu  the  foMowing  list.  Jiesides,  several  employees  of  the  scaling  <M>ui])anies 
and  sev(Mal  Treasury  agents  have  collected  and  preserved  s()nH(  spe«',imen8,  though 
few  of  them  have  l)eeu  noted  in  publi(;atioiis  or  are  available  for  study.  The  speciuu'us 
colle(!ted  by  the  naturalists  of  the  varicms  Ooveruuient  expeditions  were  deposited  in 
the  collection  of  the  National  Museum,  of  which  they  are  now  a  part.  The  following 
list  is  based  on  them;  but  of  many  of  the  sju'  -s  abetter  series  woidd  havt*  been 
nume  acceptable.  Of  many  but  a  single  spec  i-u  is  available,  while  of  many  more 
only  the  (»l)8ervations  of  the  collectors  have  I-  .'U  the  means  of  inc«»rporating  the 
species  iu  tine  list.  Mr.  I'illiott  translated  fctr  liis  I87.'?  report  the  following  bird  ote 
from  liishoj)  Veniamiuof's  work,  /aj)ieska  ob  Octrovah  Oouahlashkenskaho  Otd.tyla, 
1840: 

ItinlN:  Tlio  j;iilll('iiiot8(<>i' «)'n'es);  fj"'!";  pnlliiis;  r.rcHtoil,  lii>rno*1,  mikI  wliite-)ii'en.stctlaiil<H;  snow 
flnchiiH;  geoso  (two  kinds) ;  a  I'fw  kiti<l.s  of  7Vin.</n;  soa  dut^ks,  l>la(^k  and  jji'ay.  "'  nt  of  thoHn  IdrdN 
coino  licro  to  lay,  and  witli  i\im\  Jiij/ers,  liawks,  owls,  and  "cliil.ait"  (Idg  Liiriis  glniieiiit),  and  tlie 
albatroHH  is  frttquvntly  to  be  soei\  aronnd  the  boindiOH. 

Mr.  lOlliott  hii.«  enumerated  41  s]»e(!ie8  in  his  various  lists,  .">  were  added  by  Mr. 
Townseiul  in  1885,  ',i  others  were  collected  by  Messrs.  True  and  I'lentiss  iu  18!>;>,  Mr. 
Lucas  added  another  iu  18!)7,  and  I  am  responsible  for  21  others,  thus  bringing  the 
total  to  (i9. 

EXAMINATION    OF   STOMA<;iIS. 


I 


I 


I  preserved  a  number  of  stomachs  of  m.iuy  of  the  specries,  which  were  turned  over 
to  the  Division  of  Biological  Survey  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  Dr.  (;.  H. 
Merriam,  the  chief  of  that  division,  has  kindly  permitted  Mr.  Sylvester  D.  .ludd,  one 


i,  £  JJf   ^.-M.KH^msJ. 


TiiK  iiiiins  f)F  Tirr.  I'Riiiit.op  islands. 


sni 


t 


of  liis  iiHMistaiitH,  to  «v\niiiiii*>  Minn  t'oi'  tliJH  |ia|M>r,  iiiiil  tbo  nmiiltM  art)  n'wen  undor  Die 
HpiHricH  with  Mr.  .Iiidirs  iiiiMal.H  attarluMl.  A  I'tnv  w«>n^  <>\aiiiiiii'<l  by  iiiyHtdC  on  tlit^ 
islands,  in  wiiirli  rasfH  my  own  initials  t'ulli»w.  Mr.  .Iitild  H|)uakH  as  Ibllows  <i'.  liiH 
n\aniinati«tn: 

'I'lif  liirilN,  )ii'iiiri|)all\  H|)arrii\vM  iiiiil  nIidP'  liirdH,  ciillocti'd  hy  Mr.  \\ .  raliiii'r  nri  tlio  I'rilr  '.of 
ImIiiiiiIh  tliiriii);  tlio  Hiiiiiiii«r  ul'  ISIM),  liiiil  livtHl  lor  tlii^  iriuHt  |i;irt  iipiiii  iimiM'tH,  iiltliini^li  inollnHkN,  ..i>i>(In, 
iiiiil  Iturritw  IiikI  iii^twiHioiiiilly  licitii  rimorlril  In,  Tint  rood  of  IIu'nu  hirilN  \h  vrr.v  ililVurttiit  rmiii  tliiit  of 
IiIi'iIh  aloiif{  Milt  ciiMlri'ii  roiiHt  nf  the  I'liitt'il  Sliit«H  iii  Mint  it  ttniiNiHts  in  its  ^rttutir  |iiirlr  of  Ilit-N.  Soinx 
lirittlitH  wi'i'it  nitti'ii,  lint  not  to  ni'.'irly  hui'Ii  iin  t'Vtitnt  iih  would  tni\o  liroii  ('oniiininly  i'\|i«('tiMl.  I.ittlo 
liii'i'itH  of  r<td  iuid  Idiii'k  |ioronH  lavii  wi'rr  loiind  iinioii);  tlio  niiiiitnil  ni.iMi'r  roiittilnod  in  tlie  NtoiiiiKdis, 
pliiiiily  indiriitiiiK  tint  volcunic  origin  of  tlir  t'ollcittiiiK  Kronnd.  Of  tint  ',\'J  HloniiutliN  rxiiniinitd,  tl  wuro 
l'anill<t  KiidwitH;  onit  of  tlioNO  (tontiiitictd  liini<li'i>dH  of  HiHtciiiieim  of  iin  (tNcendiiiKly  riiro  liertle. 

Tlio  cliilly  diiin|>  ni(;1itH  an*  donlitless  ruspoiisihlo  for  inncii  of  tlu>  fly  loud. 

\  Al,ll»  SI'K«'IKS   VVIIIOIt   HAVK   HKK.N    DKSCHinKD   AS   NKW    I'KOM   'I'lIK  (il{oi;i'   TYI'KS 
IN   TIIK    HNITKI)   STATUS   NATIONAI,   MrSRUM   COLMOdTKiN. 

Tiiiiiii.tiiiYTKS  Ai.ANC'KNsis  Kah'd.     TriiiiH.  Oliic  Ar.  Sci.   i,  IStlil,  :{ir>,  pi.  :t(l,  li^.  II.     Tyjnt,  No.  51417 

Ini.  (^,  r. S.N. M.  Coll.     Aii);iiHt  17,  IWIK.  St.  (Jhoiko  Nland,  W.  II.  Dall.     A  Hprciits  conlini'd  to  Mitt 

Ali'iiMauH.  and  to  St.  <!uih');<'. 
TitiNii,\    I'Tii.ocNKMI.s   {'OMCM.     In   Klliott's   K'rport,  Soal   iHlandH,  Alaska,   IS7I(;    Unprint,    lS7ri,    IS'J. 

Typo,  No.  )!lL'l!tad.  |  ^  |   9  ?,  V.S.  N.  .\l.  (,'oll.     .Inly  L"J,  lS7;i,  St.  (iitoijr,,  Uland,  II.  W.  KllioM.     A 

Hpocitts  rontiiu'd  in  Hninini'r  to  the  I'riliilofs,  and  to  St.  Matthew's  iHland. 
1'a.ssk.I{INA    roWNSKxni  (llidfjway ).     JIannal  of  N.  Am.   Hirdtt,   1HS7,  lo;t.     T.\  po,   No.    l(WMi!t5  ml.    ,f  ; 

II.S.N.M.  Coll.     .IniiH  S,  ISSt'i,  Ottrr  iNhiiid,  C.  II.  Townmtnd.     A  Hpntiitm  ronllni'd  to  tho   I'rihilof, 

Alitiitiiin,  and  Coniniaiidor  iHlnndH. 
CAl.<AUir.s  i,Al'PoNi(t;s  AI.ASCKN.xi.s  h'idjfway.     Auk,  1S!»S,  ;t2(K      I'ypo,  No.  ll.HitOlad.  ,^   I'.S.N.M.C'oll. 

,Inii«r>,  1S!)0,  St.  I'aiil  Islttnd,  William  I'alinnr.     iii-Hiditnt  in  AlaHkn  and  intcrgradiiiK  tii  tlii'oaNtwaril 

with  lappniiiciis. 

SI'KfilKS   DKSCBIIIKD    AS   NF,\V,    HUT   WHICH   IIAVK   PBOVRO   SYNONYMS. 

Larijs  Waunkcki  Coin<lr,  lii'v.  rt  Maj{.  Zool.  1800,  401,  --  Itism  hreriroHtris  (llrnch). 

TiMNiiA  (iKACii.i.s  llLrtiny;,  I'roc.   /ool.  Sor.  Loud.  1S71,  '-'lit,  J'I.XIj.  ^  Trini/a  i>lil<wurmix  Conos,  1S7H. 

SriMMKS   WIIKill    HAVK    HKKN    ADDKD   TO    THE    NORTH     AMKIMCAN    AVIFAINA   KIIOM 
TIIK    ISLANDS;    SI'KCIMENS    IN   THK   NA  I  U>NAL    MUSKUM    COLLECTION. 

Anni  i>e>irloi)P  Linn.  Iiy  II.  W.  Elliott,  No.  (iL'.".L'5  ad.  ^  U.S.N. M.     May  1!7,  1H7L',  St.  I'anl   Island  (l>r. 

('oiit'H,  in  l''.lliott'w  Kpt.,  Si'iil  iHlandH,  187!!;  K*tprint,  1875,  191).     Sincr  taken  many  tiiiittM  thiouj^li- 

out  North  Anicrira. 
CliatadniiH  (hnniHinisfiilniH  ((inutl.),  by  II.  W.  Elliott,  No.  (!ll'7:t  ad.   9  C.S.N. M.,  May  1,  187;i,  St.  I'anl 

Island  (l»r.  Cones  in  KlIiott'H  Upt.  Seal  Islands,  187.'?;  Heprint,  187."),  17i>).     Since  found  to  breeil 

:i1inndantly  on  the  Itorin^  Sua  and  Arctic  roasts  of  Alaska.     Sincit  ascertained  to  havct  been  takun 

by  tlio  b'lissian  ollieor  Warneek  in  1812  and  confiiHed  l»y  t'ninde  with  ('.  phirialis. 
Trinya  ihimucinsia  (Horsf.),  by  C.  H.  Townsend,  No.  lOtWfKI  ml.  9 ,  IT.S.N.M.     .Line  8,  1885,  Otter  Island 

(Hid^way,  Auk,  III,  188(i,  275).     As  yet  uni(|ne  from  North  America. 
Ciic.iitiiH  eanorun  Mri>honii»  (Heine),  by  William  I'alnier,  No.  1188(W  a<l.  cf  U.S.N.M.  Coll.  .Inly  4.  18!M>, 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Palmer,  Auk.  XI,  ISiU,  ;{25).     As  yet  nniipie  from  North  America. 

iS/iecics  of  ivhii'li  hut  one  specimen,  }trt»nmahhj,  in  known  from  the  group  (17  specicn). 

Colymhus  Lolbielli I raken  by  Elliott,  1873. 

Oavia  adauisii Taken  by  native,  1885. 

iirctica Taken  by  Elliott,  187H. 

Stercorarins  panisiticus Taken  by  Elliott,  1872. 

lou^icaudns Taken  by  Elliott,  1872. 


a,^ 


>ui   ]'' 


1 

lit 

* 

"■'i 

IK 

4 

-$M 

.j3* 

•  ^^Vm 

iifl 

'!3 

^1 

^ll 

aaW^ 

«S 

1 

I 


Tlir,    VVll    SKAI.S    OK    TIIK    I'lilHII.rtl'    ISLANDS. 


Siiei'iei  of  irliifh  tnil  our  Hiin'imeti,  iiirmimalilii,  in  kiioirii  from  the  tjfitnp  (!!'  N/xri'iw)— Coiitiiinod. 

l*aK<M>l>il<^  ivlliii Tiikoii  l>y  Tnin  tuiil  I'loiil Imh,  WXt, 

I, mils  liiiri'oviaiiiiH 'rukcii  liy  I'alnior,  1S!H>. 

AiiiiN  iMMioliijin Tiilti'ii  liy  Klliott,  1872. 

Itriiiitti  <'uiiivilrii:iis  iiiiiiiiiiii T;ik<Mi  liy  I'.lltott,  1S7U. 

'rriMH;ii  ilaiiiiK'riisis TaUoii  liy  'rowiiNoiitl,  1SK>. 

l'".r«'iin»t.'H  |tiiNilliis TaUcii  by  I 'aimer,  IKHO. 

Niiiiii'iiiiiH  lioriMsliH 'ralioii  liy  Klliiit.l,  I87'_'. 

yKnialitis  soinipaliiiata Talii'ii  liy  Trun  anil  i'itiiUhh,  IS!15. 

l''alrii  rust ii'ol lis  •jyrlali'ti 'I'akni  by  Klliot.t,  IS7;t. 

|ii'roK<'i ■<■>'*  aiiatiiiii 'I'aUiMi  by  I'aliimr,  IK«!I-!M). 

Ciii'iilim  lanoriis  toloplioiiiiH Takiiii  by  riiliiiiM',  1H!(0 

Antliiis  ]M>iiHilv:iiiloiiN TakiMi  by  |)nll,  \HiiH, 

SiirriiM  of  irhiili  oiilji  two  «/i( cimciiv  ai , .  iirfniimiihhi,  kiioini  from  thv  iiroiip  {,,'>  k;i(!('(i'»), 

Stoi'RnrariiiH  poiiiariiiiiH 'rakoii  by  lOlllott,  lS7'i,  l.avciulcr,  1X!H). 

Dioinodi^'i  albatriis Takoii  by  AtlniiiH,  1S7I,  I'aliiiflr,  IS'IO, 

OiMMiiioilroiiia  I'll  real  ii 'I'ak«ii  by  'ri'n»\  and  I'ruiitlss.  IHOri.  'riioiii|iHoii,  1X!I7. 

Kliiconrtta  strllfrl Taken  by  I'aliiuir,  lS!t(). 

Triiifja  iiiacnlata Taken  by  rainier.  ISJM). 

Sjirni'K  of  irliirh  vn  sinviiiirii,  priHiiiiinhhi,  in  in  colliilioim  from  Ihr  iHlaiiih  { IS  x/iccici). 

SynlbliborainpbiiN  aiitii|iiiiH Mentlonnd  by  Da  1 1. 

('e|i|iliiis  eolninba Seen  by  Nelsdii,  I'alnior. 

JhaiMis  sebistisajins Seen  by  I 'aimer. 

Sterna  pariidisiea Seen  by  Websl.er,  liiKMls. 

Mei'fjanser  .nnerieann Seen  by  Loekliart,  Nolson. 

Anus  bimchas Si-eii  by  Kllioll,  Palmer. 

Nell  ion  earolineiiHo Scon  by  Palmer. 

Soinateria  v-nif;ra Simhi  by  iiativoH. 

Aiiser  albil'rons  {janibeli Seen  by  I 'aimer. 

I'liilaoti'  eiiniifiiea  .Seen  by  Klliott  and  ullinrs. 

<»lor  eolnnibianiiH Seen  by  reHldnntH. 

Totanns  Ilavi|ie8 Seen  by  I'aliiinr. 

Xiinmniim  hiidsoiiieiiH Seen  by  liiieaH. 

HaliM'otim  leneoeeplialns  aliiHcensis Seen  by  nativoH. 

Asio  aeei]iitrinns Seen  by  I'aliniT,  Klliolt. 

Aeanfliis  linaria Sluit  by  Klliott. 

.VinniixlraniiiH  aandwieliensiH Seen  by  Palmer. 

llinindii  erytlirofi.istni  iiiialaHelikoiiNis Seen  by  I'almur. 

Menilii  mi)<ratoria  Seon  by  Kllintt. 

Specie.n  known  to  hnctl  (..'<')■ 


Lunda  cirrliiita CiMiinion. 

Pratereiila  eoriiieiilata Cinnimin. 

Cyelorrliyneliiis  p.sittarnlns .Coinnioii. 

Siinorbvneliiis  eristatolliiH C'onimon. 


liai'iis  );Iaii('flscouB Cnninioii. 

1' III  mams  glacial  is  r(>d!;orHii ('niiininn. 

I'liiilaeroeorax  iirilo Common. 

Ilarolila  hveiiialis ('omnion. 


|in8i11ns C'lmiinou.    "I'lialaropiis  lobatus Kow. 

I'ria  troile  calil'orniea. ("oniinon.     Trin^a  ptiloeufliniH ('oinmoii. 

loin  via  ana Coninion.  I  Leueimtielo  firisi-oniieha ('omnioii. 

KiNSii  tridaetyla  iiollieariB ('omnion.      I'asHeiina  townsondi (Simmon. 

brcviiostris Common.     CaliariiiH  lapjionieiiH  ala«eeimi ; Common. 

LaruD  barrovianim I"e\v.  1  Tiof^lodytes  alasueiiHiM Cotiiiuou. 


TIIK    HIRDS    OF    TIIK    T'lllltll-Or    ISLA.  ")S. 


368 


Sj)ii:iin  wliivh  probahly  breed  {!>). 


ti. 


(!<i|>tiliuH«oliiiiibii. 
Liirim  hi'IiIhI riNaKiiH. 
Xniiiiv  Hiiliiiiii  ? 

AllllH  ll()H(!llllH. 

IliBtrioiiiniiH  liiHtrioiiiciiR. 


Kiiicdiii'ttii  Htcllcii? 
(!r,viiio]>liiliiH  I'lilit'iiriuHf 
AHiii  !i<'(!i|)iti'iiinH. 
Nyc(.<'an,vr.t.«a? 


Of  reijiilar  oiriinrnrr  an  miiiranh,  evidmihi  nn  inromphir  Ihl. 


Ni^ttioii  rMri)1itii-imn Iliiroiiimnii. 

Hoiiuiicrin  v-ninni (!(iiiiiiioii. 

llriiiitaciiiiadi'iiHiH  iiiiniina K<tw. 

('i'yino|>liiliiH  fiilii'.'iriiiH (Jiiiiininii. 

i'lialar(i|iiiH  lobntiiH (loiiiiiion. 


Liinima  lappotiica  liiiiiiiri 

lletoractitiH  iiicunim 

NiiinoniiiH  Ix.ritaliH 

(!|iar!i<lriim  (loininiriiH  fiilviiH. 
AnMiaria  int.<T|>n)s 


..  .('oriimon. 
...Coiiimon. 
. .  .Kuw. 

, ..  -Kairly  <^ommon. 
..  .(^iiiiiiion. 


TIIK   (IKOCiUAlMIICAl,   DISTIMIUTTION   nV   I'UIIIII.OK   lUBDS, 

Tlio  IToliurl  ic,  roRioii  coinpriHiw  nil  of  f.lio  Norfchorii  liomisplien!  except  tli«  Hoiitli- 
0111  porfidiiH.  It  is  diviHiibh' into  Mu'.  lollowiiif,'  snhrcgiOiis:  I'aln'iirctic,  Kiiropo  iiml 
NortluMii  A.siit;  Al»Miti<!iiii,  North  racKic  iuul  a«ljac<Mit  ulioros;  Nearctic,  North 
America. 

AmiTiran  ( Seiirrlir)  J'i>rmi<  itvenrrinii  on  Ihc  ixlnndH  (IS  npeiiiH). 


(lolyinbiiH  hollmoUii Migrant. 

Mnr^aiiNor  anioricaiiiiH Mi^rniit. 

NotMoii  rarolinoiiHo Migrant. 

Aimer  albifroiiH  Kaiiilmli Minraiit. 

llianta  caiiatlriiHi.s  ininiiiia Migrant. 

Olor  I'nlninliianiis Mi^jraiit. 

<iniH  criiadoiiHiH Kani,  arr.Ulental. 

Trlii;.'!!,  niaiMilata Twir.o. 

Krouiic*':!;  jiiiHilliiH Oiin«i. 


TotaniiM  llavipeH f)nco. 

NiiiiDtiiiiiH  liudHoiiicim Oiiro. 

liornaliH Migrant. 

Aofiialit-iHMoinipalniata ..   Oncn. 

Falcii  iKtro^riniiH  aiiatiiiii MiKranl. 

riiHticoluH  fjyrfalc" Kow,  migrant. 

Iliniiulo  orytlironastra ..  'I'wine,  ar.cideiital. 

AiitliiiK  pmiHilvaniniH Onc<^  iiiigrant. 

Morula  niifrratoria Onco,  accidental. 


Anaspenelope Imiw,  ac.cidoiital. 

Triii^a  daniaconHiH OiK^e,  nii){raiit. 

I.inioualapponica  lianerl .Migrant. 


tKiiilii:  (Vdlaenrvi'w)  fnrmn,  notii:  hreeding.' 

CliaradrluHdoniiuiciiH  fiilviiH.. .  .Migrant. 

Aronaria intnrpr<!H Migrant. 

(^ncHJiiH  ranoriiH  teloplionuH.. .  Uuc«^,  ac<!id»ntttl. 


I'aoijic  ( .1  leatican)  fortnii 

Ciaviaadamsli Migrant.       | 

Lnndacirrhftta ISreeds. 

I'ratorciila  cornicnlata Hreeds. 

( JyclorrliynclniH  pHittaiiulns Ilrcods. 

SiniorhyncliuH  cristatoUnH iSroods. 

puHillus Hrceds. 

SyntliliboramphiiH  antiipinH Doiilttfiil. 

(,'oppbnH  cnlnmba Itn-ndRf 

I'ria,  troilo  califnrnica ISroedH. 

lorn  via  arra Itrcods. 

KIkhu,  tridac'tyla  jKdIicariH HrerdH. 

brpviroHtriH IJreeds. 

LarnH  barroviainiH lIrt'«dH. 

glanccHcens ItroodM. 

8*;biBtiNatriis ji'oiibtfnl. 


(  ?.9  Hjiecifl,  /.S'  hrredimj). 

Didinodoa  albatrns Migrant. 

Knlinarn.s  glacial ih  rodgorwii Hireds. 

Ocoanodronia  fnrcata JtrcudHf 

I'lialaiTOc'orax  urile IJrtwdH. 

Komatoria  v-nigra Winter. 

Philacte  canagiia Migrant. 

Tringa  jitilocneiniB lirecdw. 

lli'leractiti.s  incauMH Migrant. 

Halia'ntuH  loucocephalMH  alascnnsiw  ..  Acoidental. 

Li'ncoHticte  griHeoniiclia Itreeds. 

I'aswnina  townscndi Hrocds. 

AniinodramuH  HandwicbenHJs Accidental. 

(.'alcarins  lap))i)nic'nB  alasccnHiH Hrcoda. 

Troglodytes  aliiHctinsiH I'.roodH. 


I  It  is  of  conrHO  understood  tbat  these  binls  are  found  here  at  about  the  most  eastern  portion  of 
their  range,  while  of  th<^  1«  American  forms  they  here  occur  at  about  the  most  western  part  of  their 
habitat. 


ij;l 


I' 


it; 
ii 

!i, 

I" 
III 

« 


1 1 


II 


lit 


3(14 


THK    Kl'R    SI.;.M,S    OK    THK    I'lillllLOF    ISLANDS. 


( 'iritiinjiolar  ( llolitvclif)  J'liniiH  ( 1:1  Hiieritm,  .'  hni'ilinij) . 


(iiiviii  arr.ticii ()ii<'«. 

Htori-urtii'iiiH  poiiiiti'iiiiiH Mi;{raiit. 

|iiiriisitii:iiH iMi;{riiiil. 

loiiKicaiiilns Mijjiaiit. 

l>iiK<>|>l>il<i  iill'ii Oiii'i!. 

Steiiiii  iiiiiiiiliNjii'ii Mij;iaiit,. 

XointiHaliiiiii Mij^riint. 


I larnlda  hyumaliH Itrot'dN. 

Kiiicoiuitlii  Nti'llori Mi<;i'aiit. 

('rviiio|)hiliis  fulicariiiH MiKnviit. 

riial:iro|)iiH  loliuliis Itreotis  N|iariii;;l.v, 

N.Mtrii  iiycli'n. Migrant. 

AciiiilliiM  liiiai'ia Mif^iaiit. 


Of  lUiuhl/iil  riilrgnrji. 

AiiiiH  bimi'linH  hiiIih]) I'loliaMy  I'nlarnrclir. 

Ili.striiiiiiciis  liiHti'ioiiii'iis I'robaldy  AUiitiviiu. 

Asio  acRipitriiiiis  hiiIih|) Probably  .lleutkaii  or  \i<irclU: 

Tilt*  birds  represented  by  tlie  above  three  names  liave  not  bee,ii  erititsally  eoni- 
pared.     VVlien  tliis  is  done  the  I'ribilof  birds  may  ho  plaeed  as  indicated  ab<>ve. 

Kxchisively  Amerieun  species  form  but  an  insi^iiilieant  I'eatnro  of  the  avitiiiina. 
This  is  aeeounti'd  lor,  in  part,  by  the  smsill  area  of  tiio  islands  and  (lunsequent  hw.k  of 
hind  binls,  but  principally  because  of  the  prepiuuleratinj'"  abundaiu^o  of  exclusively 
Northern  Pacific  forms;  in  fact,  the  islands  are  locnted  in  the  midst  of  a  quite  different 
snbrejiion,  the  Ali'Ktienii.  More  than  half  of  the  American  or  Satrctie  forms  are 
casuals  tu'  accidental  visitors.  On  the  other  hand,  Asiatic;  forms  have  a  nuutli  less 
inlluencc  in  numbers  of  species,  but  re}>ardinj;'  individuals  it  is  };rcater.  Of  the  G 
species,  .'$  are  noted  for  one  spct^imen  each,  tlu*  other.'?  being  more  (u-  less  luimerons, 
far  more  so  than  any  American  form.  The  (!ircunipolar  species  need  little  comment. 
The  1!1)  I'acitic  forms,  however,  are  «uititled  to  stmic  consideration.  Of  them,  U!  may 
be  said  to  have  close  relatives  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  North  America,  but  the  remain- 
ing l.'{  arc  utterly  distiuct,  eveu  8  of  them  geuerically.  If  we  add  to  these  the  variou.s 
members  of  the  subfamily  I'haliriniiv,  which  occur  abundantly  throughout  the  Aleu- 
tian Islands,  and  several  forms  which  as  yet  are  uidinown  from  the  I'ribilofs,  we  are 
confronted  with  the  fact  that  a  very  largo  luiniber  of  Ilcring  Sea  birds  have  no  close 
natural  allinity  with  Atlantic  forms.  Of  the  family  Alciilae  there  are  kiutwn  from 
the  coasts  of  North  America  lio  species  and  subspecies,  of  which  only  !>  occur  on  the 
Atlantic  si<le.  iSut  a  single  s|»ecies  {('eppliK.s  maniHii)  occurs  on  both  sides.  Of  the  12 
genera,  in  which  these  forms  are  phuied,  .'t — .Men.,  I'lautiis,  mul  Alle — are  exclusively 
Atlanti«;.  Three  others — Fratrrriild,  I'riii,  and  Cepplnis — have  their  sjtecies  about 
etiually  divided  on  each  side.  The  remaining  (i,  belonging  to  the  subfamily  J'halcriiine, 
are  exclusively  I'acitic.  Besides  these  we  have  LunAu,  Hiomcfha,  Philactr,  Hctentetitis, 
Aphriza,  and  Lt'ticitNfifti;,  to  say  little  of  such  forms  as  liissa  breriro,stris,  Ormnodroma 
ftircata,  Sti'rmi  (ileiifitv,  and  others,  which  have  no  representatives  on  the  Atlantic 
side.  Most  of  the  species  and  subspetdes  of  the  genera  Fnilerviila,  llriii,  and  ('ip- 
phus  breed  in  the  far  north  antl  are  litth*  ditferentiated  from  each  other.  These  birds 
could  readily  have  nia<le  their  way  from  ocean  to  ocean  during  some  extratu'dinarily 
warm  summer  in  the  lemote  past,  and  having  been  unable  to  return  have  remained 
and  perpetuated  their  kind  with  conseipient  variations.  It  wouhl  seem  correct  to 
consider  that  the  ancestral  stocks  of  these  genera  were  Pacitic. 

Many  eastern  Anu'ritran  species  summer  in  western  Alaska,  even  to  the  shores  of 
Bering  and  the  Arctic  seas.  Certain  Siberian  forms  also  summer  in  the  saint*  region. 
On  the  American  side  there  is  now  continuous  laiul  connection,  but  it  may  not  always 


THK    HIRDS    OK   THK    PUIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


3(ir) 


liiivt;  Ik'oii  no.  Oil  the  AHiatic  Hidu  wc  liiive  no  presuiit  contiiiiioiis  laml  coiiiK'c.tioii, 
but  cviilciitly  it  liiis  Ikm-ii  otlierwi.sf,  for  tlieso  Siberiiiii  species  eoiiUl  liiirdly  have 
hninit'il  their  way  into  Ahiska  over  the.  pieBent  bleak  and  forbiddiny  route.  The 
I'aets  thus  require  that  wlicii  the  Asiatic  or  Siberian  forms  first  reachtnl  wliat  is  now 
AUiska  tiiey  did  so  over  continuous  or  narrowly  separated  land  areas.  The  .\nieriean 
forms  only  extended  their  ranjjjo  as  the  risinj;  or  ch-arin;;  land  became  available  for 
their  needs.  The  Siberian  species  have  simply  continued  their  niigration  over  the 
slowly  disappeariiif;  land. 

The  i»racti(!al  restriction  of  the  family  Al<i<lnf  to  the  Pucilic,  and  tlie  actiuil  restric- 
tion of  so  many  ;j[eiiera  and  species,  would  seem  to  retiuire  that  wlien,  previous  to  the 
{glacial  periods,  ice  existed  in  Imt  small  quantities  about  the  ^Jortli  I'olar  region  what 
is  now  IJeriu};  Straits  was  tightly  closed  to  the  members  of  this  family  in  the  racillc. 
If  it  were  not  so,  it  is  perhaps  impossible  to  account  for  the  restriction  of  these  birds 
to  the  North  I'acidc,  and  also  for  the  reason  that  such  Atlantic  IVirms  as  I'hiiitus, 
A  lea,  and  Alle  failed  to  ditliise  themselves  tiiroughoiit  circiimpolar  areas  during  pre- 
glacial  times. 

Of  the  L'!>  Pacific  tbrms,  1(5  have  close,  relatives  on  the  Atlantic  side,  but  they 
belong  to  genera  of  wide  distributiini,  and,  excepting  a  few  land  genera,  I'atiNeiina, 
(UilcariHs,  AmUiodramus,  Tro(jl(nh/tts,  are  water  birds  oi  extiuisive  northern  habitat 
and  gene.ic  circiimpolar  distribution,  like  Itisna,  Litrxs,  etc.  These  last  all  have 
extremely  well-develoitiHl  powers  of  llight.  It  would  seem  that  where  related  forms 
inhabit  both  sidt^s,  the  racilic  birds  are  the  larger,  with  longer  and  larger  bills.  Of 
the  various  species  of  tlu^  subfamily  I'liiilerinav  nearly  all  o('cui)y  generic  or  sub- 
generic  divisions  by  themselves  and  are  conse(]iiently  distinctly  dilVerentiated,  few 
genera  containing  more  than  one  species  and  none  subspecies. 

The  above  facts  would  indicate  that  the  Atlantic  members  of  the  Aleidav  have 
been  derived  from  I'a'iilic  ancestors  during  several  warm  periods  of  the  past,  Allv, 
rUiiitm,  and  Alca  having  been  niiich  the  earliest.'  Thus,  besides  the  present  and 
l»ast  ice,  there  would  .seem  to  have  existed  a  barrier  to  transpolar  mixing  and  dis 
persal  of  Atlantic  and  Pacific  forms, 

Tliat  this  ancient  Bering  Straits  land  barrier  prevented  Pacific  types  from 
spreading  oast  and  west  into  the  Atlantic,  and  vice  versa,  seems  extremely  probable, 
and  that  this  same  barrier  may  have  had  (;oiisiderable  to  do  with  the  causaticni  of  the 
(Slacial  ei»oehs  seems  evident,  ttonsidering  the  general  topography  of  the  region  sur- 
roanding  the  Arctic  l>in.iii.  The  result  now  of  damming  up  the  waters  flowing  south 
through  the  Straits,  the  influence  of  which  is  felt  and  seen  by  every  traveler  in 
Hering  Sea,  and  even  when  hundreds  of  miles  south  of  the  Aleutians,  would  be 
disastnms  in  its  etVe«',ts  on  the  |)resent  climate  of  Asia,  and  esjtecially  to  North 
America,  and  most  certainly  so  to  the  present  distribution  of  northern  forms  of  life. 
The  Nortli  Pat'ihe  Basin  is  a  vast  anipliitheater.  The  volcanic  activities  which  dot 
its  circumference — the  grandest  in  the  whole  world,  yet  now  in  its  last  throes — have 
consumed  considerable  material  that  has  most  evidently  been  derived  from  a  seaward 
direction.  Destruction  and  submergence  has  necessarily  followed,  and  deep  water 
is  now  found  where  most  probably  h)w,  extensive,  and   volcaiuc  island  areas  were 

'  I  coiiMidcr  llle  iiiiHpliifi'il  with  tlui  otlior  Ltiuiorii.  It.  is  iiioic  cliPHcly  jillied  witli  tlic.  lower 
Aluidiii;  the  ncoBsoiitiloM  being  stnicttiriilly  diHtinrt  I'nim  lliosc  of  tbo  Jlcinnr. 


f; 


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THE    FUR    SEALS   OP   THE    PRIBILOP   ISLANDS. 


Ibriiierly  numerous.  Tlio  ineseut  nigged  ami  preeipitous  cuast  line  of  the  Pribilofs 
and  other  islands  of  Bering  Sea  are  certainly  indicative  of  their  former  inuc^h  greater 
extent.  Also  the  low  coast  line  and  the  shallow  seas  of  the  western  coasts  of  Alaska 
point  to  the  same  previous  condition. 

The  relationships  and  zoogcographical  distribution  of  the  avifauna  of  the  region 
under  consideration  have  often  been  variously  determined  by  luituralists.  Sometimes 
considered  as  Ncaretic,  then  as  often  Valaearvtw,  we  now  Hud  them  settled  by 
Professor  Newton  as  Alanlan,  a  province  of  his  Ilolarctk:^  On  Dr.  Merriam's  pro- 
visional maps  of  the  principal  life  areas  of  North  America,  Alaska  is  divided  between 
his  Arctic  and  Boreal,  the  last  being  distinguished  as  a  region  aud  described  as 
circumi)olar.^  I  doubt  if  either  of  these  names  cau  be  properly  applied  to  primary 
life  divisions,  for  Paluearvtic  types  must  have  been  in  existence  long  before  glacial 
times,  which  alone  has  i>roduced  Arctic  and  most  of  the  present  boreal  conditions. 
Itesides,  the  avifauna  of  northern  North  America  is  not  greatly  ditterent  from,  aud 
has  most  evidently  been  derived  from,  that  of  Eurasia.  As  well-known  authorities 
completely  differ  as  to  the  values  of  the  elements  of  the  avifauna  of  Alaska,  their 
relations  may  be  discussed  here  briefly  as  an  effort  toward  determining  the  status  of 
the  birds  of  the  Tribilof  Islands. 

We  have  first  a  very  large  number  of  forms,  common  transients  of  eastern  North 
America,  which  are  summer  residents  of  Alaska,  and  which  reach  that  region  by  way 
of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  watersheds.  From  western  North  America  also  quite 
a  number  of  forms  reach  and  enter  Alaska  as  far  as  Kadiak  Island  and  the  Aliaska 
reninsula,  though  a  few  ]>enctrate  farther,  even  to  Point  IJarrow.  Certain  forms 
cross  over  from  Siberia  aud  also  summer  in  Alaska.  Others  again,  summering  in 
Alaska  and  Siberia,  winter  on  the  islands  of  the  middle  and  southern  Pacific.  So 
much  for  the  true  migrants.  Kesident  forms  may  also  be  divided  into  four  groups 
which  are  to  be  correlated  with  the  same  directions.  We  have  resident  forms  in 
northern  Alaska  whose  nearest  relatives  are  found  eastward  in  British  America. 
Others  are  resident  about  Sitka  and  the  Aliaska  Peu.^  .sula  and  adjacent  islands 
whose  nearest  relatives  are  directly  southward.  The  Siberian  intiuence  also  has 
stamped  itself  in  such  a  way  that  we  find  resident  Alaskan  forms  whose  nearest 
relatives  are  in  Asia.  Aud,  last,  there  is  another  group,  resident  about  the  shores  > 
of  Bering  Sea  and  on  the  islands,  and  but  rarely  found  elsewhere.  The  first 
mentioned  in  each  of  these  two  divisions  belong  to  the  Ncarctic  subregion.  Those  of 
the  second  belong  to  another  division  of  the  NearcUc,  the  Sitkan.  The  third  group 
is  essentially  Palaearetiv,  and  therefore  Siberian,  and  the  fourth  Aleutican. 

Mixed  as  these  bird  elements  certainly  are,  esi»ecially  during  the  summer  seasou, 
we  cau,  jierhaps,  readily  unravel  the  causes  which  have  produced  such  a  conglomera- 
tion. In  preglacial  times,  when  Arctic  ice  and  its  effects  were  absent,  the  continent  of 
North  America  was  undoubtedly  inhabited  by  species  the  great  majority  of  which 
were  most  evidently  of  Xeotropicol  derivation.  The  archipelagic  cliaracter  of  the 
northern  parts  of  North  America  and  the  land  continuity  of  its  southern  portion 
assisted  in  preventing  any  predominating  influence  from  the  Eurasian  {Valaearetic) 
continent.  But  with  the  gradual  cooling  incidental  to  preglacial  conditions  the  Neo- 
tropical influence  gave  way  gradually  to  the  hardier  and  nearer  elements  of  Valaearetic 


'  Diet,  llirds,  1893,  331. 


-N.  A.  Fttuua,  No.  3,  18!)0,  ii.  24. 


THE    BIRDS    OF   THE    PRIHILOP    ISLANDS. 


367 


life.  This  became  greatly  iuteusilled  when  the  glacial  iiiHueiiee  reached  a  inaximuin. 
Those  PaUteairtic  types  which  uuder  tlie  fonner  mild,  cooling  conditious  had  effected  a 
foothold  on  the  American  continent  were  then  forced  southward  and  readily  disphwied 
the  previous  Nvotropietd  stock.  This  must  have  been  a  conjparatively  easy  task,  for 
the  cooling  climatic  conditious  were  in  tlieir  favoi'.  Thus  a  number  of  forms  of  various 
genera  and  families  of  I'alacarvtiv  ty|>es  were  tait  olV  from  the  parent  body  and  subse- 
(juently  became  dillerentiated  into  what  should  be  considered  as  a  branch  or  subregion 
of  the  Triarctiv  (or  Ilolarctiv)  region — the  Nooctic  subregion.  Tlie  retreat  of  the  ice 
permitted  not  only  the  reoccupation  of  the  more  northern  portion  of  the  continent  by 
these  now  lixed  NeurcHc  forms,  but  also  a  northern  extension  of  tlie  remains  of  the 
more  northern  Neotropical  forms.  Those  movenunits,  the  result  of  the  retreat  of  the 
ice  sheet,  plus  the  altering  topographical  ccmditions  resulting  and  in  connection  there- 
with, or  following,  have  effected  the  present  mixed  comlition  of  tlie  Alaskan  avifauna 
and  of  North  America  generally.  Tiio  northwestern  trend  of  the  western  outline  of 
the  ice  sheet  and  the  lacustrine  conditions  thereby  induced  as  the  glacial  influence 
diminished,  plus  tlie  influence  of  the  Missouri  and  Yukon  drainage  systems,  assisted 
in  the  extension,  even  to  the  mouths  of  the  Yukon,  of  thecoinnion  migratory  forms  of 
the  Mississipi>i  Valley.  The  same  result  evidently  occurred  on  the  I'acilic  watershed, 
but  moditied  by  the  western  trend  of  the  l{ocky  Mountains  and  the  barrier  of  the 
Mount  St.  Elias  region.  The  probably  extensive  island  condition  tlien  of  Hering  Sea, 
and  i)erhaps  of  the  North  I'acihc,  assisted  in  permitting  the  return  of  Asiatic  forms 
to  again  reside  in  summer  in  Alaska.  The  «'xtreMie  cold  of  tiie  glacial  periods  aad  the 
volcanic  activities  of  the  North  Pacific  region  have  undoubtedly  effected  the  extermi- 
nation of  some  prior  forms  and  the  dispersal  of  others.  The  habits  of  the  sea  species, 
especially  the  Alcidae,  have  favored  their  preservation. 

The  common  migrating  forms  of  lAmotrn  and  Churadriiis  have  a  i)e<;uliar  status, 
which  may  be  mentioned  here  as  illustrating  one  phase  of  A  laskaii  bird  life.  The  first 
is  closely  related  to  the  I'^uropean  L.  lapponlm,  but  is  paler  and  larger  and  does  not 
occur  in  North  America  except  in  western  Alaska.  The  second  is  closely  related  to 
the  American  C.  dominicun,  though  smaller,  but  also  occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast  of 
Asia  as  a  migrant.  Both  occur  in  their  greatest  abundance  in  winter  on  the  islands 
of  the  Pacific  aud  rarely  if  ever  on  the  mainlands  except  in  summer  in  Alaska  and 
Siberia,  and  both  are  good  subspecies.  The  winter  distribution  of  the  lAmosa  is 
more  southerly  than  the  other.  Of  Arcnurut,  anotiier  extensive  Pacific  islands' 
migrant,  rarely  found  on  the  northern  mainland  in  winter,  I  have  treated  fully  under 
that  genus. 

It  would  appear  then  that  we  should  be  right  in  considering  that  the  I'alaearctic 
ancestors  of  our  present  Alaskan  avifauna  were  originally  breeding  residents  on  the 
island  land  areas  immediately  about  the  North  Pole  and  liecaine  diffused  as  that 
region  became  covered  with  ice.  As  this  refrigeration  began  at  a  center — whether 
that  center  was  at  the  Pole  or  elsewhere  is  immaterial — it  would  have  caused,  more 
markedly  than  before,  the  individuals  of  each  species  to  migrate  southward  over 
ocean  islaud  routes  when  that  suited  their  needs  and  over  land  routes  when  that  was 
more  to  their  taste.  This  separation  of  the  main  body  of  breeding  birds  and  their 
segregation  into  several  noucommunicating  parts  began  early  in  the  first  gla(;ial 
period  aud  continued  and  increased  as  time  went  on.    Then  there  occurred,  naturally, 


lit 
(1? 


iif 


368 


THK    FUR    SEALS    OF    THK    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


|(   ! 


variations  in  the  iscuttered  nuncouiuninivatint;  juumbui'H  of  ua<;li  species  bucauHe  uf 
their  ditt'urent  environments.  That  ditVerentiatiun  increased  in  time,  bnt  varied  in 
auionnt  in  the  dill'erent  j^ronps  for  varions  reasons.  Some  of  these  divisions  now 
constitute  jjood  species,  while  others  are  only  considered  worthy  of  ranliin^  as 
subspecies,  while  of  still  others  opiidons  differ  as  to  the  snlliciency  of  causes  for 
separation  as  species  or  subspecies  or  even  for  separation  at  all.  This  explains  the 
diflerences  between  sncih  forms  as  Soinatcria  mollissiiiKi  and  dresiteri,  and  «V.  vnigra, 
Arenaria  inhtyn-H  and  A.  morimUii,  and  Larm  glauvux  and  h.  btirropianiix.  This 
diflerentiation  i^  correlated  by  the  time  which  has  elapsed  sini^e  the  separation  be^ran 
and  the  diileri'ij;'  environment,  but  the  species  or  subspecies  also  vary  in  amount  of 
ditterenco  by  the  effects  of  another  factor,  the  degree  of  comnnmication  possible  during 
the  early  or  intermittent  stages  of  the  separation.  The  generally  so  called  circumpolar 
species  are  really  not  circumpolar  except  generically,  the  amount  of  our  ignorance 
being  more  than  sullicient  to  All  up  the  measure  of  our  knowledge  of  what  constitutes 
a  usually  so-called  circumpolar  species.    A  good  example  is  the  case  of  the  turnstone. 

Thus  it  W(mld  appear  probable  that  western  Alaska  and  the  Bering  Sea  islands 
are  tlie  renuiiints  of  former  land  areas  originally  connected  with  or  narrowly  sepa- 
rated from  the  Palacarctic  continent,  the  differences  now  observable  as  t«*  resident 
fauual  and  floral  life  being  due  t«»  greater  or  less  volcanic  action  and  greater  or  less 
glacial  intluenco  in  affecting  and  isolating  that  life.  And  the  same  is  true  of  North 
America  as  a  whole.  It  is  now  essentially  Xearctie,  with  a  very  strong  double  intrusion, 
pre  and  jxist  glacial  (of  Palaearctic  derivation),  from  the  northeast  and  northwest, 
consequent  on  glacial  and  volcanic  action,  destruction,  and  dispersion.  Where  these 
opposite  types  meet  the  modifying  influences  of  the  varied  environments  have  ell'ected 
results  tending  t«>  bridge  over  the  gaps,  thus  producing  transitional  forms.  Thus  the 
retreat  of  the  ice  iierniitted  the  reextension  northward  of  Nearctiv  types,  but  con- 
tact with  boreal  influences  differentiated  these  frontier  forms,  so  that  we  now  find 
them  generically  and  specilically  tlistinct  from  their  iiearest  relatives.  In  less  degree 
have  the  southern  outliers  of  Mortheru  forms  ditterentiated. 

It  would  conse(iuently  see..i  from  this  discussion  that  from  the  elements  of  the 
Bering  Sea  avifauna  and  vicinity  are  deduciblo  several  zoogeographical  provinces  and 
subprovinces,  and  that  the  whole  constitutes  a  division  of  the  Holarvtiv  region. 
Professor  Newton's  term  Alaskan  can  be  retained  for  the  region  north  an«l  cast  of 
the  Aliaska  Peninsula,  This  peninsula,  with  the  islands  adjacent  on  the  south  and  the 
nuiinlaiid  to  British  Columbia,  may  retain  Mr.  Nelson's  name  of  Sitkan.  It  is  i)roperly 
a  true  transitional  subprovince  of  the  Nmretie.  The  Aleutian  Islands,  the  islands 
of  Bering  Sea,  and  much,  perhaps  all,  of  the  mainland  coasts  of  Alaska  and  north- 
eastern Asia  to  the  Ar(!tic  Sea  constitute  a  single  subregion  to  which  the  name 
Aleutkan  is  more  properly  applicable. 

These  views  are  necessarily  somewhat  sjiggestive  and  void  of  details,  but  seem 
pertinent  to  a  consideration  of  the  avifauna  of  the  Pribilof  Islands.  Unfortunately, 
little  is  known  concerning  the  exact  distribution  of  many  of  the  forms,  ami  the  col- 
lections that  have  been  nuide  in  the  region  are  so  widely  scattered  that  it  is  impossible 
to  bring  them  together  for  comparison. 


THK    mum   OF    THE    I'laBlhOl'    ISLANDS. 


3(jy 


niSTRinUTION  OF  THK  FAMILY  ALCIDAE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Pacific. 

rriiliTciilinae. 

1.  liiinda  ciiTliatn, 

2.  Frntcrcnlii  roriiu^uliita. 

I'halei'inae 
ii,  ('erorliiiica  iiiDiiocoi'iitii. 
■1.  PtycliurainpliuH  aloiiticiis, 

5.  CjcloriiiynohiiH  ]).sitta(:uliiH. 

6.  KiiiiorliviicliiiH  cristiitalliib. 

7.  (I'lialeris)  pygniaeus. 

8.  (Cifcronia)  piiHilliiH. 

9.  SyutlililtoraiiipliuH  antii|iiiiN. 

10.  lirachyranipliiiH  iiianiioratiiH. 

11.  kittlitzii. 

12.  Iiypoloiicim. 

13.  craveri. 

14.  CeppIiiiN  r.iihiniha. 

.tloinae. 

15.  Hria  troile  calil'oriiica. 
Iti.  liinivia  ana. 


AlUnae. 


Atlantic. 

Fratwoulinae. 
1.  Frateriiiila  arrtioa. 
2'  K'iicialiH. 

I'haliTinae, 
3.  C'oppliuH  (jryllo. 


Jlcinae, 


4.  Uria  troilo. 

5.  loiiivia. 

6.  Alca  torda. 

7.  PlaiitiiH  iiiipeiiiiift. 

8.  Alleallo. 


ii 


Jllinae. 


COMMON   TO   Horn    SIIIKS. 


J'hahrinae, 


I'lialerivae, 


17.  (,'epplius  iiiandtii.  c,.  (JepphuH  liiiin.ltii. 

1  have  prepared  the  above  table  for  the  puri)oso  of  illix.strating  the  preat  differ- 
ence 1)et\veeii  the  two  sides  of  North  America  as  represented  iu  this  order.'  But  one 
form  is  found  on  both  sides,  and  this  a  high  northern  species  wliich  can  readily  in  a 
very  mild  season  pass  from  one  aide  to  the  other.  Tiie  Alcinae  are  distinct,  but  have 
hardly  been  separated  for  any  great  length  of  time.  The  characters  of  the  others 
indicate,  however,  that  when  the  j)re8ent  boreal  climate  was  milder  a  barrier  existed  to 
prevent  dispersion. 

THE  MIGRATION  OF  PBIBTLOF  BIRDS. 

I  <!an  do  little  more  thau  hint  at  the  facts,  i)hases,  and  factors  that  are  concerned 
in  the  bird  migration  of  this  portion  of  Bering  Sea.  For  the  true  migrants  (not  sum- 
mer breeders)  the  course  is  undoubtedly  north  and  south  tiirough  the  islands,  prac- 
tically all  the  individuals  going  to  breed  on  the  islands  north  of  the  Pribilof  group 
and  on  the  adjacent  Alaskan  and  Siberian  coasts,  below  and  also  beyond  the  Straits. 
As  to  the  course  taken  by  the  migratory  Hocks  on  their  way  south  after  reaching  the 

I  All  Atlaiitifi  species  are  given,  but  tliere  are  a  nuuiber  of  additional  I'a.ilic  Cornis  couliiie.l  to  the 
Asiatic  side.  The  British  Miiseiini  catalogue,  vol.  .XXVI,  gives  a  total  of  2(i  species  for  this  order  of 
which  18  ari)  Pacific,  5  are  Atlantic,  and  3  are  common  to  both.  ' 

5947— PT  .{ 24 


j|5 ,  w 


r 
ii 


370 


TMK    FVH    HKAl.S    OF    THK    I'RIBILOK    ISLANDS. 


AleutiaiiH  there  is  littlu  't:re«-t  evulencu.  That  whieh  i8  avaihiblo  indicates  three 
routes — one  soiithwaid  toward  the  Oalitbriiiaii  <-oast,'  a  seeoiid  toward  the  Hawaiian 
Ishuids,  and  a  third  idon^  the  Alentian  (;liain,  thciieo  toward  the  Asiatic-  coast  and 
ishuids.  I  am  unaware  of  any  positive  movement  from  tliu  Aleutian  Islands  eastward 
along  the  coast  to  ('aiirornia  southward.  When  over  <S00  nnU^s  south  of  (rniiiasiiaa 
Savanna  8i>arrow  (.1.  sanilirichenxiH)  boanled  tlie  vessel,  staid  with  us  all  niyht,  and  1 
saw  it  depart  the  next  mornin|r  in  an  east  of  north  direction  whi(;ii  would  take  it  to  its 
summer  home.  iMr.  Nelson  records  that  when  ho  approached  the  Aleutian  Islands  in 
the  8priii{j  of  1877  several  turnstones  were  seen  tfu  or  twelve  hours'  steaniiufj:  from 
the  islands.  They  wer(^  headed  north.  Mr.  Klliott  also  tells  us  that  when  7(»0  miles 
oft'  the  Straits  of  Fnca  he  saw  numy  individuals  of  the  sanu;  species  heading  north- 
west for  th(^  Alentian  Islands.  In  May,  IH9(>,  soon  after  passing  the  halfway  point 
between  Han  Francisco  and  Unalaska  we  began  to  see  phalanites  (r'./((/t(<(riH,'()  and 
for  s(Hne  hundreds  of  miles  they  were  ctHnnuni.  Their  cours(!  was  northward.  Nelson 
tells  us  "While  the  ('oririii  was  midway  between  the  Alentian  Islands  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, in  October,  ISSl ,  a  small  party  of  birds,  undoubtcully  of  this  species  |  (!.  tlominieiis 
/«/('»/«],  was  seen  passing  high  overhead,  coming  from  the  direction  of  the  Alentian 
Islands  and  passing  directly  toward  the  Hawaiian  group."  He  adds,  "This  is  certainly 
a  reuuirkable  tlight  for  birds  of  this  character  to  undertake,  and  its  accom])lishment 
indicates  great  powers  of  llight  as  well  as  great  enduraiKje." 

Dr.  Thomas  11.  Streets,  in  llulletin  No.  7,  United  States  National  Museum,  page 
17,  tells  us,  in  speaking  of  the  same  species — the  Asiatic  golden  plover:  "In  regard 
to  the  habits  of  these  birds  w«!  were  informed  by  residents  of  the  island  |Oahu, 
Hawaiian  Islands]  that  they  make  their  first  annual  appearance  ab<mt  Septend)er. 
When  they  arrive  they  are  very  poor  and  weak,  having  ((vidently  been  on  a  lengthy 
voyage  and  been  depriveil  of  food  for  a  long  time.  During  their  stay  thiougli  the 
winter  they  become  very  fat.  About  March  or  April  they  begin  t(»  prepare,  for  their 
departure.  They  can  be  seen  during  the  «lay,  at  this  time,  taking  long  or  short  Higlits 
out  at  sea  and  returning  again  to  the  islands.  This  exercise  is  undoubtedly  for  the 
purpose  of  strengthening  themselves  for  the  linal  ellbrt,  their  muscles  during  the  win- 
ter's life  of  luxury  and  ease  having  become  flabby  and  feeble.  We  have  met  them  at 
sea  a  long  distance  from  any  land  very  nuu;h  exhausted,  and  have  known  them  to 
take  refngi^  aboard  the  ship,  where  if  not  molested  they  woidd  remain  until  we 
reached  land."  As  this  plover  is  unknown  from  the  Anu>rican  continent  in  winter, 
breeding  only  in  Summer  in  Amt^rica  on  the  Bering  Sea  side  of  Alaska,  we  are  com- 
pelled to  the  conclusion  that  it  traverses  twice  a  year  the  2,0<M>  miles  or  more  of  ocean 
between  the  Aleutian  and  Hawaiian  islands.-'  The  species  breeding  in  Alaska  and 
occurring  in  winter  on  the  Fanning  and  Hawaiian  groups  are  the  tattler  (11.  i)icnniis), 
the  turnstone  (A.  interp res),  tha  sanderling  (Cttrenaria),  the  Asiatic  golden  plover  (C. 
(I.fulvtts),  the  bristle-thighed  curlew  (N./emoralis) — taken  several  times  in  Alaska,  the 
pintail  (7).  acuta),  the  shoveler  (iV,  vlypeata),  and  perhaps  many  others.    We  are  thus 


'  Tliig  is  probiilily  wront;  and  shoulil  liu  iiililod  to  tlio  ai^oontl.  The  biirn  HWiillow  breudn  xxt  lliia- 
laska  and  far  northward,  and  evidently  rua<  nos  tlioro  thron^h  California.  It  and  tlie  roliin  are  hnt 
accidental  on  the  Pi'lbilofs. 

-In  the  extracts  from  tlio  diary  of  Honry  I'.almcr  (Kothachild,  Avifauna  Laysan,  1893,  Vol.  1, 
p.  xiv,  occurs  the  following;  "A  Uolea  ((ioldon  I'lovor,  Vharadriux  /iilvim)  (lew  also  round  the  ship  nnil 
counidcrably  luttoniHhod  mo  by  Hittin<;  on  the  water  Hoveral  times  to  rest."  This  ocoun'ed  Jnst  pre- 
vious to  August  18. 


THK    BIRDS    OP   THE    rRIHILOP    ISLANDS. 


871 


justified  in  the  belief  that  ini{;;ration  does  take  plaeo  across  tiiese  extensive  wastes  of 
waters.  Tiie  barred-tailed  godwit  {IJmosii  lupponicn  Iminri)'  is  anotluT  exatnpht  of  a 
Paeitie  migrant.  Tliey  pass  through  the  Aleutian  Islands  in  spring  in  small  llottks, 
reach  St.  Michaels  before  the  end  of  May,  and  breed  along  that  coast  of  Heriiig  Sea. 
They  return  in  the  fall,  i>ass  through  the  Fribilofs  and  the  Aleutians,  and  winter  on 
the  islands  of  Polynesia  and  Southeastern  Asia,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  They 
are  absent  from  North  America  during  our  winter,  there  being  but  one  record — in 
Lower  (Jaliforiiia.-  Their  course  is  probably  througli  the  Aleutian  chain,  on  many 
islands  of  whidi  they  have  been  taken,  thence  to  the  .lapanese  coast,  and  southward. 
Other  spe<!ies  of  Asiatic  wintering  birds  occur,  breeding  in  Alaska;  also  individuals 
of  eastern  American  species  have  Ixhmi  taken  with  them  «mi  tiie  islands  of  Hering  Sea, 
thus  pointing  (■onclusively  to  a  migration  route  over  the  western  Paeitie  Occiin.  An 
other  group  of  migration  nntvements  from  the  Alaskan  Itreeding  grounds  is  .shown  in 
such  species  as  the  Pribilof  sandpiper  ( 7'.  ptilocHemin),  and  the  emperor  goose  (/*.  citua- 
ijlrn)  and  many  <»ther  species.  These  winter  on  the  shores  of  the  southern  islands  of 
the  Aleutian  <;hain  and  along  the  Aliaska  coast  southward. 

The  fact  that  many  species  of  Alaskan  birds  boldly  launch  themselves  into  the 
wide  expanse  of  ocean  between  their  summer  and  winter  habitats  naturally  leads  us 
to  expect  that  at  sometime  in  the  remote  geologi(!al  past  their  ancestors  had  a  more 
happy  course  over  contiguous  land  areas  which  have  sincic  been  submerged.  No  other 
solution  setMus  possible,  and  many  probabilities  point  to  such  a  conclusion  in  spite  of 
the  fact  now  of  considerable  deep  water  intervening.  Jiirda  have  no  in(;lination  to 
explore  unknown  regions  lying  at  such  great  distances  ai)art.  Their  movements  nuist 
necessarily  have  begun  grsulually  over  contiguous  or  narrowly  .separate<l  areas  which 
have  been  widened  during  the  operation  of  geologic  changes.  The  Pribilof  group  is 
some  2r>(>  miles  from  the  nt^arest  Alaskan  coast;  they  are  nearly  200  miles  north  of  the 
Aleutian  chain.  They  are  L'OO  nules  south  of  the  next  island  to  the  northward,  St. 
Matthew.  The  ( !ommander  Islands  lie  7r)0  nnles  westward.  The  islands  of  the  A  leutian 
chain  are  generally  visible  from  each  other  in  clear  weather,  but  gaps  of  10  to  <J0  miles 
are  freijuent.  Attn,  the  most  eastern  of  the  chain,  is  about  180  miles  from  tlu^  nearest 
of  the  (Commander  I.slands  and  about  500  from  the  nearest  coavSt  of  Asia,  Cape  Shi- 
punski  in  Kamchatka.  Oalifornia  is  some  2,000  miles  scmtheastward  of  Unalaska, 
and  Sitka  is  about  the  same  distance  almost  directly  eastward.  The  Hawaiian 
Islands  are  also  2,000  ujiles  directly  southward  from  Unalaska,  without  intervening 
land,  liird  migration  between  the  the  Pribilofs  and  the  Aleutians  and  l»etween  the 
Aleutians  and  Asia,  Polynesia,  and  the  Hawaiian  group  undoubtedly  occurs  with 
many  species  and  in  enormous  numbers. 

It  has  often  been  asserted  that  migrating  birds  take  advantage  of  geographical 
objects,  as  mountains,  valleys,  rivers,  etc.,  in  directing  their  course  during  their  hmg 
journeys  from  their  summer  to  their  winter  habitat.  However  plausible  this  may  be 
as  applied  to  land-migrating  birds  it  fails  completely  upon  consideration  as  a  factor 
of  the  nmvements  of  the  Pacific  birds  noted  above.  I  am  not  even  sure  that  it  is  a 
necessary  factor  even  to  land-migrating  birds,  but  however  that  may  be  it  most 
certaiidy  can  not  be  considered  when  one  is  endeavoring  to  ac(!ount  for  causes  that 
enable  these  birds  to  continue  in  a  direct  line;  for  instance,  from  the  Aleutian  to  the 

'  z=Limona  nor<r-:ealandica. 

«La  I'll/,,  No.  86418,  II.S.N.M.,  1882,  1..  Holding  (in  Bpriug,  hoiul). 


-U' 


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\  Mil 

'»    ..'  1 

III '  -; , 

\  «•' 

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!«>  { 

II      4 

1 


111 
if 


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!■«    1' 


372  THK    VVM    8KALH   OF   THK    I'RIBILOF    ISLANDS. 

Hawaiian  iHlaiidH.  Mi};ratiii(;;  birds  ovidviitly  liavu  ii  powor  of  keeping  a  straight 
course  for  very  long  distances,  a  sense  of  dire(;tion,  as  it  were,  wldeii  enables  or  allows 
them  to  tly  at  certain  periods  tor  a  certain  time,  the  starting  and  arriving  ]>laces  being 
Itositive  factors  as  well  as  the  distance  between,  tiins  insuring  an  arrival — winds  and 
otber  inlluences  permitting — within  a  certain  time  near  some  <d)jective  ])oint,  the 
exa(!t  location  of  wlii<!h  can  be  as(;ertained  by  the  ordinary  powers  of  observation. 
As  w<>  in  (iiirselves  coinbine  in  a  inarvehnis  degree  certain  attrilnites  or  powers,  purely 
educational  ones,  unknown  to,  or  only  in  an  enibry<nii«t  stage  in  our  ancestors,  so 
birds,  niigniting  lirst  from  necessity  over  short  distantu^s,  have  during  the  lapse  of 
countless  ages,  as  necessity  enforced,  d«'veloi)ed  a  sense  of  diret^tion  whi(^li  is  pra<'ti- 
cally  unknown  among  manunals  and  is  consequently  dini(;ult  Ui  be  imagined  and 
understood  by  ourselves.  This  accounts  for  the  great  lo,ss  when  migratory  s|»ecies, 
like  tlie  I'acilic  salmon  and  the  I'^uropean  nugrafory  ipuiil,  are  transplanted  to 
localities  geographically  o|)posite  that  to  which  their  ancestors  iiad  for  ages  been 
accustomed  to. 

Tt  must  not  be  understood  that  1  am  wedded  to  the  idea  that  land  connetttion 
must  have  been  straight  and  continuous  between  the  Aleutian  and  Hawaiian  groups. 
Jt  would  seem  more  probable  that  these  anitient  (connective  lantl  areas  existed 
between  tliese  jMiints,  but  fronting  on  the  American  an<l  Asiatic  eontinents,  respec- 
tively. The  destteiulants  of  our  aiu-ient  migrating  birds  possibly  have  simply  gradu- 
ally straighteneil  out  the  originally  somewhat  perhaps  crooked  cours*;.  In  other 
words,  the  lines  of  migration  to  day  are  somewhat  ditterent  from  the  ancient  lines 
because  of  the  tendency  of  natural  selection  to  weed  out  gradually  those  individuals 
or  groui>a  of  individuals  not  adapting  themselves  to  the  altering  physical  condi- 
tions and  availing  themselves  of  the  direct,  less  dangerous,  and  sluutest  route 
between  the  starting  and  objective  points.  Our  knowhulge  of  I'aciiie  migration  is 
still  in  its  infancy,  and  this  brief  (diapter  may  suggest  further  investigation. 

Nynoiisia  of  I'riliilo/  liinh. 

Swiniiiici'H 39 

WiultTM 15 

liirds  of  prey 5 

Percbiii'H 10 

Total  8])ecie8 Gil 

'rotal  familieH 21 

Totiil  gniirru _  .50 


,!    :   I 


Tin:   IJIKDS  OF  TIIK   IMIIlilLOF   ISLANDS. 


Order  STKGANOI'ODKS.     'i\»tipiiliiiiit«^  Swiiniiicrs. 


\n 


Family   PH  A  LACHOCOR  ACI  DAE.     CorrnopjuitH. 

I^iit  one  HpecieM  of  this  tainily,  the  only  one  of  Mu>  order,  is  t'unnd  on  the  ishuidH. 
Hilt  tliere  wonhl  Hceni  to  be  no  re;ison  wliy  one  or  more  of  the  vurions  wpeeies  of  eor- 
nioriintH  found  in  Herinj;  Heiv  Hlionld  n(»t  wander  oecasionully  within  our  limits. 

1.  Phalac'roootax  urile  ((tiiiul.)-     Ked-fiict'd  Coriiioriiat.     "Oroul." 
Cilfho  imlaijii'iin,  CoiNiu:,  l{<iv.  ot  Maj;.  /ool.  IHtIO,  lOl. 
(IriiriiluH  binialalux,  Dam.  iiiiil  U-xnni.stkk,  Trimn.  Cliic^  Ai;.  Sri.,  IKtiit,  UdL',  I'l.  XXXIII.— I »ai. I., 

I'loc.  <'al.  Ac.  Si'i.,  1S74,  27.").— ('oiiKs,  In  Klliott'n  Kpt.  All'.  Alanka,  1S73;  /{iimiil,   \mr>, 

I'.tl.'.— Ki.i.ioi  I,  Moll.  Suiil  I(1h.,  l«K2,  130. 
I'haltwrocoioj:  liimHtaliiH,  ('«.ik.s,  Koy,  1K!K),  72«.— (Ikant,  Cat.  H.  Hi.  Miih.,  mm,  'SM. 
Vhalmracorax  itrile,  Nkl.son,  Hds.  Alaska,  1887,  t>5.— A.  (J.  U.  C'h.  l.isi,  1895,   15.— KiDiiWAY, 
Man.,  1880,  80. 

Fairly  abundant  und  one  of  the  few  summer  birds  whi(!h  winter.  But  few  breed 
on  St.  Paul,  the  chief  nesting  places  beinf,'  on  VViilrus,  Otter,  and  St.  (ieorfje  islands. 
They  are  far  h)8s  abundant  now  than  formerly.  When  one  is  in  a  boat  .some  di.stance 
from  land  and  cormorants  are  about,  several  will  usually  alter  their  <!our.se  to  «'ircle 
about  and  iiLsjiecit  at  close  quarters. 

"As  this  bird  is  found  durinii;  the  whole  winter,  in  spite  of  severe  weather, 
perched  on  the  sheltered  blurt's,  the  natives  regard  it  with  a  species  of  aft'ection,  for  it 
furnishes  the  only  supply  that  they  can  draw  upon  for  fresh  meat,  soups,  and  stews, 
always  wanted  by  the  sick;  and  were  the  shags  sought  after  throughout  the  year, 
as  they  are  during  the  short  spell  of  intensely  bitter  weather  that  occMirs  in  severe 
winters,  driving  the  other  waterfowl  away,  they  would  certainly  be  speedily  extermi- 
nated. They  are  seldom  shot,  however,  when  anything  else  can  be  obtained." — 
(Elliott.) 

A  somewhat  critical  comi)arison  of  the  feather  conditions  of  my  specimens  of 
vari(uis  ages  has  led  me  to  doubt  the  correctness  of  the  position  usually  assigned  the 
birds  of  this  order  in  our  lists.  Consequently,  I  have  examined  all  the  specimens 
accessible  to  me,  not  only  of  this  order,  but  of  most  of  the  families  of  North  American 
birds.     I'art  of  the  results  are  embodied  in  the  present  paper. 

In  winter  specimens  in  adult  plumage  the  necks  are  profusely  decorated  with 
long,  white,  club-shaped  flloplumaceous  feathers.  Most  of  tlie.se  drop  out  before  sum- 
mer, but  a  few  arc  persi-stent  and  can  be  found  on  the  necks,  usually  Just  below  the 
head  and  sometimes  on  the  breast  (fig.  0,  IM.  XL).  One  of  my  immature  (brown 
yearling)  specimens  also  has  quite  a  number  on  the  neck  (fig.  7),  and  some  of  these 
have  one  to  several  rami  scattered  irregularly  down  the  rachis  (fig.  8).    Also  on  my 

373 


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374 


rilK    IIU    fSKAI.S    (IK    TIIK    I'UlltlLOF    ISLANDS. 


two  yoiiii;;  ntllucte*!  on  Aiit;iist  7  (ulMiiit  two  iiiontlis  old),  t\u'.  \wv,k>\  liavo  n  avvnl 
iiiiiiilit'i'  of  tlicso  \oini,  wliito  lllopliiiiifH  |)ro,jc<^tiiit;  Ixtyoiid  tlit;  tl(»wii  (tif;. '.)).  Tlirso 
iiviM'ii^«^  iilioiit  \'2  iiiilliiiu^tei'H  in  length,  anil  uru  iUho  to  l>u  found  HpuriuKly  all  ovur 
the  body,  espi'cially  on  tlu;  tlii^MiH.  I  iiiii  at  a  Iohh  to  interpret  tliusu  leatliur  Htnir- 
tiiroM.  Tliey  mo  evidently  de;^'«'nerate  and  lioniolo^rouH  with  those  so  abundiuit  about 
tiie  bases  of  tlie  hii't^ur  fcatlieis  of  eagles,  ute,,  but  in  tliis  instance  they  precede  tiie  true 
feather  f^rowtli.  The  feathers  of  the  white  thigli  patelies  of  the  fully  adult  p'luu'ully 
bef^in  to  loosen  by  iliine,  so  that  few  speeiinons  are  peifeef  in  that  respect  anions 
those  taken  on  .lune  l.'t.  On  Auf^ust  7,  j;o<)(l  "^i^tMl  young  were  found  hiding;  ainon;; 
the  roeks,  and  two  were  collected,  Nos.  llS7-(»,  I  l.S71i7,  9  9  ;  one  of  th(^se,  L'S  inches  long, 
is  still  in  the  downy  stage  on  tho  body,  lint  the  wings  and  scapulars  are  well  featli 
ercd,  and  sonnt  new  feathers  are  shi»wing  down  the  breast.  Others  are  to  be  seen  all 
over  the  body  upon  parting  the  down.  The  tail  is  well  grown.  The  d<»wn  is  darkest, 
sooty  seal  brown,  toward  the  tail,  gradually  changing  to  drab  gray  toward  and  on  the 
head.  The  other  specimen  is  older  and  liaH  lost  the  down  on  the  body  and  partly 
up  the  nock,  wher«'  it  has  been  ro])la(;e<l  by  the  shorter  and  much  paler  new  growth 
of  down.  This  change  takes  place  all  over  the  body,  tlu»  long,  brown,  tlrst  down 
giving  way  to  the  new  true  featiiers  att«'r  they  have  grown  for  a  time,  and  a  new, 
short,  whitish  down,  which  evidently  is  pernninent  until  the  next  year's  molt. 

A  very  small  nestling  (No.  tJ'J5;{;!,  St.  I'aul,  .Inly  li,  IHT'J,  II.  VV.  Klliott)  is  scantily 
clothed  with  dark  brown  down,  it  being  especially  abundant  on  the  thighs  and  scanty 
elsewhere.  Most  of  the  down  is  still  bound  with  the  remains  of  the  sheaths,  but  on 
the  thighs  it  is  dry  and  liulVy.  On  one  of  the  thighs  and  on  the  neck  downward  all 
over  the  underbody  are  single  white  downs  scattered  about  somewhat  evenly.  On 
the  other  thigh  there  is  but  one.  A  few  white  downs  can  be  seen  on  my  two  larger 
specimens  when  the  long  dark  down  is  parted,  but  tlu^n'  are  very  few. 

The  absence  of  down  attached  to  the  tips  of  the  new  feather  growth  of  the  cor- 
morant and  which  is  so  conspiciuous  in  many  species,  especially  in  the  higher  birds, 
led  me  to  examine  these  specimens  closely.  The  8e<|uence  of  feather  growth  on  the 
body  of  the  cormorant  is  as  follows.  The  bird  is  hatched  nude.  In  a  few  days  down 
ai>pears  on  the  feather  tracts  of  the  dorsal  surface,  the  growth  gradually  spreading 
until  the  whole  body  is  covered  with  the  down,  the  head  being  the  last  to  be  com 
pleted.  This  down  increases  in  length  as  the  bird  grows,  reaching  a  length  on  the 
back  of  about  21  millimeters.  When  this  down  has  reached  its  full  length  ami  abun- 
dance, our  young  bird  is  about  one-third  grown.  Then  the  new  plumage  contour 
feathers  appear,  as  I  have  described.  As  these  new  feathers  increase  in  length  this 
lirst  down  loosens  and  drops  out  and  another  downy  growth  follows.  Thus  in  the 
young  C(»rniorant,  before  it  has  become  fully  feathered,  there  have  developed  two  dis- 
tinct downs,  btn;oi;>rally  similar,  but  differing  in  coh>r  and  length,  and  functionally, 
if  such  a  word  can  b)  applied  here,  dissimilar.  Thes<!  two  down  growths  are  common 
to  many  other  binls,  especially  the  hawks,  but  there  the  tirst  is  attached  to  the  tips  of 
the  tirst  plui!i.i';e  eathers  as  they  grow  out,  whereas  in  the  Steganopodes  the  opposite 
is  the  case.  Hence  I  have  formed  the  opinion  that  the  first  down  growth  of  the  cor- 
morant is  homologous  with  the  first  down  growth  of  other  groups.  An  examination 
and  comparison  of  many  specimens  of  young  birds  of  this  order  reveals  similar  con- 
ditions to  those  of  the  cornnuant.  Hence  the  conclusion  is  inevitable  that  in  this 
order  we  have  early  plumage  conditions  (juite  different  to  those  that  obtain  in  all  the 
other  groui)s. 


TIIK    lUKhS   OK    IHK    I'UiniLOl'    ISI.ANItS. 


375 


On  the  lower  portion  of  tlic  logs  of  my  larner  yoiiiiy  Hpt't-iiiu-ii  tliere  lire  quite  a 
muiiber  of  fcMitliors  iiciirly  full  f,'rowu,  whicii  in  their  iippeiinuu-e  dillcr  ;jreiUly  from 
tlioso  on  tite  Ixidy.  Their  distal  outline,  instead  of  hein^  clean  eut,  have  the  rami 
eoiisideraldy  len}:;thened  and  llulfy.  At  (irst  glance  tliis  \v(»uld  Neem  to  lie  Himilar  to 
th<'  down  attached  to  the  first  feathers  of  other  birds,  hut  under  the  iideroseope  it  is 
necn  that  the  rami  tips  are  simply  lengthened,  they  having  hinger  radii  than  usual. 
They  are  really  partially  scmiplunnu'eous  fi-athers.  lUit  attached  to  the  tips  of  out; 
or  two  of  the  rami  on  nearly  every  one  of  these  feathers  is  a  slight  swelling  with  a 
eontinuation  of  the  rami  at  its  apex.  These  ends  are  variously  broken  and  imperfed, 
but  there  ran  be  no  tjuestion  but  that  th(;y  are  a  relie  of  the  first  down  growth,  and 
hence  are  identical  with  those  described  under  Triniin  ptiloniemin,  but  of  course  greatly 
degen(Mjite.  Also  on  the  eiarly  upper  tail  coverts  the  tips  carry  a  ruiliment  of  the 
down  growth. 

In  the  higlu'r  groups,  according  to  the  |)osition  ofthe  itirds  in  the.  avian  scale  and 
the  flight  and  nidilication  characteristics,  the  suppression  of  the  tiist  downs  on  the 


III 


h 


I 


rm 


K 


'rilV  OK   FKATlrr.KH   <1K   VdIM.   CiiRMOHANT. 

(I,  li,  f,  (/,  !■,  riniii  Iciwcr  iMirlinii  (il  li'u.Mhiiwiii);  vuriipiislv  wmii  niiiil  liiiM,  il  iiucl  c  with  riiiliiiiiiitH  of  ilii»  n  jiHarliCMl; 
/.  lip  lit'  fi  Hrnimlaij,  iIki  ii|i|iir  iiiiiliiip  liciiifj  llm  <lr>;ciMr:itr  clinvii;  r/,  tip  n(  an  upper  tail  nniirt,  ttitli  i  iiiliiiii'iiliiiy  iluwn 
attai'lii'il;  h.  tip  of  a  tirtial  witli  a  imini  ]iiM'l'oct.  tliiiiiKli  rudinuntar.v  ilowii.     All  ({rial  I  j  inlarniil. 

tips  ofthe  flight  feathers  is  either  complete  <»•  jtartially  so.  In  the  birds  of  this  order 
there  is  a  slight  difference  according  to  the  family,  but  as  a  rule  the  down  is  persistent 
on  a  small  portion  of  the  growing  flight  feather.  In  the  cormorant  it  is  much  less  so 
than  in  the  other  examples  of  the  order  that  1  have  seen.  On  some  secondaries  and 
tertiaries  of  the  larger  of  my  young  si)eciniens  there  are  attached  to  the  tips  a  pro- 
hingation  of  the  rachis,  having  longer  rami  but  shorter  radii  than  those  immediately 
behtw.  A  very  similar  though  more  perfect  structure  is  found  in  some  <»ther  birds  of 
other  orders,  where  there  can  be  no  (luestion  as  to  their  downy  nature  and  position. 
Un(|uestionably  this  irregular,  imperfect,  and  short  lived  growth  is  the  remnant  of 
the  downs  of  the  tlight  feathers.  They  rarely  exceed  .'J  or  4  ndllimetera  in  length. 
In  Snla  they  are  mwh  larger  and  more  persistent,  and  differ  but  little  in  the  other 
families. 

Uidike  most  water  birds,  the  cormorant  is  hatched  nude  ami  its  eggs  are  very 
small,  considering  the  bulk  of  the  jjanrnts.  Soon  after  liatching  the  down  appears, 
short  at  first  but  increasing  in  length  as  the  bird  grov.s.    As  it  reaches  full  size  the 


''fl 


I    r 


I 


■  «r    ,1       : 


l!     ! 


37r> 


THK    VVH   SEALS    OF    THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


It 


first  true  foiithcrs,  tlie  wiiiteriii}^  plumage,  iipiiears,  and  as  it  covers  the  body  tlie  down 
loo8<>ns  and  dr(»ps  out.  A  niitToscopical  exaniinatioii  of  this  down  reveals  a  true 
bunch  of  down  rami  but  all  united  at  their  proximal  ends  in  a  somewhat  uneven 
manner,  so  that  their  cond)ined  mass  at  that  point  is  homogeneous  and  (;an  not  be 
separated,  when  fully  grown,  into  rami  parts.  Figs.  10  and  11  show  the  structure  of 
these  downs.  We  have  thus  a  peculiar  case  quite  unlike  any  other  North  American 
bird  except  the  members  of  this  order  in  that  the  first  body  downs  are  not  pushed  out 
by  and  atta(!hed  to  the  tips  of  the  new  feathers. 

The  i)resence  of  a  well-defined  persistent  rachis  or  calamus,  the  nm!i|ual  and 
irregular  dividing  of  the  bases  of  the  down  rami  and  theii  nonattaclii.ient,  externally, 
to  the  tips  of  the  new  feathers,  their  slow  growth,  and  the  long  period  of  use  of  the  first 
true  feathers,  suggests  that  we  have  to  do  with  feather  conditions  nuich  more  i)rimi- 
tive  and  degenerate  than  in  water  birds  generally,  and  quite  diflerent  to  those  to  be 
considered  later.  No  structure  or  rami  bases  can  be  seen  in  the  rachis  when  full 
grown,  though  as  it  is  growing  the  buiulles  of  rami  fibers  are  distiiuttly  to  be  seen 
even  to  the  growing  end,  as  shown  in  fig.  lli.  Further  explanation  will  be  found  with 
the  plate. 

Consideration  and  comparison  of  the;  •;  feather  strurtures  and  the  environing 
intluencesof  the  habitat  of  the  species  has  led  me  to  the  con<!lusion  that  the  cm-- 
numints,  with  the  other  nuunbers  of  the  order,  occupy  a  much  lower  position  on  the 
avian  scale  than  the  other  species  of  this  list.  The  very  small  egg,  the  nudity  at  birth, 
the  growth  and  chaiacter  of  the  first  and  second  feathering  are  mori>hological  charac- 
ters, which,  taken  together,  are  so  strikingly  diflerent  from  our  other  watei-  birds  as 
to  be  explained  oidy  on  the  ground  of  the  bird:-,  being  less  advanced,  .ind  therefore 
more  generalized.  The  principal  use  of  featiiers  is  as  a  protection  to  the  (uiticle, 
especi'illy  to  prevent  the  rapid  loss  of  body  heat;  therefore  the  great  differences 
noticeable  between  the  feathers  of  land  and  water  birds — such,  for  instance,  as  the 
long,  narrow.  Huffy,  less  rigid  and  less  oily  feathers  of  the  former  as  compared  with 
the  short,  broad,  and  more  compact,  greater  curved,  and  more;  oily  feathers  of  the 
latter  are  adaptive  and  their  use  highly  mechanical.  It  thus  follows  that  ditlerences 
of  method  and  sequence  of  growth  of  the  feathers  of  water  biids,  when  tue  mechani- 
cal stress  due  to  similarity  of  use  varies  but  slightly,  or  not  at  all,  aie  of  value  on 
purely  morphological  grounds,  and  suggestive  of  the  path  ef  their  evclution.  The 
specialization  of  any  group  is  due  to  the  constant  efforts  of  mu-h  to  adapt  themselves 
to  minute  changes  of  environment  during  millions  of  years,  the  pathway  being 
selected  by  the  tastes  of  a  more  or  less  numerous  body  of  individuals,  separate 
bodies  diverging  indifferent  directions  and  gradually  becoming  more  different,  thus 
forming  other  species  and  genera.  H>it  the  slight  need  of  further  physiological 
specialization  (»f  the  feather  growtli,  after  having  once  attained  a  high  plane,  is  shown 
by  the  snfliciency  of  their  development  in  securing  an  end  necess;ity  foi'  the  direct 
preservation  of  the  species — the  prevention  of  the  rapid  loss  of  body  heat  and  protec- 
tion of  the  cuti(!h'.  l-'urther  changes  (color  and  shape)  nnist  necessarily  lesult  from 
the  a«!tion  of  psychological  or  psychodynaniical  intluences.  Ac(  onling  to  this  view 
the  cormorant  lias  remained  at,  or  probably  degenerate*!  to,  a  h.>wer  point  on  the 
avian  s«'a1e  tnan  any  of  the  other  forms  of  this  list.  Aiu,  this  seeni«  true  also  of  the 
other  member.-'  of  the  same  order,  although  all  of  them  have  vvriously  difTerentiated 
iu  the  direction  of  greater  specialization,  but  not  in  all  respects  to  the  same  extent  as 


mm 


•■"«■ 


;-':ii 


THK    HIUUS    (H'"    TIIK    I'KIUILOK    ISLANDS. 


377 


II 


other  Wiiter  birds.'  Tlif  liict  tluit  (litltToiit,  spocitis  liavo  iicioiiiplislu'd  similar  coin- 
pjiijibh!  icsiilts  ill  matiiHi  pliiiiiaj'e,  by  mads  so  slrikiiif^ly  ditl'oreiit  aigiuis,  J  thiiiiv, 
an  cvoliitioiial  Hiij;gcstioii  of  tiic  i!liioiiol();;ical  iliaiigirs  wliicii  have  taken  phiee.  Our 
knowledge  of  the  n^lationsiiips  (if  extant  to  extiiiet  Ibiiiis  is  obviously  crude  and 
iiiexaet,  because  of  the  great  lack  of  precise  (hila  and  the  deticienci«'s  of  the  known 
and  guessed  in  j;eolofiical  rei^oid;  and  on  the  otiicr  hand  one  is  apt  to  be  misled  by 
not  properly  disciiminating  between  the  purely  m(»r|»liological  chiirac^ters  and  those 
that  are  partly  or  entirely  and  strikingly  adaptive,  either  on  physiologieal  or  psyidio 
logi(;al  lines. 

1  am  fully  aware  that  in  thus  placing  this  species  at  the  foot  of  my  ornithologiual 
ladder  1  am  doing  violence  to  ciirient  opinions;  yet  consilering  its  life  history,  its 
evident  generalized  low  stinctuie,  and  lack  of  advancec  s|»eeializatioii,  I  can  not 
eonsider  it  as  anything  but  hiwer  in  the  aviiiii  scale  than  the  other  species  of  water 
birds  to  follow. 

The  nest  of  the  red  faced  cormorant  is  large,  Hi  to  IS  iiches  in  diameter,  and  is 
plact^d  in  the  center  ol'  a  iiiclie  or  shelf  of  the  rocks.  It  is  composed  almost  entirely 
of  st^a  ferns  with  a  few  ipiill  feathers  of  the  huge  gulls  inserted  in  the  sides,  perhaps 
for  ornitment  or  recognition.  The  nests  are  very  tiltliy;  insects,  especially  maggots, 
swarm  beneath  them,  and  evidently  they  are  used  for  many  seasons,  with  repairs. 
They  breed  early.  Hlliott  toitk  two  eggs,  well  incubated,  on  .hiiie  1,  187-',  and  I 
secured  young,  some  a  week  old,  on  Walnis  Island,  on  .liine  l.S,  together  with  eggs 
more  or  less  advanced  in  iiurubatio'i.  Some  nests  contained  two,  others  three,  ami  a 
few  four  eggs.  ITsually  the  birds  leave  the  nest  upon  our  api»roacliiiig,  but  in  one 
case  by  moving  slowly  I  succeeded  in  capturing  a  female  by  the  neck  with  my  hand. 

"From  the  nest  of  a  cormorant  I  removed  two  full  grown  birds,  to  all  appi-nranees 
the  parents  of  the  brood  of  chicks,  and  1  afterwards  observed  two  otiier  aiiuit  birds 
feeding  the  chicks  and  taking  a  parent's  ci'      of  them." — l.ntz. 

The  ergs  of  this  species  are  very  snia.i  for  the  size  of  the  birds.  The  general 
color  is  a  light,  pale  blue,  over  which  is  deposited,  thinly  and  thickly,  a  layer  of  white, 
«'halky  lime,  which  is  roughened  by  contact  with  the  nesting  material.  Usually  the 
blue  can  be  seen  through  this  wliite  layer,  but  often  it  is  thick  and  c;in  be  picked  off 
and  scraped  from  the  bluish  surface  of  the  egg.  That  the  white  surface  layer  is  soft 
when  the  egg  is  deposited  is  shown  especially  by  No.  1(»741,  which  has  several  small 
pieces  of  grassy  mattei'  imbedded  in  the  surfa(;e,  besides  numerous  impressions  of 
others.  The  eggs  are  tiltliy,  as  a  rule,  when  in  the  nest,  and  when  advanced  in 
iinriibation  ar<^  apt  to  be  stained  yellowish,  even  when  well  washed  and  cleaned. 

The  largest  and  smallest  eggs  were  collected  by  Mr.  Mlliolt  in  the  summer  of  1872, 
and  measure  L'.ftO  by  l.l"),  li.'JIJ  by  l.r>7.  A  set  of  three  taken  by  myself  on  trune  l.'i, 
1890,  on  Walrus  Island,  measure  li.r.0  by  I.nr),  L'.ll  by  1.51',  L».3()  by  IM.  A  single 
egg  t'ken  at  the  same  time  is  l!.4(>  by  I.IO.     I  saw  several  sets  of  four. 

The  following  are  the  weights  of  seven  specimens  collected  .lune  l.'J,  18!l0:  Adult 

'  'riiiiH  ill  Suit!  ttowns  tin:  |iriiiiiiiuMitl.v  nttiirhoil  to  thi'  tips  iif  tilt;  tli^lit  leathi^rs  anil  tlirir  covorta, 
mill  ill  cmi!  N|lt>c■i<^!^  ill,  le.ist  III  tlio  Hi'.iiiiilars.  Otliijiwim^  tlioy  iiro  ;is  in  I'lialafiocurtu.  Tim  i'X|>liiiiii- 
tiiiii  in  |ioi'hiiiiH  winiiilr,  Hill  liiglun'  lboil-j;i'ltiii;;li;il>it«  of  Sith  liavinj''  lnoiliKU'il  iiiiil  lixeil  a  i(>nrs|)c)ii<l- 
ing  iiilvanreiiK'iit  111'  IimIIiit  Ktriu'tiini  on  tlii>  pints  iiirntiontMl,  owiii;;  to  llioir  lialiiliiiil  line,  riic  low 
jfi'iulu  of  till'  iiu'inliors  of  tliis  oriliT  liiis  piMiniMeil  a  ilojji'iirration  of  tlir  connt'i'tivo  portion  of  tlii'  lirst 
two  friilhi'r  stnu'lnix's  on  tliosi'  parts  Irss  ronrernuil  in  llio  powers  ol'  Might,  and  whicb,  in  I'hahiDro- 
lorax,  has  cxtemlml  to  nuarly  all  tin'  fiiathors. 


I'll 


;^1 


^   ;'ti 


\ 


37H 


TIIK    VUK    ,SKA1,S    OK    THK    IMMHIKOK    ISLANDS. 


«      \'r 


5    , 


;)0 


iiialois,  .">.l  iiiid  ."»■;  itoiiniiM;  adult  foiiiiUiw,  ■\\  and  '.i'^  ixniiids;  imiiiiitiirf  (brown)  nialos, 
4^,  5-^,  and  it'l  pounds. 

Order  ANSEHES.     lianicllinistral  Swimmers. 

Family  ANATIDAE.     Ducks,  Geese,  nnd  Swans. 

Eleven  are  here  noted  as  occnrrinfj  on  tlie  islands;  others  are  undoubtedly  t(»  l.„ 
ionnd  during  migrations  and  in  winter.  Three  speeies  traced,  two  ettmmoidy  and 
the  other  in  small  numbers.  Of  one  of  these,  the  llarletiuiu  duck,  it  would  seem  that 
the  nest  and  eggs  have  not  been  seen  on  tlie  islamls,  though  the  young  apparently 
have  been  taken.' 

2.  Merganser  americaniiB  (('iiHN.).     Aiiiuiicaii  Morf;iuiHor. 

Miniiin  amtrwaiiHH,  Hai.!,,  Proc.  Ciil.  Ac.  Sci.,  IKT.'J,  30. 
M\i'rii)is\  meriiatntr,  ('di'ks,  Kt\v,  IHOO,  716. 

Mininnsei-  iiiiierivnniis,  Sai.nadoki,  <'iit.   II.   I?r.  Mim.,  XXVIF,   IS!).".,   177.— A.  O.  U.  Cli.  Liwt, 
18!)5.  17.  — KiiMiWAY,  Man.  18!t6,  SO. 

Ofniuloubted  oceurreiwe  during  migrations  ami  in  winter,  but  the  only  knowl- 
edge I  have  is  from  Dr.  Dall's  reference  as  above,  whicli  simply  notes  its  ocinirrenec 
in  winttn-. 

3.  Harelda  hyenialis  (Linn.).     (»1(I-S(|n!i\v,  ".svui/Aii." 

y/((i'(;Ma  (//<icirt/iH,  CoiKS,  in  Klliolt'8  K'i>t.  Art'.  Alaskn,  !  ■i*  ;;  I'-v  ■^T.'j,  litl ;  Koy,  ISlMi,  7(Hi.— 

Kl.l.loTT,  Mon.  Se;il  IiIh.,  1S«L',  IHO.  — SAl.VAlxtlil,  (a!     !;.  lU  >iu«.,  XXVII,  l«!l,5,  :tXll. 

Claiiijiila  huemalix,  A.  <)    U.  Cli.  I.isi,  lSi)."),.5.">.-K'iiHi\VAV,  Man.  18i)fi,  lOi. 
Harelda  liyemalis,  A.  O.  II.  C'imi.,  Ank,  lS!t7,  ILT.. 

A  eominon  species.  Breeds  near  the  freshwater  ponda.  "  The  Noa/lm  is  a  very 
lively  bird,  particularly  in  the  spring,  when,  with  the  breaking  ui>  of  the  ice,  it  tlies 
into  the  open  reaches  of  water  aiul  raises  its  iie(!uliar,  sonorous; and  reiterated  cry  of 
<(li-Hti(ih-n<iiili-;iah,  which  rings  cheerfully  upon  tlu^  ear  after  the  silence  and  desolate 
dearth  of  an  ice-bouiul  winter" — [Elliott).  They  can  be  found  on  all  the  ponds,  and 
it  is  conunon  to  see  a  male  resting  quietly  on  the  surface  at  lui  great  distance  from  its 
sitting  mate.  When  disturbed  and  made  to  lly,  the  loud  cries  of  the  nuale  soun<led  very 
like  o)r-oir-i'nr-oircrrr.  ISetween  the  foxes  and  the  natives,  who,  ui)on  finding  a  nest, 
generally  suck  the  eggs,  it  is  a  wonder  that  the  species  is  so  eominon.  Before  nr 
about  the  time  that  the  young  are  hatched  and  brought  to  the  i»oiids  by  t.cir  mothers, 
the  males  have  forsaken  their  usual  haunts  on  the  jtonds  and  have  h  •';  '  <  tiie  open 
sea.  This  occurs  early  in  August.  The  nests  are  placed  almost  an;,  v  'ere  i,:.  ^he  Hat 
ground  near  the  jioiuls,  on  a  little  rise,  usually.  On  .lune  115  I  fow  I  i,  '.u.^l  ;n-d  nine 
fresh  eggs  about  40  feet  from  the  village  pond  on  St.  I'anl.  It  was  itla- nt  mi  .;  little 
liilltK'k  on  the  killing  ground.  When  flushed,  about  10  feet  o(t',  the  bird  fi;  v  di  ectly 
to  '^s  nmte  in  the  pond.  Leaving  the  eggs,  1  returned  soon,  t<'  liiid  that  she  iiiil  been 
back,  had  covered  them  completely  with  down  and  dry,  short  grass,  and  returnc(i  to 
the  pond.  June  17,  before  S  a.  ni.,  I  found  a  nest,  merely  a  few  pieces  of  short  grass 
stems,  and  c(mtaining  one  egg.  Each  morning  thereafter  at  the  sanui  time  1  found 
another  egg  and  more  nest  nuiterial,  including  from  the  second  morning  an  addition 


'Tliis  is  a  vt>iy  diNtinct  ordov.  It  mIiouIiI  i>roipably  nink  Iii)j1i("r,  Init  to  jilact'  it  t'lHuwlutro  woiilil 
do  violence  (o  tht^  Sfiinciii'O  follow  inj;.  The  foatlicr  utriicturo  ami  jiiowtli  (usppcially  oJ'  thu  uoosnoii 
tiles)  are  <|Uito  ditVerent  and  distini't  (V'liii  all  our  otiirr  orders. 


>r1 


THK    lilUDS   OK   THK    rUIBILOF    ISI,ANI)8. 


37i) 


of  black  down,  \vi:i»;li  wiis  alwiiyo  ;>liicetl  on  siiid  aroiuid  tlie  oggs,  not  IxMieatli,  aiul 
\vlii(!li  was  evidently  froni  iho  bird's  own  breast.  On  June  10  sevoral  males  were  to 
be  seen  still  in  t\w  winter  plnniage,  iun)  one  remained  for  a  considctrable  time  after 
with  the  head  feathers  nn('hanj;ed.  A  fi-male,  -lune  L'l,  had  not  ehaii{;eil  at  all.  No. 
11S7138,  ,^  ,  ,Jniie  7.  Tip  and  base  of  bill  bhuk,  tciitor  b'ifj^nt  salmon,  blending  in 
front,  bnt  joinin,;,'  black  in  front  of  nostrils  by  a  sharp  cnrvcd  line.  Salmon  color 
continued  aeniss  lower  jaw,  with  the  tii)  blackish.  Feet  jtearly  white,  webs  darkish, 
also  joints,  as  well  as  between  scales;  iris  yellow  gray.  No.  IISTLMI,  V  ,  tlune  7.  Bill 
very  dark  olivi,  base  behind  nostrils  blot<^hy  greenisli;  feet  similar  to  (5  ;  iris  light 
hazel.  Downy  yonnji :  liill  dark  brown,  center  of  lip  of  upper  mandible  lioiny 
reddish,  lenchinj;  back  on  the  si(!i's  somewhat;  iris  dark  brown;  feet  glossy  greenish 
gray.  Joints  darker;  webs  at  sides  of  toes  light  olive,  reaching  partly  over  toes  between 
the  Joints. 

4.  Histi'ioniciis  histiioiiicus  (I. inn. ).     Marloiiuiii  Diirk. 

IliKliwiiiciiH  liir(iiiiiliis,  ('(HKs,  in  I'.lliott's  K'pi.  All.  Alaska,  lHT,i;  liviirinl,  187.">,  I'.t'.t. — Kl.l.ion, 

Mom.  Si'mI  Id.s.,  IKKL',  VMK 
ll\i,tlriii>iiiii-<\  iiiiiiiihis,  Cin'Ks,  Kry,  IHilO,  "07. 

Cmmoiifllit  liiKliioiiicn,  SAl.\At>()Ki,  Cut.  If.  Hr.  Mu8.,  .X.WIl,  IS!I5,  .'tiP.'i. 
lli»lrioii'wiin  liixtrioiiicKH,  Nki.son,   Hds.   AlimUu,   18H7,   74.— 'I'ow.n.sknu,   CniiHd   Corwiii,   IHHT, 

!'!».— A. O.ir.Ch.l.iNt,  IWI.".,  .^..").— KlixiWAV,  Mini.  l«!Ki,  ll»7. 

An  abundant  species  about  the  rocky  islets  and  shores,  usually  in  (juite  large 
llo(^ks.  "It  is  the  most  gregarious  of  ail  thediu-k  tribe  known  to  these  islands:  Hocks 
of  a  huiulred  closely  bunched  together  may  be  found  at  every  turn  by  the  traveler  on 
the  coast;  nor  is  it  particularly  wild  or  shy,  for  every  morning  at  St.  (»eorge  »  •  • 
I  could  have  a  shot  at  fifty  or  a  hundred  of  these  birds.  *  *  •  It  is  a  remarkably 
oiient  bird,  and  from  it  I  never  heard  any  cry  whatever  during  the  whole  year;  for  it 
is  about  the  island,  unless  the  ice  drives  it  away,  throughout  that  entire  ])erio(l." — 
[EUiott.)  On  a  little  rock  olV  slwue,  under  Village  Hill  on  St.  I'aul,  I  saw  freipiently 
luily  1  at)  of  this  sju'cies.  They  vm\w  about  7  p.  m.  to  roost  during  favorable  weather. 
Seeing  a  person  on  the  dilf,  they  lly  otV  into  the  sea;  but  if  one  remains  (piiet  they  soon 
return,  and,  taking  advantagi*  of  the  crest  of  a  wave,  make  a  short  Might  to  the  rock. 
Among  them,  on  .lune  lli,  I  saw  three  male  Steller's  eider.s  and  several  females.  In 
bad  weather  on  the  western  side  of  the  island  they  roosted  at  night  on  the  rocks  in 
the  harbor,  and  often  during  the  summer  canui  into  the  harbor,  and  even  Hew  up  the 
lagoon.  On  .Inly  lit  I  c(mnted  (>.'{  in  the  harbor,  of  which  only  .?  were  males  in  full 
plumage.  I  was  told  that  .some  young  were  killed  on  St.  (leorgc  during  the  summer. 
The  eggs,  of  which  few  are  known,  even  these  being  of  «loubtful  identification,  are 
given  by  Mr.  IJidgway  in  iiisuninual  as  '-buIVy  white  or  palebufVy,  '1,'M)  by  l.tili."  Nos. 
tilLM)7-(;i;M)l.  ,5  .?  9  V  9  ,  .lune-.liily,  lS7.i,  St.  (leorge,  11.  W.  TJliott.  No.  KMiS.JO,  i, 
.luiie  11,  l.SS;"),  Otter  Island,  <!.  II.  Townsend. 

5.  Enioonetta  stelleii  I'all.     .S(illri'n  I'.idor. 

Sonuiliiiii  ulillii-i,  ColKS,   ill    KUioll's  Kpt.   AtV.    .Maskii,    1S7;(;    lliiiyiiil,    lS7r>,    1!I2.— Kl.l.lnrr, 

Moil.  Scul  1<1«.,  ISS'J,  i;{0. 
fiomiiliria  {II.)  utelhri.  Corrs,  Kry,  ISiH),  W.K 

llvnUtiiivliH  W«//(!ii.  Sai.va ti,  Cat.  It.  I!r.  Miis.,  XXVII,  IS'.l.".,  41H. 

Knicnirtta  xUlleri,  Nr.L.soN,  Mils.  Alaska,  1SN7,  7").— A.  ().  I'.  Cli.  Lint,  18!!".,  iiO.-KuMiWAT,  Man. 

\K'M>,  lOS. 

From  the  Village  Hill  at  St.  Paul  in  May,  1872,  IMr.  Klliott  slutt  tw(t  exaiui)les,  and 
from  tlie  same  point  of  view  I  saw  several  on  -luius  10,  IS',10,  m  company  with  many 


;  t 


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II 


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■  ■  I 

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Ir 

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3x0 


THK    I'UR    SKALS   OF    I'lIK    I'HIHILoF    ISLANDS. 


Iliirlutinin  ditcks.  Ho  also  inuntioiiK  two  others  that  were  shot  ort"  Kast  Point  on  St. 
<ieor}^c  in  l.HTli.  In  the  harbor  of  St.  Paul,  ott'  tlu^  wharf,  on  .lune  14,  I  saw  fonr  iinil 
shot  three  of  theni,  all  adult  males.  T.ater  I  saw  others  frequently,  both  nniles  and 
fcniales,  in  the  harbor,  sometimes  on  the  laj^oon  beach  of  the  killing  ground,  s(»nie- 
times  Hying  nj)  the  lagoon,  and  even  with  the  old  squaws.  I  could  find  no  trace  of 
tlieir  breeding,  though  they  were  often  in  pairs.  No.  11S744,  ad.  i  ,  June  14,  1890,  St. 
Paul,  W.  Palmer.  Length,  17.55;  extent,  US.75;  wing,  8.57.  Stomach  and  crop 
contents:  Sand,  small  shtjlltish,  and  a  great  iiuantity  of  sea  tieas.     \V,  1', 

6.  Somateiia  v-nigra  (Ji'iiy.     raoilic  Ki<l<T. 

Somaleria  i-niiinim,  Sai.vaihuh,  Oat.  1$.  llr.  Mils.,  XXVII,  18!t5,  IliO.— Cocks,  K«v,  WM),  712. 
Sumalcriii  r-iii;irii,  A.  ().  l'.  C!li.  List,  l«',tr>,  57.— Rhxiway,  Man.  1S!16,  110. 

Visits  the  islands  ill  winter.  Seldom  seen  near  shore.  Usually  common  i>utside 
of  the  ice. 

7.  Nettion  caiolinense  (]Mi<-l.     (M-oeii-\viiif;«<l  Tt'iil. 

Nellhii  iitroliiirnKis,  Sai.vakohi,  Cat.  U.  ".r.  Mils.,  XXVII,  lS!tr>,  2.50. 

Qiiii-(iiit(iiil(t  (.V.)  ((irolineiinii,  CoIKS,  Key,  18!(0,  tii).">. 

Anus  aiiuliiitiiKiii,  A.  O.  I'.  Cli.  List,  Witi"),  50. — Kihuwav,  Mini.  IS!M>,  !'l. 

Wo  saw  one  in  a  pond  near  the  village  of  St.  <ioorge  May  -'s,  iSiMI,  whi«rh  was 
killed  later  the  sayie  summer.  They  are  migratory  and  usually  occur  every  year  in 
sir-  vll  iinmbers,  but  are  not  known  to  breed. 

..las  penelope  Liuii.     Kiiropriiii  Widguou. 

Mareca  pviitlopt;  Coii'.s,  in   l',lliott'.s  Rpt.  All'.  Alaska,  1S73;    Heprinf,  1875,  101;   Key,  1800, 
IJiU.  — Kl.i.ioTT.  Mon.  Seal  Ids.,  1H82,  130.— Sai  vakoki.  Cat.  U.  Itr.  Mn».,  XXVII,  180.5,  L'L'7. 
Anan  penelo/ie,  A.  < ».  II.  Cli.  List,  1805,  40.— Riikiway,  Man.  ISOti,  Oti. 

"  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  widgeon  which  visits  the  I'ribilof  Islands  is  not 
M,  ((mcricaiKi,  which  wonid  have  been  aiiticii>ated,  but  the  true  ,1/.  i)emU>}tr,  as  Mr. 
Klliott's  si>ecinien  attests." — iVinies.)  *'  It  is  seldom  seen,  ncrcr  in  paim,  does  not 
breed  on  the  islands,  and  ajiparenfy  the  few  individuals  noted  during  two  years' 
observations  were  windbonnd  01  astray." — (KUiott.)  Mr.  Klliott's  speciicoii  added 
this  species  to  the  American  avifauna,  but  (|uite  a  number  of  others  have  been  taken 
since  in  various  places,  especially  among  the  Aleutians,  where  they  probably  breed. 
No.fi25L»5,  ad.  $  ,  May  'J7,  1872,  St.  Paul,  11.  W.  Klliott. 

9.  Anas  boschas  l.iiin.     Mallanl. 

Anas  biisvliaa,  Coijks,  in  Elliott's  Rpt.   All'.  Alaxka,   187;{;   Iteprint,  !875,  100;  Ki.i.iorr,  Mon. 

Seal  Ids.,  1S81',  i:!0;  A.  O.  II.  Ch.  hist,  180,5,  18.— KiixiWAV,  Man.  18!»;;!M. 
.(|ii((sj  boKvas,  Cocks,  Key,  1800,  (iOl. 
.l/i<(«  honciiH,  SAr.VADoKi,  Cat.  n.  Hr.  Miis.,  XXVII,  1805,  180. 

A  few  undoubtedly  breed  about  the  (treat  Lake  and  the  ponds  at  I'olovina.  on  St. 
Paul.iind  sometimes  visit  the  other  lakes.  I  am  not  aware  that  the  nest  and  eggs 
have  been  taken,  but  the  birds  are  often  seen,  as  I  saw  them  frequently  during  the 
summer.     They  are  more  niuneroiis  during  the  migrations.     No  s]>eeimens. 

10.  Aiiser  albifrons  gambeli  (.llarti,).     Aiiierit'an  Wliile-f'roiitod  ( loose. 

AiiKvr  U'lmlxti,  SAi,VAi><)iti,  Cal.,15.  Hr.  .Miis.,  XXVII,  1805,  !  ,■) 

AitKir  alhijronx  tjiimbtii,  A.  O.  1'.  Cli.  last,  180.5,  fil.— Cocks,  Key,  I8<«),  H84.— KiniiWA v,  Mini. 
I80ti,  IKi. 

On  June  11, 1890,  on  a  little  grassy  islet  in  the  village  pond  on  St.  Paul  1  saw  two 


THK    UIKltS    Ol'    TIIR    PItlltlLOF    ISLANDS. 


381 


(>n 


gwso  hiiviiifi'  no  black  <»ii  tlu'  ii<'  i.ls  or  lUMtks.     Later  I  saw  two  otlHfrs.     Tli«y  probably 
ot'iuir  as  migrants  every  year. 

11.  Branta  canadensis  minima  Hiilfrw.    Cackling  (iooHe. 

Ilrania  cmiadensis,  var.  leiivopdreia,  CiirKs,  in  I'Mliott's  Upt.  AtV.  AliiHka,  1873;  Hcprint,  1875,  1!)0. 

Hranla  ntiiiiileiiMh,  Kl.l.lorr,  .Mon.  Scil  Ids.,  ISML',  i;!0. 

/<(crtH/(i|  (\a>iii<l< iisix]  liiiiopnriu,  (!ih:ks,  Key,  IHilli,  (IM!). 

Uraiilii  minima  I{iim;wav,  \'nw.  U.S.  N.  M.,  l«xr>,  L'L'.— Sai.\  aimum.  Cut.   U.  Ilr.  .Mum.,  XXVII, 

\X'Xt,  11(1. 
Uraiita  'anudviiKin  minima  KllxiWAY,  I'roo.  II.  S.  N.  M.,  IWi,  :(.">.">.— Man.,  IH'Hi,  1 17.— A.  < ».  II.  Ch 

List,  ISiC,  t;.i. 

Doe.s  not  breod,  l»nt  seeu  every  year,  sprinfj  anil  lall.  While  walking'  to  ICast 
Landinjr  on  .lime  '2't  a  g'oo.se  Hew  ])ast  ine  wliile  on  its  way  up  the  inland.  On  .lune  L'S 
a  nativ«'  saw  twenty-nine  in  Kaniniinista  Lake  About  the  same  time  I  .saw  two 
others  eome  in  out  of  the  fog  on  the  reef  aid  pa-ss  on,  Hying  very  low,  np  the  island. 
No.  (i2r)L'(;,  ad.  S  ,  May  11,  1872,  St.  PanI,  11.  W.  KUiott. 

12.  Philacte  canagica  (SuvaHt. ).     Kni|i<ti'or  OIooho. 

I'liihtcle lamiiiiva,  Ci>ui;s,  in  Klliutt'.s  Kpt.  All'.  Alaska,  187;f;  Uipriiil,  1875,  189;  Koy,  1S!M),  tiSt!.— 
Ki.i.iuTT,  iVlon.  S«ial  Ida.,  18SL',  liiO.— TiUNKli,  Con.  Nat.  Hist.  Alaska,  1HS(>.  11'.'.— T<.w\- 
SKM),  Crniso  Corwiti,  1SS7,  !»!».— A.  O.  V.  Ch.  List,  ISit.'..  til.— UilxavAY,  Man.  ixni;.  118  — 
Sai.vaI".hi,  Cat.  H.  Mr.  Mns.,  XXVIl,  ISit."..  IW. 

Stragfjlers  oecmr  almost  every  summer  and  us  migrant.s.  Hlliott  says  they  get 
"over  here  by  mistake,  1  t'ancy,  for  the  Hock  of  which  I  witnes.sed  the  capture  landed 
on  St.  I'anl  so  exliaiisted  that  the  natives  ran  the  birtls  down  in  oi)en  chase  over  the 
grass."'  One  was  killed  on  St.  <Jeorge  .luly  H»,  I8JKI,  and  othtiis  have  been  taken 
since.  They  occur  nearly  every  year  in  varying  numbers.  •'Three  or  four  stragglers 
w«'re  also  seen  on  St.  I'ai'l  Island  in  September." — (ToicuNeiul.) 

13.  Olor  columbianus  (Ord).     Wliistlinj:  Swan. 

(iliinii!,  roliimhiiiiiiix,  Sai.vaixiki,  (^at.  li.  Hr.  Mas.,  XXVII.  IKil".,  HI.'.— C.iiKs,  Key   18i«),ti8ll. 
Oil,,-  ii,liii,il,iu,iiis.  A.  (>.  II.  I'll.  List,  ICiir.,  t!5.— KllHiWAV,  Man.  lHt«J,  IL'O. 

They  occur  occasionally.  Several  weie  seen  on  St.  (!eorge  in  tiie  fall  of  1880  and 
three  rested  on  the  shore  at  Halfway  Point,  on  St.  Paul,  during  tiie  same  autumii. 

Order  TITHINAUKS.    Tub»Mio.sed  Swimmers.' 

Family    DIOMEDEIDAE.     Albatrosses. 

14.  Diomedea  albatrus  I'all.     Sliurt-tailod  .Mltatioss. 

lUnmedni  lirarliiiiirii,  iUtvv.s,  in  Klliott's  Hpt.  All.  Alaska,  lS7!t;   It,  print,  li<l',,  I'M;  Koy,  18{K), 

775.  — Kl.i.lon,  Mon.  SiniI  Ids.,  ISSL',  IHl. 
Iiiomedia  allialnii,  Sai.vin,   Cat.  H.  Mr.  Mas.,  XXV,  I8!)t;,  127.  -A.  ().  II.  Ch.  List,  lS!t.5,  28.— 

K'lixiWAY,  Man.,  IS'.tlJ,  51. 

While  1  was  <tn  St.  Paul  a  brown  immature  bird  was  decoyetl  to  a  fishing  boat 
by  means  of  small  pieees  of  fat  and  was  killetl  with  a  stic^k  by  a  native.  (lenerally 
a  few  can  be  seen  among  the  kelp  and  wash  ott"  the  Pecf  point,  but  they  are  (juite 
rare  as  compared  with  many  years  ago  when  whales  ami  whale's  were  numerous,  for, 
as  hilliott  says  of  one  tlnit  he  shot,  "  l''or  as  I  tlrst  discus.sed  the  large  bulk  and 
spreiid  of  the  albatross  ]>rior  to  shooting  the  natives  clapped  their  hands  and  said, 
'Vcm  should  have  been  here  twenty  years  ago,  when  instead  of  this  .solitary  example 
you  wctuld  have  .seen  thousands.'    They  camt^  with  the  whalers  and  disappeared  as 

'  'rin-  lirst  and  srcoinl  IVathiT  stnu'tnri's  of  the  niKniliors  of  this  order  aro  not  jfrnatly  (lillrreut  to 
those  of  th4<  ^rt^hes  and  loinis  and  the  lowt^r  iniMiilicrs  of  thi'  anks,  though  evidently  inferior. 


■!'i'^ 


it 


*  •:  * 

«  II 

Us     I  II 

K?'-i;i' 
I.  i  'Hi 


di 


382 


THK    FUR    SKALS    OF    'I'MK    I'KIHILOI'    ISI,ANI)S. 


they  hiul  done."  On  August  10,  wlieii  leaving  St.  Paul,  wo  saw  Mve  brown  birds  oH' 
the  repf,  but  t\\o  adult  wliite-bodied  birds  arc  (M't!a.sionally  st'eii.  A  specimen  is 
recorded  on  the  National  Museum  Cutalogui'!  as  having  been  taken  between  St.  <ieor}j;o 
and  Walrus  Islands,  No.  (;h;H(;,  <? ,  K.S.N.M.,  August  12.187;};  \o.  11872.  im.  S, 
U.S.N.M.,  August  4,  18!)(>,  St.  l»aul.  W.  P.,  was  as  Ibllows:  Upper  bill  entirely  ])ale- 
rosy  flesh  color,  with  nail  darker;  lower  bill  much  ligiiter,  with  the  center  of  tip 
greenish;  iris,  dark  brown.  Feet,  tiesh  «!olor  with  a  brownish  tinge,  darker  toward 
tip  of  toes  and  altogether  darker  than  bill.  Testes,  very  nunute.  licngth,  .'{7.4.~>; 
extent,  O.'i.liO;  wing,  24.2.~>.  Stomach  contents,  the  bait  with  which  it  had  been 
decoyed,  three  .small  intestinal  worms,  and  a  few  white  feather.s,  U'.  /'. 


i*' 


Family    PROC  ELLA  H  1 1  DA  E.     FulrnnrB  and    Petrels. 

I  am  aware  of  but  two  members  of  this  family  which  have  been  found  on  the 
islands.  One  is  common  and  breeds;  the  other  is  rare,  but  may  breed.  Other  species 
undoubtedly  «)ccur  and  will  hv  taken. 

15.  Fulmaris  glacialia  rodgersi  (CaHH.),     Kotlf^er'x  Fulmar.     "Lii/ih." 

/•'iilmariiii  rodijersii,  Dai.i-  ami  IJann.  'I'raiis.  Chii'.  Ac.  Sol.  ISfiit,  30:!,  I'l.  XXXIV,  (in.  1.— Haikd, 

/.  c.  32:i,  i'l.  XXIV,  lifT.  1.— Sai.s  I.N,  Cat.  I!.  Hr.  Mns.,  XXV,  IWMI,  127.  — |('(.ri:s  |,  Am.  Nat., 

IV,  1870,  :t71. 
hilmariis  gUuiiiliH,  Ki.i.iori,  Mon.  Seal  Ids.,  1S82, 131. 
FiihiiariiH  iilnciulin  roilnfrsii,  Covr.s,  in   Klliott's  Upt.  All".  Alanka,  187:1;  Uefiriiit,  1875,  lit,"). — 

Nki.sun,  1J<1.s.  Alimka.  1887,  02. — Townsknd,  Criiisf,   Corwin,  18K7,  SHI.— Ckiks,  K«y,  1890, 

778.— A.  O.  IT.  Cli.  List,  18!r),  30.— UiDiiWAY,  Man.,  l8!Ki,  r.8. 

This  gracefidly  Hying  bird  is  abundant  off  the  south  and  <!ast  shores  of  St.  <  ieorge, 
and  also  (HI  the  cli  (Is  of  Otter  Island,  They  bn'ed  at  both  these  places,  but  not  on 
either  St.  Paul  or  Walrus  Island.  .V  number  of  specimens  in  the  National  Mu.seiim 
collection  wen^  collected  by  Klliott  and  Townsend.  They  are  all  in  tlie  white  phase. 
On  August  11,  IS'.IO,  when  leaving  St.  George  1  saw  a  single  dark-bodied  bird  evi- 
dently of  this  8pe<!ies.  It  "comes  very  early  in  the  .season  and  selects  some  rocky 
shelf  secure  from  all  enemies  .save  man,  where,  making  no  nest  whatever,  but  sipnit- 
ting  on  the  rock  it.sell',  it  lays  a  single  large,  white,  oblong  oval  «'gg  ami  immediately 
commences  the  duty  and  labor  of  iiu^ubation.  It  is  of  all  (he  waterfowl  the  mo.st 
devoted  to  its  charge,  for  it  will  not  be  scared  from  the  egg  l»y  any  demonstration 
that  may  be  made  in  the  way  of  thiowing  roc^ks  or  yi^lling,  and  it  will  even  <lie  as  it 
sits  rather  than  take  (light,  as  1  have  frecjuently  witnessed.  The  fulmar  lays  fi(nn 
tlij  1st  to  the  .">th  of  June."— (/■;///<»//.)  The  eggs  are  highly  prized  (or  food,  but  their 
collection  is  dangerous  work.  They  evidently  come  early  or  renniin  near  the  islands 
all  winter.  "The  chick  comes  out  a  perfect  jjuffball  of  white  down,  gaining  its  (irst 
plumage  in  about  six  weeks.  It  is  a  dull  gray,  black  at  (irst,  but  by  the  en<l  of  the 
season  it  becomes  like  the  parents  in  coloration,  only  much  darker  on  the  back  and 
scapularies.  They  are  the  least  edible  of  all  the  birds  about  the  islands,  hike  others 
of  the  ftimily  they  v(miit  up  the  putrid  contents  of  their  stomachs  upon  the  slightest 
provocation." — (Elliott.)  The  eggs  are  white  and  are  well  pitted.  One  collected  by 
Elliott  on  Otter  Lsland  in  1872  measures  2.!».'>  by  1.88.  Two  others  from  St.  (Jeorge, 
June  10,  1873,  Elliott,  measure  2.80  by  1.78,  2.08  by  1.8(i.  Nos.  fi2r>38,  62.')3i>,  02540^ 
62.-.41,  June  10, 1872,  Otter  Island.  II.  W.  lOlliott.  No.  10G8.")!>,  9  ,  June  14,  1885,  Otter 
Island,  C.  11.  Townsend.  No.  O.i.34.5,  9,  March  1,1874.  Ueorge  It.  Adams,  Walrus 
Island. 


I  i. 


T 


THK    BIKDS    OK    THK    I'UIHILOK    ISLANDS. 


383 


16.  Oceaiiodrjma  furcata  idiml.).     I'orkod-tiiiliMl  I'otrol. 

(hranoihomii  fiiitala,  A.  (».  l'.  Oli.  Lisf,  ISiC,  Ml!.— C'oi'km,  Kny,  I«!M»,7«'-'.  — Sai.viv,  Cat..  H.  Mr. 
.MiiH.  XXV,  IHiM!,  ir.T.  — KiixiWAV,  Man.  IS'.m,  70. 

A  fre.sli  sp(i(!imoii  wa.s  pirkod  up  on  si  hoacli  of  St.  I'iinl  by  Mr.  F.  W.  True.  It  is 
round  tliiou},'li()Mt  tlio  Aleutians,  breeding  on  many  of  tbe  islands  and  may  often  occur 
about  tbe  I'ribilofs.  Also,  it  is  possible  tliat  they  may  breed  about  the  interior  of 
St.  Paul,  visitiii},',  as  is  tlieir  liabit,  tlieir  burrows  at  night.  Several  suspicious  places 
tliat  I  saw  about  Hogaslov  maybe  thus  explained.  A  second  speciuuMi  was  picked  up 
near  the  head  of  tlie  lagoon  on  St.  Paul  and  i)reserved  as  a  skeleton  by  Prof.  d'Arcy 
Thompson  about  August  \2,  1897,  as  I  am  infonned  by  Mr.  laicas.  No.  irill04,  9, 
.Inly  12,  lS!)r>,  St.  Paul,  K.  W.  True. 

Order  PY<iOP<)I)l<:S.     Diving  Mirds. 
Family    GAVliDAE.     Loons. 

Loons  are  seldom  seen,  but  may  occur  in  numbers  <luring  the  winter  and  migra- 
tions.    Other  species  than  those  mentioned  undoubtedly  o<!cur. 

17.  Oavia  adamsii  (<iray).     Vellow-billod  Lnoii. 

<:\ol!iiiib»s\  l[oriiiiatiis]  adamai,  CouK.s,  Key,  18!tO,  7!H). 

Crinator  atlamsii,  'I'own.sknm,  ('riiiso,  foririii,  1SH7,  '.'■'      A.  <).  IF.  Cli,  List,  lH!»r>,  I.— UllxiWAY, 

Mail.  IKUli,  5. 
Cohimhiis  (Khdiisii,  (iKANT,  Cat.  H.  lir.  Mhh.,  ISitS,  5()0. 

One  of  tills  species  was  killed  by  a  native  in  August,  18.sr»,  on  St.  Paul,  as  men- 
tioned by  Mr.  Townsend  in  the  cruise  of  the  (-'orM'/w,  The  specimen  was  i)reserve«l 
for  one  of  tlie  Treasury  agents,  wlio  informed  me  in  ISitO  that  lie  still  ha<l  it. 

18.  Oavia  arctica  (liiiiii.).     Hlat^k-tliroattMl  I^ooii. 

foljimhiiH  arctii-iiK,  (Utiv.s.  in  Klliott's:  Kpt.  A(V.  AliLska,  1S7;»;  lliprhit,  IS7r>,  201 ;  Key,  i«itO,  7)tl.— 

Ki.i.ioi  1,  Moil.  Sral  Ms.  18H2,  i;«. 
I'rimOor  arcticun,  Nki.son,  Htls.  AlaHka,  1887,  3(i. — A.  <).  U.  Cli.  liist,  lolt"), 4.— Hidgway  Man. 

189<i,  7. 
ColiiiiiliiiH  pai-ificiia,  (Jkant,  (Jat.  B.  Ur.  Muh.,  1898,  491. 

Mr.  Klliott,  while;  surveying  Zapadni  on  St.  (Jeorge  in  187.'?,  found  a  nearly  dead 
individual  which  had  been  thrown  ashore  by  the  surf.  It  was  an  adult  nuile  and  the 
natives  who  saw  it  agreed  that  it  was  very  rare.  While  on  the  /»'H.s7t,  off  the  noith 
shore  of  St.  Paul  on  August  7,  18{)(),  Mr.  I'^lliott  and  myself  saw  a  loon  which  may 
have  been  of  this  .sjjecies.  No.  (;43(I3,  II.S.N.M.  ad.  S  June  22,  187.'{,  St.  (leorge,  II.  W. 
Kliiott. 

Family    PODICIPIDAE.    Grebes. 

Owing  to  obvious  ditliculties  it  is  not  ])os8ible  to  procure  many  of  these  birds 
about  the  islands.     1  saw  none;  they  are  seldom  seen. 

18.  Colymbus  holboellii  (Keinli.).     Ilolboen's  (irebo. 

I'odiceps  (jviKeiyvna,  Corn.'*,  in  Klliott's  Kpt.  Attairn,  Alaska,  187;J;  Iteprint,  1875,201. — Elijoit, 

Moil.  Soul  I.l«.  1882,  i:W. 
J'odiccps  (irin('i<ifna  holhoellii,  (N)Uks,  Kny  1890,  749. 
Coljimhiin  holhoellii,  Nki.son,  H<1s.  Alaska,  1887,35.— A.  <).  IJ.  (111.  List,  189.'>,  1.— Ridoway,  iMaii. 

1890, 5. 
VodMptH  liolhorlli.  (iKANT,  Cat.  H.  Hr.  Mils.,  1898,  .542. 

Presuuiiibly  un(;ommon  during  the  fall  and  winter.  Mr.  Elliott  obtained  one  on 
St.  George;  No.  (i43()2,  im.    ,  II.S.N.M.  <^oll.  June  22,  1873. 


Iff 


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384 


THE    I'Ui;    SKAI  S    UK    TIIK    I'KlJULOl-'    ISLANDS. 


Fnmily  ALCIDAE.     AiiUs,  Muri-os,  niid  Puffins. 


Tho  iiiiiu  iiiciiiburM  of  this  laiiiily  which  occur  well  reproaciit  the  diversities  found 
ill  this  ^roiip.  Tiiey  are  excecitiiigly  altiiiidant  and  idl  breed  on  the  i.slai\,ds,  .some  of 
tiiein  in  <'OMiiiinnitic.s  of  ninnl>eric.s.s  individual.s.  During;  tlie  early  iiioinin^  and  in 
the  evenin;;  during  tiie  snninior  hnndrotl.s  of  tlioiisanil.s  of  several  species  may  Ite  seen 
from  one  point  of  oh.servation  on  8t.  (ieor;>'e  at  the  lui^^e  clilf  near  the  villai^e  on  the 
north  shore.  Here  i.s  a  si}>lit  of  which  ])erha])s  tin-,  equal  is  not  known.  On  Walrus 
Island  their  nnmlier  is  lej;ion,  practically  the  whole  surface  hein^'  covered  in  the  even- 
ing and  inorninjj  with  the  vast  numbers  of  the  breediii},'  birds.  They  leave  the  islands 
at  the  close  of  the  breeding  .season,  when  the  young  are  able  to  take  to  the  water,  and 
are  seldom  seen  during  the  winter,  though  a  few  linger  until  driven  olf  by  icu  and 
snow.  They  return  in  immense  niiinbers  early  in  iMay.  The  eggs  and  bodies  of  all 
are  utilized  by  the  natives  for  food,  but  the  murres  esiK'cially  are  of  great  importance 
as  well  because  of  their  abuiiilaiice  as  for  their  size.  Kxceiit  the  Ccppliits,  they  ail  lay 
but  one  large  egg. 

20.  Liindacirrhata  I'all.     Tiiftod  I'lillln.     "  Taiipoikie." 

l''ruliiiiiUi  cin/iK/a,  CniKs,  in  Hlliolt'rt  Ujit.  AlV.  AliittU.i,  1H73;  lleinint.  1H7.'>,  20:».— Ei.i.unT,  Moii. 
Seiil  Ills.  18H2,  llil. 

I.UHtUf  ciii-hiilK,  C'ul.NliK,  Kov.  rt  Mtiji.  Zool.,  WA),  103.— 'ft 'UN Kit,  C'«)iitr.  Niit.  Hist,  AImhUu,  IflXti, 
117.— Ti>\vnsi;ni>,  Criiisr,  Corwiii,  18S7,  ItS.— C'orios,  Koy,  ISIH),  HOJ.— A.  O,  U.l'li.  List,  18lt5, 
.f..— K'lixiw.w,  Mail.  18it(!,  10.— (Jham,  Cat.  11.  Itr.  Muh.,  IWIS,  (112. 

This  odd  and  fantastic  bird  is  common,  and  is  usually  seen  perched  in  rows  of 
four  or  live  and  mor»'  on  the  edges  of  the  upper  shelf  of  the  precipitous  blulls.  Here 
they  breed  in  inaccessible  recesses  in  the  broken  rocks,  but  in  some  places,  and  espe 
cially  on  Walrus  Island,  they  nest  among  tlie  bowlders  tiiat  have  been  jiu.shed  iij)  by 
the  ice.  In  most  «'ases,  pt^haps.  the  single  large  egg  is  laid  on  the  baic  rock,  but  I 
found  a  nest  on  Walrus  Island  on  August  7  which  contained  a  slightly  iiuiubated  egg. 
This  nest  was  placed  bi'tw«'en  bowlder.s,  was  open  to  the  sky,  and  was  made  of  dry 
seaweeds  and  sea  ferns.  It  was  quite  large,  about  15  inches  in  diameter,  scanty  in 
material,  and  was  practically  bare  in  the  center.  No  young  were  Hying  by  August  10. 
The  natives  secure  them  by  thrusting  an  arm  between  (U'  under  the  bowlders  and 
grasping  a  bird  on  the  nest.  They  are  killed  by  knocking  (hem  on  the  head  or  by 
biting  on  the  base  of  the  skull,  the  wings  being  then  locked  in  a  iiecnliar  manner  by 
twisting  to  prevent  e.scajie  during  their  strnggh's.  miiott  records  that  they  (iome 
"up  from  the  sea  in  the  south  to  the  clilfs  of  the  Lslaiul  about  the  10th  of  May,  always 
in  pairs,  never  coming  singly  to  <u'  going  away  from  the  I'ribilofs  in  Hocks."'  Tlu-y  do 
not  seem  to  be  as  abundant  as  the  following  species.  Most  eggs  .show  but  very  faint 
spotting;  but  one,  nearly  fresh,  taken  by  Mr.  I'illiott  on  Otter  Island  .Inly  I,  i.S'.IO,  has 
many  very  obscure  irregular  and  a  few  tine  dark  spots,  with  a  large,  dark,  irregular 
blotch  near  the  small  end.  It  measures  2.(m  by  l.SO.  Another  taken  on  St.  I'aul  by 
Mr.  Klliott  is  3.00  by  1.95. 

21.  Pratercula  corniculata  (Naiini.).     Pacific  PiiHiii.     "  Kpatka." 

t'ritlerciiln  loniinilala,  ('i>ri;s,  in  Klliott's  |{pt.  All".  Ala.«ka,  187lt;  liipiiiil,  187.'),  I'll!.'. — Kl.i.ioTT, 
Moil.  Seal  IiIh.  ISSL',  l;i;<.— TuuNKi',  Con.  N.it.  lli.st.  Alaska.  ISSfi,  US.— Ni-.i.soN,  lids.  Alaska, 
1887,  ;18.— I'owNSK.NK,  Criiis.',  Corhin,  1887,  !t8.— Coei;.x,  Kii.v,  1S!»0,  801.— A.  <).  C.  Cli.  List, 
18!ir(,  (!.— RiiHiWAV,  Man.  18!H!.  ll.~(ii(ANT,  (!at.  H.  Hr.  Mum.,  18!t8,  6L'(1. 

More  abnnilant  than  tint  above  spt'cies  au«l  tbiind  in  the  .same  situations  with 


jsam 


••y 


TlIK    IIIKDS    OF   TlIK    I'lUIUhOF    ISLANDS. 


nsf 


them.  Tlu'y  are  liiirly  tame,  uiitl  one  can  with  care  appruaeh  iiiiite  «'h)He  witlioiit 
IVi^jliteiiing  them.  Like  all  the  other  members  <»f  tlii.s  family,  tliey  h'ave  tlie  dills  in 
the  moniiiij^  and  pass  the  day  at  .sea,  returning  in  the  eveniiif,'  with  food  in  their 
mouths  and  tliroats  for  the  young,  or  possibly  for  the  sitting  mate.  Tims  (birinj;'  tlie 
day  few  are  seen  as  compared  with  the  tliousamls  at  other  times,  and  on  days  of  itright 
sunsiiine  fewer  still  remain  on  the  elill.s.  They  are  very  noisy  wiien  down  among  the 
rocks,  but  silent  when  in  the  open.  Alarnn>d  and  <-ompelle<l  to  lly  oil'  the  rocks,  they 
will  freipienlly  retinii  and.  Hying  parallel  with  the  elilT,  survey  the  intruder  with  a 
curious  twist  of  the  neck,  which  is  nnide  all  the  more  comical  by  tlie  peculiar  waxy 
bill  and  oddly  colored  head.  No.  Il8(!7li  ad.  9  U.S.N. M.,  August  li,  IS'IO.  HI.  I'anI, 
W.  Palmer.  Callosity  at  corner  of  mouth,  palo  orange.  I'Vet  pale  orange,  webs 
darker;  is  evidently  a  female  Just  otV  from  sitting.  Kggs  white  with  obs«un'«!  spotting 
wreathed  around  large  end.  Three  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  lOlliott  on  St.  (leorge 
July  I,  IST.'J,  are  2.78  by  1.80;  '2.m  by  l.T.'i;  2.77  by  1.7r». 

22.  Cyclorrhynchua  psittaculus  (I'all.).     I'liruquttt  Aiiklot.     "Ilnillie-ltriinhkie." 
I'liiihriH  alriiluim,  C'<HNi>K,  Ji«v.  bt  Mii^.  /nol.,  ls(!(t,  4(Ki. 
I'hahrh  iiHitlacitlim,  C<»i)i:s,  in  Klliott's  l{|(t.  All.  AhiHUa,  I871t;  llriirint,  1S7.">,  L'OI.  — Ki.i.ioit, 

.Moil.  .Seal  Ills.,  1HS2.  i;t».— (iliA.NT,  Cat.  It.  Hr.  Mum.,  1«!I«,  ('.07. 
SimorhiincliiiH  puilliiriiliiK,  Cocks,  Koy,  ISSK),  S(K!. 
t'llcUtrrUiinchiiH  imillariiliiii,  Nki.siin,  HiIh.  Aluskiv,  1SS7,  11, — 'I'hw.nskni",  CniiHi',  Curwhi,  ISH7, 

!IS.— A.  O.  I'.  Cli.  LiHt,  IMitn,  7.— KliMiWAV,  M:iii.  IS'MI,   12.— Stk-inkiiki!,  Cniisn,  Coi-iviii, 

1884,  IL'5. 

As  mentioned  by  Klliott  and  other.s,  the  Whitebreast  is  almost  a  solitary  bird. 
They  never  lly  inland  and  rarely  pass  inside  of  the  edges  of  tiic  blulVs.  Wliihi  the 
greater  number  spend  the  day  far  out  at  s«'a,  some  can  always  be  lonnd  do/ing  near 
the  entrance  to  their  burrows,  and  can  then  be  easily  api)roaclie(l.  Tiieir  pure  white 
breasts,  red  upturned  beaks,  and  <|uaint,  watchful,  movements  as  one  is  gradually 
drawing  nearer  make  them  very  interesting  objects.  On  Walrus  Island  tlicy  lay  their 
.solitary  egg  under  the  bowlders  like  the  pullins  and  are  often  taken  by  the  natives 
when  they  visit  that  rock.  When  they  return  from  the  sea  in  the  evening  to  tlicir 
young  or  mate,  their  mouths  and  throats  are  greatly  <listended  with  an  enormous 
<iuantity  of  a  small,  almost  colorless  crustacean,  which  they  obtain  far  out  at  sea. 
The  burrows  on  St.  I'aul,  as  far  as  I  saw,  were  e.\cavated  in  the  volcanic  cinders  over 
lying  the  rocky  bliitfs,  so  that  the  entraiuie  was  always  at  the  edge  of  the  clitl",  with 
the  rock  as  a  Moor.  On  St.  (Jeorge  they  are  quite  abuinlant  in  small  Hocks  of  four  and 
five,  and  may  often  be  seen  perched  on  the  loo.se  rocks,  surrounded  by  nund)ers  of  the 
least  anklet.  Taken  on  a  bright  day,  the  white  iris  of  a  wounded  bird  is  .so  wide  that 
the  ]Mipil  is  reduced  to  the  si/.e  of  a  small  pin's  head,  and  this  changes  in  si/e  rapidly 
as  the  bird  is  placed  in  the  dark  or  light. 

White  liloplumaceous  feathers  are  to  be  found  on  the  heads  and  necks  of  .some  spec- 
imens mixed  in  with  thedark  normal  feathering.  No.  1.5iri!»,S,  ,',  ,  .Inly  11.',  189."),  St.  Paul, 
True,  and  Prentiss,  has  a  few  on  the  nape.  Another  <?  ,  August  li,  1S!M(,  W.  Palmer, 
has  nuiny  all  over  the  bead,  esi)ecially  on  the  throat.  No.  (i'J.l.jl,  9  ,  .Inly  !),  1S7L*,  St. 
Paul,  11.  W.  Hlliott,  is  a  i)eculiar  one  in  this  respect.  There  are  several  large  ones  on 
each  side  of  the  head,  .just  above  the  eyes,  and  also  a  number  clu.stered  <lirectly  back 
of  the  eyes,  with  an  intervening  dark  spa(;e.  All  these  feathers  are  pure  white,  have 
a  long,  glossy  white  stem  or  shaft,  are  club  shaped  and  poiiitetl  at  the  upper  end  and 
.-,U47— I'T  .'{ 25 


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886 


I'lIK    IM'K    SKAI.S    OK    TMI'.    I'KIHIl.OK    ISI.ANhS. 


iir«>  loiip'i'  tJiaii  tlu<  iitljoiiiin^  onliiiiiry  «l)irk  rrutlin-s.  IIimUt  thi>  iiiiii'osfO|H>  tluvso 
cliil)  sliii|H'tl  (Muls  iii'o  s<>(Mi  to  l>i'  «Ioiil)lc,  riu'li  biaih'li  liiiviii^  loiif;  rami  tin  cacli  siil*>, 
tlit>  n'ossiii)>  anti  |>rol(itiKatioii  of  wliit-li  on  tlit>  iiiiKT  sjtli'  |iroiliit'in^'  tlic  poiiil.  (S«>o 
Hks.  -  I<(,  I'l.  \l,l.)  N't..  (l'jr.rM,  V  ,  .Inly  !l,  IS7_',  Ht.  rani,  H.  W.  KlliotI,  lias  a  wliito 
patcli  lieliind  oarli  fy<>,  liiit  it  is  <'iini|i(is«>d  of  Mir  oniinary  CfalliorH.  OIIkm'  spt'cinKMiH 
hIiow  a  toiult'tuy  lo  a  stri|K>  at  tliis  pdinl,  ami  siitiit>  liavc  tlic  dark  t'l'atln'i's  tippiMl 
witii  \vliit«>.  I>i'.  St)'|iit>);rr  lias  lirscrilinl  Mu«  <lowny  yoiin^  Irniii  sum«>  s|K>ciiiii>iiH  col- 
Icctt'il  liy  liii'iit.  .1.  1).  I. III.  (Ill  OlttT  Island,  tluly  17,  IS'^I,  as  liriii;,'  "dark  smoky 
);ray;  darker,  m>arly  blacKiNli  on  Mi<^  lioail  and  sides  of  lUM^k;  ciiin,  (liioal,  and  Um'i- 
lu'ck  ill  Ihr  same  (^oiionii  «'«ilor.  scairi'ly  pah-r;  rt'sl  of  (lie  nndi>r  snrCiKf  11^:111  ashy 
jjray"(N'«i.  l(Mt,{7S,  I'.S.N.M.).  "  I'\m'I  hlnisli  j^ray,  lifjiil  betwcni  tlie  toos,  nlld«'l•sid»^ 
lilai'k."  -( /,M/c.)  driiisc  of  tli;>  ('onrin,  ISSJ,  pan*'  '-•'•.  'I'll*'  «'KKs  vary  lioin  wliitf  l<» 
(itlitTs  siiowiii^  v«>i'y  olisfiiii' spotting.  Ont«  Miat  I  took  on  Walrus  Island,  ■liiiio  l.'t, 
1S!M(,  was  t'ri'sli,  and  moasuri's  LM.')  I>y  I.J'J.     Two  olitaim'd  by  KlliotI  on  St.  <l«'oij,'<i, 


.Inly   I,  1S7;{,  and  .Inly  U7,  IS7;J,  nu'asniii,  n'spcctividy,  -.'J(l  by   I.rM. 


by   I. 


No.  nsr>7.\   9,  I'.S.N.M.,  .Inim.">,  I.Si»0,  SI.  Paul,  \V.  I'alimM',  measnifd  lo.'jr>  loiifj  ity 
'-*0.,"it»  in  cvti'iit. 

23.  SiinoihyiicluiB  ctiHti-itoIIuB  (rail. ).     CrcHliMl  Anklot.     " I'liiniimkif," 
I'linlriin  i  ri^tiililhis.  ( 'i»iM>K.  l>Vv.  I'l  Maj;.  /iiul.,  18(1(1,  lO'J. 

NimoihiiiiiliiisiiiHliililhis.  Cdi'Ms.  in  I'.lliotl'H  l{pt  All'.  AliiNUa,  I87.'li  Hipriiil,  1^75, '-'0*1.  — I'll. i.ioir, 
Mi.'i.  Si'iil  IiIh.,  ISSl'.  i;tl.  Nkl.son,  lt(lN.  AliiHka.  1SS7,  II.  -'roWNSKNli,  Cnii.^i',  inriiiii,  IHH~, 
!IS.--('(>i  I  s,K(..v,l.siio,Mi7.--A.<l.r.('li.l,ist.l,S!l.'-.,7.  K'iimiw.v v,  Man,,  ISiHi,  i;t,  -.Sti.;.isK( iK.lt, 
I'iiii.sr.  Ci'i'iiiii.  l.ssi,  ll'd.  — (iu.VNi',  Cat.,  it.  Hr.  MiiH.,  lS!»s,(i(M. 

This  is  an  abundant  species  and  ditV«Ms  fjreatly  in  its  habits  from  its  relativos. 
"This  tiintaslic  bird,  liio  pInnuMi  kiii};lit of  tho  I'riiiilot'  Islands,"  breeiis  ineoloiiiesof 
some  10  to  L'O  ])airs  on  Mie  roughest  hikI  iiHiially  most  prominent  points  on  the  binll's, 
ami  I  think  also  aiiioii]^'  the  bowlders  :ibovt>  lii^li  tide,  and  where  th(^  e^;;  is  placed  in 
the  deepest  and  most  inaccessible  iccesseH.  Unlike  tin-  pret'cdiiif::  species,  they 
usually  tly  in  small  compact  Hocks  over  the  land  about  their  brt'cdin^'  places;  and  diir- 
iii};'  the  season  this  is  a  eomnion  occurrence,  esp«icially  near  the  villajfc  of  St.  (iooifje, 
where,  amonu  the  coiintloss  thousands  of  the  least  anklet,  small  Hocks  of  this  dark 
bodied  ami  peculiarly  crest»'d  species  arc  conspicuous  when  they  sweep  in  over  the 
land.  At  such  times  they  lly  over  tlii'  arc  of  (piite  a  larjje  circle,  retnrninti:  af^aiii  far 
out  to  sea.  .\mon^  the  while  residents  they  are  known  as^sea  (piail,"and  this  name 
is  certainly  sujj}j;estive,  as  their  resemblance  at  even  a  little  distance  to  i'alifornia 
(piail  is  very  striking.  They  are  very  wary,  but  may  be  readily  observed  with  care. 
Ujion  approaching  a  Hock  perched  upon  a  rocky  shelf  they  will  instantly  take  tli^lit. 
One  can  then  coiu^eal  himself  as  close  to  til's  place  as  possible,  for  the  birds  will  soon 
return,  not,  however,  Hyiiij^  directly  to  the  place,  but  almost  parallel  with  the  shore 
liiie.  If  nothinj;:  unusual  is  noticed,  upon  their  next  leturii  they  will  jiercli  upon  the 
shelf,  thoiifili  a  few  may  repeat  the  trip.  In  this  way  I  have  made  them  repeat  the 
loiirney  several  times  simply  by  showiufj  myself  a  little.  Some  w<miUI  perch  and 
watch,  while  other  species  would  frradually  f>ather  around,  and  in  their  comical  way 
wonder  about  the  straiifje  object  inoviiif>'  between  the  rocks.  When  disturbed  they 
utter  an  honkiike  s(mml  impossible  to  describe  on  paper;  but  it  is  when  i|iiarrelins 
amonp  the  rocks  that  tlio  climax  is  reached.  While  steppiiif,'  one  day  from  rock  to 
rock  under  one  of  the  ditVs,  1  was  startled  by  suddenly  hearing  the  most  unearthly 
sounds  issuiiij;  from  anions  the  rocks  at  my  feet.      I  was  sotin  satisfied  that  several 


MMMMMM 


^ 


M 


lili:    lilKDH    OK     rilK    ritllllM)!'    IHI.ANDK. 


;{S7 


\'n\0!*  won*  (|iiiiin*liii;,'  nvri  Horiic  prciy,  hut  wiih  nillior  liiki-ii  iiltn*  li  wlmri  hood  iiIUt 
Htrvt'i'iil  of  Miusc  birils  i-iiMtrfTtMl  itiitl  Ihnv  oil'.  VVIiiU^  lllopJiiniiMfdiiH  I'l-iillnTs  occiii  on 
i\\*'  Im^imI  of  this  N|i<>c,i«^H  dintctiy  <>v(M'  rurli  uy«',  lint  ii  I'tnv  sir*'  to  Im-  I'oiiikI  also  else. 
wh«M'«^  jihoiit  IIki  linul  on  muut'.  H\»'rii»v\\H.  'I'lH'ni  iir<t  two  oxtr«Mn<>s  ol'  tlit^  Hliapf  und 
cxtiMit  of  i\u'  swollen  piirtH  of  Mm*  hill.  In  onv,  nsnal  in  inalt'.  Iiinls  iiiiil  niri'  in  tint 
Ifiiinilos,  tln^  n|i|M>r  injitnlihlo  Ih  Htron^'iy  liookt'd  anil  tlir  hare  nioiilli  paits  urc  vitry 
niiM-ii  i-nlar^rtl  and  liiuhly  coIoiimI.  In  otlKtr  s|)(>rinu'ns,  a|i|iai't'ntly  ininnitnrr  hinls, 
nialit  anil  I'mialr,  Mii*i'r  is  littlr  or  no  liookin;;  of  Mio  hill,  tin-  iiianilihii-s  ato  iniiili 
sinalliT,  anil  lliii  niontJi  parts  nnirli  li'ss  in  si/it  as  coniparitil  with  tli»  oMii'r  spiiinions. 
As  a  rail',  it  wonlil  si^imii  that  tlii^  siniill  hilliMl  hirils  liavii  tlii'  Hwolii'n  parts  sniullor  anil 
soIUm',  so  that  tlii\y  slirivi-l  iiiurli;  in  tart,  almost  ilry  up.  A  nialo  cojli'itti'il  An^iiist  1 
hail  I  ho  liill  of  a  i-h'ar  palit  oran^M;,  with  the  tip  horny  whiti-.  A  f'uinah*,  thit  saini'ilav, 
hail  a  similar  colori-il  hill,  hut  tint  h»si>  aroiiiiil  tlii^  t'eatlntrin;;  was  whitish  ||i>hIi  lolor. 
I  saw  no  speciniiMis  slmwinK  thii  shiMliliiif;  oi'  tli«  month  parts.  Tim  ilowny  yoiiii),' 
havi^  Im'imi  lll^sl•,rihl'll  hy  l>r.  Htc.iiio;;i!r  from  sperimiMis  taki>n  on  OttiM  Island  liy  IjiiMit. 
.1.  I<;.  Lilt/,  .Inly  L'li,  IHHI,  No.  MKmi,  II.H.N.M.  Th«\v  am  nniforin  dark,  smoky,  and 
soininvhat  hrownish  ;;ray,  srarititly  li^htr.r  on  tin;  nndiirparts.  Cruise,  Cornhi,  lss|, 
pa};ii  IliO.  Tim  i-^fj^  is  whito,  with  finv  VDiy  ohHi-nrii  spots.  Two,  taken  hy  h'JIiott  on 
St.  (ii'orffn,  Juno  l!»,  IHT.'t,  nmasiu'"',  respnr.tively,  '2..'l't  hy  1.4r»,  li.L'O  hy  !..'{<».  ,\in>thor, 
tukiMi  the  next  day,  Ih  2.10  hy  1.15. 

24.  SiinoiliyiichiiH  pasilliiB  ( I'all. ).     I.<minI  AiiKltit.     "I'limnhkir." 

I'hiilirh  iniHilluit,  roiNiH';,  K«iv.  lit,  Man.  /ool.  ISI'iO,  lOH. 

I'litiUrix  iiiiHiilii,  liAl.l.  .'iiiil  lt,\NNlsri:ii,   I'liiriM.  Chic  Ar.  Sri.  IsiiH,  ItlHI. 

Siiiiiiilijiiirliiis  i>ii^illiiK,  I'oiKs,  ill  KllioM'N  Itpl.  All'.  AliiNliU,  Is7:i;  Heiiiinl,  IH7r>,  LMIS ;  Kry, 
ISiH),  SOS.  Ki.i.KiTi,  Mdii.Soiil  I(Ih.  IHS'J,  i:t4.~-TllitNKlt,  Ion.  Nat.  Hist.  Ala«l(ii,  ISHIi,  IL'O.— 
Ni;i,so\,  llil.s.  Ala«l<ii,  1HK7,  IL'.— 'l'(tWN.sKNl>,  CriiiHn  inrwiti,  1SS7,  W.  A.  < ).  I'.  I'll.  l.iHt, 
ISiir.,  8.~ KiiMiWAY,  Miiii.  IKlMi,  i:t.    -liliANi,  I'al.  It.  \\v.  Nhi.-,.,  ISilK.llir,. 

Ahont  as  ahnudaiit  as  all  the  other  spei-ies  \t*;'K\\\i'.\'\  reitainly  no  one  ran  he 
hlaini'd  for  lhinkin}r  so  after  seeing  their  ahnndanie  :  hunt  the.  vilJa^'e  of  St.  <ieor({e. 
I  eaii  only  rompare  their  nnndiers  to  at;  ajnary  where  ihe  hives  are  placed,  for  anes, 
ahont  50  t'eet  apart.  Now,  ima^'inin^  that  all  thes'.-  hives  swarm  tit  once,  thai  each 
hee  is  lar^^'er  than  a  swallow  and  tlyin^  in  an  almost  straight  line,  each  ahont  its  own 
husiness,  we  may  then  have  some  idea  of  what  can  l)e  seen  every  snmniei'  cMMiiii}; 
ahont  7  on  the  west  side  of  the  villatfe  of  St,  <ieorj,'e.  As  Mlliott  has  well  said,  "it 
eoines  here  every  summer  hy  millioiiH  to  hreed.''  They  are  usually  (|nite  iiidiHerent 
to  man,  hut  on  St.  I'anI,  where  t'>eir  niimhers  are  nineh  less,  they  will  liardly  allow 
one  to  ^'et  nearer  than  M  yards  before  taking  tlit,'ht.  "  I'sually.  ahont  the  1st  oi-  Itli 
of  May  every  year,  the  (!hooelikie  makes  its  aj>])earanee  around  the  islands  for  the 
season,  in  small  lloeks  of  a  few  hundred  or  thousand,  hovering'  over  and  now  and  then 
ali^'hting  upon  the  water,  sportiiifr  one  with  tlie  other  in  ajiparent  lii^^li  glee,  making 
an  incessant,  low,  eliattering  sound.  I'»ut  they  are  only  the  van  to  Hocks  that  hy  the 
1st  or  (ith  of  .liine  have  swarmed  in  upon  the  islands,  like  those  Mights  of  loeiLsts 
which  staggered  my  credulity  on  the  great  jilains  of  the  West.  Tiiey  frei|nent  the 
loost^,  stony  reefs  and  howhier-bars  on  St.  Paul,  together  with  the  cliffs  on  both 
isliinds;  and,  wliat  is  most  vn  .'vkable,  they  search  out  an  area  over  ">  miles  square 
of  basaltie  shingle  on  St.  (-om'-j  Island,  which  lies  back  and  over  inland  from  the 
north  shore  line.  To  the  last  position  tliey  eome  in  greatest  numbers.  They  make  no 
nest,  but  lay  a  single  egg  far  down  below  among  the  loose  rocks,  or  they  deposit  it 


h\ 


h '  ^ 

li  ;  .  ■ 

1;  '  V 

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.  II 


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k; 


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11 

n 

If 

ll 

■^ 

3H8 


llli;    I'lrit    HKAI.S    OK     lilK    I'KIIIILuK    ISI.ANDH. 


(liM'p  witliiii  llMM-n'virps  or  ihinkH  in  tlui  t'lu-tm  of  flu^  liliilVs.     •     •     •  walk  uv«ir 

tlioir  hn'filiii^  ^ruiiiitls  at  tliis  s*>asoii  is  lii^rlily  iiitt>i'«'stiii|;  aii<l  most  a.i.'.'sinH;,  as  tlm 
ii<)iH«>  of  liiintlrt'ds  and  tlioiiHanilH  of  ||i(>h«'  littli^  birds,  wiii(;ii  arc  directly  tiiidvi'  your 
t'cct,  ^'ivu  rise  to  an  (MhIIcsh  variation  of  vohinio  of  sonn«l,  as  it  conu*s  up  t'roni  tliu 
stony  lioli's  an<l  caverns  hclow,  while  the  hirds  come  and  pt,  in  and  out,  wliistlin); 
around  your  liead,  comically  hlinkinf,'  anil  liutteriiit,'."— ( IHIintl.)  (hi  this  vast  breed 
in;;  raii^^e  of  this  species,  on  the  -<Htli  of  May,  I  aecompanied  a  native  lor  llie  purpose 
oi  ({ct.tini;  a  lew  spoeiim'ns  for  myself,  while  he  desired  n  meal.  With  a  laijje  lony- 
handled  dip  net  I  crouched  lieliind  one  of  th«i  numerous  lar^te  moss-  and  i;rass  bedecked 
rocks  which  so  liberally  covered  the  ground.  As  the  birds  lly  low  and  in  a  nearly 
slrai;;ht  line  and  have  nvval  dilliculty,  in  fact  they  have  little  neeesHity,  in  nnikin^  a 
sudden  curve  lo  avoid  an  object,  it  was  oidy  necessary  wliun  ii  Hock  was  seen  approach- 
ing to  raise  the  lu'l  directly  in  Mieii'  path.  If  the  distance  and  their  velocity  Inid  been 
well  ealcuialed  several  birds  would  be  unable  toswurveotV  in  tinu-  and  in  coiiseiiiienoo 
would  be  en;;ulfed  in  the  net.  A  ipiick  bringing'  of  the  net  to  the  ground  would  then 
complete  the  capture.  A  half  hour's  work  resulted  in  my  securing  soinu  twenty 
specimeuH,  but  the  .Meat  close  by  had  ten  times  us  uniny.  Sometiuu's  other  s|>ccieH 
are  also  secured.  During  the  last  days  of  May  liui>dreils  of  tlxuisands  swarm  about 
the  anehora{;e  oil'  Ihu  villaKi^  i>f  ^1-  <iei>r;;e.  They  are  nnitin^'  and  copiMation  is  K*'ii>K 
on  (II  all  sides.  The  females  remain  on  the  surface  of  the  water  while  the  males 
ap[U'oaeli  from  behind  by  a  short  tii;;lit,  both  then  taking'  tii^r||t.  Many  are  divin;;, 
the  surface  Ih  eovi'red  with  the  swimmiii;;'  birds,  but  the  majority  are  in  the  air  llyin^ 
in  all  directions.  Their  chattering'  is  incessant  and  rest  is  unknown.  The  morning 
departure  and  tlie  evening;'  return  of  tlui  hosts  of  these  little  anklets  are  really  the  most 
interesting'  and  attraeti\c  features  of  the  bird  life  on  St.  (li'or^e,  and  one  mner  tires 
of  the  fasciuiitin^  and  extremely  novel  si^lit.  They  are  most  abiindanl  lui  land  about 
."{  and  4  a.  ni.  and  from  7  to  1(»  p.  m.  When  coming  lo  the  surface  alter  ailive  they 
come  11])  with  quite  a  boiinee  and  after  a  few  hasty  turns  take  lli^iht.  Individual 
variation  in  this  species  is  considerable.  Of  the  dccoratf  "  while  lii^ail  feathers  every 
possible  variation  in  si/,u  and  number  oceurs,  evidentl-  iii^  no  relation  to  sex,  or 

a;;e,  or  cidor  condition  (see  li^s.  ."i-S,   IM.  X  1.1,  and  e?  'ion).     Of  IL'  specimens 

examined  in  the  National  Museum  colleetion,  the  blackest-breasted  bird  is  a  female 
(No.  I.IU."*;?,  .Inly  .'«>,  18!»r>,  St,  Paul,  True  and  Prentiss),  even  the  iisiia!  white  throat 
l»ateh  beiiiy'  half  black,  and  white  feathers  being  decidedly  in  a  minority  on  the  under 
l)arts.  The  whitest  breasted  bird  is  also  a  female  (No.  (ILJ.'.it.'J,  May  llli,  I.S71',  St.  Paul, 
II.  W.  Klliott).  It  has  merely  one  dark  feather  in  center  of  breast  and  a  few  at  the 
sides  of  the  iieiik.  A  few  others  have  dark  feathers  in  the  white  throat  patch,  and 
the.se  are  all  females.  In  one  male  a  dusky  bar  runs  across  the  throat  at  the  angles 
of  the  luoiith  and  divides  the  white  into  two  ])art8.  Nearly  every  specimen  that  I 
have  seen  (over  sixty)  has  a  few  or  a  greater  number  of  dingy  white  feathers  mixed 
in  the  scapulars,  really  uiiimdted  winter  feathers.  Sometimes  they  are  well  worn, 
in  contrast  with  the  newer  surrounding  dark  fe  ithers;  (d'ten,  howevi^r,  they  appear  as 
fresh  as  those.  The  only  two  v  inter  specimen^  that  I  have  .seen  have  the  scapulars 
nearly  white.  The  darkest  pliiinaged  siiiume  ■  8i»eciineii.s  have  little  or  no  white 
among  the  .scapulars.  These  dark  backed  birdy  areuncommoii  in  May  and  can  readily 
be  counted  among  fiie  thoii-sands  of  the  ordina-y  «i»otted  breasted  birds.  Two  fresh 
eggs,  taken  on  St.  (ieorge  on  May  li.S,  18!K»,  nuasure  l.tiO  by  1.1b,  !.'>'>  by  1.17.     Of 


•'li 


TlIK    ItlliltS    Ol"     IMK    IMCIIIII-OI'    ISLANDS. 


;i8D 


ci){lit  takt'ii  on  Ht.  I'liiil  on  .hino  r>,  1H!M),  tliu  laiK^^Ht  is  l.tiO  by  l.liO,  tlic  HUialluHt  l.iii) 
by  l.(».S.    Tlioy  an>  always  wliito. 

25.  Syutlillboiamphiia  aiitiquus  ((•inol.).     Illiii'k  IIiiomIdiI,  <ir  Amii'iit  Miiirulitl.     "Sturik." 

ItiarhyrliampliiiK  aiiliiiiiitu,  DAr.i,  itriil  IIann.,  'rriiiiH.  Cliir.  Ac.  Sti.  IS(!',I,  ItlO. 

SiiHltilihiiiiiiiiiiliKH  tinli'iiiiiK,  .N'Ki.NiiN,  lldn.  AluNkii,  ISS",  i;t.— Coukh,  Koy,  1S!K),  Mil.— A. « ».  II.  ('li. 
I, int.  1K!I.-,,  8.— Rii.iiw.w.Miin.  IS!W!,  11.— (iiuNT,  f'lil.  II.  Itr.  Muh.,  1S!»S,  .-.!M!. 

Ill  tlu;  liist  of  t)i«^  Itinis  of  Alaska,  Dr.  Dall  ti>lls  as  (p.  Mii)  tliat  this  s|iih;u>s  is 
"(Mtiiinion  iit  HI.  (iuorK*^"  t'tt;.  It  is  founil  tliroii;;lioiit  the  AUnttiaii  islamls,  also  on 
thu  CoiiiiiiaiKit'i'  groiii*.  It  may  oct-iir  on  the  I'ribilofs,  bnt  I  <-aii  n>/t  lind  any  rnttlii>r 
(l«>tiiiii<)  iiiforinatioii  nor  spvciniuiis,  and  l>r.  Dall  is  unablu  at  thi.s  lat<-  date  to  fninisli 
coiu'.iiisivc,  cvidtMK'n  of  its  occurrence. 

26.  Cepphus  columba  I'all.     I'Ikcioii  liiiilli'iiiol. 

I  [rid]  (ohimha,Vi>vi:»,  Ko.v,  IS!lil,«ir..— (iitA.NT,  (^iit,  II.  l»r.  Miih.,  ls<ts,5Kt;. 

Cep/ihiiH  lohimhii,  Ni'.l.soN,  II<1m.  AliiMkii,  IS87,  II. — A.  O.  1'.  Cli.  I. int.  |S!t5,  S.— KiixiWAY,  Mini. 
ISitd,  17. 

I  have  no  inforination  of  this  spi^cies  breeding  on  tint  i.slands  but  they  probably 
do.  I  only  observed  them  oiute,  on  Jiiue  Vi,  while  on  a  boat  trip  to  VValnis  I.slaiid, 
when  they  were  quite  coinmoii  to  the  southward  of  tiiat  place,  but  very  siiy.  lOIIiolt 
does  not  mention  them,  but  Nelson  says  "they  nest  on  the  fur  seal  islands,"  and  he 
tells  me  that  he  certainly  saw  them  undcir  the  clitVs  of  St.  CJeorge.  The  blacUness  ot 
the  bird  and  the  white  wing  patch  render  them  conspicuous  objects  on  the  sea.  Their 
breeding  (daces  are  among  nicks  near  the  water's  edge  and  they  may  possibly  breed 
on  Walrus  Island,  and  perhajis  at  I'ohivina  on  St.  Paul,  and  on  St.  (Jeorge.  They  lay 
two  white  c.;gs,  which  measure  about  ''2.41  by  l.(i4." — {liultjiray). 

27.  Uria  trolle  califoruioa  (lliytiiit).     Ciilifomiii  JIi>ne.     "Afriv." 

I.omria   Iroile  var.  talij'ornica,  Cimk.s,  in    Klllott'H    li'pt.  All'.  AliiNkii,  IS7.3;    Hipriiit,  tS7.">,  LMO; 

Ki.l.roiT.  Moil.  .Soai  Ids.,  18S2,  la.'.;  Key,  1S!»0,  S17. 
Iriii  Iriii      (iiliforniiii,  Nki.son,  Mils.  Alaskii,  1SS7,  I.").— A.o.  ir.CIi.  List,  IHUri,  11.— KiixiWAV, 

Mini.  ISUfI,  IS. 
Iria  Iroih;  (iliANi,  Cut,  II.  Br.  Mu«.,  ISilS,  573  (part). 

Occurs  in  small  squads  on  the  lililVs  of  St.  Paul  and  St.  (leorge.  Seen  from  the 
edge  of  the  clill's  above,  I  found  that  I  could  readily  distinguish  them  from  the  other 
dark<'r  and  more  robust  species.  They  are  much  slemleier,  with  smaller  ami  sharper 
bills;  the  upper  parts  are  a  light  brownish  ash  color  as  seen  from  above  when  one  is 
directly  over  them.  1  could  thus  readily  distinguish  them  when  mixed  with  the 
thousands  of  (irni.  On  a  visit  to  Walrus  Island,  on  June  1.5,  1  .saw  none  of  these 
birds,  those  taken  being  the  next  species,  and  my  visit  being  coiilined  to  the  western 
and  northern  parts  of  the  island;  but  on  landing  again,  on  August  7,  on  the  south 
eastern  jiart,  1  was  astonished  by  their  abundance,  none  of  the  other  si»eeies  being 
seen.  Thus  the  two  forms  were  occupying  ditfeieiit  portions  of  the  available  s]iace 
and  breeding  by  thousands.  On  this  last  date,  from  the  wati^r's  edge,  extending  back 
perhaps  ;U>  yards  and  along  on  either  side  for  a  considerable  distance,  were  thousands 
of  inurres,  which  (qienod  before  me  and,  rushing  over  the  rocks,  threw  themselves  off* 
into  the  sea  by  tliou.sands.  Some  hundieds  of  eggs  nearly  ready  to  hatch  were  to 
be  seen  and  young  of  various  sizes  were  numerous.  In  some  ca.ses  an  old  bird 
sheltered  under  her  wings  several  .voung  of  ditVerent  ages.  The  rocks  were  very  wet 
and  dirty,  but  by  sudden  rushes  1  succeeded  in  capturing  several  adults  by  grasping 


'l        1 


1 1 .- 

I*  r    '  I 


I 


:VM) 


TlIK    VVn    SKAI.H    OK    TIIK    I'KIHILOK    ISl-ANDS. 


■I 

Ml: 
< 


Mu'iii  Ity  the  iifrk,  viM'y  tow  tryiii;;  to  lly  und  iill  sciainhliii^^  in  all  liiiHtoovci'  tlio  roii^'li 
sljpprry  rocks  in  the  utmost  lonl'iision.  Tlivii'  liahilH  arc  doubtless  the  same  as  the 
more  eommou  ami.  The  downy  younn'  ol'  rulifoniliii  would  seem  to  dillei'  from  mrn 
in  the  dry  skin  liy  lu'liifj  of  a  paler  «'<dor,  and  by  having  tlu^  upper  edge  of  the  white 
of  the  uuiler  parts  i>leiidin';  iido  the  dark  U4>ek  color,  instead  of  bein<;  bluntly  and 
sharply  s*'paratt'd,  iis  in  (ir/K.  The  lirst  I'eatheriujj  to  appear  on  the  youuf^  bird  is  on 
the  win(:^s  and  scapulars,  along  the  sides  of  the  breast  and  across  th«'  lower  neck. 
KoontluMlown  begins  to  tirop  o'f  b«;t ween  thti  nostrils  ami  the  eyes  and  around  the 
uuMitii  and  the  base  of  the  lower  mamlible,  atid  as  the  birds  get  oldei'  the  new 
feathering  extends  across  the  back,  up  the  sides  of  the  neck,  and  all  over  the  untb-r 
parts  up  to  the  liill.  At  the  sam«^  time  the  leatiu>rin</  extends  around  the  i^yes  and 
bill  ami  lunninu  well  back  ot  tht^  eyes,  so  that  Iheoidy  remains  of  tluMlowiiy  plumage 
is  on  the  top  of  llie  head,  (extending  down  the  back  of  the  net^k  almost  to  the  s<-apnlars, 
scattering  down  the  back,  ami  extensiva  about  the  rump,  where  it  is  still  attatdu'tl  t(^ 
the  tips  of  the  new  featlu'ring  beneath.  1  see  no  tlitVerence  between  the  sexes.  Tliey 
(xtcur  alionl  tin'  islands  all  \«  inter  appareidly,  as  a  sp«>cinu'n  is  in  the  Museum 
collection.  This  is  iui  imiuiiture  bird,  uini  has  the  white  of  the  under  pints  meeting 
across  the  bark  of  tJu^  neck.  No.  I  ISf-SI.  ad.  S  ,  I'.S.N.M.,  August  7.  IS'.K),  Walrus 
IslaiMJ.W.  I'.:  wing,  S.dO;  «'ulnien,  !.(><»;  tarsus,  1.5li.  No.  (».sa;{U,  .lanuary  -Ml,  IS 74, 
I'ribilof  Islands,  (leorge  l{.  Adams. 

28.  Urla  loin  via  ana  (I'lill.).     I'.iIIuh'h  Miiirc.  "  \rru." 

I  lilt  mill,    l).\l,l.  Jiiul  l!ANN.,'l'riiim.  Cliii'.  Ac,  Sri     IStiH,  .lli'l 

/.OHiWrt  nrni,  Cor I'.s,  ill  Kllio(!,'N  Ivpl.   All.  Alu.Mkii,    IS":!;   l;<)iiiiil,  ls7r>,  I'll;  K«,v,  IS!M>,  S17.~ 

Kl.l.loTT,  Moil.  Si'iil  Id.s.  ISSL',  t:t."). 
/  11(1  tiiiiiiiii  iiiTti,  NiM.sti.N,  lilts.  AIumKm.   IKK7,  1,^.     'I'owN.sK.Mi,  ('iiiiNi',  '  o/iciii.  1HS7, '.IS.     A.o. 

i'.CU.  l.iHt.  IS!).-.,  IJ.     K'liMiKWAV,  Mini.  1S!M!,  IH. 
/  lilt  liiiiifiit,  (ii!.\sr,  Cat.  II.  Itr.,  .Mum.  IS'.ih,  ."i77  (|iioti. 

The  interesting  account  of  this  binl  given  by  Mr.  Ililiott  in  his  M(»nograph  is  as 
tnm  to-day  as  when  written.  At  anchor  otl'  the  village  of  St.  (icorge  at  the  end  of 
May  and  early  in  •Inne  one  can  view  one  of  the  nmst  unirvelous  ornithohtgical  exhibi 
tions  of  the  worhl.  Thousan<is  of  the  Least  Anklet  ar(>  close  about  us,  in  the  walcr 
or  tlying  ill  every  direction  in  indencriliable  confusion;  but  tlm  more  stately  Muiies 
sw<'ep  by  in  nnmercMis  and  sonunvhat  regular  platoons,  as  if  passiii;;  inspccfinn.  Thes,^ 
platoons  consist  of  perhaps  from  lilly  to  live  huiulrcd  imiividuals,  ami  tvhiie  never 
forming  a  straight  lino  seem  to  lu^  continually  trying  to  do  so.  TIm-  central  birds  are 
nearly  always  in  advaiuM',  tlu^  whole  usually  formiiiga  very  wide  and  again 

a  /- —  ^^\;  sometimes  a  dcuible  curv«^  or  a  c(mibination  ot  Hat  <'nrvt»s  and  angles, 
continually  changing,  but  the  approach  to  a  straight  line  is  always  the  dominant 
feature.  (Comparatively  few  iiass  between  us  an  '  the  shore;  but  on  the  seaside  of  the 
vessel  their  number  is  legion.  As  far  as  the  eye  can  see  tile  upon  tile  are  m.tviiig, 
ill  an  apparently  endless  succession  and  nearly  always  in  the  same  direction — 
into  th«^  wind.  It  is  no  *>xaggeralion  to  say  that  thr«>e  platoons  pa>s  our  line  of  sight 
every  second,  otten  n  any  more;  these  will  average  at  least  a  hundrud  each;  thus  we 
have  IS.OtMl  birds  passing  every  minute,  or  l,(»H(»,(MI(»  in  an  hour,  lint  we  only  see  the 
edge,  not  llit^  ciMiter,  of  the  paraiU^  ami  frimi  one  point  only,  and  many  ,\vv  Hying  over 
the  land  or  are  pi'rched  on  the  clilfs.'     Tills  ])arad(>  continues   until   late  in  the  iiiorn- 

'I  liiivi' ciiilriiviiri'il    II  I'Ntiiiiali'  IliM  tiilnl  iiiiiiilior  nl' iiiiliviiliiiil  liitilKiil'  all   -^prriri*  (icrin  riii^  mi 
tlio  I'lilillolH  iliiriii);  ii  jcui.     .My  liniin'M  nuch  H.(HHl,(KHt,  wliirli  1  can  nut  think  im  an  i'\iiKK«>'iktin»' 


V 


TIIK    UlliDS    Ol-'     rilK    I-KIIUl,n|'    ISLANDS. 


;j!ii 


ill};,  wIk^ii  liiinjj^iM-  :i(liii«)iiisli«^s  tluMii  t.lial  it  is  tiiii(>  lostuik  louil  lai niil  on  I  ho  Wiilcrs  of 
r>rriiin  St'ii.     Ill  lil(^  t'V«Miiiijj  it  is  iiuuiii  noiu»  o\ci  bt^litid  wttliiin  oii  tin-  forky  slu'lvcs 

oCtiui  !t(Ht  vtMl,ii-al  i'vvl  oCMie  {,'nMit  rlilV  uCSt,.  (i ■;<•.     As  I'lliiutt  lias  well  saitl.  "tliis 

Is  :i  tIrcsH  pani<i(^  ot'  <)i'iiiMMii<){;:i(;al  |Mi\V(>r  wlticli  I  (-iiiillcii^f  lli«^  world  to  rival;"  anil, 
taken  in  coniii'itioii  with  tiH;  oiioiiiioun  abiiiiilaiiri'  of  tho  itliooclikii-,  it  is  liaitl  to 
('oiM'«'iv«(  tliat,  Us  (Miual  can  !»»•  ioiiiid.  Tlu'.s  muss  in  rloso  ranks  on  Mic  nniniMons  pro 
Jcc.tiiij;  slu'lvl^s  ol"  tlui  clitic,  w  Ihmc  tlicy  lay  t.lu'ii  siiif^li'  lartjf,,  spotted  »'j;f;s  on  pluccs 
V  lierii  oiiti  wonilei'H  it'  it  is  possild«^  lor  tlieiii  to  miiaiii  iiiiinJnnMl  lor  the  period  of  alioiit, 
twenty  live,  (lays  necessary  lor  hateliin;^.  V\lit<n  setting;  they  liiee  the  loeks,  hm-k  out, 
and  have  to  liii'M  hel'ore  leaving;  so  thai  wIiimi  alarmed  or  eseiled  diiriii;;  their  eon 
slant  ijiiarrels  and  iiiakin;;  a  sudden  liirn  il<  ottiMi  happeiis  that  the  e|rjrs  roll  oil' and 
are  dashed  upon  the  roc^ks  lielow.  Like  oilier  water  birds,  they  plink  out  the  lealliers 
of  the  ei'iiter  of  the  upper  abdoiiuMi  to  peiiiiit  I  he  ej^'^r  to  <'omi'  In  eoiilaet  with  all  lliu 
body  warmth  possible, and  this  assists  in  eaiisin^;  llu^  e<;fi  to  leav<'  ilsroi'k.\  nest  when 
the  movement  (d'tiio  bird  is  hasty.  lOlliott,  speaks  thus  ol  their  aittionson  theelilVs  in 
the  early  summer: 

'I'liciy  <|Uiirirl  itrN|ii'r!tl<ilv,  hill  mil  li,v  Hcnlilin^;  il  iNH|iirili'<l  iii'liini ;  niiil  nh  (mi'imnIIn  ilollmy  li^lit, 
tliiit  all  all  III;;  liolow  tint  !ii  k'i  I>Ii>I)  iiI'  I  tin  mil  III  ^Imir  til' SI.  (iinr^ii,  wlirii  t  |iaHNi'il  I  Iiimi'iiiiiIii'  i  luring 
|li<<  liriHiiliii;;  MMNiiii.  ',  Ntr|i|iril  o\or  IiiiiiiIiiiiIh  i>I'  ilrail  IiIiiIh  wliirli  liiiit  I'allrii  and  ilaHlicil  lluiiiiHolvtiH 
III  ilriitli  upon  tlm  rockH  wliilti  clinclii'it  in  riuiilial.  wllli  tli«ir  livul.s;  I'm'  llii<_v  Hiil;ri>oiiii  iiiiiililior  in  iiiiil- 
aii  aiiit  liiiii;;  with  tlii'ii' NlriuiK  niiinilihliH  no  .saviiK«l.v  to  larti  hIIiki' h  sl.in  ami  IrathiTH  llial,  wit.li  tli« 
swill  H  liin  in;;  ol'  llnir  |iiiwiitriil  win;;H,  lhr,\  am  hliinlril  In  llii'lr  priil  ami  nIiiIm'  iIh'  railii  li<<iiiiitlll 
«i'i<  tliity  ruuli/r  llioir  (liiii;;iii   anil  iniinciliatr  <li<iit.li. 

Several  times  diiriiiff  the  season  at  Walrus  Island  ami,  when  opportunity  olVcirs, 
elsewhere,  the  e}j;;'s  are  eolleeled  for  food.  Soon  after  the  1st  of  .liim^  seNcral  natives 
paid  a  visit  to  Walrus  Island  and  seleetin^  the  fn^shest  vi^H  riitldessly  (lestroyHd  all 
tln^  otln'rs,  so  that  wIkmi  we  \isiled  ilie  place  on  .liine  i;>  we  were  able  to  seenru 
betwei'ii  three  and  four  tlnmsand  fresh  e};;;s.  This  occurs  (iscry  year  with  iioappieei 
abl(^  (^ll'e.cl  on  their  numbers,  as  later  visits  are  not  periiiittiHl.  The  vans  are  fairly 
t;ood  caliny  when  one  ;;'(^ls  aciaistomed  to  them,  hiil  the  albumen  is  extremely  viscid 
and  the  yolk  ibirk:  the  taste  is  not  disa^^riM'abh^.  Like  probably  all  their  coii^u- 
ners  the  small  yoiiii;;  are  fed  by  disi^dr^jed  eriistaeeans,  but  I  know  that  the  larf;or 
yoiin^  and  es'cn  (jiiite  small  individuals  are  h'<\  upon  whole  llsh.  On  Aiif^nst  I,  I  (m>I- 
lec.t«'d  a  yonii};  miirre  and  also  a  small  lish,  a  tutted  blci'i  \.  Unioslriiniin  pohimto- 
iiphiiliis  (No.  l.'tlUI.'">  r.H.N.M.),  lyin^;  at  its  side.  I  had  pre\  ionsly  wilncs.sed  the  feed- 
ing of  several  oIIh^vs.  With  the  bntast  to  the  rock  the  moti  er  lands,  and  bendino  Iter 
head  diiwiiward  to  lier  yoiiii^  utters  a  harsh,  croakiii;;  son  id.  The  yoiiiifisler  raises 
its  head  and,  takiii;;  the  lish  from  its  parent's  bill  by  the  tail,  works  it  sideways  in  its 
own  bill,  until  it  ^ets  the  head  in  ilH  iiioiith,  when  the  lish  rapidly  disappears.  Il'tlio 
yoiin;;  has  had  enon^di  the  hsli  is  laid  at  its  side  until  needed.  The  lish  is  carried  by' 
the  parent  with  the  head  partly  down  its  throat,  the  tail  sticking  out  from  between  \\w 
mandibles.  In  some  adult  s]Mrinieiis  the  dilateil  part  of  thu  base  of  the  upper  man- 
dible, the  loinia,  is  ipiite  whitish.  The  tarsi  are  yellowish  pearl  ^ray  in  color,  dark 
Ix'tweeii  ili»  rales  in  lionl  and  espei-ially  at  the  joinls.  '!'h«  webs  are  also  dark.  In 
seme  si»'.'(  Mi'Mis  tlitt  toeH  are  a  brownish  yellow.  I  have  a  series  of  seven  spHcinittiiH 
ol  Micdi  .vny  yoniij^'  not  over  a  week  old,  the  yoniiKi^st'  having;' been  assisted  ontof  (he 
shell  by  myself.  The  white  of  the  iinderbody  and  the  dark  of  the  neck  forms  a  sharp 
line,  little  blundiiif;  showing;.     The  (.(eiieral  color  of  the  back  is  darker  than  in  c<(/( 


m 


i» 


It! 

!  I  ^1 


It 


s  3«| 

1  '^1 

''  "Sfc 

'ti 

«"i 


m 


memmmmmmmmmm 


a;  12 


'I'll!',    I'lU    SKAI.S    OK     rill';    I'UlltlI,(»K    IKLANMS. 


»  Hi 


foniicd.  Tilt'  body  is  doiisdy  covoit'd  witli  down,  tliiitof  tlui  licnd  :iiid  lu'i'U  bciiiy 
bliM'kisli.  hut  profusi'ly  sixittt'd  with  wliitc.  Th«>i  whit«Hh)\vii  is  h'ss  tliilly  mid  is;;t'iu'i' 
ally  hmnt'r  tliaii  Mio  (h»i U,  t'siiccially  on  tlid  iicrli,  wiicrc  it  is  yt'llowisli.  Wiini  (he 
youii;;  iniiniMMiiur^cs  IVoiii  th(M'^^,  iiiiicii  of  tids(h)Wii  is  Hi  ill  in  lii«>  siit-iinis  and  nil  is 
diUM))  and  wiry.  As  tiui  iiird  dries,  this  bt'conius  seitaralrd  and  llnlly,  but  with  tin- 
loufi  wliileand  yellowish  downs  tiiis  <liyinn'  is  slower  than  in  the  olher.  Tims  until 
separated  each  tul'tofdown  appears  as  a  sinfjle  part  and  nniy  sonu'tinies  be  seen  as 
slniwii  in  li},'.  U,  I'l.  X  1<I,  where  a  tiilt  is  hel<5  in  the<'enter  by  tln^  i»ersistent  remains  ol' 
the  sheath.  In  lij;.  lOwill  b«  seen  one oi  (ho  tnfts  shealhless  bnt  not  separated,  and  the 
lip,  I'eally  eoniposed  oC  many,  api»earin;;  as  a  sinf.';lc  piece.  Tlu^  black  down  soon 
becomes  dry  and  lltiHy.  bnt  the  longer  white  tnlts  renniin  as  an  apparent  sin;;le  j;i'owth 
fin-  sometime  exe«'i.t  on  i'ne  throat  and  ('a<'e,  where  it  is  soon  separated  by  the  nn)vo- 
nuMits  of  the  yming  bird  in  nibbing  its  throat  and  ncek  on  the  rrtcks.  Though  to  tlie 
oyt^  the.^e  l(»ng,  yeliowisii,  |»ointe(l  <h)wns  appear  as  single,  ninler  the  mieios<!ope  they 
are  found  to  consist  of  six  or  more,  as  slntwii  in  tig.  1 1,  where  a  tuft  Ih  beginning  to 
s(>parale.  As  the  new  plumage  ai>pears  it;  is  seen  that  thi-se  bunches  of  down  ar** 
a((a<>lied  to  ihe  tips  of  the  growing  nesding  feather,  bnt  the  constant  rubbing  of  the 
youngster  against  tho  rocks  and  its  ])arent  causes  tiu^  great^'r  nuud)er  of  th(>H«^  downy 
parts  as  tiu'y  grow  out  to  break  olV,  so  (hat  when  the  bird  is  three  ov  four  weeks  old 
bnt  few  ronniin,  and  these  mostly  on  the  back  of  the  neck.  These,  however,  do  not 
a|>]>ear  as  tufts  Init  as  lilaments,  each  attaelied  to  the  tip  of  a  rannis  of  the  new  grow 
ing  feather,  as  shown  in  tigs.  M!  and  17.  At  the  ]ioinl  of  a|)parent  juni'ture  there  can 
lie  seen  a  slight  swelling  (n.  tig.  1  1),  which  is  greatly  enlargeil  (*»,  tig.  IS).  Instead  of 
the  downy  tufts  separating,  they  are  often  In  Id  tog«'ther  around  (heir  bases  l)y  a  soun-- 
what  jiersistent  part  of  the  sheath  thnmgh  which  the  down  grew,  or  by  a  gluing 
together  (tigs,  lli  and  i;5).  In  siu-h  cases  frietion  soon  renmves  all  at  once  from  the 
tip  of  the  growing  feather.  Therelbre  it  will  bo  seen  that  the  tuft  of  down  has  no  true 
rachis  of  its  own,  only  (he  temporary  one  of  (he  sheath.  And  the  jiarts  into  which 
the  tuft  can  be  divided  are  only  elongations  of  the  rami  of  the  (iist  true  plumage 
feadier,  as  shown  in  lig.  14.  The  bunch  or  swelling  is  formed,  1  believe,  in  (his  way. 
The  down  grows  to  i(s  full  length  before  the  young  murre  is  hatched.  Then  (he  longi- 
tudinal growth  ceases,  but  cell  making  continues  and  causes  the  jiart  at  or  near  the 
surface  of  the  skin,  being  soft,  to  swell.  Then  after  a  few  days  the  new  feather  begins 
to  appear,  slowly  at  first  but  steadily,  until  the  downy  stage  is  all  pusln-d  out  and  its 
jdace  occupied  by  the  entirely  ditVerent  tirstplnmage  feather.'  S(nm'tinies  several  of 
these  <h)wny  tips  will  remain  atta«'he(!  to  the  tips  of  their  respe(;tive  rami,  the  whole 
being  held  together  at  the  swellings  by  a  sticking  («•  joining  (tig.  l.""*).  rsiially  the 
downy  tii»  breaks  otf  below  the  swelling,  but  often  above,  so  that  it  (MuIs  soiim'  of  the 
rami  of  tlic  new  foatlicr,  but  occasituially  the  break  occurs  in  the  center  of  tiie  swell- 
ing (tig  IS).  The  same  process  obtains  in  the  case  of  the  iinderbody  feathers  but 
varied  somewhat  in  the  belly  feathers.  Mere  th«'  Joined  bases  of  the  downy  tufts 
appear  double,  as  shown  in  lig.  10.  These  are  numerous  and  somewliaf  iiersislent 
until  separated  by  the  movements  of  the  bird,  plus  the  growth  (»f  the  new  leather. 
Ibit  these  downs  are  not  readily  broken  olV,  so  that  they  persist  attacheil  as  lilami'iits 
to  their  respective  r.iuii  much  longer  than  those  »ni  the  back,  except  the  ones  <mi  tin? 
back  of  the  ne<  k,  which  are  the  last  to  be  lost.     It  is  curious  that  these  last  persist  in 


I- 


Till)  Kwulhiig  is  t'uuixl  ill  iiiaiiy  liirdn  wliicli  I  htijio  lo  illualrutu  lulur. 


TlIK    ItlKKS    OK    THK    I'UIIIILOl'    ISLANDS, 


393 


pairs  (Ml  cacli  IVathcr  until  tlui  yoiiiiKsl^'r  i«  Hcvenil  wcoks  old.  Tlic  swelling  on  tlic 
belly  downs  is  seldom  us  laifje  as  on  the  otliers.  IJsnally  sonic  swelling,'  is  noti(;oal)lu, 
bnt  often  tlie  racliises  of  the  laini  (!ontinncs  into  the  downs  with  little  approciablo 
increase  of  si/(\  The  lij^ures  in  1*1.  XLi  and  tint  <'\planatiuiis  oi)posite  will  exiilain 
these  changes.  The.  double  elVect  seen  in  tig.  lit  is  eornnion  on  tin  belly,  and  maybe 
caused  by  two  tnl'ts  adhering.  The  radii  of  the  d(twn  raehislie  tiat  against  it  pointing 
upward.  They  evidently  adln'rc  until  <lried  and  loosened  by  friction.  The  tnst  down 
of  these  l)inls  dillers  Ironi  the  other  species  of  anks  in  being  stronger  and  shorter. 

KroMi  some  imiidreils  of  eggs  I  sele«!r4'd  nine  as  typical  of  extremes  of  color  ami 
markings.  These  aie  siiown  in  the  accompanying  photograiih,  IM.  XX,\IX.  Tli« 
greater  number  of  eggs,  by  far,  is  made  u|)  of  intermediates. 


N.I.  IIKiiXIt  V  ml.  AiimiBt  1,  IKIXi,  SI.  I'mil.  W.  I' 

Nil.  llHdKK    '  ml.. I  III  V  :W.  IWKI,  S(.  I'liiil,  W.  1' 

Nil.  l."iin.'.-i   ,   ;iil,.liirv 'Jl».  imiri,  St.  Ilii.t;;i',  l>.  W.  r,  |r 


WlliK. 


H.02 
9.02 

8.rM 


Ciiliiii'ii.    TftrHim. 


I. nil  I 
i.n  , 

1.4(1 


1..V. 
I..W 
1.40 


Order  li()N<ill*I'jMNK.S.     liong-winged  Swimmers. 
Pmnily  STEI^COR  A  (U  1  D  A  E.    Jn<^qors. 

Tlirce  of  the  foin  Ameri(^an  meinlxus  of  this  family  occur  casually  on  the  islands. 
I'o.ssibly  they  arc  more  numennis  (lining  the  migrations.     They  breed  northwards. 

29.  Steicoraiiiis  pomarimiB  ('I'oimii.i.     I'oiiiiiriiH)  .Iiii)K<'>'.     "  Ha:-hi)i-iiik-." 

SIcrciirarii'  immnlorhiiiiiH,  diiKs,  in  l''.lli<>ll.'H  lipl.  Alt'.  .AIumUu,  ISTIt;  Hr/iriiil,  l>'7ri,  lIMi;  K«v, 
I.S'IO,  7;ri.     Ill.i.icn,  Moil.  Sinl   Mh.  ISKL',  i;i2.  — Sainkkiis,  Cul.  li.  l;r.  Mns.  IH'.Hi,  ;iJ2. 

!<trriiiy<irii(H  inimoriniin,  'I'liwN.'iKNii,  Cruise,  I'nriiin,  1SS7,  !tS. — A.(».  I'.  <Jli.  I, int.  ISITi,  II. — 
WiiMiWAV,  Mail.  ISlIt;.  2->. 

\  v.nv  visitor.  Klliott  found  one  "perched  in  a  listless  attitude  on  tin*  high, 
mossy  uplands  between  Kauiniinista  and  I'olovina  Sopka."  Mr.  C  II.  Townsend 
obtained  another  on  the  sani(Msland.  During  the  sununer  of  1H!M)  two  W(;r(  .setui  (ui 
St.  (leorge  eating  tlu^  carcass  of  a  fur  seal.  One  of  these  was  killed  and  preservcMl 
by  Mr.  I'.d.  I,avender.  No.  tlJo'J^,  ad.  9  ,  U.S.N.M.,  .Iiiii".  L'.J,  1872,  St.  I'aul,  II.  W. 
Klliott,  light  phase.     No.  I0(i,sr)7,  ^  ,  .lune  Hi,  IS.So,  St.  Paul,  C,  II.  Towiisen«l. 

30.  Stei       ,uhiH  parasiticuB  (l.iiiii.).      I'tmtMitic  >lii<<K<^r. 

SliivfiiriuK  paraKiliriin,  ('<niKs,  in  I'^llioltV  Upl.  At)'.  Aliiska,  ISVIf;  Itejiriiil.  Is".  l!t(i;  Key, 
IS!«I,  7.!(i.— I';i.l.l«iT,  Moll,  S«}iil  !<!.><,  iss:.',  i:iL'.— A.  <>.  i;.  Cli.  List,  I.Si).'-),  11.  l.'iixiWAV, 
Mau.  ISHH,  2'' 

.S'(crci>r(irii/«  (i'/.mIh/ii.,,  Sm  Nl>Klt>,  <  ul,.  U.  I!i.  Mun.  ,\X\',  1S!I6,  :;l.'7. 

Casual.  *'  I  have  swn  but  (bur  or  iiv«  (ivainples  of  this  H|ieci(s,  whi(;h  may  be  rated 
as  an  infreipient  visitoi.  It  may  be  found  upmi  the  gras.sy  uplands,  where  it  will 
alight  and  Htand  do/.iug  in  an  indolent  ati  ndc  Un-  hours." — (EUintt.)  Mc  Ibiind  half- 
digested  berriesof  Einjulriim  in  lue  stomaitlis.  No. (ilT)-!,  9  ,  U.H.N.M.,  Juno  15,  1872, 
St.  Paul,  II.  W.  Klliott,  dark  pbiHc. 

31.  StercoiaiiUB  longicauduB  ViiMll.     lioiiK-lsiilcd  ■liin(;(T. 

SlirniniriiiH  hafloiii,  (!iii  i;."*,  in  I'.liiotl.'M  Rpt.  All'.  Alu«k,i,  lS7:t;   l!<i)nnl,  is7."i,  I!t7;  Kfy,  I8!M», 

7:>s.     i;i,i.i(ii  I,  Mnii.  Soul  IiIh.  I»>^      V,i2. 
SlriioiiiiiiiH  Iniiiiiiiiiiiliiu,  A.  <•.  I  •  mt,  Isim,  1."..  — IJlliiiWA V,  Mail.  lH!Hi,  '_»a. 

Sltl-Kiniriii.i  iiiiraiiliriiJi,  S.MNl'i       .  i  :il.  15.  Itr.  .\Iiim    X.W,  IK!»»,  'SM. 

Seldom   seen.     "The  specimen   in    my   collection  is  oue  of  the  only  two  I  ever 


ii 


> 

i 

iiii 

■ 
■ 

1 

I 


li 

; 

'•.  J 


t  i 


^' 


304 


THK    VVH    SKALS    Ol-^    TlIK    I'UIIULOF    ISLANI>8. 


i 


.  i 


IM 


1.1 


mHiI 


ohtaiiu'd  on  tlic  Ishiiuls." — [FAl'mtt.)  Tliey  wero.  apparuntly  Ifcdiii^  u|m)ii  insects  and 
niH)ii  tlic  small  blackberry  of  Kmpctrum.  No.  (ilir>2:{,  ad.  $  ,  .lune  l.'S,  1.S7-,  St.  I'aiil, 
U.  W.  Elliott. 

Family  LARIDAE.     Gulls  niid  Terns. 

Of  the  eight  niendiers  of  this  family  given  hero  from  the  iahinds,  tlireo  are  strik- 
ing f«'atiues  of  the  summer  fauna.  The  others  are  either  rare  breeders  or  are  i-asiial 
visitors  during  migrntions  or  in  winter.  t)f  two  no  speeimens  appear  to  have  been 
tak(Mi,  and  of  several  others  but  [\iyf  have  been  seen  or  collected. 

32.  Larus  schiatiaagus  Stojii.     Slaty-biU^kud  (iiill. 

l.ariiH  iiiarhiiiM  KihiHli^aniiK,  Coi'Ks,  Koy,  1S!K),  8il2. 

Imi-iih  KchifliHiiiiiiH,  A.  <•.  U.   V.h.   List,  WXi,    IS.— Sainkkk.s,   Cat.  !».,   Ur,  '.rim.  \XV.    ISIM), 
2SI.— KlIuiWAY,  M;ili.,  lS!t(!,  L'!t. 

{Several  of  the  natives  informed  me  that  a  hirg(^  bla«;k-biu-.ked  gull,  ditVerent  from 
the  following,  bred  sparingly  on  the  clitls  of  ()tt«r  Island,  and  that  they  rarely  visited 
St.  Paul.  Daniel  Webster,  an  old  experienced  sealer  who  had  then  spent  twenty  two 
years  on  the  islands,  also  told  me  that  a  large  dark-backed  gull  was  to  be  found  iu 
small  numbers  on  the  dill's  of  St.  (Jeorge.  On  -lune  1 1,  on  St.  I'aul  I  saw  tiiree,  and 
on  .lune  12,  another,  which  came  iu  over  the  Iteef  from  the  direction  of  Otter  Island. 
Several  evenings  after  August  1  I  noticed  8onu>,  large  gulls  Hying  slowly  in  from  the 
l»ecf  (on  oueeveuing  1  counted  seven).  The  mantle  was  muclMlarkertlian  in  filaiicfscnis. 
Tlu-y  were  probably  this  species,  the  status  of  which  is  veiy  uncertain  on  the  American 
side  of  Bering  Sea. 

33.  Laius  glauceacciia  N.'iiiiii.     (iliiiirdiiB-wiii^ud  (iiill.     "  Cliikii'." 

Liinis  tjlaiiriiii,  CoiKs,  ill   Klliotfs  Kpt.  Alt'.  Aliiskii,  1S73;  Hiprint,  IS75.  IHS. — KiMiirr,  Moii. 

Sfiil  Ids.,  18.SL>,  132. 
I.iiriin  iilaiicincriis,  SAr.NDKlt.s,  Cat.  li.,  Hi.  .Mii.-*.  X.\  V,  ISSNi.  2S4.— t'olK.x,  K«\v,  IS!M),  711.— A.  O.  I'. 

Cli.  List,  lSi)5, 17.— KiiMiWAV,  Man..  IWHi,  1!7. 

Kesident  e.Kcept  when  ice  and  snow  compels  its  absence.  This  is  the  common  large 
gull  of  the  i.slands,  the  chief  scavenger.  Breeds  <m  the  clilVs  of  St.  (ieorge  and  Otter 
islands,  and  abundantly  on  the  tiat  central  portion  of  the  southern  end  of  Walrus 
Island.  It  does  not  breed  on  St.  I'aul,  owing,  doubtless,  to  the  smallness  of  the  clilVs. 
It  is  common  there,  however,  for  it  is  a  prime  scavenger  and  regularly  visits  the  rook 
erics  and  killing  grounds,  and  nothing  iu  the  shape  of  food  (H>mes  amiss  to  it.  On 
Walrus  Island  the  nests  are  quite  numenms.  On  June  1^  mrny  contained  tlirce  eggs 
well  incubated,  some  had  two  fresh  eggs,  while  a  few  had  one  or  two  young  and  an 
egg  (U*  two.  Larger  young  were  picked  up  on  the  io«'ks  near  the  nests.  The  nests 
are  well  made, clean,  and  are  generally  composed  of  tbvxd  grass  stems,  which  the  birds 
bring  from  St.  Paul.  While  most  were  placed  on  the  t'at  rock,  n  few  were  in  depres- 
sions of  the  sand  which  tilled  some  of  the  larger  crevices  of  the  rocks.  The  following 
may  jmssibly  be  an  unicjue  occurrence:  After  o  p.  m.  on  .lune  l.J,  while  returning  from 
our  trip  to  Walrus  Island,  I  n<»ti>;cd  a  large  gull  Hying  rajudly  toward  us.  As  it 
a))proached  I  saw  another  a  little  on  its  left  and  somcAvhat  lower.  Soon  the  fixity  of 
this  relati<m  and  similarity  of  their  laovements  attracted  my  attentiiui.  The  wind 
had  died  out  and  we  were  taking  turns  at  the  oar.s.  The  air  was  chilly,  the  sea  was 
icy  cold,  and  as  I  Inul  nothing  else  to  do  and  nothing  «'\cept  the  distant  shcn-e  of  St. 
Paul  was  in  sight,  1  watched  them.     Still  they  remained  iu  the  same  relative  position, 


THK    lUliDS    OK   THK    I'UIHII.OF    ISLANDS. 


!)r. 


iiiid  so  I  oalltMl  llu'  iittontioii  of  tin*  Urn  Aluiits  in  tlio  lutat  to  tlicin  and  askfti  it'  tli«>y 
iils«»  saw  two  birds.  Tlicy  all  replied  *'  Ves."  Still  tlieio  apiK'ured  soint'tliiii},'  pt-culiur 
ab(Hit  the  birds,  and  I  eontinned  watuhin^.  Snddcidy  tliey  veered  otV  to  the.  ri>»lit, 
and  I  instantly  eoinpreheiided  the  Hitiiation.  The  upper  one  was  really  u  ^nll,  but  the 
h)wer  waH  only  its  shadow  thrown  on  a  tb<r  bank  wliieh  was  rapidly  rolling  down  on 
us.  <  )nly  those  who  while  lying  becalmed  at  sea  have  seen  a  fog  bank  pass  in  between 
them  and  the  desired  haven  can  appreciate  the  rapidity  with  which  this  occurs  and 
the  solid  appearance  of  the  rolling,  iiu;essantly  changing,  and  compact  appearing  mass 
of  the  fog.  It  was  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  front  edge  of  such  a  fog  bank  that  we 
saw  this  sliadow.  The  bank  was  moving  but  a  very  littht  slower  than  the  gull,  and 
after  the  bird  had  veered  otf  toward  the  land  it  was  but  a  few  monu'iits  before  wo 
were  enveloped,  so  that  it  was  imj)08sible  to  see  little  farther  than  our  boat's  length. 

These  birds  feed  on  pretty  nnich  everything  in  the  way  of  otVal.  Kven  the  deiwl 
seals  are  soon  devoured  by  them,  and  they  vie  with  the  foxes  in  their  ability  to  search 
out  and  dispose  of  all  animal  matter.  Kvidently  the  wh<de  cohuiy  of  this  species 
about  St.  I'aul  breeds  and  roosts  during  tlit^  summer  on  Walrus  Island. 

The  ground  color  of  the  eggs  varies  from  light-drab  giay  to  se|>ia.  with  very  dark 
brown,  sharjjly  delined,  irregidar  spots  from  the  si/.e  of  the  heaii  of  an  ordinary  pin  to 
many  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and  even  one  three  fourths  of  an  inch,  in  length.  Two  of 
the  eggs  in  a  set  of  three  have  a  few  obscure  spots,  but  the  other  has  nuue  than  half  its 
spots  obscureil  by  the  later  deposits  of  egg  lime.  On  (me  egg  the  spots  are  sonunvhat 
streaked  and  penciled.  Another  set  taken  the  same  day,  June  l.'S,  had  two  nearly 
white  eggs  and  one  of  the  nornuil  color.  These  white  eggs  are  pale  bluish  white,  with 
very  faint  spotting;  no  dark  c<doring  whatever.  The  tirst  set  measure  2.S0  by  LMr», 
i;.S5  by  li.(»5,  L».S(i  by  2.07.  The  pale  two  are  ;{.(»5  by  li.ll,  and  .i  by  LMo,  the  «lark  egg 
having  been  broken. 

34.  LaniB  bairoviamiB  Hiil^wti.v.     I'oiiit  Kitrrow  (iiill. 

I.itnis  haniiriiiiiiiH  K'iim;\vav,  Aiili,  l!Wti,  3:i();  Mtiti.,  I8!tt>,  at!.— Nki.son,   Hds.  Aiivska,  1S«7,  51.— 

A.  O.  U.  Ch.  l.iBt,  1S95.  It!. 
Larii.'t  (jlniiriiH,  S.mnmi'.us,  Oiit.  1!.,  Itr.  Miis.  XXV,  1«!H!,  2S!I  (pint).— CoUKS,  Key,  t«!K),  711  (part). 

Among  the  huntlreds  of  /j<iriis  jilaiic<scrn.s  seen  I  «rolle<;ted  one  specinuui  of  this 
large  pale  gull  on  Walrus  Island  on  .June  1.5,  1800.  It  is  the  tudy  one  that  I  noticed. 
It  hatl  three  bare  places  on  its  lower  underbody,  thus  indicating  that  it  had  been  sitting 
on  eggs,  though  it  was  a  male.  Three  eggs  in  the  National  Museum  collection,  taken 
by  Mr.  Klliott  .liuie  4,  187.'{,  ami  labeled  St.  I'aul  (but  evidently  from  Walrus  Island), 
have  been  identitied  (pt^rhaps  wnuiglyjas  behmging  to  this  tbrm.  They  measure  1,'.S.'{ 
by '-*.!(►,  '2.'M\  by  li,and  .{.1.")  by  2.1 1.  They  are  similar  in  cohtr  to  the  eggs  of  L,iilai«rn<rn.s^ 
though  there  is  a  slight  tendency  to  blending  about  the  edges  of  the  spots.  No.  1 1871.'{, 
ad..?,  II.S.N.M.  Walrus  Island,  June  VA,  1890,  W.  1'.  Length,  MM;  extent,  «3; 
wing,  IS.7.'> 

35.  Pagophila  alba  (tiunn.).     Ivury  (<iill. 

l'[<i<joiiltitn\  fhiinica,  Cocks.  K<iy.  1s;M).  71!t.— .s.u.vin.  Ciil.  IS.  I'.r.  Miih.  XXV.  18i)li,;tt)l. 
(■Id  id  aiha,  A.  O.  II.  Cli.  Lint.  1S!».\  15.  — IJiixiWAY.  Man.,  ISiMi,  I'l. 

A  northern  species,  perhaps  a  regidar  visitor  in  winter.  Oiu-  was  taken  by  the 
natives  in  February  or  .March,  18!>."»,  ami  the  specimen  was  afterwards  secured  b.y 
Messrs.  V.  W.  Triu'  and  D.  W.  Prentiss.  No.  i:.l78.S.  I'.S.N.M.  Wing,  l'J.88;  tail, 
.j.li8;  culmen,  l.lli;  tarsu.s  l.-'iO. 


;l'l 


^h 


.  i.  i 

'ill 

I. 
t*  I  ^tii 


i 


3!i(; 


TIIK    VVK    8ICALS    OK    'IllK    I'KIHFLOK    ISLANDS. 


36.  Ribsa  tiidactyla  pollioaris  Sliijii.  MSH.   Kid^jw.     I'ucilic   Kittiwiikc     "  CliDriiir-ntiiiHldir  flmf- 
rooskU:" 

/,((»•«»  IHiiariyla,  Coinhk,  K«<v.  ct  Mil}{.  /oitl.,  18t«),  lOl. 

iMruii  liiriactylii  viir.  koUtliiii,  (oiks,  in  KIliott'H  |{|il.  All'.  AliisUii,  1S73;   h'viniiil,  ls7.'),  I!t!t.— 

Kl.iloTi',  Moil.  .Soul  Ills,,  18X1'.  i:t2. 
liiaiM  tnilticliila  pollivariH/i'viifiKH,  Con.  Nat.  llisl.  AIunUu,  lS8<i,  IL'I.     A.  (».  U.  Cli.  Lint,  IWtr-, 

Hi.— liilxiWAY,  Miin.,  IHUO,  L'5.— Nki.son,  lids.  AliiHka,  IS87,  !!•.— Townskni),  Criiiso,  >onrin, 

18«7,  W. 
/>'|i««(i|  l\ri<lail!ila\  kot:<hiiii,Vi>VV.t*,  Koy,  l«9(>,7»«. 
JiisM  tridaelgla,  Sahnkkk.h,  Cat.  H.  Hr.  Mils.  XX\',  IMiHi, ;(05  (part). 

"TIlis  {jiill  breeds  licre  by  tens  at'  tlit)ii.sainl.s,  in  <M)in|)iiiiy  with  its  (irs(  cousin, 
fjorus  \l\ini«i\  hnrirosfrix,  vtmiiug  nt  the  sanni  time,  but  Iiiyiny  a  wetdi  <»r  ten  days 
earlier  tlian  its  relative.  *  •  *  In  building  its  nest  it  uses  nuue  f,'rasH  and  less 
mud  eement  than  tlie  hrerirostrin  does." — {hHltott.)  Abumlant  near  tlie  village  (if  St. 
(Jeorge  on  May  L'.S,  where  a  few  nests  were  a*  en,  but  no  eggs.  On  .luno  L'l,  and  lor 
days  afterwards  a  perfect  stream  of  kittiwakt  a  was  seen  currying  material  from  the 
vicinity  of  the  ponds  on  St.  Paul  toward  the  L'eef  clitfs  and  Otter  Ishind. 

Viewed  from  the  tilills  the  Hight  of  these  birds  is  remarkably  graceinl,  an<l  espe- 
cially so  when  they  have  been  disturbed  from  a  midday  siesta.  1  thus  disturbed 
several  dozen  one  <lay,  and  careliilly  watched  them  as  they  passed  and  repas.sed  the 
spot  where  I  sat  on  the  edge  of  the  clitf.  They  were  all  within  -0  yards  and  eontin- 
ually  paraded  [tarallel  with  the  «'.lilf,  all  the  while  intently  watching  me.  They  W(uild 
pass  by  for  some  ■'!()  or  forty  yards,  then  turn  and  lly  an  equal  distance  on  the  other 
side  liefore  again  nuiking  a  turn.  Usually  the  whole  distance  was  accomplished  by 
sailing,  and  often  the  turns  and  several  lengths  were  traveled  in  the  same  way.  Thus, 
selecting  an  individual  and  keeping  my  eyes  on  him,  I  often  counted  from  two  to  three 
trips  without  a  tlap  of  a  wing.  One  individual  thus  noted  made  the  trip  seven  times 
witlnmt  once  changing  his  wings  from  their  rigid  outstretched  position.  The  length  of 
bis  parade  was  fully  .W  yards,  and  he  sailed  in  an  almost  straight  line  and  rarely 
varied  his  level,  being  about  as  high  above  the  sea  as  1  was  on  the  «'lilV.  Not  a  move- 
ment of  the  air  was  perceptible  to  my  .senses.  He  was  often  so  close  that  as  he  passed 
I  could  distinctly  see  the  movement  of  his  eye  as  he  slightly  turn«-d  his  head  to  view 
me.  Several  times  the  Hy  lines  of  two  birds  would  cross  at  about  the  same  level,  but 
rarely  would  one  flap  to  gain  impetus  enough  to  get  rapiilly  out  of  the  way.  It  was 
more  often  at'complisluMl  by  a  cpuver  of  the  wings  on  tlu".  jiart  of  one  of  the  two,  a 
slight  ri.se  as  the  other  pas.scd  beneath,  and  then  a  similar  descent,  and  the  continu- 
ation of  the  journey  without  any  distinct  llai»ping  whatever.  They  thus  sailed  in 
idain  view  as  long  as  1  renniined  on  the  rocks,  jtrobably  thirty  minutes. 

On  August  2,  most  of  the  nests  (contained  young,  but  a  few  had  a  yonag  and  an 
egg,  and  sometimes  two  eggs,  rarely  three.  Curiously  enough,  1  never  saw  a  n»!st 
which  contained  more  thiin  one  large  y<»ung.  Possibly  the  tirst  hatched  may  in  its 
restlessness  crowd  the  other  egg  or  smaller  young  out  of  tlie  nest.'  The.  iie.sts  are 
usually  built  on  little  projecting  ])oints  of  rock,  too  small  to  be  utilized  by  any  other 
species,  and  are  generally  jilaced  in  groups  of  four  or  live  or  more.  The  adult  plum- 
age is  attained  before  the  bird  is  a  year  old,  but  a  few  individuals  then  show  signs  of 

'"Tbo  KittiwukxH,  in  many  ciihhh,  laid  Itiit  oiiit  i-gn  cui'li;  HoiiutliiuuH  Iwii,  and  a  sut  of  tliroit  t..^'i{H 
wa«  oxtreniel.v  rare,  according  to  my  oliHorvution." — (l.ut:.) 


ii;   i; 


Till",    lUKDS    OK    TMK    PlMllll.Ol'    ISLANDS. 


3J)7 


iiiiinatiirity,  RoiiuMit'  wliicli  arc  (U^s<Til»c(l  below.'  No.  11S7(>.'{,  im.  <? ,  .VuKiiwf  '•,  ISilO, 
St.  raul,  W.  P.,  liaH  tlii'ct^  fcatliurs,  iioxf  to  t\w  two  oiitsiilu  ones  on  eat-li  side  of  the 
tail,  witli  a  Itiack  Motrli  near  tlio  end;  in  some  there  is  a  blotch  on  each  wel>.  There 
is  considerable  black  on  the  alula  feathers  aud  on  the  primary  <'overts.  A  lew  dark 
feathers  around  the  eye.  ICye  rin<;,  dnll  red;  feet,  dark  brown,  ])aler  on  the  toes  and 
tarsi.  No.  IISTOO,  ini.  ,<; ,  .Iiily  H,  l.SOO,  St.  I'anI,  W.  I\,  lias  dark  spots  (»n  tip  of  ainia, 
sli<>:lit  black  ed;;in^'  riinnin^r  down  second  primary.  Kye  rin^;,  in<lian  red;  i)ill,  ^reen 
ish  yellow,  base  and  tip  lij^hter;  an;;le  of  month  and  interior,  deep  nranj^e  red;  feet 
dark,  except  upper  part  of  inner  webs  and  insidtt  of  tibia,  which  are  Itlotclied  with 
oran-je  yellow.  Length  17.1i.'»,  wiiij,'  lU.'.t."..  No.  lISTOli,  c^ ,  July  -'7,  St.  I'aul,  \V.  I'. 
A  few  black  spots  on  cd^^e  of  \\\\\f(,  and  second  ]»rimary  jtartly  ed^^ed  with  black  on 
the  white  for  an  inch.  Mill  yellow,  brifj^htest  toward  base,  tip  very  pale  horny;  eye 
ring  vermilion;  angle  of  month  an<l  interior  det4»  orange  red;  I'eet  brown,  tinged 
with  yellowish;  naked  ])art  of  tibia,  angle  of  webs  and  sides  of  tarsi,  orange  yellow; 
tx>ngne  dark  Mesh  eohn'.  No.  I  I.S(i(l<>,  ?  ,  I'linnbeons  on  sides  of  head;  bill  pale,  horny 
yellow;  base  of  lowei',  black;  anght  of  mouth  and  inside  oiaiige  rc<l,  black  in  front; 
feet  dai'k  browidsh,  wt^bs  a  little  lighter;  iris,  daik  l)rown;  eyit  ring,  Vandyke  itrown. 
liength  H't.7r>,  spread  '.V.i.M,  wing  l-'..'{7.  Two  eggs,  August  li,  SI.  Paul,  \V.  I'.,  well 
incubated,  measure  L'.20  by  1.70,  2.17  l>y  l.(il.  Two  eggs  .lunu  H,  I.SISi),  Walrus  Island, 
(1.  H.Townsend,  are  L'.lli  by  I.tiiJ,  2.1!l  l»y  l.nii.  They  vary  from  a  while  ground  (-olor 
to  a  pale  brownish,  and  are  spotted  with  numerous  irregular  small  blot(dies  of  various 
shades  of  brown.  Many  of  these  blot<'.hes  are  obscured  by  later  deposits  of  siiell 
lime.  Some  eggs  show  a  tendency  to  a  segregation  of  sp«)tH  around  the  larger  end 
and  a  few  show  a  de<!ided  belt,  but  there  is  no  rule.     A  few  have  some  wavy  lines. 

37.  Rissa  brevirostria  ( Itnioli).     Uttil-logj^i'd  KiUiwuko.     "llnnroiiKkie." 
LariiK  ll'anuTki,  (NiiNoic,  Kcv.  (it  Mug.  /ool.,  IStiO,  101. 
/.aiHM  /<!■(  riioji/rit,  CoiKS,  in  KlIiritt.'H  Klit.  All'.  AIuhUii,  tH7:!;   I!ei>rint,  1X7"),  1!19.— KllioU,  .Moii. 

S.!,il  l.ls.,  18S2,  131!. 
IUhhu  liirriroHlris,  Mali.  mikI  I!.knn.,  'rruiiH.  Chir.  Ac.  Sci.  IStiil,  Ito.'i.-'riiiNKit.  i'on.  Nut.  IIIh), 

Aliislta,  IKK(i,  liil.— Nki.soN,  lUls.  Aliiskii,   1KK7,  .">0.— 'roWNsK.Sh.  Ci  iiIhc,  (oriciH,  ISS7,  !IS.    - 

A.  O.  I'.  (Jh.  List,  l«!tr>,  It;.— KiiMiWAY,  Man.  ISltO,  25.— Cocks,  Kii.v,  1«90,  74W.—Sac.m.kkm, 

Cat,   l«.  Bri.  Miih,  XXV,  18<l(i,  HI 2. 

To  my  miml  this  is  the  mo.st  beautiful  species  on  the  islands.  Always  graceful, 
whether  on  the  cli It's  or  Hying,  its  beautiful  form  and  delicate  snow  white  ])lumag**, 
with  its  vermilion  feet,  adds  nuudi  to  the  avifaunal  wonders  of  the.se  islands.  I  can 
add  little  to  Mr.  Klliott  .<  very  full  iiccount.  Unlike  its  cousin,  whicii  carries  its  feet 
extended  wlit^ii  Hying,  this  species  nearly  always  buries  them  in  the  fttathers  of  its 
nuderb«»dy  as  if  fearful  of  showing  their  beauty  <!xcei»t  when  absolutely  necessary. 
Their  eyes  are  very  dark  and  very  large,  much  more  so  when  alive  than  when  d»'ad; 
the  ey<'.  rings  are  vermilion.  When  fog  envelops  these  islands,  both  the  land  and  sea, 
the  sea  binis  away  from  home  find  their  way  by  Hying  along  the  edges  of  the  bluils 
where  the  stored  heat  in  the  rocks  dissipates  the  rapidly  drifting  fog.  The  wily  Aleut, 
knowing  these  characteristics,  euscoiures  hini.self  behind  a  rock  in  a  suitable  location 
and  with  a  large  dip  net  intercepts  the  birds  on  their  way  along  the  bluH's.    Thus 


-TheHe  HiieviineiiH  rcmlily  HiiggcKt  roliir  cliangns  .  ^'  nieiins  of  ]ii;;iiicnt  iiiovoiiiuiit.  Imt  n-ally  arc 
imperfocMy  cliiiiigcd  .viniiig  lunlH.  An  tlie  ilaik  color  cxintH  always  on  tlio  a|>it!al  part  of  the  I'uatbur, 
it  indicatcH  ni  Hnch  birds  a  faihire  for  a  brief  poriod  to  snpproHH  tbo  tendency  to  coutinnu  tlio  color  of 
tlioiirst  phiiuagu,  an  individiiiil  lapsu  from  tlin  uvolutiouttl  lino  of  urogruas  of  the  HpcuivH, 


ft. 


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|| 

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398 


Till".    VVM    SKALS   OK    IIIK    I'ltllMLOF    ISLANDS. 


iimiiy  ii  inoiil  is  ()l)tiiiiu><l,<iii(l  iiiit'ortuiDitulyoui-  protty  red  l(>;;j;«><i  kittiwako  loo  ollcii 
fulls  a  victim.  Honui  siiiniiitu'  s|iu*-iiii(>iis  show  aiaus  of  iiiiiiiiitiirity  liy  liaxiiit;  a  |iliini 
boons  band  on  thv.  hack  of  tlic  neck  or  darker  pinnibeoiis  spots  on  sides  of  iiead  hack 
of  the  eyes  and  aronnd  tlii*  eyes.'  Kiieli  spu(-iniens  have  slenderer  and  less  slron^iy 
liooked  bills  tintn  more  adnit  birds. and  have  more  or  less  yellowish  feel.  No.  I  ISTl'J, 
V,  is  evidently  ininnitine.  Head,  spotted;  bill,  pale  {rioenisli  yeihtw,  tip  lighter; 
an{j|pof  niontli,  jirecnisli  yellow;  interior,  deep  oranfje red;  feet,dnll  oran},'c  red;  toes 
lighter  and  yellowish;  eye  ring,  Vandyke  brown;  iris,  dark  brown;  naked  part  <>f 
tibia,  and  tarsi,  yj'llowisli.  Six  o.fi;tiH  taken  by  Mr.  ICIliott  on  St.  (ieor^(!,  .Inne  "J."), 
IS7;J,  measures  2M  by  l.til,  li.L';{  by  1.7(»,  '2:2'2  by  l.(!7,  '-'..U  by  1.58,  L'..{|  by  I.IKt,  an<l 
'2,'.\6  by  1.70.  Their  color  and  marking's  are  similar  to  tlios«>.  of  intllicaris  but  perhaps 
lighter.  "Once  in  a  while  an  egg  will  have  on  its  smaller  end  a  large  ninnbcr  of  snf 
fused  bloodred  spots." — (FJUotI). 

38.  Xema  sabiiiii  (Siih.V     Korkud  liiilfil  (tiill. 

Xema  xabinii,  \.  (>.  i:.  Cli.  List,  l.S!l.-.,  22.— Sainki.iis,  Ciil.  II.  Hr.  Mas.  XX  V,  ISJHi,  lli2.   -('oiks, 

i<i\v,  i«!io,"r.:». -UiiMJWAv,  Mail.  is!t(!,  ;ts. 

I'ossibly  of  regular  oceurreiiee.  Mr.  Klliott  saw  one  on  St.  Paid,  .Mine  t,  IS90,  and 
I  .saw  pr»>bably  the  same  individual  .several  times  afterwards  up  the  l/agoon.  Several 
were  taken  during  the  summer  of  IStMt,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  1<\  A.  fjucas,  and  oni^ 
was  shot  on  St.  (ieorge  by  Mr.  D.  \V.  Prenti.s.s.     No.  ].".l(;or>,  a<l.  9,  H.S.N.M,,  ,luue 

39.  Sterna  paradiaaea  Itiiin.     Arctic  T<Tn. 

.S7«T«ii  man-lira,  Sacni)KRs,  (Mit.  H.  Itr.  Mim.  XXV,  lH!M;,t!2.— Cones,  Key,  IS!M),  7t!l. 
WcriKi  imiailiiiiia.  A.  O.  IT.  Cli.  List,  1«!C>,  25.— Kiix.wa v,  Man.  ISIJC.,  I.l. 

Cajit.  1).  Webster,  who  has  sjient  nuiiiy  winters  on  St.  (Jeorge,  infi>rnied  me  that 
a  tern,  which  he  accurately  described,  was  fairly  abundant  every  fall  under  tlu^  cliffs 
of  St.  (ieorge.  None  breed  (Ui  the  islands.  Mr.  K.  A.  laicas  informs  me  that  he  saw 
two  of  this  species  flying  over  the  Lagoon  on  St.  Paul  on  July  titi,  1SJ>7. 

Order  PALUl)UH)liAK.     Cranes  and  Itails. 

40.  OniB  canadensis  (I. inn.).     Little  Krown  (/'riini^ 

(I'rHd  c(iH(((tc»)ii((.  ToWN.sKNl),  ("iilists  f'uciciH,  ISS7,  !l!t.— (Jocks,  Key,  1S!H),  li(!7.— Smahi'K,  Cat.  If. 
»r.  Mim.  XXIII,  18(t|.  2.')li.— A.  ().  V,  Cli.  LImI,  IS'J.",,  7.">.— Itilxiw  ay,  Man.  18!HI,  ii".. 

•lake,  a  well-known  .VIeut  sealer,  told  me  on  June  lis,  that  he  had  seen  tliret^  (;ranes 
that  morniug  north  of  Kammiui.sta  Lake,  doing  there,  I  found  five,  but  they  were 
very  wild.  They  reniaiiuMi  in  the  neighborhood  until  after  .Vugust  1,  as  1  saw  them 
fre(iueiitly  picking  up  in.sects  on  the  tundra.  Due  was  caught  in  a  trap  iu;ar  tlu^ 
village  in  .Iuu(\  ISSS.  "Whih-  at  St.  Paul  Islainl  s(tme  natives  came  to  nic  and 
rcp<U'tcd  having  seen  a  large,  long  legg(Hl  bird  wading  in  a  shallitw  |)ond  near  the 
village,  and  gave  me  a  long  feather  which  tin*  bird  drop])ed  in  its  lliglit."— (7V*/rM.v<'Hf/.) 

Order  LIMICOLAK.     SlM»re  Ifirds. 

Fourteen  si)ecie8  are  known  to  occur,  of  which  one  is  :i  (loinmon  sninuHM-  resident, 
almost  entirely  confined  to  the  islands;  another  breeds  in  very  limited  nund)ers,  while 
the  others  are  either  stragglers  or  transients.     Several  occur  in  enormous  nund)ers. 

'  Apparently,  accortlin^  to  sonio,  a  cann  of  fcathor  ruiii^incntation,  but  evidently  iluu  to  (Utibcttivu 
cbungf.  a  lapnc  or  partial  failure  l<>  attain  tint  lii(;li«r  I'olura  of  the  MpeoioH. 


Till",    r.lltKH    Ol'    TMK    I'UIIllKdK    ISLANDS. 


.';9!» 


Fninily   PH  A  L  A  ROPODI  D  A  E.     Plinlnr .  )i>(-s. 

41.  Crymophiliis  fulicarliia  (Mini.).     Knl  l'liiiliir<i|iii. 

I'hHlaniiiuxfiiluiii-iiiH,  Coi'io.  in  Klliott's  Kpt.  All.  Alimkii,  IWTIt;   liiiniiil,  ixin,  Iwl ;  Key,  tWM', 

till.     Kl.l.M.i-i,  Moii.Hriil  Mm.  IKH'.',  1L'!». 
CriimoiihiliiH  Jiilicar'uiH,  'I'uwnmk.nh,  (Iriilm',  Cuniiii,  l«N7,  !(9.  -A.  <).  I!.  Ch.   i.i.sl,  isio,  SU,— 

SilAiil-K,  (al.  It.  111.  Mum.  X.MV,  IWMi.tiU:!.— KllxiWA v,  Mini.  IWHi,  III. 

All  abniuliiiit  ini^iaiit;  t'oiiiKl  in  giciitoHt  iiiiinlM'rs  in  tli<^  autiiinn.  'rh(!.v  iiirivi^ 
iilioiit.  tlir  ini<lill(>.  of  .May  in  n*>arly  lull  linu^ilin^'  tint.ss,  lint  mhiw  icav*-.  aiitl  tVw  rt-inain 
al'irr  tlio  lIHli  ol'  Jniic.  Tliu  tiist  fall  arrivals  I  noti'il,  ailult  iiialt-s  aiid  I'uinalf.s,  on 
.Inly  17;  t.lH'.s«'  wtirc  vt'iy  tamo,  tirt'd,  and  poor,  and  a  lew  wliitc  Icatiicrs  of  Mm  «Mini 
inff  iitnv  |»liiina{?«MV«'n(  siniwin;;  ainuii};  tlic  worn  Itivi'dlii^  I't-atluTs.  Tlicy  landed  liisl 
on  the  .sandy  >u>ac.tics,  lint  soon  .spread  about  ilie  la-^oun  and  ponds;  were  generally 
solitary,  and  always  silent.  The  later  arrivinj^  birds  were  niiurli  the  inero  advaneed 
in  molting.  IW^tween  .lime,  10  and  'Inly  IT,  I  eolU-eted  several  speeiniens  and  saw 
others,  'riiese  were  about  tlu^  ponds  at  Polovina,  but  thoii^di  they  seemed  perleetly 
at  home  I  do  not  think  that  tluty  brtMl.  These  {Generally  had  .some  injury  to  the  I'eet.  On 
May  I'J,  when  800  miles  Moiithward  of  I'nalaska,  vn',  saw  this  species,  and  they  {grad- 
ually iieeame,  more  abundant  as  we  approached  land.  The.se  were  almost  entirely  in 
the  whiti-  plunm^u.  Mr.  Townsend  eolleetetl  eifrlit  speeimeiis  betw<-en  .luneS,  and  11!, 
IKS.'),  on  Otter  Island.  Of  the  .lime  speeiniens  tow  have  entirely  rhan^ed  to  the  nup- 
tial plumaj.;e,  nearly  all  having  some  white,  on  the  under  jtarts  and  aliout  the  t'aet;. 
No.  11.S7IS,  ad.  V,.lime  lil,  l«iM),  W.  \\,  has  elianyed  least  ol'  all;  has  miieli  white 
boiioatb.  Homo  on  throat,  and  a  jjreat  deal  in  front  ol  eyes  and  on  forehead.  Kali 
speeiniens  indieate  the  proj,ness  of  tlio  molt  as  follows;  No.  OIL'TS,  ad.  .'.  ,  .liily  li'J, 
187.5,  II.  W.  l''.lliott,  few  white  feathers  mixed  in  on  .s<'.apulars,  baek.  breast,  and  Hanks, 
and  s(ratterod  on  head  and  noek,  e.xet'pt  in  front  of  eyes;  No.  I  Is7."»li.  ad.  V,.luly'J!l, 
I8!I0,  VV.  I*.,  many  old  feathers  on  belly,  few  on  ne«;k  and  around  bill,  head  partly 
white,  base  of  oeeiput  blatik,  baek  almost  ehaii;^ed;  Nos.  I.'iIIIm,  ad.  ''■  ,  l.'il  l(i(»,  ad.  9  , 
Aiifiust  7, 180.">,  1).  VV.  !*renti.ss,  almost  entirely  ehan^^'ed;  whitii  feathers  in  the  major- 
ity e.xeept  immediately  around  bill  and  on  o(!eiput  and  nape.  No  molt  of  the  wiii^s 
or  tail  in  any  sptTJmeii.  8toniach  eontents:  "I'redaeeoiis  beetles  (^Vov»/</(/«(;;." — 
*'.  />.  ./. 

42.  PhalaropuB  lobatua  (Mini.).     Nortliorn  riialiiropo. 

l.i>hipenh!iitnh(iiviiii,Ci>v.Ks,  in  I'.lliott'M  K'lit.  All'.  Aiimlui,  IH7;t;  Hepriiit,  IXl't,  ISO;  Koy,  ISIMI,  (il'.*.— 

KI.I.IOTI,  Moil.  Seal  Mb.  ISSa,  Ull. 
I'haUiriipiiii  hmieihoreiis,  Siiaki-k,  H.  hr.  Mum.  .X.XIV,  IS'.MI.IilW. 
I'lialiiroiiiix  Mmlm,  A.  ().  11.  Cli.  hist.  !«!».-.,  82.— Kiimiwav.  Man.  IH'.m;,  1 1.'.. 

Priiieipally  mifjratory;  but  a  few  breed.  Klliott  eolleeted  yfuiiiff  on  St.  ( Jeorfjc  in 
187;{,  and  I  obtained  two  just  from  the  oj-gs  on  St.  Paul,  near  Itneky  Point,  on  .Inly  L*, 
18!>0.  The  birds  arrive  in  .small  numbers  about  the  end  of  May  and  nio.stly  pass 
northward,  only  a  few  pairs  remaining'  on  the  islands  to  breed.  I'llliott  found  an 
empty  nest  on  St.  (ieor^o,  -luno  i;?,  187li.  1  could  tind  no  nest,  tliou(i;h  the  birds  soon 
found  the  intruder  on  their  doinestie  affairs.  The  males  show  the  ^neatest  anxiety, 
hoveriii};-  near  one,  at  the  same  time  uttering  a  shrill  series  of  note.s — lirvet  tweet — for 
such  a  small  bird,  liy  constantly  noting  the  movements  of  the  adults  I  had  tixed 
ui)oii  a  rather  dense  growth  of  sedges,  near  the  open  water  and  some  .'50  feet  from 
shore.,  as  the  place  where  the  young  were,  ami  was  not  disappointed  upon  wading  out 


I'?' 
1^ 


,'1 


i  If 


•II  t 


:  fi 


400 


TIIK    IM'lf    SKAI.S    OF    TIIK    IMillllLOl-'    1S|,ANI>S. 


5     ' 


!" 


to  lliiil  iilter  (Minsidi'iiiblo  search  t\V(»  Hiiiall  .vouii}?  rlingiiin  In  llio  sodjjCM.  Tlioj'  luu) 
evidently  made  tlieir  way  tliroiigli  the  scanty  Hedfje  growth  loi  Inlly  .to  t'ecl  lidni  the 
shure.  I''ver  and  anon  as  I  wiis  watching  the  oM  birds  wmiid  swim  near  tlie  pia<-e, 
eonstuntly  turning  in  ail  directions  with  head  and  necl;  erect.  Snihienly  tlie  liill 
woidd  l>e  tliriist  into  the  water,  a  nutritious  morsel  woidd  lie  swallowed  and  the 
tnrninjj  ami  paddling'  continiu'd.  No.  1 187."i(i,  ad.  .?  ,  .Inly  L'l,  ISiiO,  St.  I'anI,  \N  .  I'.,  is 
he^innin^'  to  molt;  there  are  a  tew  new  white  feathers  a|i|K>arin^' on  tlit*  Hca|inlars 
and  scattered  all  ttver  the  head  and  neck,  Stomach  eont«>nts;  one  specimen,  "many 
diptera."— .S'.  />.  ./. 


Fuinily    SCOLOPACIDAE.     Snipes,  SniulpiixMs,  cU-. 

VII,  IS7:t,  •>:M,— ('(>ri.;.s,  ill 


! 


43.  Trliiga  pUlocnemiB  Ciimw.     I'i'iliiliif  SandiiiinT.     ••  hh-lih-kie." 

Triiimi  criiiniionlri^,    Mai.i.,   I'ror.  Ciil.  Ac.  .Sri.  IS7lt,  US;    Am.  Nut 

Kniolt'H  K'pt.  .Sal  IiIh.  IS7:<:  I'lininl.  IST.'i,  ISl*. 
Trihiia  ptitoiHfmiH,  Cocks,  in  Kllintl'H  Kpt.  .\ll'.  AIuhI^ii,  IH7H  i  luili'i :   UiiirinI,  1S7.">,  ISL';  Am.  Nut. 

VIII,  ls7l,r.iH).— Kii.Kin,  MtMi.Sciil  I«Im.  I8Sl'.  IJit.— Nkisi.v,  |i.I».  AliiMlxii,  ls,s7,  lo."..     IIaim- 

l.ACii,  .liiiir.  liirOin.  ISKI,  L'7!t.— A.  O.  I'.  Ch.  MhI,  lS!t5,  s7.— KllxiWAV,  .Mini.  ISlKi,  151.-- 

I'Al.MKK,  \iiiiolo;riH|,  I,  iHitl,  17.'). 
Trinijii  griuUix  IIaiii  iNii,  I'.  /..  S.  1K7I,  L'lll,  I'l.  XI,. 
I'riiiilii  mnrilimii,  Mali,  ami  Han.m.sikii.  'I'iiiiim.  Cliic.  Ac  .Sci.  Isiiit, 'JIM  ;  I'lor.  Ci'ii.  Ac.  Sci.  1S7I, 

-'7.'-.. 
I'rinyii  mtiri I ititii  plilncnrmiii,  Kl.l.lo  r,  N.  Am.  iSli.  IIiIh.  18!t,"i,  72. 
7'[nii>/ii|  m|,'irj(i»iii  I  iililocnvmiiH,  Kl.i.IiiT,  N.  Am.  (Sli.  HiIh.  IStl.'),  2II.~i. 

.l[>(iiiuttllti\  iililmiiimiK,  KiiMiWAY,  Hull.  Niitt.  Orii.  Cluli,  IMSO,  H>:t.  -('kcks,  Key,  IS'.H),  (IIIO. 
.(riiiiiilellii  iitilmnimiH,  Nki.mo.n,  (JiiiiHr,  ('oriciii,  issy. K(i.— SriMNKOKit,  lliijj.ilt,  I'.  ,s.  N.  M.  ISS;"), 

111'. 
Aniualelhi  marithmisptUocHemU.HnAM'K.Csit.  H.  Itr.  Mils.  X.XIV,  lS!H!,,"iSI 

This  binl  is  unquestional)ly  a  p)od  species,  ami  is  very  distinct  in  all  plumages 
from  '/'.  marilimus  ami  7'.  nniisii.  My  .series  of  M  specinnMi.s,  to;;ether  with  .Mr. 
lOlliolt's  and  others  in  the  National  Mnseuni  eollection,  Hhow  this  conclii.sivcly.  C(Hn- 
parin^^  adult  breediuj.;  birds  wo  iind  that  ptiloviumin  is  the  largest,  is  much  tiie  whitest, 
has  a  stroiijj;  rufous  tin^e  acro.ss  the  chest,  over  most  of  the  heati  and  neck,  ami  always 
has  a  black  jteetoral  area.  The  bla<;k,  however,  varies  in  <lil1'ereiit  dej^recs,  bccaii.se  in 
all  cases  the  white  featiiersof  the  previous  plumage  arc  persistent  about  the  center  of 
tlie  breast  and  down  the  abdomen,  and  do  not  «lrop  until  replaced  apiin  by  similar 
feather.s.  The  rufous  tin{>'e  is  always  found,  and  is  es|)ecially  nnirked  on  some  speci- 
mens. In  one.  No.  1IS77^>,  this ochraceous  rutbiisof  the  ed};in(;s  of  the  back  and  neck 
feathers  extends  stronji^ly  across  the  lower  neck  between  the  white  of  the  throat  and 
the  black  pectoral  patch.  The  .sttapulars  are  very  broadly  edfjed  with  tln^  same  color. 
In  a  few  specimens  the  rufous  \»  conlined  to  a  slight  tinge  antund  the  neck  and  on 
the  edges  <»f  the  back  feathers,  but  all  specimens  show  it.  While  the  bill  is  practically 
straight  on  most  specimen.s,  a  few  have  it  slightly  decurved  near  the  tii».  Tim  white- 
ness is  (piite  a  i)ronnnent  feature,  and  is  in  great  contrast  to  the  darker  colors  of  the 
related  forma.  As  to  the  cau.se8  of  the  greater  whiteness  of  rliis  spt^'les,  it  may  lie 
suggested  that  it  may  be  due  entirely  to  i.solation,  with  comparative  freedom  from 
enemies,  and  also  from  competition  with  related  forms.  Kase  of  ac(]uiring,  t<»gether 
with  the  abundaiK;e  of  food,  would  also  .seem  to  operate.  During  the  summer  the 
adults  lead  a  la/.y  life.  There  is  abundance  of  food,  easily  obtained,  and  there  is  very 
slight  cause  for  activity.  They  have  no  competition  ami  no  enemies  i'xcept  foxes,  from 
whom  it  is  easy  for  them  to  esca|»e.    As  great  activity  under  contrary  conditions  teiuls 


rill';    lilKllS    Ol'     I'lIK    I'Klllll.ol'    iHI.ANIlg. 


lUl 


HI 

I'll 


stmii^My  to  pi'tMliirt-  ilark  colors,  it  would  seem  that.  tlit<  ciiviroiiiiicnts  of  tiiis  sptriiw 
woiilil  Ifiitl,  iliiou;;li  ii  kind  of  inanition,  to  tlir  noniicccKsity  of  a  ^rout  inodiHtion  of 
|»i^ni«;iitlicarin)j^  tolls.  1  would  ascribe  the  wliitciicHs  of  ^iiIIh  and  of  (he  snowy  owl 
to  I  ho  sanu^  cause — easy  life,  ahundance  of  food,  ami  especially,  Ireedoui  from  special 
uneniius  which  would  provoke  constant  watehfuliu'SM  and  activity. 

Onu  result  of  Mr.  Illliott's  oiiiilholo/^it^al  wtnk  was  the  iltscovery  ot  this  HpecicH 
as  new,  and  later  t!u'  kn(»wl«d;;e  of  its  restriction  to  these  islands  and  to  Si.  Matthews 
as  a  suniuier  resident.  It  in  abuiMlant  and  tame,  and  is  usually  found  all  over  tin* 
inosscoveied  tundra  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ponds,  and  in  thu  aiituinn  on  the 
beaches;  but  it  is  rare  about  the  hi^'hui'  ami  ctMitral  portions  of  St.  I'aui.  The  nest 
is  a  meiu  hole  scratched  out  in  a  beil  of  moss  or  lichens.  Though  I  tiamped  many  a 
weary  mile  over  their  favorite  grounds,  where  the  birds  were  in  |»airs  ami  abundant,  I 
did  m»t  8uc«'eed  in  tindin;;'  e^j^s  and  luit  tew  very  sunill  youiifj.  This  was  probably 
owiuf;;  to  a  very  early  sprin;:.  The  yonii^  leave  the  lU'st  stton  att»'r  hatuhin;;,  and  are, 
thorou;;idy  well  (;oncualed  by  their  mimicry  of  the  eoiilusin;;  mixture  of  mosses,  lich- 
ens, an«l  other  forms  of  ve;;elation  which  abounds  and  are  so  well  intermingled  on 
these  islands.  It  reipiires  much  patience  and  a  chise  s(;rutiiiy  to  detect  a  cioncliiiip^ 
youny,  even  when  it  is  directly  within  reach.  Obedient  to  their  laother'H  cries  they 
llattea  themselves  with  head  aiul  neck  extended  ;  with  each  yard  of  the  (jnuind  pre- 
cisely sinulai'  in  pal  lei  n  and  (^olor  with  every  other  yard,  and  the  parents,  especially 
the  t(  imile,  trying;  their  best  to  coax  us  in  other  directions,  and  the  nucertaiiity  as  to 
the  exact  location  of  the  yuuii};,  all  ctmibine  apiinst  the  collector,  so  that  few  8peci- 
nu'us  reward  a  tramp  that  seems  exasperatiiif^ly  needless.  The  youn;;  will  not  move, 
though  one  stands  with  the  foot  toiu'hin^  them,  but  when  once  handled  and  released 
they  scamper  t>tr  with  all  the  ((uiekiu'.ss  tlu-ir  Uma  le^^s  can  ;;ive  them.  When  we 
invade  the  vicinity  of  a  m>st  or  yoiin;;  it  is  amnsiii^'  to  watch  the  antics  of  tint  female. 
She  invariably  Hies  in  front  and  tlutters  with  l'ei}j;ueil  lameness  but  a  few  feet  away. 
If  the  {^rouml  is  rou^^h  it  is  more  amusing  to  watch  the  preeipitaney  of  her  flight  until 
she  disappears  in  a  hollow,  to  reappear  in  a  moment  on  the  other  side,  cautiously  turn 
iii{j  round  and  eyinj;  us  to  see  if  we  are  following.  She  always  keeps  in  frontof  us,  no 
matter  which  way  we  turn,  and  will  continue  thus  tor  several  hundred  yards,  when 
she  will  suddenly  My  olf  to  soim^  distance  and  after  waiting;  a  whiles  will  return  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  nest  or  youny.  They  ajtpear  stu|)id  when  stditary  and  without  a  family, 
and  will  staiul  perfectly  still,  eyiiif,'  one  from  a  little  emiieuce.  ()(!casi(»nally  we  are 
startled  by  a  loud  ilntidtl  from  the  side  of  a  sand  dune,  and  I  was  at  a  loss  for  some 
time  to  discover  the  owner  of  this  most  unmusical  sound,  whieli  tiually  turneil  <Mit  to 
bean  individual  of  this  speiies  standing  motionless  and  watchin;^'^  us.  It  would  seeiii 
impossible  for  this  .sound  to  have  issued  from  this  bird  if  1  had  not  seen  it  in  the  aet.' 
These  sandpipers  hav«-  the  habit  in  (;omuu)n  with  others  of  their  kind  of  suddenly 
elevaliuj;  the  wiiifj  dire<tly  over  the  back.  Often  when  alij^htint;  on  the  tundra,  as 
•soon  as  they  stopi»ed  up  went  one  wiuf;',  followed  soon  after,  perhaps,  by  the  .»ther. 
Often  while  watchin/i  a  Hock  (Ui  the  lagoon  beach  first  ae  would  elevate  a  wing,  then 
another  ;  it  was  always  the  near  winj,'  wliitrh  went  up  liist.  I  imver  s.'w  a  bird  elevate 
the  oil'  winn'  (irst.     I   know  of  no  reason  for  their  doiiifr  so.     They  are  tame.     I  have 

' 'I'lioir  iinliiiiir.v  luili-  is  i|iiit«  iiiiiHicul.  .soiiiuthiu;;  liki!  iiher-ulti  r-iiln  r-iilur,  i|iiickly  iitturcd. 

r>!»47— I'T  ;{ — •_'<; 


1 


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402 


IIIK    l-l'K    SKALH    <lK    TIIK    IMMIIILOK    ISl.ANItS. 


wulkfti  lip  to  ii  Hock  oritlKiiit  lil'ly,  anil  with  «-iii'f  toiilil  tirivt'  llii-iii  lirlon-  iim  i'or  Home 
iliHiaiK-c  licloi'it  IIh'.v  took  liKlit*  Ik-Iiik  but  ii  l«^w  I'cvt  iiway.  Tlio  t'fiiittlcs  silways  |)liifk 
out  a  patcli  of  tValhci's  on  t-at-h  hIiIo  of  tlitir  iinilciltotly,  ami  I'lilly  half  of  tliti  iiial«>H 
collectcil  had  doiu' tilt' saiiif,  thuH  Hiiowiii^'  that  they  alno  had  takfiipait  in  iii«'iil>a- 
tioii.  Tlit>y  aru  oltiMi  seen  t'ofdiii);  in  tliu  wator  up  lo  tlifir  hnsists,  and  .s«>ciii  to  taku 
dflight  ill  it.  Tht>y  swim  ruadily,  liiit  not  olttMi.  On  .liiiU'.'IO,  I  Haw  one  lly  out  to  a 
stoni*  ill  a  pool,  and,  al'tor  ^rathciiii);  all  Ihf  t'ooil  p«mHil)l«',  it  dt'lilieiatcly  swam  to 
aiiotluT,  and  having  vinitt'd  «'a<  li  Htoiit^  in  the  Haiiio  way,  ll«*w  hack  to  tlir  shore  and 
thiMi  bathed  itsoii,  occiiHionally  taking  a  swim. 

The  downy  yoiiii);  are  hfaiitil'iil  little  thiiiKH,  nilvcry  whit«^  bt'iieath,  liii^rht,  rich 
ocheroiiH  above,  varipited  with  black  and  dotn  of  wliit^'.  The  ^'cnenil  cidor  ab«>vu 
luckH  the  ;;rayiieHH  of  the  siniilai'  age  of  niaritiinuK.  The  white  dots  are  interesting 
under  the  microscope,  I'liey  are  componed  of  a  bunch  of  highly  specialized  down,  in 
which  the  radii  near  the  tip  are  crowded  and  coloilesH.  I'Mg.  1,  I'l.  XL,  showHabunch 
cuin|)oscd  of  six  dowiiH,  and  also  a  single  coiiiponent,  1,  <i.  The  ordinary  down  is  shown 
in  Kig. -;  these  Hiirround  each  (h)t  or  biuicli.  As  they  grow  older  the  lirst  featherH 
appear  on  the  sides  of  the  breast,  on  the  back  and  scapulars;  then  the  )M'imaries  and 
larger  wing  coverts  appear.  I'ig.  ;<  sintws  the  down  attached  to  tlie  tips  id'  the  rami 
<d'  these  new  feathers,  and  the  amuiiiit  of  wearing  near  their  tips,  in  tig.  I  a  tip  of  a 
raiiiiis  is  shown  with  a  down  attai'hed;  atr(  is  seen  theswclliii>^  mentioned  under  I'ria 
lomriti  ami.  The  feathering  continiivs  until  the  breast  and  under  parts  are  covered, 
when  tlie  tail  app<-ais.  At  this  time  there  are  no  feathers  on  the  riPiip  or  <m  the  head 
or  neck.  In  the  next  stage  feathers  have  appeared  on  the  occiput  ii.d  on  the  aiiricu- 
lars,  and  are  also  extending  up  .he  neck.  At  the  same  time  the  tips  of  (he  back  feath- 
ers have  become  somewhat  woin,  so  that  the  tailored  margins  are  narrower  and  the 
black  more  prominent.  The  wing  coverts  are  also  to  some  extent  worn  on  their  tips. 
When  the  bill  is  an  inch  lung  the  down  has  nearly  all  diHappeared,  and  when  it  has 
entirely  gone  the  birds  appear  in  small  Hocks  on  the  bea«-lies,  the  young  generally 
keeping  together.  Then  another  change  takes  place,  for  tlu;  entire  ,.luiiiageiiow  gi\'es 
way  to  another,  that  in  which  the  bird  passes  the  winter.  A  few  late  July,  immature 
birds  sliow  the  lieginiiing,  for  No.  I1.S.S;52,  ini.  r^  ,  -luly  -'!>,  has  a  few  new  feathers  on 
the  middle  of  the  ba«-k  and  on  the  scapulars.  They  soon  extend  all  over  the  back,  so 
that  specimens  collected  up  to  August  10  have  many  of  the  new  l.il.  .h  feathers  on 
that  region.  The  contrast  is  striking  between  these  feathers,  the  latest  being  of  an 
almost  oven  shade  of  pale  plumbean  with  darker  centers  and  generally  with  a  narrow 
white  margin.  There  are  no  .si>eciiiiens  to  show  the  complete  change,  but  it  is  prob- 
able that  these  young  birds  remain  on  the  isluiid  until  it  is  completed.  Hy  the  mid- 
dle uf  dune  the  adults  have  fully  changed  to  the  breeding  plumage,  but  on  some 
spetiiiiiens  a  few  feathers  of  the  previous  winter's  plumage  persists  much  later.  Thus 
on  many  spettimens  some  alternate  feathers  of  the  s«-apulars  and  tertials  are  of  the 
])rcvious  winter's  well  worn  |duinage.  In  fact,  few  specimens  arc  free  from  these  (dd 
feathers.  Soon  after  the  middle  of  .luly  the  new  plumage  of  the  next  winter  begins 
to  a]>pear.  At  tirst  a  few  feathers  show  about  the  breast,  then  on  the  scapulars, 
thence  up  the  neck  and  over  the  head,  so  that  by  the  lOtli  of  August  they  have 
changed  one  half.  On  No.  ILSTOl,  .luly  12,  the  three  sluutest  primaries  and  on  No. 
118787,  same  date,  the  four  shortest  have  been  dropped.     The  tips  only  of  the  new 


TIIK    IllllhS    OK     TIIK    I'KIItlLMK    ISI,AM»S. 


403 


leiilliLM's  nui  Im>  Ht>tMi.  In  No.  I  I.H70!),  July  .1(1,  only  lonr  ol*l  |iriniiirit'.s  riMniiin.  ;ind  llio 
n««w  onc'H  an*  wt^ll  ;;io\vii,  init  ilonuly«-l  r<'iu;li  to  Ihu  ti|mut'  tlio  nniiiolUMl  ttutials.  Tlic 
ortl«M' of  l«^n);tli  ill  tlit'su  nrw  piiiiiiMi«'H  is  l-.'t-'J  I  .'>,  and  sivth  wry  hIioiI,  toiintin^ 
iVoiii  Ihi'.  iiiiii'i'iiinst.  No.  IIH770,  Aii);ukI  5,  is  still  liii'tlutr  advanrt'd;  but  tlii-niold 
outiii'  |>riiiiai'i«^H  ri'iiiiiiii  in  place.  'I'lu'  lon(;*>.st  iii'w  oii«-,  tlir  t'ourtli,  is  as  loiif;  iis  tint 
tt'itials  and  tlu!  Ill'tli  is  witliin  lialt'  an  inch  of  it.  Tlir  sivtii  is  yet  vt^ry  short.  The 
outer  tlit't't' tail  tuathers  on  eaeh  side  of  I  ISTlIK  aie  .still  in  place,  the  central  having; 
dropped  oiitund  new  ones  showing;.  In  1IS77(>  the  tail  is  like  the  other,  hut  oneol'the 
uiidille  tail  feathers  is  still  iindropped.  in  lioth  thu.su  l)ir<is  many  new  t'eiithers  huv(^ 
appeared  all  over  the  liody,  so  thai  the  hints  have  assumed  ipiite  u  ;;ray  appearanett 
owiufi  to  the  whiteness  (»t'  the  winter  |ilmna^e.  No. ."» I-Wti,  August  l.'l,  I.S«iS,  St.  (ioor^e, 
(Japt.  10.  10.  >Siiiith,  is  an  adult  still  further  adviiiuHtd,  and  is  niuru  than  two  thirds 
ehan);ud.  The  new  tail  still  has  the  outer  feathers  short  and  partly  in  the  sheaths, 
only  the  two  outer  old  primaries  on  one  wiiifr  and  one  on  the  other  heiiif;  in  place,  itut 
fuv  of  thu  snnimer  featliei'Hare  to  lie  seen.  It  would  thus  apiiear  that  before  this  speciuH 
leaves  the  islands  they  aHsiiine  entirely  their  new  druss.  "An<l  at  this  season  lAu^'UHt 
l(>|  old  and  yoiiii^  llock  toguther  for  the  first  time,  and  eonllne  thems«!lves  to  the 
sand  beaches  and  surf  luargiiis  about  the  islands  for  a  few  weeks,  when  they  taku 
lli(;ht  by  the  1st  or  'ttli  of  September,  and  disappear  until  the  oiK'nin;;  of  the  new 
season." — (h'lliott.) 

As  shown  by  llartlaub  (.lourn.  fiir  Ornith.,  I8.s.'t,  p.  'Su),  l)rs.  Arthur  anil  Aurel 
Kraiise  found  thiss|iecies  winturiii);  along  the  Portage  Uay  shore  of  .Maska.  Mr.  .1.  W. 
.lohiison  ill  April,  ISHr*,  also  collected  a  iiiimbur  at  '.  iushagak  which  are  in  the  National 
Museum  collection.  <  >ne,  an  adult  female,  is  beginning  to  change  to  the  summer  dre.s.s. 
.\  few  black  tipped  feathers  of  the  [lectoral  patch  have  appeared  on  the  breast,  and 
some  new  luies,  full  grown,  dot  the  back,  scapulars,  and  tlie  occiput.  On  two  imma 
tiire  males,  taken  about  the  same  time,  then;  are  a  few  dark  feathers  scattered  on 
the  baiik;  otherwise  they  are  in  the  whitish  winter  plumage. 

We  have  in  this  brief  sketch  of  the  life  history  of  this  species  four  conditions  or 
phases  which  are  ^tossibly  uniipie  among  the  lAmlinUu.  First,  they  remain  at  their 
summer  home  until  the  autumn  iiudt  is  complete,  and,  conversely,  they  remain  at  or 
near  their  winter  habitat  until  the  sjuing  molt  is  at  least  well  advanced;  second,  they 
have  p«issibly  the  shortest  migration  range  of  any  species  of  the  order;  third,  their 
migration  route  is  tirst  eastward '  liOU  utiles  over  Bering  Sea  and  thence  southward 
for  .some  distance,  to  be  reversed  in  the  following  season;  and,  fourth,  it  is  probably 
the  fewest  in  numbers  and  the  nio.st  restricted  in  habitat,  during  the  summer  espe- 
cially. "These  snipe  are  now  in  the  lagoon  at  low  water  in  tU/cks  of  fmm  ten  to  tlfly 
or  more.  They  run  readily  into  the  water  up  t^i  their  wings  and  sometimes  swim  the 
small  pools  in  the  .sand.  They  are  constantly  feeding,  and  will  allow  one  to  a|)pidacli 
with  caution  within  a  few  feet.  They  feed  head  to  the  deeiier  water  and  keeit  the 
bill  well  under  the  surface.  They  an-  apt  to  ipiarrel  at  such  times,  nttering  a  low, 
harsh  cry." — {Sotvs,  W,  P.,  AtufUHt  '>.).  When  .several  are  Hying  past,  one  or  more  may 
return  and  perch  upon  a  rock  or  bank  and  iiululge  in  a  period  of  watching.     The 

''I'liis  (irubiilily  iiitUvitti'H  tlii<  uiiviimt  |>ru\iiiiit\  or   euiitiiiiiity  of  tho  AliiHkuii  Nlioru  liiir  to  Ihu 
IhIuikIh. 


M 


It   f 


't-:'«l 


bTlv 


ii: 


HI 


I'-. 


Ll 


I 

i      \ 


:  n^'. 


hi 
f  1    S 


4(>4 


Tlir,    I'UK    SKALS    Ol'    Till':    I'lillULOF    I.SLANDM. 


bliickt'sl  hroiistctl  speciiiifii  is  a  It'iiiitlc.     A  j^luiuru  at   lliu  iiiuaHiiruiiiuiils  will  sliuw 
that  tliu  fuiiiiilu  is  ratlioi-  the  liir^^t'st  and  always  has  a  ioiif^er  hill. 


(*iilali»i;iit'  N 


11H75D •■  ml..    .IiiiH' 

I187<K) I    c  ail.. I  .liiiii 

IIWIM f  ml..    .Iiilv 

I187H1I I  ,fml  .]  Jiilv 

11«770 1     'ml..;  Aii({, 


('DlliTfor.'    !.o<'iillt.\ .      WiiiK. 


V  ,'a.l     Inly  -j:!.  IH":;  ,  H.W.E.    St. Cii'iirp' 


The  e;;fjs  have  rarely  Imth  collt'ctcMJ.  They  were  dosuribcd  by  l)i\  (Jiiiies  in 
Elliott's  rt'ports  f';.  IS7.'5  a'.ul  IST."),  and  the  spcciuu'iis — u  set  of  lour — are  in  tlu^  eollec- 
t'oii  of  the  National  M<iseuin,  No.  I(i7(!7,  .liiiie  li>.  ]<S7.'>,  St.  Georj^e  Island,  II.  VV. 
Kllioii  :Mid  (!eorf;v  K.  .vdaiii.s.  "The  firound  is  nearly  clay  color,  hiit  witii  an  appre- 
eialde  olivaeeoii.;  .;li.uU'.  The  niariiiii^'s  are  iaif-e,  bold,  and  niiiiierons,  of  rieli  bnrnt- 
nniber  brown  of  varyin;:  depth,  acrordiii},^  to  the  (piantity  of  tiie  pigment.  These 
snrfave  niarkinjis  oe.c.nr  all  over  the  siicli,  ('\<;ept  the  e.xtreine  point,  ami  are  solidly 
nnissed  by  <'onllueiice  on  the  larjicr  half  ol  ihe  e;;;;.  All  the  niarkiny:s  are  stronj;,  as  if 
laid  on  freely  Mith  a  heavily  eharned  brush.  With  these  siirfaee  spots  oeciir  nnnieroiis 
shell  iiiarkiiijis  of  the  same  eharactei .  but  ol  eoais*  obscure,  presenting;;  a  stone  {^ray 
or  purplish-gray  shade.  Some  of  tliein  look  as  if  Uie  e,oloi  ol  the  surface  spols  had 
'rim'  and  soaked  into  the  uliviiueoiiH  dial)  of  the  ;reneral  snrlaee." — (Vours,)  These 
etjj^s  measure  l.'t't  by  l.OS,  I.ol.'  by  l.Oo,  l.'tO  liy  l.OS,  1.18  by  l.tl."».  Another  set  of  four 
was  taken  on  St.  Paul,  July  (>,  IS'X'k  oy  IMessrs.  True  and  I'rentiss,  and  are  now  in  the 
National  IMnsenm  eolh^etion.  Stomaeh  contents:  "The  I'ribilof  sii,ndpi|)ers  ha<l  taken 
predaeeons  beetles!  ('nrahitltu),hnt  liad  also  eauj-ht  piuasitic  wasps  and  a  lly." — IS.  D.J. 

44.  TiiugH  niaculata  \  ieill.     I'i'clonil  s:iii<l|ii|itM. 

.i\clodriiiiiii>i\  iiioriilala.  Col  K~,  {<<■)     ISiL",  (ilili. 

Ilitiroinjiiiti  miiiiilatii.  Shaui-i:.  ('.il.  It.  Hr.  Mim.  .\.\I\     ISlHi,  .")(iL'. 

Tritiiiii  •iiiiriiliilii.  A.  n.  1",  Ch.  l,i>t.  \H'X,,  HS.  — 1,'iini  w  a  ^     Man.  ISilO,  l.'iti. 

Directly  east  of  the  villa},'e  ol  St.  I'aul  and  but  a  lew  yards  from  it  lies  a  shallow 
and  irre^iilai  jiond.  a  favorite  resting  and  feetliu;;  place  for  migrating  birds.  I 
generally  made  an  rarls  morninu  visit  to  this  pond,  ami  was  fiei|nently  rewarded 
with  dosiiabh'  specimens.  The  iiiorning  of  June  il!  1  was  espe(!ially  fortunate, 
obtaining  three  species  which  I  did  not  s**-  at  other  times,  two  being  new  to  the 
islamls.  On  a  little  grassv  islet  I  Unshed  ai<d  secured  two  females  of  this  species,  in 
compaii.N  witii  u  ^emipalmated  sandpiper.  There  are  few  instances  of  the  captiin;  of 
this  species  in  nhe  Pacific,  thmigh  acc(M'ding  to  Nelson  and  M unlock  it  is  abundant 
Iroin  the  mouth  of  the  Yukcni  to  I'oint  Itarrow.  Nos.  1 ISS.!.;.  I  l,S,s;{l.  9  s  ,  .luho  1-', 
ISilO.  St.  J'aiil.  W.  r.  liengtli..S.L'."i;  extent.  Hi..'..".;  wing,  .'t.Kt:  tail,  -M'l';  tarsus,  1.10; 
culuien,  l.lo.  ::Jtomuch  contentu,  two  specimens:  "These  birds  had  eaten  itrcduceous 
beetles  (VntahiiUu)  and  impae." — iS.  1),  >l. 


• 


TIIR    IIIUDS    Ol"    r\\\:    PRIIMI.OK    ISLANDS. 


405 


45.  Tringa  damacensiB  (Ilnrsf. t.     l,iiii){-toi-(l  Stint. 

I'viniju  ilnmarrnHiK,  KiiiiiWAV,  Auk,   issii,  L'7."i;  Miiri.  IHlHi,   l.")H.— Town'sknh,  Criiisc,    t'onrin, 

I8M7,  I(K>.— CoiKS,  K<\v.  IWM*.  XX''- 
l.imnniliH  (Uiinnreimh,  Siiaki'K,  Cut.  II.  Itr.  .Miih.  \.\I\',  lS!t(i,  .">;!. 

This  bird  lias  a  idaco  as  Nortli  Aiiioiicaii  solely  on  a  specimen  se(!Urt'<l  by  Mr. 
C.  II.  Tdwiiseiid  on  Otter  Is'iiml.  "It  was  ('cediiifj:  in  a  shallow  suit  water  pond,  with 
other  7V/«//((c,  whieh  I  sii|»i)ose(l  to  lie  AclDilroiinis."' — {Toirnsriid.)  No.  1(MJS(>!>,  ad.  9, 
.luiie  S,  I.S.S.".,  Otter  Islantl,  (J.  II.  T,  Wint;,  .{..".r.;  culmeu,  (t.72;  tarsus,  0.8H;  tad,  l.oO; 
middle  toe  uiid  claw,  <MM. 

46.  Ereiinetes  pusilluB  ( I. inn  i.     Suiiiipiihiiiitt.il  .Siiiiilpi|i«r. 

/Creiinetis  ynonV/nx,  ('(iiKs,  K<iy,  I.^IIO,  tii'l.— A.  i  i.  ll.  Ch.  KiKt,  IK!);"),  '.Ml.— SiiaRI'I:,  Cut.  II.  I»f. 
Mim.XXIV,  ISDC,  511.— KiiHavAV,  M:in.  ISilli.  Kil. 
I  saw  and  obtaiiu'd  bul  a  sinj^le  bird,  which  was  in  company  with  two  Tringn 
imiciihihi.  They  hiitl  evidently  jnst  arrived  from  the  South  and  were  (pnt«^  tame. 
This  is  probably  the  (irst  instance  of  the  takm;;-  of  this  species  in  Iterin^;  He,i,  The 
allied  species,  IL  orciilentiilis,  has  often  been  tak«'n  on  the  islands  of  the  Aleutian 
chain,  and  may  occur  on  the  Sea!  Islands.  I  took  two  nt  llnalaska  August  \r>,  IHOO. 
My  bird  was  not  recojjiii/.ed  by  the  natives,  who  j^ive  the  general  name  Lirlitskie  to 
waders.  No.  IISS.",.-.,  9  ,  ,Iuue  12,  1S!((>,  St.  I'anl,  W.  I',  Length,  (i.l.'J;  extent,  ll.r.l; 
wing,  .'$.70;  tail,  l."»7;  tansus,  l.Sii;  cnlmen,  0.72.  Stoniuch  contents:  "Minute 
lijcs."— .S'.  />. ./. 

47.  Limosa  lapponica  batieri  (Xaiiiii.).     I'.'icil'M'  (imlwit. 

l.imoHii  Hro/ii/.'/'"''", ''"'  i>,  ill  Klliott'H  I.'pt.   All.  Al.inkii,  lS7;t;  A'c/iriiW  :  187.">,   1S7;  Key.  ISiK), 

»;:((;,— Ki. I, ii>n,  Moh.  fi(':i\  Ills..  1SH2,  i:iii. 

l.hiiiiKa  Iniipniiim  tinrai  -:ialitinliii ,  SiiaKI'K,  (mI.  II.  Hr.  Miih.  .\\I\',  IHill!,  ;i77. — Nki.siin,  Cniim*, 

roniiii,  l.><s:f.  S!t. 
/.iiiiHia  liiiipoiiiva  Ixiiini,  A.O.  I'.CIi.  I.isl.  IH!l.".,  !i'.'.     Uiimiwav,  Man.  18!tf>,  l(!;i. 

A  fairly  abundant  migrant  through  the  islands,  Tliey  ajtjtear  early  in  May  and 
a  few  snnill  tlocks  were  seen  up  to  .Inne  l.'J,  when  I  .saw  eight,  anil  .secured  one  on 
Walrus  Island.  On  .Inly  7  I  saw  two.  which  after  being  di.stuibed  Hew  directly 
northward  up  the  island.  No  migrants  had  lelnrncd  by  August  10.  A  great  diU'er- 
ence  exists  in  si/e  between  the  sexes.  The  natives  invariably  picked  out  a  female  as 
being  the  "nnin,''  that  being  their  idea  of  the  superiority  of  the  sex,  and  no  argument 
coidd  convince  them  that  the  cimtrary  was  correct.  Klliott  says  that  they  return 
"toward  the  end  of  Aiignst,  going  south  in  Hocks  of  a  <lo/en  to  fifty,  making  then,  as 
before,  scarcely  an  appreciable  visit."'  In  tin-  ponds  they  feed  by  keeping  their  bills 
in  the  water  and  move  invariably  all  in  the  same  direction,  heads  to  the  wind.  With 
car(>  I  could  ap|U'oach  within  a  few  feet.  Iienearh.  all  my  specimens  are  still  in  the 
old  feathering,  except  that  on  all  save  one  the  n(>w  reddish  breeding  plumage  is 
st-attered  over  the  under  jiarts,  mostly,  lutwever.  on  the  breast  ami  .slightly  up  the 
under  neck  and  throat.  Otherwise  there  are  no  new  it'athers,  and  no  pinfeatheis, 
the  back,  tail,  and  wings  esp«'cially  being  well  worn.  Few  of  the  specimens  have  a 
majority  <d'  rufous  feathers,  and  it  winild  seem  that  as  a  rule,  after  examining  many, 
that  this  bird  r.irely  assumes  a  fully  changed  new  breast  plumage.  All  these  birds 
'have  the  upper  tail  covarts  stnuigly  barred,  and  lln'  barring  obscured  nr  ab.sent  on 
the  epi(;al  half  of  the  reetri<H>H.  There  are  no  ]iure  white  feathers  on  the  rum|)s,  but 
.sevtiral  specimens  have  a  few  leathers  with  a  reddish  tinge,  but  all  are  barred.  I'in- 
leathers  are  not  found  on  tlu'se  birds.  It  would  seem  to  be  the  ca.se  that  the  long 
ocean  migratitm  ol  the  spe  ;ies  prevents  the  completion  of  the  molt,     it  would  seem, 


J 

hp 

;  i-  .V 

I  111 
I  f  :■■■ 


il 

w 


ft     h 

II 


4{)ii 


TFIK    Kl'R    8KALS    OP   THK    I'KIHILOr  TSLANns. 


also,  Mint  nriiitlioIoj^iHts  (^encrnlly  liiivo  i-oiisitlcriMl  tlio  prcHiMict*  (if  ii(>w  loutliors, 
toK'^tluir  with  oMuM'H  inoni  >r  lews  wurii,  on  waders  as  oviduiwo  tvii<liii{r  to  jirove  tlio 
n'lunvii)  o.  )i;r«>wtli  in  siirli  I'litliui-s  witlioiit  a  molt.  Hut  it  scorns  to  ni»  tinit  a  liotttT 
I'xpliuiatioii  is  (lossilile.  As  a  rule  wailors  n4M|iiirc  tluMr  snininor  pliiina{;c  hctoro  tlii^y 
iiii};i-iit«>,  tliou};h  it  may  not  Im>  <-,oni])lt>t(>ly  «;liaii{;(>il  hi^tbrc  tiioy  loa\««  lor  tlu'ir  suiiiiiiiM' 
liabitat.  It',  tor  instaiic(^  moltiii<;  is  hut  lialt'  <'om|>lt>tn<l  oii  tlii'  liroastr  wIkmi  tlio  bini 
oboys  \tH  Hoasoiial  iiistiiiot,  tlitMi  on  its  iniini<\v  tlioso  tuatliors  wliitdi  ar«>  still  in  tlu'ir 
BlitMitlis  coinph'to  tliuir  jjrowtli,  tlion^li  often  wiMi  loss  pi^rinciit,  bc^'anso  tlio  powers  at" 
tlio  bird  are  inoro  nooossary  tor  its  prosorvation  dnrinfj  its.joiirnoy;  and  no  ollieirs 
fivnw  out,  porliapH  not  dnrin<r  that  siiniinur.  A^'uin,  as  a  nilo,  wadors  inako  vory  loii}; 
migrations,  and  spond  but  a  vory  short  timo  at.  tlioir  sniiimor  habitat,  lioiioo  tlio 
iieoossity  lor  moltiiif;  bot'oro  they  start  or  during-  tlio  oarly  stapos,  for  lator  all  thoir 
time  and  stron{;th  are  taken  up  in  other  atVairs  more  important  for  the  ]ireservatioii  of 
the  Hpe<ties.  That  feathers  well  worn,  and  some  entirely  unworn,  to(;etlior  with 
others  in  all  intermediate  stages  of  wearing;,  are  found  on  waders  taken  near  their 
siimnior  habitat  is  uiidoubf,4Mlly  true,  but  their  proseiieo  eaii  be  explained  on  the  linoH 
laid  down  above.  It  is  very  rare  indeed  that  pin  feathers  are  found  on  such  birds 
when  within  several  hundred  miles  of  thoir  siimmor  homo,  ospeoially  on  those  whieli 
have  traveled  over  vast  strotuheH  of  ocean  during  thoir  loiif;  Jimriioy.  liandini^'ra- 
tiiitr  wadfli's  show  {greater  moltiiit;  changes  than  those  species  which  move  northwaril 
over  vast  tracts  of  ocean.  A  fully  molt(><l  spriufj  specimen  of  hninri  is  rare,  but  not 
so  with  liippiniira.  No.  (12U;{.  9,  May  Hi,  I.S7U,  St.  Paul.  II.  W.  IC,  is  the  reddest 
breasted  bird,  few  feathers  of  the  winter  pluimi^e  beiii}:  left.  No.  (I'll  17,  9,  July  r», 
1S7L',  St.  I'anI,  II.  \V.  IC,  is  one  of  the  palest,  few  now  breedintj  fealhers  haviii;; 
appeared.  No.  llSHl.t,  9,.)uno  II,  ISIMI,  St.  I'anl,  VV.  I*.,  has  not  a  siny;le  feather  of 
the  broodiufi  plnma{;e.  Tl;e  extroiiM^  se.isitiveness  of  the  bill  of  this  bird  is  shown 
by  the.  character  of  their  food  as  here  shown. 

Stomach  contents:  "Much  the  {jn^ater  part  of  the  stomach  (•ontonis  of  these 
birds  consisted  of  hundreds  of  minute  threadlike  a<piati«;  larvae  of  a  inid^e  {Chiro 
noniin).  Pieces  of  mollusks'  shell  had  been  swallowed  by  several  of  the  birds.  I<'lie.s, 
closely  related  to  onr  common  house  lly,  and  tijjor  beetles  were  detottt^'d  in  small 
tpiantities.  Of  the  six  jrodwits,  live  had  Ihmmi  killed  on  St.  Paul  Island,  and  had 
fed  for  the  most  ])art  upon  midges,  whiidi  were  ])robably  abundant  in  a  fresh-water 
pond  on  the  island.  The  sixth  bird  was  taken  on  Walrus  Island.  It  had  caiif^ht 
over  the  hundred  s|>ccimens  of  a  species  of  beetle  {Ariiinlilts  tlchilis'),  the  soh'  repre- 
sentative of  a  uniqnit  family  of  beoUes,  described  some  time  apt  and  subsequently 
lost  sijifht  of  until  recently  discovered  a;;aiii." — N.  />. ./. 

MiaiiirviiiftilK  of  rifihl  ti)trvirnin». 


I'jil.iiiini' 
l>«r. 

S»x. 

Half 

IIWUW 

J  mil'  11. 

IMW 

I1HH42 

ilo.. 

to.. 

IIIU44I 

IIKHII 

iln 

IIHM.MI 

•Iillir  i:i. 

imiu 

IIKK4II 

.Iiiiiu  11, 

IHWI 

IIKM3 

ilo.. 

iiHtcm 

«li.  .. 



J.l'imlll     Kvlrlil.    Wiliu 


14.  i:i 

1 4.. Ml 

14  -r. 
i.v:tH 
in.  :m 
17.  mi 
;n.  H7 

17.  Ti 


•J7.  :iK 

U7.  7.'i 
'.•7.  '.14 
27.  :i-j 
lll.ini 
III.  75 
:il.i:i 
iiii.ni 


iim. 

Ciil 

■rnr 

IIH'II. 

Him. 

Hill 

•J.  H7 

I.U4 

H.H7 

;i.  13 

2.  in 

K.  7f. 

:i.  ;iH 

2.  i:i 

11  :w 

:i.'jri 

i.im 

H.  H7 

HlM 

•J.  (Kl 

11.  ;!•: 

4  (M 

2.  :i2 

It  ;iH 

:i.  !i4 

2.  ir. 

It  (HI 

4.0(1 

■J.  2r> 

l.iMiililv. 


SI.  I'Mil  iHlniiil 

W 

....(!.. 

...  (Ill 

.....In 

WaltiiH  InIaiiiI 

St    I'uiil  Ulaiiil.. 

...ill! 

Ciilli'i'tiir 


Ihi. 
Oil. 
Ilfl. 
!>■>. 
I><> 
Oil 
l><> 


■'riiBHe  lienlleii  wure  i|iiitecoiiiiMoii  mi  tint  liiKluT  Hlielf  rot' kit  of  WiilriiH  IhIuikI. 


TIIK    KIUDS    Ol'    TIIK    I'liiniLOK    ISLANDS. 


407 


48.  TotaiiiiB  flavipea  (TinK^I.).     YkIIow-Io^h. 

ToliiniiH  jlaviiiix.  A.  <).  II.  (Mi.  l.iHf,  I«!t!".,!i;t.— ColiK.s,  Koy,  18!I0,  (KW.— SllAKl'K,  Cut.  ».  lit.  Mils. 
XXIV,  l«!Hi,  i:!l.  — UllXiWAV,  Mull.  IS'.Ni,  KMi. 

On  .luiie  11,  ISOO,  I  walked  up  lo  ii  tlcx-.k  ol"  noUwits,  fooding  in  tlio  villaRo  pond 
on  St,  rsui1,fo  so<^  liow  clo-so  I  (tonhl  {,'o.t  lu  llu'iii.  Kocdiiit;  with  tliein,  iitlwarl'uinonf; 
};i:int.s,  I  looked  down  on  ii  bird  of  tliis  Hpt>(!ii>s.  Iliivin;;;  only  my  v\i\w  juiu,  and  l>«>iii^' 
Init  15  t(><>t  oil',  I  iiiiiiod  jiLst  ovor  its  back,  liopinj;  to  h«>i-ui'()  it  without  much  diuniigc, 
but  it  Ih^w  away  uninJuro<l  witii  thu  ^odwifcs  and  tailed  to  return  when  tlicy  did. 
AppanMitly  this  spc«!ies  is  not  oMici  wi.so  known  from  Kurin;;  Sea. 

49.  Heteractitia  iiicaniis  ((iiiinl.).     WurDlnriii;;  Tii'Mur. 

llrltrDHCfliin  iiirtiiiiiH,  Cihikh,  in  Klliiilt'H  H]>t.  All".  Alimka,  lS7:i;   Iti'iiriul,  IS"."),  1K7;  Kny,  18SK), 

(!i:t.      Kl.i.ion,  Miiii.  .Soul  Mm.  18S'.',  Ilto. 
llctirarliliH    ini-anun,   i'liwNsKNH,   C'niiso   I'oririn,    1HH7,    KK).  — A.  <).  H.  (,'li.   MhI,  IH!t5,  !l.'i.~ 

.•^ii.viil'i:,  Cut.  I».  Hi-.  Miih.  XXIV,  IXiHi,  l.'.U.— UiixiWAV,  Mim.  J8Wi,  ItiK. 

A  mii^nint;  I  .saw  none  in  May  except  at  IJnalaska.  It  is  the  (list  specioR  to 
icturn  in  the  fall;  adultbirds,  July  10,  and  afterwards.  Usually  in  pairs  on  the  Hurf 
swept  rocks,  but  Boiuetimes  s<^cn — usually  the  brownish,  unbarred,  and  le.ss  wary 
immature — on  optMi  sandy  pla(;cs,  and  sonu>times  with  the  tiirnstiUieH  on  a  sandy 
beach.  They  are  not  sliy,  but  are  si>ldom  noticed  when  perched  on  the  wet  ntcks 
which  iiarmiMii/.e  so  well  with  tlieir  color.  Solitary  birds  remain  ipiiet  and  iin.seeii, 
and  will  permit  one  to  ap|vroaeh  quite  clo.se,  fre(piently  startling  us  as  they  {;et  up 
suddenly,  almo.st  iiiuhT  (uir  very  feet,  and  ntterini;  their  loud,  shrill  cry,  llyint;  oil'  to 
another  resting  place.  Hut.  when  two  ar««  tx)<;etlier  it  is  dilli(;ult  to  stalk  them,  as  one 
is  sure,  to  tattle.  No.  0L"JI1>,  May  27,  1.S71',  St.  I'aul,  II.  W.  10.  No.  KMLltil,  9  ,  Juno  8, 
l.S,sr.,  (Uter  Island,  ().  ll.T.  No.  llSS.'ii,  .'.  ,  July  JU,  1WM»,  St.  Paul,  W.  I'.  No. 
1 1.58".-.,  9  ,  .Inly  .'Jl,  181(0,  Sf,.  Paul,  VV.  1'. 


m 


50.  NiimeiiiuB  huasonicus  Lath.     lliKlHoiiiaii  (,'iii'lo\v. 

\iimniiiis  liiiilnimivii$,  (Nicks,  Key,  IHiMI,  (il.'i.— A.  <».  1'.  Cli.  List,  l«!ir.,  !t7 
MiiH.  XXIV,  mm,  :ttH.  — UliMiWAV,  Man.  1X!M!,  171. 


Pi'ol)ably  a  regular  niij.;rant. 
St.  Paul,  on  July  l«i,  I8!t7. 


SiiAKi'K,  (.'at.  It.  Hnt. 
Mr.  V.  A.  Lucas  saw  one  at  veryelo.se  raiifje  on 


51.  NiimeniiiB  borealis  (KoiHt. ).     Kftkinii)  Ciirlflw. 

.VMWti^HiMd  liorealis,  t'otiKs,  in  |'',||iiitt'N  Kjil.  All'.  Alaska,  I87It;  llrjiriiil,  187.">,  IH8.  — Ki.i.iorr, 
M«iii.  .Sua!  I(1h.  188L',  IHC-SiiAitcK,  (!at.  I».  Itr.  Miis.  XXIV,  I8!lt;,  ;«58.-A.  O.  11.  Cli.  l.iHt, 
18!t.">,  !>7.— CiiCKs,  Koy,  IS'.Ht,  (ild.  — UlixiWAY,  Man.  IKJMi,  171. 

Mr.  ICIIiott  colht<;<ed  a  single  specimen  on  St.  Paul,  whi(;h  is  .still  the  only  one 
I  know  of  from  the  islands.     No.  t»-'448,  ad.  ^  ,  May  -'0,  1872;  win}?,  >J.18. 

Family  CH  A  H  A  DKI 1  OAE.     PUivors. 

52.  Charadriiin  dominiciiB  fiilviiB  (riiiiol.).     I'arilic  (iolditii  PInvor. 

I'hnriiiliiiiH  i>liiiinliii,  CoiMiK,  IJov.  «t  Majj.  /fiol.  1860,  4()(l. 

rhiiiiKlriHii  fill  run,  (U.iics,  in  Kllintt'H  Kpt.  All'.  AlaHka,  lx7;i;  /iV/iHii/,  1K7.'>,  17!l.— Kl.l.lorr,  Mod. 

Soal  Mm.  1S8'J,  r_'!l. 
CharmliiiiH  ilomiiiiniH,  SllAiti'lC,  (!at.  It.  Itr.  MnH.  XXIV,  iSiMi,  19.">  (|iurl). 
Cbaiiiilriiix  doiiiiiiiriiiij'iilniii,  Nk.i.hon,  PiIh.  AltiHka,  1S87,  1-.1.  --(.'«miks,  K«y,  |K!«I,  (iOl).— A.  O.  IJ. 

(;ii.  l.iMt,  IS!).'-.,  I<H).-K'iim;\\ay,  Man.  18!«;,  I7». 

('Onunoii,  ami  a  migrant.     "The  single  specimen  of  golden  plover  pre.served  by 


L« 


'  stl 


,'  i 


I  { 


if 


m 


i  t 


' '  a' 


!t  . 


\ 

!  i'l 

i 
I -I 

,4 


ym 


4()H 


THK    rUH    SKALS    OF    TIIF.    riJIIULOK    ISLANDS. 


Mr.  Klliott  ia  of  Hpecial  interest  and  iniportinice.  since  it  ia  c«)n('liisive1y  determine  I 
to  be  t lie  true  Asiatic /«/»'««  and  not  tlie  North  American  var.  riniitiiciis."' — {(Joueit) 
I  s'lw  hut  one.  It  was  alone  in  tlic  {irass  of  tlie  village  pond  on  St.  Paul.  '-A  few 
striigglers  land  in  Ajtril.  or  early  in  May.  on  tlieir  way  ikhIIi  \n  lirced.  hut  never 
remain  liuijj:.  Tliey  return  in  {jrealer  number  in  llie  latter  part  of  September,  and 
trrow  fat  upon  the  larvae  ponerated  on  the  killinp  gronnds,  leavinjj  lor  tlie  soutli  by 
the  end  of  October.'" — (KUioH.)  Coindo  says  of  Mr.  VVanieck's  specimens:  "Three 
examples  of  this  Kpecies  have  been  fiiven  me  exactly  identical  with  individuals  that 
w«'  find  in  l-airope.  They  had  been  killed  in  the  port  of  St.  I'anl  the  hStli  and  20tli  of 
April,  18r»2."  In  the  male  the  black  of  the  under  i)arts  has  a  few  white  old  worn 
feathers  in  the  center  of  the  breast  and  a  few  on  the  throat;  the  female  has  some  few 
new  black  feathers  mixed  in  with  the  old  |)lumajre  on  the  breast.  Iioth  siieciniens  are 
uiichan}<;ed  otherwise,  and  the  feathers  are  well  worn  on  the  hack  and  winps.  No 
moltini;  feathers  are  to  he  fouml  on  the  birds.  No.  0427.'?,  ad.  9  ,  May  1,  1S7.'{.  St.  Paul, 
II.  W.  K.  Wing,  «i..S7;  tarsus,  1.70.  No.  ll»(KSr.,  ad.  ?  .  .Iiine  12,  ISJIO,  St.  Paul.  W.  P. 
Length, '.•.7r»;  extent. 21. 7r»;  win}i,(>.r>0;  cnlmcii, (>.!•;{;  tarsus,  1.7S.  Stomach  contents: 
"Ten  predacf!OU8  beetles  (i'lnahiiliu)  and  .seeds  of  crowlmrry  (Hmftrlnim  niiinnn)." — 
.S'.  />.  J. 

51    Aegialitip.  semipalmata  ltiiiia|i.     SiMiiipaliiiiitcil  I'lovor. 

.liijir.liiiM  seitiipiilinnlui,  .Siiaiji-k,  Cat.  !i.  I!i'.  .Mns.  XXI\',  ISIHI,  L'r>(l. 

Aejiialilh  Hrmipnimatn,  A.  O.  l'.  (Mi.  List,  IS!t."i,  1(H).  — K'lixiWAV.  iMiiii.  IWMi,  17t!. 

.ii\fiialiH»\  semiiiiilmnliin,  Voyp.s,  Kpv.  \H90,  (102. 

I  saw  none,  nor  did  Mr.  Klliott.  Mr.  I).  \V.  Prenti.ss,  jr.,  secured  one  in  very  worn 
phmiage  from  a  Hock  at  Northeast  Point.  No.  I.'"!.'!."*!.".,  ad.  ?  ,  .Fuly  (»,  IS!>.'),  St.  Paul, 
J>.  W,  P.,  jr.     Win;;.  4.70;  culmen,  0.40;  tarsus,  0.S7. 


Fomilv  AREN.\R1IDAE.     TuiMisiones. 


s    '  'd 


Genus  ARENARIA. 

Onnis  vhnractrrn. — Non)»almate  iiind  toe  shore  birds  of  moderate  si/e,  about  11 
inr'ies  long;  culmen,  shorter  than  head  or  tar.sus;  hill,  hard,  gently  tapering  froiii  a 
stoutish  ha.se  and  with  a  slightly  upward  trend  toward  tip;  black  or  bhutkish  ;icross 
breast  and  shoulders;  under  parts  and  Hp|)er  and  middle  hack  white;  tail  coverts 
white;  tail,  white,  with  apical  half  broadly  banded  with  black  or  blackish;  a.\illarie.s, 
white;  feet  and  tarsi,  robust;  midtoe  little  shorter  than  tarsus;  tarsi,  regularly  and 
broadlv  scaled  in  front,  smaller  st-aled  and  reticulated  behind. 


(iROIiltAI'IIICAI.    DISTHIIIITIDN    III'    nil.;    .^I'lCI'IKS. 


Eni'oim,  Asia,  Afrira  and  racilic  islaiiilH,  WcBterii  Alaska  fniin  iho  AleiitiaiiH  to  Point  H.'irrow;  (irt'on- 
land.  Hri>(>ilH  from  .la|ian  ami  .Vlanka  westward  aruiiiid  to  tlio  iiiorfl  imrtlK'ni  KritiHli  islands, 
A/onis  ( f ),  and  (irocnland I.  inlrfprm. 

Anierioa  from  tlio  Arctic  ri'fjicnis  north  of  lliidsoii  Hay  aii<l  \«  cstward  to  lh«  Macl<('ii::iii  iJ'vrr,  along 
(lie  Atlaiitlr!  WMttTsliod,  llioii;;li  j;i'ii<'rall,v  f'oivstwisf,  lo  PatiiKonia  and  tliii  l''all;l':iid  Islaiids. 
Uarc  on  tlio  I'aoilit' alo)ic.     Itrccit' about  llndHini   Kay,  iiortliward  and  I'aslward..    .t.  mnriiKlln. 

Wpstcrii  AlaHka  from  tlir  Arctic  Ocean  to  and  tlirouKli  Calirornia.     Ilrccds  in  iiortliwcstcrii  Alaska. 

.1.  mrlnnoripliala. 


I 


THE    lUUDS   OK   THE    PUIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


409 


Hftl 


■  yi 


Willi  rlirsthiil  iiliovx.  Tcel  rcdciiHli,  tliniiit  wliilit. 


IV.   SI'KCIKS,    tll:RKI>IN(!    I'l.I'MACK. 

KarKc.  wliifr  iiHiiully  iiinD'  I  liiiii  <!.()().     Itliick  iiliove 
])r<'<l(>Miiiiniit,  with  littlo  olovo  lirowii,  fei-l  vcr 
iiiili""  inhriii\- 

Siiialler,  \viii}.'iiO!iii,v  :ilw:iyH  1i>sn  thanti  (HI     ('liesl 
nut  iilxivt*  |ii'o<l(iiiiiii!iiit,  Willi  iiiiirh  <'lo\  •■  liniwii, 
feet  oraiijji'  ro.l m(»»iM(//rt. 

WilliDiit  cliastiiiit  aliovc,  feit  MackiHli,  llnnat  dark mrlnnnerphala. 

54.  Arenaria  iiiterpres  (Mini.).      The  riiriiHtonc.     '•  h'rnminie  knlitii-kie." 
Slrciisihin  iiilltirh,  CiiiNiiK,  Ki-v.ct  Miifj.  /.mil.,  IHKO,  |(K). 

iSlrii)nilaii   hilirpieii.M.w.i.  and    llANNi.wfKlt,  Trans.  Chic.    Ac.  Sci.,    I.    IXC.O,   2110.— Corns,    in 
r.lliott'H  K|it.  All.  Alaska,  IS7;i;    /.V^iiiii/,  1K7.">,  ISO;    Key,  l«!M),C.O.f.  (pari  ).-Ki.i,|(>tt,  .Mon. 
.'<eal  Ids..  Aliuxkii,  ISSL',  ll'!t;  lliis,  IKSL'.  17H. 
.Iieiinim  iiilert>rrx,  Nki-.son,  Nat.  Hist.  Alaska,  1«87,  Ilis.— IfiixaVAV,  iMaii.  1K«7,  ISO  (part). — 
SiiAHi-K.Cat. !«.,  Itrit.  Mils.  .\XIV,  ISIMi.  !tL'(part).-A.  <►.  U.  Cli.  List,  l«9ri,  103  (part). 

Athilt  f.  ,  /»vr<7iM//;>/«>««//f.— lnt('rs('apnliir,Rlo.s.sy  black,  sliplitly  {;re«iiisIi,nMMlially 
divided  l>y  a  narrow  liiui  of  clicsriiiit ;  scapulars,  antoiioriy  cliestiiiit,  loiijjcr  fcaliuMs 
{jlosay  frrceiiish  lilarU,  irrefjiilitrly  tipped  and  notdu'd  witii  ciicstnnt,  and  occasionally 
with  wliitish;  body,  white;  lower  i)ack,  blackish;  breast,  extensively  black  and 
extendintr  forward,  nearly  eneircliiifj  the  neck  with  a  broad  band  margined  with 
white,  a  narrower  line  reacliiii},'  the  base  ol  the  lower  mandible  and  niar}rining  the 
whit«  throat,  another,  imt  broader,  black  liiH>  e.\tendin{r  from  the  center  of  this  last 
and  encirclinj;  the  eye,  but  mostly  in  front,  from  whence  a  branch  runs  forward  to  the 
center  of  the  ba,se  of  the  bill;  head  and  neck  otherwise  white,  .somewhat  streaked 
down  the  upper  neck  with  dusky  and  heavily  and  distinctly  streaked  on  tiie  pileum 
with  black  with  sli;«ht  rufous  ed}j[in},'s;  a  black  blotch  on  the  sides  of  the  ba.se  of  the 
head  behind  eye;  flight  feathers,  dark  olive  brown  li^ihteniiifj  to  white  on  the  lower 
portions,  the  dark  color  simply  a.s  a  blotch  near  tin?  tijis  of  the  innermost  .secondaries; 
.shafts  white,  browninji  toward  bases;  tertials  whitish  toward  ba.ses,  their  greater 
length  very  dark  olive,  nearly  black,  variously  tipped  and  indented  with  chestnut  and 
wliitish ;  lesser  wing  coverts,  dusky  olive  nii.\ed  with  black  and  white;  median  coverts, 
cheKtnutwith  extensive  black  centers;  long  coverts,  chestnut  br«)adly  banded  with 
black;  tail,  white,  irregularly  and  broadly  banded  toward  tip  with  blackish;  tail 
coverts,  white;  legs  and  feet,  vermilion,  joints  darkish;  bill,  black  with  reddish  spot 
near  ba.se  of  lower  mandible. 

Adult  9  ,  hrrciliitu  />/H>Hf(//r>.— Similar  in  jiattern  to  the  <^,  but  larger,  with  v;hite  of 
head  and  neck  more  obscured  with  dii.sky  and  spotting:  but  little  ««•  no  chestnut  ou 
wings;  chestnut  spotted  all  over  back  near  tips  of  the  feathers,  and  strongly  so  on 
front  part  of  .s(;a]>ulars,  otherwi.se  nearly  as  black  as  the  males. 

Immature  f.  ,  JirHt  plumaf/e.—Vnttcvw  of  coloration  as  in  adult,  but  generally 
obscured  or  less  defined,  especially  about  the  head  and  neck.  Above,  dark  dusky 
brown,  each  feather  margined  with  sandy  buff  or  rufous,  (v:  ^^hc  wings  with  deeper 
rulbus,  on  the  head  and  neck  with  paler  brown  or  buff.  '  <>-■  ly.i  patch  obscured  by 
pale  rufous  and  white  tips  to  the  feathers.  Tail  while,  wiHi  subterminal  band  of 
blackish,  which  narrows  toward  outside  feathers,  each  feather  irregularly  iMouded  at 
tips  with  rusty,  especially  the  i-entral  ones.    Throat  white,  somewhat  sharply  bor- 


i. 


It! 


;  ^'Jiii 


i  ill 


Mr 


i 


^■1 


•."'-■mri*--. 


ittHi 


410 


THE   FUR    SEALS    OP   THE    PRIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


I    i  i! 


I  ft  I 


dered  by  tlio  dusky  of  lireast  jvnd  sides  of  fatie.  Sides  of  face  generally  browiilHli, 
drab  gray,  br(»ken  niidor  eyes,  with  white  inclosing  drab  spots,  and  by  a  b]a<'k  trian- 
gular si>ot  in  front  of  oyes,  paler  brown  drab  gray  at  base  of  mandibles  and  on  fore- 
head.   Bill  slaty  bhick;  legs  deep  orange,  blaekish  around  Joints. 

Immature  9  ,Jirst  jthimuge. — Sinilar  to  $  ,  slightly  duller  and  larger. 

Wearing  rapidly  darkens  the  ]>luniage  so  that  migrating  birds  vary,  some  being 
darker  than  others.  Birds  in  their  second  summer  are  usually  smaller  than  the  fully 
adult,  and  the  black  of  the  breast  is  less  extensive,  being  then  very  similar  in  area 
and  appearance  to  the  following  species.  Hometimes  the  chestnut  of  the  wing  cov- 
erts is  (Mitirely  wanting  in  the  males,  as  iu  the  females,  tlie  winter  coverts  persisting. 

This  bird  differs  from  its  American  relative  by  its  more  extensive  black  areas 
and  much  less  amount  of  chestnut.  It  is  larger  and  the  feet  and  legs  are  more 
strongly  (•oh)red.  A  comparison  of  a  good  series  of  Pacific  birds  from  the  Tribiiofs, 
Japan,  and  other  points,  with  a  fine  series  from  eastern  America  shows  tiicir  unlike- 
noss;  and  a  comparison  of  these  Pacitic  birds  with  birds  from  Europe,  (ireenlan<l, 
and  Africa  shows  a  great  general  resemblance;  in  fact,  two  Greenland  adult  speci- 
mens kindly  loaned  me  by  Mr.  F.  M.  Cha])man  are  indistiiigiiishable  from  inierprtu, 
tliongh  easily  so  from  our  eastern  bird.  Female  birds  from  the  Pacific  seem  to  be 
blacker  than  tlie  European  bird,  but  whether  a  good  comparable  series  of  these  Last 
taken  in  spring  and  summer  would  show  it  I  am  unable  to  say,  my  series  not  being 
extensive  enough.  All  Alaskan  and  (ireenland  specimens  that  I  have  seen,  about 
forty,  are  readily  distinguished  from  our  common  eastern  Americiiu  species.  Alas- 
kan and  (Tnaiaskan  specimens  are  a  trifle  smaller  than  Japanese  or  Pribilof  birds,  but 
they  may  be  younger.  I  am  not  aware  that  this  species  occurs  in  spring  on  the 
Pribilofs,  but  there  would  seem  to  be  no  reason  why  they  should  not. 

It  is  an  abunda)it  fall  migrant  on  the  Pribilofs.  1  saw  none  in  May  or  June, 
except  four  at  Unalaska  May  10.  On  July  12, 18!t0,  I  saw  probably  the  first  birb 
that  landed  on  St.  Paul  during  the  fall  migration.  From  that  date  they  daily 
increased  rapidly  until  by  the  end  of  July  they  swarmed  everywhere.  They  reach 
the  island  by  way  of  the  northeastern  shore  and  iji  straggling  flocks  or  singly  fly 
southward  through  the  island  during  the  day,  banking  up  in  large  numbers  when  the 
village  killing  ground  is  reached.  They  spread  out  on  the  slopes,  resting  on  tlie 
rocks  and  little  hillocks  during  the  day.  They  soon  find  the  feast  awaiting  them  on 
the  killing  ground,  an;'  the  nnirks  of  their  work  around  nearly  every  seal  carcass  is 
soon  noticeable.  As  the  water  disappears  by  soakage  and  evaporation  in  the  village 
pond  they  turn  up  the  black  sand  in  thousands  of  little  hillocks,  each  witli  a  narrow 
de])rcasion  made  by  their  bill  beside  it.  At  low  tide  the  lagoon  beaches  are  a  favor- 
ite resting  and  feeding  place.  By  the  end  of  July  many  become  so  fat  that  they  are 
run  down  and  captured  by  the  young  Aleuts.  Their  departure  from  St.  Paul  is 
quite  a  feature  of  the  avifaunan  exhibition.  About  C  iu  the  evening  a  small  flock  of 
perhaps  forty  birds  will  rise  into  the  air  from  about  the  village  pond  and  uttering 
loud  shrill  cries  will  fly  up  to  near  the  head  of  the  lagoon.  Hero  making  a  wide 
sweep  they  return,  gathering  fresh  recruits  on  their  way,  until  the  vicinity  of  the 
I)ond  is  again  reached.  Swec])ing  around  in  a  constantly  ascending  course  they 
return  up  the  lagoon,  and  turning  oni-e  more,  screaming  as  they  go,  and  adding 
to  their  numbers,  they  make  a  straight  course  high  over  the  village  hill  and  ou  out  to 


I 
•  I 


THE   BIRDS   OP   THE   PRIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


411 


sea  over  the  Uecf  ])oint.  Tliifl  iiiyariably  took  place  every  evening  during  the  latter 
part  of  my  stay  on  tho  ialand.  It  was  always  the  rule  that  a  deuHO  fog  bank  hung 
nil  around  the  island  at  that  time,  ho  that  even  the  Beef  point  wan  not  visible,  but 
the  birdH  went  into  the  fog  without  the  slightest  hesitation.  They  left  their  land 
nnirks  behind.  Several  tlo<;ks  averaging  about  a  hundred  birds  left  nearly  every 
evening  from  the  end  of  .Inly  until  1  left  on  August  10.  The  first  arrivals  on  the  island 
were  always  julults;  the  young  were  not  noted  for  at  least  ten  days.  According  t«> 
Klliott  they  all  leave  the  islands  after  the  lOth  of  September.  On  August  I 'J, 
when  the  mountains  of  the  Aleutian  chain  were  but  faintly  outlined  t.o  the  southward 
of  our  steamer,  a  turnstone  in  full  straight  tlight  jtassed  the  vessel.  It  was  hardly 
more  than  a  few  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  sea  and  so  close  to  the  vessel  that  stand- 
ing on  the  deck  I  ltM>ked  directly  down  on  the  ba<;k  of  the  bird.  It  continued  its 
(tourse  direct  for  the  land  as  long  as  I  (^ould  see  it.  1  saw  none  at  Unalaska  during 
the  week  next  following.  Elliott  says,  "I  have  met  with  it  at  sea  7(N>  miles  from  the 
nearest  land,  tlying  northwest  toward  the  Aleutian  Islands,  my  ship  being  SOO  miles 
west  from  the  Straits  of  Fuca."  There  is  nothing,  perlia]>s,  very  remarkable  about 
the  .journey  of  these  birds  from  the  Pribilofs  to  the  Aleutians.  Ia'I  uh  trace  it. 
Tiiey  gather  in  tlo<'k8  about  (>  ]>.  m.,  and  after  the  maneuvering  that  1  have  already 
described  head  directly  into  the  fog  and  fly  southward.  We  <;an  be  sure,  first,  that 
many  in  each  flock,  and  especially  the  leaders,  have  made  the  trii>  on  jnevious  o<!ca- 
sions,  hence  they  know  the  way.  Now,  assuming  that  they  fly  at  the  rate  of  .'U)  miles 
an  hour,  and  knowing  that  it  is  about  '200  miles  to  the  Aleutians,  it  wouhl  take  them 
about  six  hours  to  make  the  trip.  As  darkness  in  that  region  at  that  time  does  not 
set  in  until  near  midnight,  they  have  sufficient  time  in  which  to  make  the  vicinity  of 
the  Aleutians.  Their  rate  of  travel  is  undoubtedly  faster  than  'M  miles  an  hour,  so 
that  they  readily  reach  the  Aleutians  before  dark.'  As  tx>  their  movements  thence 
we  know  little. 

I  have  been  unable  to  find  molting  feathers  on  any  sjtecimens,  but  nearly  all  have 
mixed  in  with  the  colored  summer  ])lumage  some  of  the  duli-colored  feathers  of  the 
winter  plumage.  Kvidontly  these  birds  start  on  their  spring  migration  after  the 
plumage  has  almost  entirely  changed.  The  strength  of  the  bird  is  then  needed  for 
the  long  Journey,  so  that  molting  st«>pH  and  the  remaining  unchanged  feathers  are 
retained.  These  nnm(dt«d  feathers  are  f<mnd  in  the  ]dume  feathers  of  the  wing,  the 
tcrtials,  the  median  coverts,  and  the  scapular  plumes.  In  some  cases  only  a  few  are 
found,  in  others  many.  Their  worn  condition,  and  espe(;ially  their  lack  of  black  and 
chestnut,  render  them  distinctly  noticeable.  Fall  specimens  show  these  feathers  also, 
.so  that  the  evidence  oi  their  retaining  is  complete.  It  would  thus  seem  that  these 
birds  molt  all  their  essenfially  important  feathers  befon*  they  migrate,  the  ])urely 
decorative  nies — the  tertials,  wing  coverts,  and  scajmlar  plumes — changing  last  and 
being  interrupted  in  their  growth  and  change  by  the  elfe<rts  of  an  extremely  long 
oceanic  journey.  Few  Pribilof  specimens  show  a  complete  change,  while  on  the  con- 
trary Asiatic  specimens  are  the  rever.se,  thus  indi<!atiiig,  probably,  that  the  Pribilof 
birds  winter  on  the  islands  of  the  Pacific. 


'  Our  Htniiiiinr  nmilo  at.  If^iiHt  12  kiintf*.     The  bird  ninnt.ioiioi)  an  ]iiiHHinf;  Uw  vesael  eaHily  tliHtanced 
iiB,  goiiiK  ht  li'iiHt  t.lii'i'e  timoH  as  fast,  and  wnB  hooii  (iiit  of  Hjgbt. 


lili 


M 


rj 


i 


I  i!. 


-.« 


i 


m 


I 


412 


Till'.    I'lIK    SKALS    OK    TIIK    PUIIilLOF    ISI.ANDS. 


!     t 


]\  i 


A'-.iiaria  moiinella,  (I.. ).    'I'lit'  Hmlily  'riirriHloiic. 

Tiiiifin  inlfiinex  l,l\N.\i,is,  Sy«t.  Niil.  cil.  10,  17r>8,  ll«  (part).  -Wilson,  Am.  <»rii..  VIII.  IHlii, 
It!.',  jil.  57,  li«.  1. 

Tritiijii  iiiorinelhi   I.INN.xkih,  Svst.  Nat.  «'«1.  IL',   17(iti,  L'lit  (IiiisimI  on   "'I'lm  'I'iii'ii-mIc ,  or  .Sra- 

Diittrcl,"  Ciitt'sliN,  Nut  Hist,  ('arollna,  etc.  I,  17.'U,7L*,  itl.72,  niiil  .tniioriu  rinrrta  lliisHon= 
Ciltesliy.— (JMKMN,  .Syst.  Nilt    17KS,  (171.— I-ATIIAM,  Iiul.dni.  17!M(,  1I,7;1S>. 

Trituju  Uiiilsonica  V.  h.  S.  Mri.i.KU.  .'^ysl.  Nut.  Aniian;;,  1771!,  11 1  (hasi'd  on  "Thf  'riirii-Hloiii',  IVoui 
iliiilson'slliiy,"  r.thvai'ils.  Nat.  Hist.  Itints,  III.  17.~>0, 1 1I,  |<l.  I II).— Ca.ssin.  I'ror,  I'liila.  Ac. 
S.i.  IMtM.L'K!. 

CinchiH  iiileriires.  iiUAWdfiw.  I?<1h.  III.  IKISt,  .".l!t  (pail );  llainl-li.st,  M<ls.  Ill,  1H71,L'1'  (paiH. 

Moiiiifllit  iH/fi-yxm,  STK.rNKiiKK,  I'idc.  li.S.N.M,  ISSL',  ;{|  (part). 

SlnimihiH  iiiliriirtH,  li.i.iiii'.ii,  I'roilr.  Orn.  ISIl,  2i;;i  (part).— I.kacii,  .Syst,  Cut.  Mam.  anil  Itinln, 
Mrit.  Mils,  ISIti,  L'it  (part).--ST|.:i'm;N,  (ieii.  /ool.  XI,  182t>,  .V.'O  (part).— Ai;i>l  lioN,  (»rii. 
IlioKf.  IV.  inns,  ;il,  1.1.  :i()l;  synopsis  N.  A.  II.  1h:«1,  L>1'7  (pari);  li.  Am.  V,  ISlL',  L';tl,  pl.:»l':i 
I  pari).  — lioxAi'AKTK,  Syii.  N.  A.  H.  ISL'S.LItit;  Mst,  ISIW,  Ifi(part).— .Swain.son,  Faun.  Ilorcali 
Am.  1«;!1,  .171.- .f  AKiUNi:,  cil.  WilHon'B  Am.  ( )rn.  II,  l«:i2,  ;f'.'l,  pi.  ."w,  li^'.  1.— NnTAl.l,.  Manual 
Orii.  1m:U,  HO  (part).— I'ltASKK,  r.  Z.  .»<.  I.onil.  ISI.'J,  IIX  (Cliilo).— (illJAiK,  I!.  Long  Islaiul, 
1S<II,2L'0.  — Di;  Kay,  Nat.  Hist.  N.  V.pt.  L»,  Itinlii,  IRII,  L'lti.— Hoi.i.Kit,  I'uli.  Lynn,  \,  II,  Sop, 
I,  IXIH.fi  (Mass.).— 'I'siiumi,  I'mina  rcriiaiia,  Avcs  1840.  297.— (iossK,  Minis,  .lamalca,  1817, 
;!;t;f. — Cahams,  in  S('Iiomliiir<;k's  Keis.  Ilrit.  (iniana,  HI,  181s,  7."il;  .loiini.  fiir  Orn.  IV, 
18.".fi,  12;?  (I'nlia).- I.KJIHKVK.  Avosdo  la  Isla  do  Ciilia,  18.10,  100.— IIijk.mi-.IStku,  Syst.  Icli. 
Til.  liras.  Ill,  la-id,  :i(VI  (Hra/il).— Cassin,  I.'pp.  I'acilK!  K'.  l{.  Siirv.  IX,  18,-.8,  701  (part).— 
ItltVAM,  I'loc.  Host.  Sor.  N.  II.  VII,  185!»,  121  ( IlaliaiiiaH).-Ni:\VKiN,  litis,  18,'-,!l,  2.-.r.  (St. 
Croix,  \V.  I.);  Ilandli.  .lamaica,  1881,  ll.">.— IIkkwkk,  Troii.  Most.  .Soc.  N.  11.  VII,  18l!0,;i0<,» 
(Ciilia);  Cal.  M.  N.  Kn^'l,  \X~:<.  12. -McIi.wkahii.  Canad.  ,loiir,  V,  1800,11;  Troc.  Kssox 
Inst.  V.  1800  (Hamilton,  Ontario). — (!i;xdi.acii,  Ifcjiprt.  Kisico-Nat.  Ciil>;i,  I,  1860,  ll."; 
,loiirn.  I'lir  Orii.  187.">,  :»3l  (Ciilia),— Wiikaton,  Kcp.  OliioS.  Md.Ajjri.  1801,  ;i08,  :571 ;  rnprint, 
10;  1880,  .lfiO.—Ai.niiKiiri,.Tonri),  fiir  Orii.  1802,  20.">  (,lamttira).— Moauksian.  I'roc.  Most. 
Sor.  \.  H.  IX.  1802,  128  (Maine).-  CoiKs,  I'rop.  I'liila.  Ar.  S.i.  1801,228  ( l-aliriidor) ;  I'rop. 
Kss.  Inst.  V.  l,SO.s,  2il2  (N.  Kiigl.);  I'roe.  I'liila.  Ac.  Sci,  1871,  2i»:  Key,  N.  Am.  It.  1872,210; 
1881. 00!»;  18!MI,  008  (all  part);  M.  N.  West,  1871,  I.V.t  (part).— Mi.akisto.v,  Iliis,  I80;i,  lliO 
(Maolicnzio  U.).—  M Alien,  Prof.  I'liila.  Ac.  Sci.  1801,  00  (.lamaica).— Sai.vin,  Iliis,  180.|,;t8."i 
(Mrit.  Hond.);  1.  c.  1860,  lit8  ((iiiatmnala) ;  I.  c,  1880,178  (Mrit.  Guiana);  I.e.  I88!»,  :t7!t 
((.lo/niiicl  and  Viicataii).— Laikk.nck,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  VHI,  1807,  100  (Somluero);  .Mcin. 
Most.  Soc.  N.  H.  II,  1871,  :I08  (Ma/.allan,  .Mex. ) ;  Miill.  U.S.N.M.  I.  1878,  07  (Dominica). 
1117  (St.  Vincent).— Maiki),  Am.  .lour.  Sei.  Arts,  X  LI.  1801!  (jiart);  litis,  1807,  281  (part).— 
Sci.ATKK,  r,  /,.  S,  Loud.  1807,  3:W  (Chile),— Sa.miki.s,  Miids  N.  Engl.  18(W,  lltO.  178.— 
LAN(.ii<>N-,.loiirii.  (in.  Soc.  X.  H  I,  1870, 184  (Ohio);  List,  Ciii.  M.  lS7it,  10.— Koss,  M.  Can- 
ada, 1871,7!).— SrM.KVAi.l.,Oclv,k.  Vet.  A  kail.  Torh.  Stockh.  lsi;<(,  588  (SI.  Maitholomew), 
602(I'orto  h'ico).- rioi./.Kl.x,  Orn.  Mras.  1871,207  (Mrazil).— Sl'I.atku  and  Sai.vin,  Noincncl. 
av.  Neolr.  187;i.  1 1!!.- Tai/.axovski.  I'.  Z.  S.  Loud.  1874, ."iliO  (I'orn);  (Hn.  I'lron,  III,  1880, 
;il9.— Ukii.,  Zoolov:ist,  1877  (Mcrmiida);  Mull.  U.S.N.M. 25, 1884.  2:{0(Meriiiiiaa).— MKimiA.M, 
Trans.  Conn.  Ac.  IV,  1877,  1(W.— Maynai!I>,  M.  Kast.  N.  Am.  187!>,  :fOO.— Katiihix.  List  M. 
Cent,  N.  V.  1870, ;«).— Mt  Ciii;sni;y,  M.  Dakota.  Mull.  U.  H.  (ico.  Siirv.  I,  1870,88.— Couv, 
M.  M.ihamas,  1880,  151.— MituWN,  Cat.  M.  I'oitland,  Maine  1882,21.— Ciiamiikulain.  Mull. 
Nat,  Hist.  Soc.  N.  Mninswick,  1882.52.— DioNNK.Ois.  Canada,  1883,  171.— STKAKNs.rroc. 
U.S.N.M.  188S,  Hit  (Lnlirador).—Tui.sTliA.M,lbi»,  1884, 108  (Sto.  Doiiiin>;o).—\VKl.i,s,  I'roc. 
U.S.N.M.  IX,188(!,  027 (tironada), —Hancock,  Mull,  Ridgw.  Orn.  C.  Cliic.  1887,  i;i  (Texas).— 
Skkhoiim,  (Jeogr.  Distr.  (Iiaradr.  1887,  pp.  xxv,  410,  ligs.— I'kh.i.kn,  Ihis,  1880,  4!»2  (Marlia- 
does)  — Aviltll.i.,  List  M.  Mridgcporl,  Conn.,  18!»2,  ».— Haistkkt.  Ihis,  180,%  307  (Anilm, 
\V.  I.).— Makiioitu,  Ank,  XIII,  1891!,  297  (Nelir,). 

.treiiiiriii  inlei-prcn,  Vikii.i.ot,  N.  Diet,  d'llist.  Nat.  XXXIV,  1819,  ;fl5  (part).— STK.iN|.;iii;i{, 
Ank.  I,  1884,229  (part).— TruNKit,  Proc.  U.S.N.M.  188.-.,  245  ( Laliradi.r).— A.  O.  U.  Ch. 
LisI,  1880.  105  (part);  1895,  103  (part).— CoilY,  Ank,  III,  1880,  .50.'  ((iraiid  Cayman);  I.e. 
VI,  1889,  32  (Cayman  Mraek);  Mirds  W.  Indies,  1889,231;  Ank,  VIII,  1891,351,2.  (Ina- 
giia,  (ay  Sal);  I.e.  I.S92,  18  (Maragii.ina);  Cat.  M.  \V.  1.  1892,95  (many  local.).— Ai.i.kn, 
Mull.  Am.  Mns.  N.  H.  I,  1880,211  ;  Auk,  VIII,  1891,  104  (N.  Scotia).- KAl.l-lland  lUiiii, Trans. 


THE    HIKPS    OK    TlIK    IMMltll.UK    ISLANDS. 


41  a 


(huMiIii  IliHt.  Sue.  Ill,  \HHt\,  lilt  (N.  V.).— lltii.Kii.  It.  I'ruiikl.  Co..  Iiiil.  Itiill.  L',  llruukv. 
S<>c.  N.  II.  l«Mt!,l.'l.  -MwiiiiiT,  Aiik,  IV,  IW",  !(»(<'.  Hn-lmi).  K'ii..,wa\,  .Muiiiial  N.  Am. 
II.  1S«7,  IMMpart);  Aiik,  Mil,  ISltl,  :i:!7  ( llaliiimiiN);  (»rii.  IlliiioiN,  II,  IWG,  L'O.-Waiikkn, 
l».  I'lllMji.  \XHH,  j;i7,  'M  nl.  IH'.MI,  10;{.  — ItKY.W  I ,  I'loc.  ('ill.  Aciiil.  Sri.  IHHH,  It  (  h'liral 
I111108).— S.Mr;ii  aiitl  I'ai.mi:|(,  Aiik,  V.  isxs,  117  (  Wanli.  I».  ('.  1.  — Sknnki,  t.  «■  ll()(ToxaH, 
July).— CoOKi-,,  llinl  Mlur.  Mi^H.  Val.  Itiil.  1',  I'.  S.  l)i:|i.  A^ri.  \XXH,  101  ( MiKratioiiH, 
uti!.).— in  TcilKlt,  Aiik,  VI,  IWH,  lL".t  (Lit.  (iiill.  1(1.  N.  V.).— Sn.n,  t.r.  l.^JI  (  W.-Ht  ( 'oimt, 
Klii.);  I.  V.  VII,  IN'.Kl,  :i()i)  (l»iy  ToitiiKatt);  1.  c.  I.\,  lx!t2,  1.".  (.Iiiiiiuitiii .  t.  <■.  'JIJ  (Cahxma- 
li.'iti'liL'i'  It'..  n».,  wiiitui').—('.\.M\v  1:1.1.,  I.  r.  VI,  ISK'i,  L' It)  (Minn.);  MhI.  II.  Minn.  ().  itiul  <>,, 
.\V,  IXlHi.  i;il.— (LAnK,  Auk,  VII,  I«!l()  :il.'I  (llntlHon  Ila.v  i.-K'rx  i:s.  I'lor.  .Nixvp.  N.  II. 
Sue.  INIMt,  5!t  (Va.).--l'Al.Mi;ii.  I'roc.  I'.S.N.M.  .Mil,  IWKi,  L'dl  iMinnau,  l.alHador).— 
Ma(I'ai!I.am:,  I.  f.  .\IV,  WW,  |:ui  (Antif  Am. )  — I'a.n.mn.  (li.  List,  llril.  Col.  II.  IWU,  1!!.— 
CllAMnnKiAlN,  NullaHN  Man.  IMU,  71  ( piirt  1.— Ma<  ^K^ ,  Auk,  l.\.  IWL',  :t(«i  (Nanlurkrt 
.MasH.).  — llAirii,  (ico.  anil  N.  II.  Sniv.  .Minn.  IK'.C',  l.">:i.  — Ii'moahn,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci. 
I'hilu.  1«!»2,  10.-.  (  Ti-.Mis,  .Inmo;  1.  <■.  I«!t;i,  :t7  (TuKit  Sounil):  Ank,  V,  ISiKI,  17  (WaMli.)— 
Cook,  Hull.  91,  .Mirh.  Akii.  Ci>11.  ISICI,  (HJ.— IIuuw.n,  Niiloloj;ii*t,  1,  IX'.lIt,  HI  (Col.lm  Id., 
Va. ).— Sto.si:,  II.  K.  IVnuii.  antl  N.  .1.  1«I4.  SI.— KntKWnoi.,  TianH.  Md.  Av.  Sri.  isjr.,  Ll»5 
(.Mar.vliind).  — Kl.l.ioT,  N.  Am.  Shoic  H.  IH'.Ci,  L'OL',  .'50  (i.art).— Ciiai'.max,  llamlli.  II.  K. 
N.  Am.  im'>,  177.  — Kolil.N.Hos,  I'loc.  U.S.N..\1.,  I8!t,^>,  (157  i.MarKaiita  lil..  Vemv.).— Wooi.- 
UiKK,  Auk,  .Mil,  18!M(,  1X1  (llliuoiK).— WiNTl.K,  II.  Moutruiil,  ISiMI,  4S.— Mcll.llENNY, 
Auk,  1S<I7,  'M\  (I,iiui.-«iuna,  rcHiilt'iit). 

Ailull  .<  ,  hnciliiiii  ith(miii)r. — ISiiiiilar  in  pattnii  to  .1.  iiiterpns,  but  siiiiillor  and 
jjeiu'fal  color  above  cliustiiut  witli  sitb'.s  of  intcr.scapiilar  blarU:  .staiuilars  for  tlie 
most  ])art  «-liestiiut,  the  outer  t'eatlieis  broadly  tipped  witii  biaek  aiid  sli^iitiy  witii 
white,  ioiijjef  leathers  blaekisii  olive  irre;,'ularly  tijtped  with  chestnut;  body,  head, 
and  neek  as  in  iiitriprrs,  but  the  black  of  tli»^  breast  less  extensive  and  narrower, 
while  ai'eas  on  head  more  extensive,  and  tiie  bhu.k  .streaking  on  top  <»f  head  with 
whiter  »'d^'in}js;  win},'8  with  iiu)re  extensive  white  areas;  tertials,  various  .shades  of 
elovo  brown,  rarely  blackish,  broa«lly  Idotehetl,  inarj^iiied  and  tipped  with  cheHtnut 
with  white  tips;  h-.sser  wing  coverts  pale  dusky  olive,  with  much  less  black  anil  more 
white  posteriorly  than  in  intnitnx;  median  coverts  extensively  eheslniit  with  little  or 
no  blai'kish  centers;  loiifi  coverts,  chestnut  with  black  blotches  or  luirrow  bands  near 
the  tips  of  the  feathers;  tail  as  in  intititris,  but  usually  less  broadly  banded  and 
less  .sharply  detined;  lugs  ami  feet,  deep  oranini'  red  strongly  aiul  broadly  cro.ssed  at 
the  Joints  with  blackish;  bill,  black. 

Adult  9  ,  hnrdiny  pUtiHUni: — Similar  to  the  male  in  ]>attern,  but  larger  and  more 
subdued  in  color,  grayer  with  white  of  head  and  neck  ob.scured  with  dusky;  chestnut 
of  mantle  obscured  with  dark  streaking;  chestnut  all  over  much  less  rich  than  in 
males;  pileuin  less  strongly  black,  with  wider  rufous  edgings;  median  wing  coverts, 
ndxed  grayish  aud  pale  chestnut  with  dark  sometimes  black  center  streaks;  much 
grayer  and  less  black  than  in  9  intrrims;  tail  band  as  in  6  but  duller;  htng  tertials 
more  plain  colored,  less  positively  chestnut  tipped  anil  margiiu-d;  feet  an«l  tarsi  uh 
in  i  . 

[mmntinti  ,  fhut  phimdije. — Similar  to  saiiui  age  of /M^r/;»r.v,  but  with  the  pileum 
and  face  aud  upper  neck  drab  gray  obscurely  and  sparingly  dark  streaked  and  i>aler 
on  forehead  and  at  base  of  nuuulibles.  Margins  of  dorsal  leathering  more  whitish. 
Sides  of  face  much  whiter.  Throat  i)atch  larger  and  much  less  sharply  bordered  with 
the  da.sky  of  breast  and  spotting  of  face.  Wing  coverts  with  much  less  bhutk,  being 
geiifci-ally  of  varying  shades  of  drab  gray  and  rusty,  witli  blackish  streaky  ceuters.  Iiill 
slaty  black,  legs  orange  with  dusky  Joints. 

Immature^  ^  first  plumiujv. — Similar  to  cJ  ,  but  larger  and  paler. 


m 

ill 


rii 


'.irV 


Jl 

r. 


I 


p  I 


I    £». 


It 


414 


THE    FUR   SKALS   OF    THK    FUIHILOF    ISLANDS. 


Immature  S  ,  winter  pliimitiji. — I'littt^rii  »8  ill  muiiiiiiui'  adult,  but  vory  iimoh  U>ss 
(letiiiitcly  utu-ked,  i^siwciully  uii  head  and  iieuk.  White  of  fuco  and  tliruat  mure 
uxtuiiHlvu  even  than  in  lirist  iniuiutiire  |»hituat;e.  Durk  bruast  t'eatlivrH  broadly  tii>|>ed 
witli  white.  Durk  dorsal  t'eatliers  nnirt^inud  with  duMky  bull'  and  broadly  and  irregu- 
hirly  shadotl  at  tips  with  white  or  whitish.  I'ileum  dark  ilrab  {;ray,  «'tich  leather  with 
a  |)runoun(;ed  bhiukish  center.  Feet  and  bill  a8  before.  41 1!),  W.  V.  Cullvctor, 
t:^inithH  Island,  Virginia,  iSepteniber  '2,  1<SU5.  Wearing  results  in  a  darkening  of  the 
back  and  atuuss  the  breast,  though  never  to  the  same  extent  as  in  interpnii.  Thus 
ininiuture  morindla  are  readily  distinguishable  by  smaller  size,  paler  colors,  larger 
throat  patch  less  delinitcly  margined,  and  whiter  face,  and  paler  pileuin.  The  blackish 
of  the  wings  is  much  less  extensive  and  the  nuirgins  of  the  dark  feathers  of  the  ba«'k 
are  much  less  butVy  and  rufous,  being  almost  whitish.  In  the  winter  pbnnage 
morini'Un  is  very  similar  t«>  interprcH  of  similar  age,  but  the  black  of  the  back  and 
breast  is  much  less  intense,  and  the  throat  pateh  is  much  less  shar|)ly  delbied.  The 
general  hue  of  intvrprvs  is  always  darker.  8()ecimen8  in  undoubted  winter  non-breed- 
ing plumage  are  so  few,  and  these  so  badly  made  up  and  so  old,  that  it  is  ditlleult  to 
detiM-mine  the  extent  of  change  thait  has  taken  place.  I'sually  the  si)ccimens  are 
unsexed  or  wrongly  sexed.  The  winter  dress  is  undoubtedly  worn  for  but  a  brief 
period.  The  change  to  the  breeding  dress  is  by  a  molt,  and  not  by  a  "  change  in  the 
pattern  of  the  feather,"  as  stated  by  Dr.  Sharpe,  (Cat.  H.  Hr.  Mus.,  Vol.  XXIV,{>8). 
In  a  molting  specimen  collected  on  Marguerite  Island,  Venezuela,  by  Lieutenant 
Robinson  (No.  iril(i:S4)  there  are  in  the  wings  feathers  of  three  plumages,  those  of  the 
new  winter,  a  few  of  the  chestnut  summer,  and  a  number  of  the  previous  winter^ 
these  last  being  mostly  present  in  the  tertials.  ' 

The  common  turnstone  of  eastern  North  America,  as  shown  above,  is  quite  a 
dillerent  bird  to  its  I'akarctiv  relative.  It  is  smaller  and  more  highly  cohired,  and 
lacks  the  extensive  bhuik  areas  of  iHt'.'rpr(n,  besides  lacking  the  chestnut  and  black 
mottling  of  that  bird  on  the  median  wing  coverts.  The  scapular  and  tertiary  plumes 
are  usually  without  the  black,  and  are  much  more  highly  and  more  extensively  chest- 
nut. My  series  of  .'VJ,  fresh  male.  Smiths  and  (^obbs  islands,  Virginia,  specimens,  all 
in  complete  breeding  dress,  together  with  some  do/.en  other  males  taken  at  various 
])laces  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  in  Mexico,  show  little  variation,  and  all  agree 
closely  with  that  described  above,  though  several  arc  much  more  highly  coloretl.  The 
fenniles  of  morinella  never  appear  Ut  reach  theextreme  blackness  observable  in  intcrpren 
from  the  Tacitic.  Two  males,  collected  by  myself,  one  at  Mingan,  Labrador,  and  the 
other  on  Smiths  Island,  Virginia,  in  August  and  September,  show  tlu^  extent  of  sum- 
mer wearing,  and  are  thus  comparable  with  specimens  of  intcrpreH  cillectcd  on  the 
I'ribilols  by  Mr.  Elliott  and  myself  at  about  the  same  dates.  One  specimen  only  of 
intcrpres  collected  by  Mr.  I'Mliott  ap[»roaches  my  autumn  morinella  in  the  amount  of 
faded  chestnut  on  the  center  median  coverts,  but  the  extensive  blaekness  and  larger 
size  puts  to  rest  any  doubts  as  to  its  proper  place.  One  specimen  of  wtor//«'//«.  No. 
154;t84,  S  ,  Smiths  Island,  Dr.  E.  M.  Ilasbrouck,  has  the  chestnut  of  the  interscapular 
much  decreased  in  area  and  the  black  correspondingly  increased,  but  the  other  color- 
ation and  its  size  prevent  any  doubt  as  to  its  place.  These  are  the  only  si)ecimens 
that  I  have  seen  showing  much  variation.  Wearing  of  the  feathers  of  morinella,  both 
males  and  females,  tends  to  a  graying  of  the  plumage  as  viewed  from  above;  in 
interpres  it  itensilies  the  blackness,  so  that  autumnal  birds  are  much  blacker  thau 
spring  and  summer  specimens.     None  of  these  Virginia  male  specimens  are  in 


1,  I* 


THE    HIUDS   OK   THE    l'UIHir,OF    I«I<ANr>8. 


415 


Jvl»Rolut«'ly  ftill  bi'pudiii);  pliiiiiagti,  tbttii^h  iiciiiiy  ko.  A  lew  woll-worii  Icutlit^rH  of  tlui 
protHMliii^  wiiitt'i-  pliiina^u  arc  Htill  to  bu  Amiul  iiiiiuii{;  tliv  I'vatliurs  of  tlio.  wiiijrcoveitH 
and  unions  tliu  tertialH  ami  Ioiik  smpular  itliiiiii's.  in  Momo  casus  eadi  aiti'inatc 
t'eatiiur  of  tliu  tcrtials  is  an  uncoiorcil  worn  and  a  ni-w  liigiiiy  roloicd  one  ruspuctivuly, 
wliilo  soinctinius  citiu-r  prodoniinatcs.  In  fat-t  f«^w  in(iividiials  of  eitlu'i-  iiioiiiiillit  or 
Inliritrix  ever  attain  a  mniplete  breetiinj;  (psyeliolofjical)  pluniaKu,  tlionj^ii  in  tiie 
latter  tli<>  cinin^r(t  Heenis  to  be  tiie  more  eompiele,  espeuiaiiy  in  'lapanese  specimens. 

In  intcrprcH  Mie  contrast  of  darii  color  and  ciiestnnt  on  tlie  scapniars  and  tertials  is 
nearly  alwayH  sliarp;  in  timtiiullo  it  is  nearly  always  Itlended.  Tlie  llrst  is  nnrntly 
black,  tliu  latter  mostly  clove  browu.  Fully  t»nebalf  of  tiie  s|)ceim(Ui8  of  muriiwUu 
hIiow  an  absence  of  black  at  the  junction  of  the  black  eye  and  bill  stripes;  in  some, 
except  a  little  black  at  the  base  of  the  bill,  the  forehead  is  entirely  white;  in  otlieiH 
partly  wliit^  feathers  obscure  the  black  at  their  bases,  so  that  few  spe«;imens  show 
the  decided  black  lines  comnion  in  iiiterprtM.  The  feet  and  lugs  of  morimlla  lack  tlie 
rich,  deep,  urangt*  red  «>r  vermilion  color  of  interprvs.  They  are  orange  re<l  in  uolor, 
but  pale  in  uontrast  tu  the  deei)er  and  highly  (M>lored  intrrpreM. 

The  funiale  nun  mdla  from  (Smiths  Islantl,  Virginia,  as  contrasted  with  the  males 
from  the  same  |ilace,  collected  in  the  same  month,  show  an  interesting  eonditioii. 
Whereas  in  the  males  nearly  the  whole  of  the  body  plumage  is  new  and  unworn,  thim 
indicating  a  recent  nntlt;  in  the  females  tlic  n-verse  is  generally  true.  On  these  the 
new  feathers  are  contiiicd  to  the  under  parts  and  to  but  a  slight  extent  on  the  upper 
parts.  The  strengthening  uf  the  contrast  of  the  black  and  white  on  the  sides  of  the 
lu'ad  and  neck  seems  to  be  due  almost  entirely  to  wearing,  but  it  seems  ]>rol)able  at 
least  that  the  white  of  the  underbody,  on  account  of  the  slightly  unworn  condition, 
may  be  due  to  a  recent  molt.  Scattered  about  the  back  and  in  the  tertials  on  some 
specimens  are  unworn  feathers,  in  ones  and  twos,  which  ar«^  somcwiuit  chestnut 
coh)red  and  are  usually  tipped  with  a  little  white.  Surrounding  them  are  grayer 
feathers  most  dccide«lly  worn  at  the  tips  and  sides.  This  contrast  of  wearing  and 
color  is  so  ]iositive,  that  one  can  not  do  otherwise  than  believe  that  the  abun<lant  worn 
feathers  arc  really  tli  uintcring  plumage,  while  the  unworn  and  much  fewer  are  an 
effort  toward  a  summer  l)reeding  plumage.  There  is  no  regularity  whatever  as  to  the 
position  of  those  new  feathers.  No  two  specimens  are  alike  and  hardly  a  dozen 
occur  on  s<mie;  on  others,  fewer.  Ai  ither«'xplanatioii  of  the  presence  of  these  unworn 
feathers  may  be  menticnied.  The  autumnal  molt  of  the  ailult  tiirnstones  takes  place 
after  they  have  reachetl  their  winter  habitat.  It  is  jtoKsible  that  the  feathers  ini^ntiuiied 
above  may  be  the  last  grown,  pos.sibly  appearing  just  before  the  bird  leaves  for  its 
journey  northward.  i\  specimen  taken  on  Smiths  Island,  August  IM,  ISO."*,  No.  4t»7-', 
W.  l\  collection,  is  an  adult  female  in  a  very  much  worn  condition  with  no  new 
feathering;  but  among  the  tertials  of  the  right  wing  there  are  two  sets  of  feathers, 
the  plain  feathers  ttf  the  previous  winter's  plumage  and  others  darker  and  deeply 
indented  with  the  originally  chestnut  colored  parts  similar  to  the  same  feathers  of  the 
male.  Thus  a  comparison  of  these  birds  leads  inevitably  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
amount  of  spring  plumage  change  is  ditt'erent  in  the  sexes;  nearly  complete  in 
the  males,  but  slight  and  varying  in  the  females,  though  rarely  nearly  complete. 
Tims  the  change  is  not  a  physiological  or  a  m-cessary  one,  but  is  traceable  to  the 
superabundant  sexual  energy  of  the  nuiles  aiul  pt-rhaps  also  of  the  older  females.  No 
molting  featburs  are  to  be  found  on  any  of  these  specimens,  so  that  the  case  is  a 


I 


m 

r: 


if 


«'*l 


(■ 


I 


4in 


THi;    VVH    SKALS    OK   TIIR    PHIIIII.OF    iSI.ANim. 


!l§ 


Hiiiiilitr  oiM!  to  tliut  uoiiMidtTLMl  iiiidur  IJinoxn.'  I>iit  un  Uichi^  birtlH  liiivi;  loss  of  an 
ocfsiii  Jiiiii'iK^y  tiiitl  ot'roiii'su  liav**  t'n;i|iiuiit  stu|)pii;;oM,  ^rt'atcr  |tro;;r<>ss  Ims  Ihm-ii  iiiailu 
ill  tli(M-liaiit;«ss  of  tilt)  pliiiiiaKu  of  tlie  iiialos,  the  Ivss  iiiastiM't'iil  spiiif  of  tli«'  ti'iiialfs 
tt'iidiiiK  to  piuviMit  the  involution  of  tiit'ir  pliiinat;!-.  Anions'  tliu  l.iin'nolitv  \v(>  tliul 
niiniui'oiiH  ^nadatioiis  ut  ]iiiiina^o  rlian^'it  i'roiii  the  s|H>ci('H  wliicli  makes  an  almost 
complute  s])rin^  molt  to  others  where  the  ehaii{;e  is  sli);ht  and  eonllned  to  a  tew  roloied 
feathers.  Kvideiitly  hiu-Ii  eh»iiK<!B  are  purely  psycholo^^ieal,  but  nioililled  by  many 
causes,  ehiel'amuii);  which  is  the  distance  to  which  the  winter  habitat  extends  and  the 
retardation  or  pruvuntion  of  cliaii(;e  caused  by  the  return  journey. 

Hevural  iiiiinatiiie  birds  that  1  collectetl  on  Smitlis  Island,  Vii'};inia,  in  Heptembur, 
1807,  were  Just  i)e{j;iiiiiiiiK  to  molt  trum  the  worn  tii'8t  pluina;;e  into  the  winter  dress. 
No  adults  were  to  be  seen,  and  it  woiihl  seoiii  probalde  that  all  winturinji;  birds  in  the 
United  Htates  are  immature  birds.  The  material  trom  the  wust  e«>ast  of  South  America 
that  I  have  examined  consists  of  live  Hpeeimeiis,  two  from  the  <iala])agos  Islands,  two 
from  Chile,  and  one  from  I'orii.  They  are  in  ditleriii);  de};reesof  (diaiige  and  plumage, 
thou{;li  mostly  in  winter  drosH.  The  (ialiipa;,'os  birils  are  referable  to  inlcfpnn,  the 
coast  liirds  to  iiioriHtlht. 

The  name  Trimja  moriiullu  of  Liniiaous  is  based  primarily  on  Mark  (Jatesby's 
plate  72.  The  specimen  tigured  is  most  evidently  an  adult  female,-' and,  as  Catesby 
remarks,  was  taken  alive  on  board  his  ship  while  otV  the  coast  of  Florida.  The 
picture  is  defective  in  line  detail  drawing  of  the  feathering,  but  as  a  whole  it  is  very 
well  done,  a  <'redit  to  the  time  and  artist.     In  his  letterpress  (Jatesby  tells  us: 

All  tlio  l!|i,iei'-iiiirt  <>r  till'  liotly  U  hrowii,  with  u  Mixtiiru  of  Wliitr  uimI  bliick.  'I'lii'  (^iiill- 
Fcathoi's  of  llic,  Wiii^H  aru  (link  lirowi. ;  tln^  Nock  ioiil  HroiiHt  liliick ;  tlu^  I.«k^  i'lKl  Kent  ll^lit  rol.  In 
u  Voya^t'  to  .liiierica,  .linio  1722,  in  SI  Ukk-  N'  I'at.  aiiil  40  l.<'a<;iii'8  IVoiii  tlio  OouHt  iil°  hluiidn,  tlm  Itii'il 
I'i'uiii  which  IIiIm  waH  ti^iir'il  lluw  ou  Koanl  iih  ami  was  tukcii.  It  wuh  very  artivr  in  tiiriiiiiK  np 
Stoiiu.s,  whicii  wu  |iiit  into  itN  C'a^c,  iiiit  not  tiniliii^,  iuiiUt  tht'in  thu  UHiial  Food,  it  diud. 

In  the  tlgure  the  wing  is  't  inches,  the  bill  U.'.HI,  but  the  tarsus  is  l..'{7 — evidently 
guesswork.  Miiller's  name  of  httilsonica  ten  years  later  was  based  on  lOdward's 
"The  Turn-Stone  from  Hudson's  Hay,"  which  was  a  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Isham. 
Hdward's  elaborate  description,  and  his  geiuaally  cx(!ellent  i)late,  evidently  tits  our 
male  bird  very  well.  lie  says  tirst:  "This  bird  is  here  ligurcd  of  its  natural  bignes.s." 
(Wing,  in  figure,  "i.Kt;  bill,  0.72;  tarsus,  LOf).)  At  the  close  of  his  remarks  he  says: 
"The  Turu-Stone  is  also  found  on  the  western  «^oa8t^•  '>f  Kugland,  ♦  *  *  but  as 
Willoughby's  and  Catcsby's  diller  from  each  other,  and  mine  widely  from  them  both, 
I  believe  them  to  be  distinct  species.  The  above-described  at  least  from  its  great 
ditlerence  1  must  pronounce  a  nondescript.  It  agrees  very  nearly  in  size,  shajie  of 
body,  and  parts  with  the  Turn-Stone  found  with  us  (viz,  in  FiUgIand|,  but  ditlers  very 
greatly  in  color.''  In  his  plate  he  tigures  and  in  his  description  he  tells  us  of  the 
black  cidlar.  1  have  only  found  one  specimen  (No.  'u'2,  K. ,].  Brown  collection,  Smith's 
Island),  which  has  a  full  black  collar;  but  several  others  apprt>acli  it. 

It  may  be  held  by  some  that  the  dill'erences  between  interjnen  and  mitrindla  are 
but  subspecilic,  but  I   can  not  agree  with  that,  lor  the  ditlerence  in  their  lines  of 

'  Lute  Hnuiiuur  iidnlt  liirdu  taken  in  the  lluitt'd  StatuH  show  no  molting,  hut  a  H|><'ciMiun.No.  iril)i:r>, 
Miir^arita  Island,  oil'  N'enc/.nela,  July  7,  lSi)5,  liicnt.  Wirt  KohinHou,  in  an  aihilt  fcinain,  thon};h  not 
suxcd,  chaugiiiK  lo  tbu  winter  plnniugr.  Ah  othoiN  wuro  hucu  it  is  probably  a  uonbreedhi);  bird  that 
failed  to  reuuli  itH  arctic  lioniu. 

■Not  a  youuj;,  oa  uaually  coimidurcd  by  untborH. 


(M 


TIIK    iUIMiS    UP   TIIK    PRIIilLOK    IHI.ANDS. 


41 


,  k* 


iniKrutidii  iiidiciiti's  a  Kt'piu'iitinii  lor  tlit*  whoU:  of  tliiit  viiHt  period  siiici^  the  (iliu-inl 
period  hoj^aii.  During  and  Hiiu;o  tlittt  tiiiui  tliuso  birds  liiivt;  dilV«!r<Mitiut«>d  in  oppoHito 
diroctiiins  uh  wide  iih  thitir  wiiitiT  liiibitutH  arc  apart.  It  hi'ciiih  cortaiii  that  mor'uuUti 
diiriiiK  tliu  wliolu  of  (ilavial  tiinii  wa.s  a  roaidont  of  Nortli  Aiiirrica,  wliil*^  piobalily 
iiitvrinvH  viiw  (fxcliidud  tiiiMotVoin,  owing  to  tlifl  fri^'id  condition-^  of  (in>fnlan<l  and 
AlaHka.  Tliu  prcsenitu  now  in  these  places  of  inti'fi»i'H  indicates  an  f.xtt^iHion  of  its 
range  due  to  tlie  r«^tn>at  of  tlic  ioe.  It  would  tliii.4  Hcein  tiiat  morincUa  was  (;iit  olV 
frcMn  tlie  parent  stork  liy  tlie  Arftii;  ice  areninuiations  and  lias  (!onlinu«-d  i,solated. 

Sinre  tlii^  rt^treatof  the  ire  tu  its  prr.sent  position  thf  birds  liavon-extendi'tl  their 
haliilat  to  its  present  lindts.  Thus  tiie  distinctneMs  and  eansation  of  the  habitats  of 
the  two  binls,  their  varieil  migrating  lines,  the  snialln'jss  and  bright'.'r  (Miloratioii  of 
miiriitilhi  are  eorrttlat<Ml  fiictors  bearing  on  the  ipie"  on  of  relationship.  That  mori 
mlln  has  escaped  its  proper  place  till  now  is  diie  to  several  canscH.  I<'irst,  the 
confusion  by  ornithohtgists  of  geueric  and  specitic  eharaeters  in  sneli  a  strongly 
speeiali/.ed  genus;  second,  the  absence  of  specimens  in  American  niu.seunis  showing 
what  the  Huroptnin  bird  really  is,  and  also  a  lack  of  home  specimens,  and,  third,  a 
la(;k  in  I<jiiropean  collections  of  a  series  of  properly  made  fresh  skins  of  tlit^  American 
bird.  l''or  instance,  Mr.  Seebohni  had  but  two  unsexetl  specimens  of  muriiiillK,  yet 
11041  positive  views.  The  fact  that  individuals  of  morinvllu  winter  about  the  southern 
borders  of  the  United  States  will  perhaps  actrount  for  the  diU'erences  observable  in 
the  extent  of  the  spring  «diange,  those  that  winter  in  southern  iSonth  Ameri<;a 
perha|is  untlergoing  a  less  change  on  account  of  the  greater  length  and  severity  of 
their  migration.  T(»  Drs.  C.  \V.  Hichmond  and  K.  M.  Ilasbrcuick,  and  especially  to 
Mr.  K.  .1.  lirown,  1  am  indebted  for  the  use  of  many  specimuus.  I  have  e.\amined  in 
all  107  specimens — 85  of  hitcrprv8,  81i  of  vwrlmlln. 

Meanurrmenln  of  Ihirtji-oin:  I'lryiniii  Spriiiij  upecimenii  of  A.  morindln. 


Cat. 
nnnilipr. 

Sox. 

546 

.540 

M3 

<f 

544 

.542 

641 

IM7 

iUII 

1770  W.  1'. 

135322 

13.5319 

135320 

1102 

1337 

1X16 

f 

134 

133! 

4143 

1338 

1330 

1340 

1311 

135:121 

iu:i 

645 

644 

^ 

515 

4072 

y 

Dalii. 

LoiMility. 

(.'olli'i'tnl'. 

WiiiK. 

5. 50 
5. 115 
5.  85 
5. 45 
5.  (HI 
5.78 
5  0,1 
5.  li" 
.1.73 
5.74 
5.77 
5.72 
.5.90 
5. 70 
5.73 
5.80 
5. 50 
5.  74 
5.  70 
S.WI 
5.87 
.1. 72 
5.  82 
II.  08 
5.  75 
•I.IIO 
5.75 
5. 80 
O.IKI 
5.  HO 
5.92 

■I'ail. 

2.  :io 

'-'•  ■.'; 

2. 4,1 

2. 47 
2. 5.1 
2.47 
2.35 

2.  .15 
2. 25 
2. 20 

3.  45 

2. 48  ■ 
2.44 

2  .18 
'i.  42 

2.  :i2 
2.  :iii 

2.  .Kl 

2.:i7 
2.  :i:i 

2.41 

2.  ;ri 
2.44 
2.  :i5 
2.  ,13 

2.43 
2. 40 
2.40 
2.42 
2.42 

L'lilmHi. 

0.87 
.80 
.92 

.«:> 
.811 
.87 
.  05 
.0.1 
.90 
IKI 
110 
.88 
.0:1 
.00 
.90 
.93 
.89 
.811 
.04 
.88 
.00 
.89 
.88 
.01 
.01 
.90 
.97 
.06 
.96 
.91 
.99 

'ruraiia. 

Mat   2:i,  1802 

(Nililis  iHland 

ilo    

K.,I.  llniwn 

MaV  27,1802 
May    HI,  1802 
.   .  do       .... 

...    d 

1  ir' 

..     (ill 

di 

.  .  .  ill)  

...    do        

<HI 

Mav    11,1802 

ilu 

do 

May    i:i,  1892 
Mav    1,1,  l.'<04 

.  (|(, 

do    

lo 

1  05 

Ma'v  2:1, 1804 

....(Ill    

do 

1  02 

May  21.1804 
Mav   ir.,  1804 
Mav  24.  1804 
Mu'v  2,1, 1804 

...  ,|o    

.  do 

1    IHI 

(Ill  

do 

.!» 

do 

do 

C.  \V.  Kkliiiioiid 

.  .    (lc>         

1.0:1 

96 

May   11,1894 
May  1,1,1894 
May  111,1802 
May   1.1,1894 

....dii 

1  04 

do 

ColdiH  iHliind 

Sinlllm  IhUiiiU 

do 

1  OS 

K..T.  lirown 

K.  M.  Ilaaliroiirk 

do 

1.03 
1  Ii7 

...do 

1  04 

Mav   21.1804 

..  dii 

.      do                

1  IHI 

May    1.1,1894 
.Sept.     1,1805 

dii 

do 

do 

W.  I'ldnitir 

.08 

May    15,1804 
, ..  do 

do 

do    

E.  M.  HaHliroiick 

do               

1.05 
1  02 

.....1» 

do 

do 

1.01 

May  21,  IHW 
Mav    1)1, 1804 
May    1.1,1804 
Mav    III.  1804 

..  do 

...  do       

1  115 

....  do 

do 

do 

(^  W.  Hii  hiiioiid 

K  J.  Ilrouii  

.00 
1  00 

do 

1.00 

May    10,  1804 
May  21,1894 
May   16,1802 
A  11(5.  24. 1805 

...  do 

..      do         

1.01 

do 

do 

1  01 

...     do 

1.02 

SiiiUhs  laliiud 

W  I'aliuor     

1.07 

5947— I'T  3- 


-27 


if 


»    '^:  ! 


ill 


I* 


M'-   '" 


4\H 


TIIK    I'UK    -k-ALS    t>K     IIIK    I'Ulllll.or    ISLANDS. 


.tririnif  iiiriii'iirrmmnir' III'    I.  miiriiiillii  unit    I.  iii/m'/irf*. 


J. 


WiiiK.    I      'htil. 


|i^*  i 


*.!0  Virtfiiiiii  Hpriiic  ill 
l.iiritrNi 

SlIllllll'Nli 

II  \  iri:iiiiitHtiriiqt7ll 

Awnit;.' 

l.iiri^rNl    .    ... 
Sliiull'xl 

10  I'llhiliil  aiiiii I 

A  \  i-i  .Ijir  

I.airi-I 
Siiiiill<-l 
r>  I'riliilitl  iiiitiiiiiii  tt'iiiiil*'^ 
Aiirnio    

I.IU'Uf'Ht  — ^... 

Sll(lllt<>H| 

iiltiint"*!*  H|.riiii;  iiiiilf*. 
^  •iu|iaiir.>^c  H|ii-ihi:  iriiiiiU^i 

*1  Itrriliu  I^I.UmI  null.  •    '  axrraui*     

'.\  A  luHkall  >iiiiiiii«*i  iiiiili*}*.'  avt-niifO 

It  AlasUali  HiiuiiiiiM   (fiiiali'M,'  ii\  iTllgl* 

Tt  l-ailtiprali  hriialf-  '  a\<>niuit 

11  l'!iirit|ii'an  iiialf-     -it'ia^ii 

1  I  iiri'iilaiMt  li-riial)-  

1  I  irt't'iiliiiiil  tiialc  '  ...  

Um'tlinu  iiiali'H  art  uiv*-n  in  Ili'iliHh  Mn«i*Hni  Cataloudt* 
ItntMliiit:  li-iimlt'H.  tm  (tiu'ii  in  ItntiHJi  Miimi-iiim  ('alatt>;L;ii 


li 


fr«if««. .. 
a\t>iiiKtf. 


t.70 

r>.4ft 

li.M 
(I.U8- 
.'..  75 

li.Hn 
tl.lNI 
5.7" 

ti.  iir> 
(1  :i:. 
5.77 
o.wf  \ 

0.34'! 

n.H7  ' 

.'..  7U  ' 
II.  Ul 

5.  mi 
It.  I 
(0 
e.-ju 
0.  :iii 


■  W'iM-ii  w  iii;:N  aiMl  liiiU,  hmiiiiik'I- or  tall  Itinls. 


OiihT  l.'AI'TOK'KS.     liinls  of  I'lry. 


I'liliiii'ii.      'I'arHiH 


•i.  40  ' 
^.■17  I 
•-'.  45  j 

•i.W 
•i.U  I 

•j.:ki 

'.MIX  ! 
U.4II  I 

..;.7j 

•J.  47  1 
'.!.  IMI 

j.;i'j  I 
■-'.  Ki 

•-'.  47 

■J.  :iK 
L'.  4:1 

•J.  III! 
•J.  41  , 


(I.  IHI 
.  lift  I 
.MU  i 

.111 
.VI 

.111 


Ul 

!l.'i 
.K!l 
.HII 
.Ml  . 
.H'l 
.M4 
.H6 
.M7  I 


1       'J.  r.1 

Hll 

■J.  M 

.IMI 

!         '.:.  50 

"' 

•i.  ;io 

.IN) 

1       '■'' 

.«-! 

l.llj 

1.05 
.11(1 

1.0'J 

I  115 

ll'.l 

1.(12 
1. 114 
I  u:t 

l.(K! 
I  1)1 

.UK 

1   l>-' 

1   II.-. 

I   ll-J 

1   III 

1   I'd 

1   II'.' 

1  no 

1  III 

Ull 

.  115 

.05 


Tlir<'«Hi:i\vks  tiiul  t\voo\vl.><  iiic  known  IVoiii  the  iHlamls.  Iml  si-vriiil  utlicis  pcissilily 
occur.  Till'  liiiiitc«l  aiciidoiilitlos.s  |iic\ciils  iiiniiu^  iiicrciiHc  in  iiHlividiuilsol' niplorjul 
species,  tlioii^ii  tlic  ^rciit  iiliiiniiiUicti  of  otim-  birds  during  tlic  siiniiiici',  M  luast,  would 
natniiilly  lend  ns  to  expect  tlie  I'eversc,  Hawks  :ind  owls  aie  raiely  seeii.liiit  uftener 
t,'ii  St.  (leor<:f  t.liiiM  on  St.  I'liiil.  Iiec:insc  of  the  presence  tluue  of  nnnieroiis  leinihings. 


•^a 


cho 


ii, 


If    I 


Fnmily  FALCONIDaE.     Fnlocnis,  H>iwl<s,  Eagles,  etc. 

55.  Haliaeetus  Iciicocepiialus  alaBceiisis  rnwiiHiMiil.     CliD'  I'ti^li'. 

Ilaliiiieliis  Iviiimffiiiiliis,  SiiMO'K,  C:!!    II.  I'.i.  MiiH.  I,  1S7I,  not.  -CiirKs,  K.'j,  18!»0,  555.— A.  O. 
r.Cli.  I, Int.  l«*n.  lUli.  — KllMiw.xY,  Man.  ISIMI,  '>y.\  lall  |.iirt). 

1  took  with  iia«>  to  St.  I'aiil  a  specimen  tlnit  1  liail  shot  at  I'nalaska,  and  it  was 
nainediatcly  reco^ni/.ed  by  many  of  the  natives  as  beinj^  occasioniilly  si-eii  aiioiil  the 
islandH.     I'siially  alnindaiit  on  tlie  clitl's  about  Unalaska,  esiieeially  in  .severe  weather. 

56.  Falco  ruBticalm  gvrfaico  (Liiin.V     (iyrl'tilcdii. 

I'aUo  Kiiiir.  (  01  i;s.   u\  KlliottH  l»|il.  Alt'.  Aliiskti,  lS7:t;  Ili-priiil.  IS?.".,    17!!;   Koy,   18!H),  6;t2.— 

ICi.i.iorr.  Moil.  Seal  Ids,  18S:.'.  lliS. 
Hierntnlnt  nifrtuiri),  Siiaui'i;,  Cut.  H.  Mr.  .Mim.  I,  1871,  llti  (imrt). 
Hivri<Jii!ri)  mirfaliii  nwei;  Ukan,  I'ror.  IF.S.N.M.,  IUH'J,  Kit. 
y'rt/<io  rmHii'HhiK  iiiirtnlM,  Nklkon,  IUIm.  Aliwka,  1887,  MO  — A.  (».  IT.  Cli.  liint,  18!l.".,  i;t7.— l{il«i- 

w.\^.  Man.  !M«t«i.  I'lti. 

Mr.  Hllioti  collei'ted  a  specinuMi.  the  only  one  he  saw.  Dr.  T,  II.  Heaii  collected 
mmv  that  wai-  trying  to  .ali^i^likon  the  vessel  while  (»(l  mihs  east  Houtheastof  St.  <  Jeorye. 
*o.  (;»2!M;.  iiii.  o..  March,  1S7.S,  St.  I'aiil,  II.  W.  K.  N«..  Sl.SitS,  9  ,  September  24,  I8H(>, 
mA  St.dcorye.T.  II.  15.  (liennth,  I'l.bO;  extent,  IUK>;  wing,  14.00;  tail,!).00;  tar.sus, 
-::;57,  Dr.T.  11.  I'..). 


*>. 


i 

I 

I 


TIIK    IIIUDS    OF   TIIK    I'lUUII-OK    ISLANDS.  419 

57.  Falcu  peregriiitia  anatuin  ( lloiiii|>. ).     I  Mirk  Hawk. 

Fiilni  tomiiiiiiiit,  HiiAKPK,  <'iit.  II.  Itr.  Miih.  I,  IH7I,  :I7<S  (piirt). 

/•'(ii/n)|  iitrnirinitH,  (.'otiKH,  Koy,  \H'.H),  tt'M. 

/■'tiliti  liireiii'iiiiiH  niialiim,  A.  (>.  U.  (!li.  LiMt,  lMit5,  \W. — It'iixiWAV,  Mini.  ISiMi,  '_'47. 

All  isii'ly  .s|iriii};  iiiul  l:ito  iiill  mi};raiit,  liiit  hoiiii^  may  wiiitt-r.  '■  iHiiiilly  simmi  us  n 
iiirn^  <l()l,  lircliii^r  lii(r|i  ii|»  in  tlic  jiir,  iiiul  aio  .soiiu'tiinrs  sliol  hy  \\n\  natives  as  tlioy 
(•«tiii«  ill  oviT  Ihi',  liiiill's  ill  itaii  weatlicr."  (Xat.lrcii,)  I  duj,'  liio  rMiiiaiiis  ol  ono  lioiii  a 
Haiiil  iliiiir;  if,  iiati  l)(>«>ii  killed  t'lio  |ir*>vi(iiis  DoiumiiImt.  A  lar^(;  hawk  .so«mi  on  St. 
(ieiH'm^  (liiiiiif;  tilt)  siiiiiiiusr  of  IH\M  may  liavo  b««ii  ol"  this  spccit-.s. 

Family  BUBONIDAE.     Horned  Owls,  <;U;. 

58.  AbjO  accipitri'iiis  (I'all.).     ,Sliorl-u»ri'il<  l\\  I. 

AKioiiiTiiiiliiHiis,  SllAlil-n,  Ciit.  li.  Hr.  Mum.  II,  lS7r>,  iCM.— (Joikh,  Krj,  IKIMI,  r,(i7. -A.  < ».  U.  (Mi. 
MhI,  IH!tr»,  ML'.  -ItinuwAV,  Muii.  IS!M!,  IW. 

(hie  was  s«i«3ii  by  iMr.  Klliott  and  myscH"  on  lUv.  iiorMi  sidi' of  llio  villa<,'f  hill  on 
St.  Paul  .liinc  17,  !S<K).  Tli«>,  saints  or  anotluM'  had  bucii  sc*-n  i)y  Mr.  Mlliott  up  Lliu 
i.sUind  in  May.  This  bird  often  visitfd  tint  .saints  plact'  diiiintr  tin-  utaht  or  <*arly  in  Mio 
iniii.nin^  to  IWid  upon  the  least  anklets  wliic.h  wen-  bicodin^  in  Hit'  vicinity.  I  often 
found  on  the  iiio.ss  a  round  patch  of  feathers,  wliicli  showed  tiie  fate  of  a  CltotHlilcir. 
A  few  are  seen  every  winter  by  the  natives,  but  they  all  agiee  that  hawks  and  owls 
are  more  abundant  on  St.  (ieor^c,  owiii{;  to  tiie  presence  of  numerous  lemmings,  whicli 
are  entirely  absent  from  St.  I'aiil.  An  owl.  No.  (!S,'M.S,  9  ,  is  recorded  on  the  MuHfiini 
(;alalu;;ue  as  having  been  taken  by  (J.  It.  Adams  February  lli,  bSTI.  I  hitvc  l»«t?tt 
iinabli;  lo  tind  it. 

59.  Nyctea  nyctea  (  I. Inn.;.     Snowy  Owl. 

Ai/<ti(J  (ica»(<i((i<i,  SiiAUi'i.;,  (,'at.  It.  m.  .\IiiH.  II.  ls7."),  IL'.'i.— C'oil'.s,  Kny,  IK'.Kt,  ,">in. 
Ayilm  nyctia,  A.o.  ll.Ch.  LiHt,  WX>,  1451.— Uiimiwav,  Mini.  ISJMi,  L'lil. 

Usually  seen  in  winter,  but  o(;easionully  in  suininer.  One  was  killed  on  St.  (!eorp<» 
ilnne  10,  bSJKl,  which  had  been  seen  repeatedly  siiure  and  diiriii},'  tiic  previous  winter. 
1  killed  one  on  St.  Paul  on  .lune  1.5,  I8!)0.  One  of  the  Treasury  agents  siiot  s«n'eii 
during  the  winter  of  188l-8r).  Mr.  F.  A.  Lindas  saw  three  during  the  siimincr  of  isUti. 
.lune  i;{,  tSitO,  St.  I'aul,  ad.  .'.  .  liCngth,  'iJr.O;  extent,  .'iS.Ob;  wing,  Ki.li.").  Sfomacli 
contents:  full  of  the  llesli  and  feathers  of  the  least  anklet. — (  W.  I',  uiul  l>>\  A.  I\,  /"'.; 

Order  CO(;CV(i  KS.    Ouckoos,  etc. 
Family  CUCULIDAE.     Cuckoos,  Anis,  etc. 

60.  CuculUB  canoruB  telephonus  (  IIcmih).     Silmriiin  (  nckoo. 

(HiiiliiH  iwioniit,  SiiKi.i.v,  ('ill.  H.  Hi-.  Muh.  XIX,  ISlll,  2ir>  (piirt). 

Cuiuliin  iniioriin  Irhiiliiinun,  i'Al.MRIl,  Aiik,   1S!M,  Hifi.— KiKiiWAV,  .Man.   IKJM!,  5iNi.— Kkniurb, 
l.if<>  lliHt.  II,  \HW,  :V>.—j\.(>.  t'.CIi.  I, int.  I8i».'^.,  I,V. 

Abov(^,  plain  liluish-gray,  darker  across  back  and  on  wing  (;overts,  iKkktr  on  fore- 
head; chin,  throat,  and  chest  light  ash  gray,  darkening  on  si<les  of  head  and  ne<-k: 
iiiiiler  parts,  butVy-white  with  narrow  blackish  bars;  t.til,<(,Hk  bluisli  gray.  lihMkening 
toward  tip,  each  ietri.\  white  tipped  and  white  spotted  al  intervals  along  ^aalls, 
smaller  on  central  and  larger  on  external  oiuvs,  the  basal  spotting  forniin(;bu'-«;  inner 
edges  of  itM-triccs,  saw  edged  with  white;  wings,  brownish;  priniari(!s,  white  sp-itted 
along  inner  edges;  lateral  and  basal  cdgtis  of  longest  upper  tail  covurt.s  uurruwly 


420 


'I'lIK    I'UK    SKALS    OF    THE    I'UllULoK    ISLANDS. 


cdycd  with  wliito  witli  a  long  wliitu  .sriiift  .streak;  loiiKor  iiikUt  tail  <!OV«irtH  ine},'iiliiiy 
banod  with  l>h)cid.sh.  Hill  horny  black;  bustMtf  i!|t|k«>i- yellowish,  of  lower  greenish; 
bluish  in  center;  base,  yellowish;  angle  of  month,  orange  yellow;  eye  ring,  briglit 
leinonyellow;  inside  oi  month,  blight,  orange  red,  lighter  toward  tipof  bill;  feet,  deep 
yellowish.  Length,  11  in«.hes;  extent,  l.S.'J."»;  wing,  H.70;  tail,  (Mirt;  vuliiieii,  0.81; 
tarsus,  (».8,{.  Outer  primary,  '2.'M  less  than  the  third,  the  longest.  Outer  retrix,  1.80 
less  than  the  h.ngest.  his,  dull  yellow.  No.  1 188t!4,  ad.  c?  ,  IJ.S.N.M.,  July  1, 18«J0,  Ht. 
I'aul  Island,  I'.ering  .Se;i,  VV.  I'almer. 

While  becalmed  in  a  log  on  .June  I'S,  18!M),  betwfH'U  Walrus  ami  St.  Paul  islands, 
a  bird  with  a  long  tail  and  broad  wings,  short  head  and  neck,  circhMl  over  iis  tor  a 
short  time  anti  then  Hew  northward.  On  June  JO,  at  Northeast  Point,  near  Cro.ss 
Hill,  I  siiw  what  I  then  thought  was  a  hawk,  winch  was  penhtMl  on  tin-  sand  «»•  drift 
wood,  and  which  now  iind  tlieti  tit'w  up  an<]  <;aptured  Hies.  The  next  nioriung  I  saw 
it  again,  and  with  a  glass  dctciniincd  it  to  be  a  caeKoo  with  bars  on  the  ))reast,  and 
thus  an  .Vsiatit^  species.  As  the  ii.se  of  my  gun  at  this  i»oint  was  tabocd,  in  fact  it 
was  locked  up  because  a  report  might  iu)ssii»ly  atVect  the  next  morning's  kill  of  seals, 
1  was  unable  to  secure  it,  and  c(uisei|uently  returned  to  the  village  leaving  my  prize 
belnnd.  On  July  4,  1  tramped  the  weary  stretch  of  U  ndles  to  the  Point,  this  lime 
with  my  little  .'J-  cane  gun,  and  after  a  <onsiderable  <'hase  among  the  grass  grown 
.sand  d I' ncs  secured  the  bird  by  a  lucky  shot-  It  had  been  seen  lor  full^'  two  weeks 
by  (he  natives  stationed  there,  and  was  probably  the  .same  bird  that  i  saw  on  JuFie 
IJ,  and  is  the  only  one  of  its  kind  known  from  Ntntli  .\merica.  Stonnndi  contciits: 
liiterally  packed  with  large  bottle  Hies.  "This  euckotxMmtaincd  more  '!«an  100  crane 
Hies.     Many  of  these  inseets  were  full  of  dark  brown  eggs." — (S.  It, ,/.) 

Order  PA8HHUKS.     Perchitig  Birds. 

Of  this  vast  order  of  birds  it  would  appear  that  but  nine  spec!<>s  jire  known  from 
the  islands.  These  bcliuig  to  live  tamilii's.  Of  tlu'se,  four  are  .iiunon  summer  resi- 
dents; the  others  are  only  casual  or  iUicidcntal.  The  four  residents  thrive'  (exceedingly 
well  in  sunnner.  but  their  p(»wers  of  endurance  (in  the  cases  v\'  three,  the  othei'  being 
migratory  usually)  are  sorely  tested  in  the  long,  dark,  and  stormy  linu's  of  winter. 
Indeed,  if  it  were  not  for  the  sln-lter  al1'ord<-d  by  the  e\cec<lingly  rnggetl  rocky  crevices 
in  the  dills  and  on  the  surface  of  much  of  the  islainls,  an<l  their  adaptability  as  lurk 
iiig  places  for  abundant  insect  lite,  it  is  doubtlul  if  even  these  spe(;ics  coidd  hold  their 
own  on  these  exj>oscd  and  .storm  swept  .slnnes.  In  liurt,  their  ranks  are  often  greatly 
thinnetl  in  severe  winters.  Other  «'asual  .species  may  be  expected  aed  will  undoubt 
edly  be  fouinl  in  time. 

Fninily  TURDIDAE.    Thrushes,  Stunechnls,  <'lc. 

61.  Merula  migrav.oria  (l.iiiii. ).     Aincriran  Holiin.     •'//oyi-o/oo/." 

Tiirdiii  mi.vMi/oriHs,  Cm  i:s,  in  Klliott'H  l{))l,  AD.  AIiihKii,  ISVIt;   Itt/innl,   IKTi"),   172;  Ki'v,  I.'<1MI, 

LMI.     Sii.Uii'K,  (':it..  li.  Itr.  .Mim.  V,  ISKi,  ai'O,  — ICii.ioit,  M.hi.  .Si;i!  I<Ih.  \HH'2,  Il'7. 
Mvnihi  mi./»(ift>im,  A.  < ».  U.  Cli.  l.iHt,  lH!»r.,  ai'O.     KiiMiWAV,  Man.  IHlHi,  't'l. 

The  history  of  this  bird  on  the  islands  is  as  foli<»ws:  "I  was  nn».st  agreeably 
surprised,  one  c<m)I  morning  »'arly  in  Oet(d)er  |1872|,  while  walking  upon  the  village 
hill,  St.  Paul  Island,  to  .see  a  robin,  a  red-breasted  roltiii,  silent  ami  gloomy,  hopping 
and  lluttering  bef(»re  me.  It  had  evidently  been  bnmght  to  the  island  by  the  gah; 
whi<di  blew  two  days  previou.sly,  and  was  even  now  casting  about  for  a  good  ehanee 
to  leave.     In  oider  that  I  might  observ*'  the  length  of  time  this  old  friend  of  mine 


im^a 


•^ 


if>a 


THE    mUDS   OF   THE    PRIHILOK   ISf-AN'US. 


421 


woultl  s(ay  widi  iis  I  did  not  shoot  iiiiii,  hut  stroUcd  out  t<t  th«  hx-ality  evory  niorniiig 
:iihI  oveiiin^Miiitil  tlie  cml  of  tho  third  ihiy,  when  I  iiiissod  him.  Tlx;  iisitiv*>s  ri'cof;- 
iiizL'd  it  lis  ii  cliinKU'.  visitor,  thoii^rh  seen  ahuost  every  year  in  this  nianncr." — {Hlliott.) 

Furnily    M07  ACILLIDAE.    Wagtails. 

62.  Anthus  penallvanictis  (l<iitli.).     Ainoriciin  I'ipit. 

.lulling  l>(  iHjitraniiiiK,  Sii.Mtl'K,  Ciit.  H,  Mr.  MuH.  X,  IHX.'i,  .">iM>. 
.tiilhiis  hiiloi-Maniin,  ('oi'KS,  Kry,  IK!»(),  L'Hti. 

.IhIIiiih  i)cmiiliani<iiii,  A.  O.  H.  Ch.  LiHt,  ISil.''.,  WO.— KimavAY,  Man.  1«'M'.,  r>:iti.-  Nki.sun,  lids. 
Ahiskn,  1HM7,  208. 

A  8ite»Mnien  ol'tliis  si»e«!ies  is  in  the  eolieetion  oftlio  Niitionai  Musonni,  wiiieli  was 
taken  on  S(.  (ieoifje  hy  I>r.  W.  II.  Dall.  They  prol)abiy  occur  in  suiall  numbers  every 
year.     No.  .71407,    ? ,  August  lo,  IS«i.S,  Ht.  <ieorKe,  \V.  II.  D. 

Fnniilv    TI^OC.  LOD YTI  DA  E.     Wr-oiis,  .^t<;. 

63.  Aiiorthuia  alaBcensis  Itiiiid.     .VSuiiliitn  Wren.     "/.hiimcri/iiH"— Clunv  itf  loliiicco. 

TrinjUiiiiilin  (ilimrnisin.  U.M.I,  anil  hAN.v.  'rrmis.  (."Iiic.  Ai'.  Sri.  IHtHt,  L'W),  I'l.  .\\.\,  lij;.  H.— HaIBI> 
t.  r.ai,-,,  I'l.  \.\X.  liK.  It.— Nklson,  M(1h.  AliiHkik,  1HS7,  '210.— A.  (t.  If.  «;li.  List,  lH>X>,  :t(ll.— 
liiiHiWAY,  Mini.  ISitli,  .")5."). 

Triniloiljiler'  liijimitlin  viir.  iilaxrtiixix,  Kai.i.,  I'roc.  ('ill.  Ar.  Sri.  1H7I.  -7H. 

VroijUiilijIiH  parnilui'  \a,T.tila»iTH»iii,  Al.l.KN,  Hull.  N.O.  0.  II,  IS77.  S2. 

Aiiortliura  troijlodiilrn  vur.  (i/(«i('«h»ijh,  CoilKM,  in  Klliolt's  Upt.  AtV.  Aliiskii.  IS7U;  UiprinI,  187.'), 
17.".;  Koy,  IS'to,  27!t.  -  I'.i.i.inrr,  Moii.  Sml  IiIh.  1882, 127. 

.tiioithiiru  fihiarftixiH,  ^KLt»>s,  ('mints  Cunrin,  IsSIt,  til.— SUAlirK,  ('.it.  h.  Hr.  .\I  i.s.  VI,  188,5,273. 

The  tollowing  extrai'ts  are  the  h«';;inninfjs  rf  the  history  of  tliis  l^inl:  ".\  single 
Hj»e<Min('ii  of  a  very  (tommon  bird  was  obtained  at  St.  (WH»rjj«^s  Island,  I'.criii;!  Sea.  A 
ninnber  were  shot  but  were  lost  in  iiie  lu.\uriant  f^rowtli  of  ^irass  and  weeds.  It  is 
found  all  the  year  round  on  tlie  isl md;  breeds  in  May,  biiildinfjt  a  nest  of  moss  in  the 
crevices  of  the  rocks,  and,  a(!cordinfi  to  the  Aleuts,  lays  six  f;j;n.s."'— (  Dull.)  "Tiiis  wee 
bird  is  in)t  mitrralory,  but  remains  permanently  ujion  St.  (leorgc;  its  nest  is  buill  in 
small,  deep  hohis  and  cniviees  of  the  cbtt's.  I  Iumc  not  myself  seen  it,  but  the  natives 
Bay  that  it  lays  from  eight  to  ten  eggs  in  a  nest  made  of  dry  grass  and  feathers,  roofed 
•  •vor,  with  an  entrancie  at  the  side  to  the  nest  clnunber,  being  thus  elaborately  con- 
structed. The  mah^  is  ex(;eedingly  gay  during  the  period  of  mating  and  incubation, 
tlying  incessantly  from  plant  to  plant  or  from  rock  to  roek,  and  singing  a  ratlu^r  loud 
song  for  a  snnill  bird.  •  "  *  Although  St.  Paul  Island  is  but  -'7  miles  to  the 
northwest,  as  the  crow  Hies,  from  St.  (ieorge,  not  a  single  specimen  of  this  little  wren 
has  been  seen  there." — {Hlliott.)  The  spccinnMi  taken  by  Dr.  Dall  was  made  the  tyi>e 
(iif  a  new  .species  by  I'rofossor  Haird,  and  has  sin(!e  been  ascertaiiu'd  to  inhabit  most 
of  the  Aleutian  Islands.  It  is  fairly  common  on  St.  (Ieorge,  but.  strange  to  say,  no 
(Hie  has  ever  seen  it  on  St.  Paul.  !  saw  five  or  six  on  May  L'.S,  near  the  village  of  St. 
(ieorge,  and  s(!cured  several  at  the  same  place  on  August  11.  Dr.  J.  A.  Allen  has 
described  the  m-st  and  eggs.  {Bull.  Nutt.Ornith.  Club,  Vol.  II.  1.S87,  p.  82.)  They 
W(ne  collected  by  a  native  and  forwarded  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Mclntyre.  He  says:  "The 
u'st  is  (piite  largo  and  very  compactly  built,  being  ciMnjiosed  externally  of  line  moss 
of  a  light  green  color  interwoven  with  tine  roots  and  lined  heavily  with  hair  and 
feathers.  Consiticuous  among  the  latter  are  the  rosy-tipped  feathe/s  of  the  Leucosticte 
firisiiniicliti.  The  hairs  are  rather  coarse  and  wliitc,  '-i  to  1  or  5  iindies  in  length,  and 
appear  to  be  hairs  of  the  Polar  bear.''    liut  two  eggs  out  of  a  set  of  twelve  were 


*  't 


f| 

1 1 


v\'\'. 


•li 


{;• 


; 


m 


fit 


422 


THK    Kirit    SKAI.S    OF    THK    I'RIHII-OK    ISLANDS. 


I 


M 


m  1' 


P    ' 


Hiivvd.  Tlio  Itii'ds  livi!  entirely  ivboiit  the  bln<ts  and  even  »cek  their  food  under  the 
huj^e  bowhlors  iit  the  biiscK  of  the  olitt's,  whore  they  enter  the  creviees  and,  remaining,' 
under  sonte  niinuteH,  reappear  some  ten  or  more  feet  away.  I'igj^^s:  "Dull  white  witli 
a  very  few  niiinite  <iots  of  red<1ish,  ho  few  and  small  aH  to  be  easily  overlooked,  0.(ts 
by  0.51,  (».(>(»  by  (►.r.(>."— (.U/rn.)  No.  niUl,  im.  S  ,  Type,  August  17, 1H(».S,  St.  (ieorge, 
VV.  II.  Dall.     Length,  AM;  extent,  (i.OO. 

Family    H  IRU  N  DI  N  I  DAE.     Swallows. 

64.  Hirundo  erythiogastia  uiialaBchkenaiB  ((tmrlin).    AluNkiin  Swailuw. 

Iliriiiido  iriithroiiaslta,  SiiAltl'K,  <!»!.  U.  Hr.  Muh.  X,  lS«r>,  I'M  (part). 
H\iniiiil()\  eriilhri)iia»lra  liomovKm,  C'oiks,  Koy,  ISiMt,  ;122  (part.). 
t'kcliiUm  erj/tliroynstcr,  KlixiWAY,  Man.  lKU)i,  Xit  (part). 
CheUtUin  eiijlhruiiastni,  A.O.  II. Cli.  l.iNt,  18J).'>,  L'58  (part). 

Similar  to  U.  vr»ithruyaMra^  but  larger,  with  longer  wings  and  tail  and  rolittiv«ily 
Hmaller  bill;  white  areas  of  tail  larger,  with  narrow  white  outer  edgings  to  the 
leathers. 

Walking  along  the  blull's  near  the  village  oC  St.  (Jeorge  on  May  2.S,  l.S!K),  with 
Mr.  Va\.  Lavender,  we  saw  a  swallow  skimming;'  along  the  ed^e  of  the  blull',  eatehiiig 
the  tlies  which  the  warm  sun  had  entieed  from  the  erevires  of  the  roeks.  Shortly 
alterward.s  it  Hew  just  over  my  head  while  among  the  houses  of  the  village.  I  Ms. 
Noyes  ami  Hereford,  who  havj  eaeh  spent  more  than  t«jn  years  on  ilie  islands,  assuretl 
me  that  a  swallow  was  unk;>own  there,  but  latter  in  the  evening  I  had  the  opportunity 
uf  showing  them  the  bird  on  another  part  of  tint  blulV.  It  remained  about  the  village 
for  nearly  two  week.s.  On  -hine  4,  while  standing  <»n  lilaek  Itlutfs,  St.  Paul,  I  watehed 
a  swallow  (u>ming  in  to  the  land  and  then  tly  northward  up  the  island. 

I  found  a  nest  at  Unalaska,  on  .Vugust  Li,  containing  three  large  young,  a  male 
and  two  lemales,  and  se(;ured  ihe  adults  also.  The  nest  is  of  mud  held  tojircther  by 
grass  rootlets,  it  is  !>  inches  wide  and  1  inehes  deep;  the  cavity  is  "2^  inches  in 
diameter  and  1'^  inches  deep,  (irass  rootlets  encircle  the  cavity,  wluch  is  well-lirsed 
with  gull  and  raven  feathers.  It  was  built  in  a  large  cavity,  almost  a  cave,  of  a  rock 
on  a  hillside,  and  was  placed  on  the  slightly  sloping  face  of  the  l>iu;k  portion,  about  its 
center.  A  slight  inequality  of  the  rock  face  was  sullurient  to  h<dd  it  in  place.  To 
enter  the  cavity  the  birds  had  to  tly  to  the  face  of  the  rock  and  then  dip  downward 
between  the  rock  and  many  tall  plants,  which  etVcutiuilly  hid  the  <»|)ening.  I  saw  no 
others. 

Family   FR  I  NG  I  LI-IDA  E.     Finches,  Sparr-ows,  etc. 

65.  AmmodramuB  sandwichensia  (Onirl.).     Samlwirh  Sparrow. 

I'liBHrfiiilun   KiiiitlwirlienHig,   SlUKI'K,   Cat.    II.    Ur.   MitN.   XII,    iHHH,  «i7l    (part).   -Cul'Ks,    Kt<y, 

ix'jd,  yti2. 
.tmnwiliiimuH  mndwifhrtiHix,  A.  <).  If.  Cli.  List,  IS'.tr),  224.  — KllxiWAY,  Man.  Ik<m>,  4(IW. 

On  .lune  •'{,  ISIIO,  in  a  grassy  patch  near  Lidtanin  lleacli,  <ui  St.  i'ani,  I  several 
lim<;s  Hushed  a  sparrow  which  i  identitied  as  this  s])ecies,  having  .s«;eii  and  collected  a 
number  several  days  before  at  L'nalaska. 

66.  CaicariuB  lapponicuB  alascenais  Kii1)rway.     Alankan  I.oiiKHpur.     KariHih-iimie  Sna'iiiiHkii: 

l'lerlioi>li<iii(H  /rt/i;)i)MtcH«, Coi'K.s,  ill  KlIiott'H  Itpt.  All'.  Alanka,  IX7H:  h'ciiriiil,  \Kiri,  177.— Ki.i.iitiT, 

Mon.  S.al  hlH.  INS'.',  12S. 
I'\{-Htri>iihaii<n\  lapiiiiiiiiiiB,  (!oik.s,  K«'.,v,  1H!H),  Xu  . 
CatrnriiiH  IniiiioiihiiH,  Suahi-k,  Cat.  ».  Hr.  Miih.  XII,  ISSN,  .5711  (I'Mt).— A.  O.  I     CIi.  Mst,  18»5, 

221  ipart).  -K'llH.WAV,  Man.  IXIKI,  1(11  (part). 
Calcaiiuii  lappuuicua  alunvenvib  Utuuw.\v,  AiiU,  18'J8,  .i'M. 


•^ 


lij'S; 


Till'.    ItlKlhS    OK    TIIK    I'KIIUI.OK    ISLANDS. 


423 


T 


"Ati  iibiiiMlaiit  bird  on  tliu  iaIaiMl  in  KUiiunur  but  riiru  or  iil)sciil  in  wintui.  TIiih 
bird  is  tlic  Nocabst  pur  uxculluiu-uofthc  l*ribili»r}rroiii>,,  singing  all  Uiroiigli  tlu;  month 
of  Jitnu  in  tht>  most  ex(|iiisite  inaiiiHT,  rising  high  in  the  air  anil  hovering  on  I'nttfiing 
wings  over  its  sciting  mate." — (I'jllioH.)  And  this  is  certainly  true.  It  eonld  always 
bt;  i'ound,  and  its  s^ng  was  a  most  beautiful  variation  on  the  usually  monotonous 
strete.hes  of  foot  wearying  tundra.  The  male  invariably  spends  his  time  in  the  eh'se 
vi<;inity  of  the  setting  female  but  never  lends  his  assistanee  to  the  ornithologist  in 
tinding  the  nesi.  He  either  sits  close  by  on  a  little  eminence,  wat(;hing  silently,  or 
tties  otV  to  a  little  distance,  and  when  wu  move  follows  us  for  some  distance. 

No  constant  dilVereiiceK  are  noticeable  in  the  sexes  of  thi^  young  of  this  species  in 
the  nestling  p!uinage,  like  the  snowllake;  variation  in  the  amount  i>f  spotting  on  the 
breast  and  in  the  general  iimoiint  of  paleness  and  darkness  is  iu)ticeable,  but  il  is 
individual.  An  immati'.re  male,  August  ir<,  that  I  took  at  Hnalaska  is  aopiiring  the 
new  teleoptile  ])lumage,  a  streak  of  half  growi  pale  chestnut  feathers  having  a|)pcared 
down  each  side  of  tlu;  neck,  and  under  the  nestling  feathers  of  tll(^  br«Mst  the  tips  of 
new  feathers  can  be  seen  an  jet  bla<;k  as  in  the  adult,  with  rather  broad  edgings 
(»f  tawny.  Many  new  feathers  can  be  seen  all  over  the  back  by  lifting  the  leathers  of 
the  ni;stliiig  plumage.  An  adult  female,  ,luly  lii),  St.  I'ani,  has  many  new  pintcalhers 
of  the  new  plumage  Just  jutting  out  from  the  skin,  and  easily  felt.  Mests  were  found 
as  f(»!lows:  -lune  2U,  r>  (^ggs;  .lune  L'l,  same;  sai.ic  date,.!  cgg.s,  2  young;  .Inly '-',  0 
young,  well  teathered;  .luly  H,  5  young,  just  froih  the  nest.  The  down  is  very  pale, 
tawny  in  color,  almost  white,  and  is  ipiite  long.  A  iMincli  is  shown  in  tig.  .">,  IM.  XL, 
atta«;lied  to  tlu;  nestling  featluM',  and  another  somewhat  scpaialed.  At  ti  is  siiown  a 
single  ramus  with  its  down  attached  and  the  sligiit  swelling  l>etw«'cii. 

The  nt'st  is  placed  on  a  slight  slope,  usually  under  a  tall  plant,  iiut  sometinu^s  on 
the  ()|)cn  tundra  win  re  a  bunch  of  dried  sedge  or  grass  at  its  iipner  side  partly  or 
wholly  *;oiu;eals  it.  It  is  sitnk  even  with  its  rim.  The  li-inale  will  not  leave  .t  nn*il 
almost  stepped  u|Min,  an<l  rhen  tries  her  utmoHt,  by  Icigning  lamelcsti,  to  entice  the 
intruder  awa>.  This  umioabtedly  works  v<'iy  well  with  the  nnntemus  foxes.  Her 
colors  hainioni/e  so  wt^li  with  th<>  surroundings  that  it  is  cert;)inly  (lilhi-nji  to  delect 
her  \\\mu  on  the  nest  and  only  a  few  tret  away.  The  young  are  to  l>e  liiund  by  the 
end  of 'lune.  1'^  ernaMy  nine  nest  is  composed  of  ohl  roarse  grass  and  plant  stems, 
inside  of  line  grass  lops  (Miuipactly  interwoven  and  lini'd  with  a  few  white  and  dark 
small  featluMs.  It  measures  1.^  implies  in  diameter,  witli  the  optMiing  :.'|  liy  l)  incites 
deeji.  The  »'ggs  agree  well  with  liiose  from  ot.JHM-  places  -a  ronfuwwin  of  faint  l>i(iwii- 
ish  bloti'hes  on  a  sii^jitly  |ialer  base,  with  a  lew  spots,  and  ii-regiilar.  wavy,  short  lines 
of  dark  inown  gen»Mally  aliout  the  ccnU'r  of  the  egys.  My  series  v*rifs  troiii  O.sn  by 
0<i:itoO.!M  by  O.lkt.  Th«>.  small  young  have  tJM-  bill  dark,  witli  the  tMigrs  yellowish 
white.  In  s(njie  the  t!|»  was  yellowisli.  I''eet  yellow  ochei',  with  I h«>  upper  sides  ilark- 
est.  Sl.oiiiiich  conli'iits,  six  spe(!ies:  •*  These,  birds  weir  n<sl  lings,  and,  save  one  in 
whicli  ther<^  w«M'e  a  li->v  bits  of  insect  cuticle,  tlu^y  cmitainetl  nothing  but  piecKs  of 
red  and  black  v<»lcanic  lava." — (»V.  7>. ./.) 


67.  Paaaertaa  twnseiidi  iKIiIkw.).     I'nliilot'  .SnowHako,  "  Siihiihi 

I'lnlnifthmntH  kiiiiIU,  |»ai,i,  mill  |!ann.,  Tiiuih.  (.'liii'.  Ar.  Siii.,  IstlK,  ■JH'JI  ( |inrt ).— I  >Al.l..  I'riw. 
(•id.  All.  S<i.,  l«7l,27;t.— CipiiKf.,  HI  i;lli..lt'M  Upf.  All.  Alimkit,  IS7:i;  l.fpnnt,  1S7."),  lit;:  fUy, 
IH'tO,  :!.M;.  -  Kii.ioTT,  Mori.  Sfttl  Ms  ,  |S7,">,  I2K.— Nki.miN.  1Mb.  ALuak^i,  ISS7,  ISO  (|iarli. 

I'liTtriipheniiJ  Hir«/i»,  'I'ownskM",  ('r'^^l•  'orwiti,  ISS7,  1(10.  —  !»*i.\l<l'K.  i 'tit.  II.,  Hr.  Miih  XH, 
ISSS,  r.7!"    inirti, 

rir<  irntihtfiiiix  iiiialix  loinisrinii  Kiimiwav,  .Mini.,  IHH7,  InIcI.,  lofr.— A.d.  I'.  Cli,  l.mt.,  !««*>.  Jan. 

I  have  inxu  unable  to  llnd  any  cxaanples  of  intergiadatitm  betw«*u  thus  furw  iMHl 


424 


THK    FITK   .^EALS   OK   TUB    IMMBILOP    ISLANDS, 


I    ^ 
S 


f^- 


tli«>  ))ir«I  iiilialtitiii;;  tlioiwl.jaceiit  HhitroH  of  AliiHka  |iru|)er.  Km  larf;crHi/p,  iniicli  1on);or 
uimI  lai'KOi'  l*illi  nioro  cxtriisivo  wliiUMiosa,  iiiul  iiioro  Htroii};ly  rol<ire<l  lar};;t>r  t'Kffs,  K'vi^ 
it  a  «lis(iii<'tivi'iii>sK  wliit-li  slioiild  uiitiMo  it  Ut  spocitic.  rank.  It  iiiliabilH  tlK«  Aleutian, 
I'ribilof,  aiul  <'oiiiiniiii(l<M'  iHlandH. 

"Tlui  HiiowbirtI  is  anotlior  pcnnniKtiit  n'Hiilont  (tf  tlicso  islaiitlH,  but  one  wliieli, 
unlike  the  Lnnoslirti ,  is  ratlier  shy  and  retiring,  nesting  lii{;li  on  tiic  roeky,  broken 
uplands,  and  only  entering  tlie  village  during  unusually  s«'vere  or  |>rotrael«Hl  cold 
weather."— (A7//(>//.) 

It  is  always  in  sight  wherever  one  goes,  either  singing  its  clieery  song  on  the 
uplands  or  elst^  tlying  to  the  roc^ky  shores  at  low  water,  w  liere  it  often  picks  up  a  meal. 
Ordinarily  it  ntt«'rs  only  a  "••hir  r  r,"  but  the  song  of  the  male  is  (piite  striking  in  its 
brilliaiu'y,  but  though  louder  than  the  h>ngspur\s  is  hardly  as  sweet.  They  sing  very 
early  in  the  morning,  about  ■'(  or  I  a.  in.,  and  I  often  heard  them  wliiie  lying  in  bed. 
A  pair  had  a  nest  just  behind  the  house  in  which  I  lived,  and  nften  on  awaking  I 
eould  have  sworn  that  I  lu'ard  a  white-eye»l  vireo,  so  close  is  tlu' resend>lance  some- 
tinu^s  to  the  well-known  notes  ol  that  l>ir»i.  I'sually,  however,  it  lias  a  higher  pilch 
and  is  sweeter.  They  nest  eonunonly  under  the  bowlders  w  Inch  dot  the  hillsides,  the 
entrance,  well  winn,  being  on  the  southern  side  an<l  looking  inor«'  like  the  entrance 
to  the  burrow  of  a  mamnuil.  Tiie  nest  is  ])laced  on  the  ground.  Just  about  an  arm's 
length  in,  so  that  it  can  not  be  reaehed  by  a  fox,  Some  nests  are  built  in  crevices,  or 
itchind  a  io»!k  in  tin-  face  of  a  clitf,  not,  howev«u',  in  those  which  face  the  sea,  our  bird 
having  no  siu'li  inclination  for  the  surf  swept  shores  like  the  l.tiicDstitir.  "  I  pon  the 
feunde  the  entire  labor  of  the  three  weeks' incubation  required  tor  the  iiatciiingof 
her  bi^tMl  devolves.  During  this  period  the  male  is  assiduous  in  Itringing  ftHul,  and 
at  frtxjwnt  intervals  >sings  his  simple  but  sweet  song,  rising,  as  he  begins  it,  liigii  in 
the  iur,  as  the  syklark  does,  and  at  the  end  of  the  strain  drops  sudd(udy  t«>  the  ground 
agai  »i."— ( hniioU.  > 

I  have  seen  a  female  r<'peatedly  nnikc  trips  to  the  lagoon  shore,  where  she  picked 
u|)  dead  sea  tieas  f»u'  her  young.  They  are  also  not  averse  to  the  capabilities  of  the 
killing  grounds  to  produce  tbod,  f(U'  the  young  bred  about  the  village  an>  soon  finind 
in  those  places,  the  etlects  soon  being  visible  on  their  pluunige,  which  becomes 
extremely  dirty  heneatii.  A  series  of  nine  young  from  the  nestling  to  <|nite  long- 
tailed  birds  illustrati  s  the  changes  incident  to  the  nestling  plumage.  In  three,  taken 
.luiu>  Hi  from  ;i  nest ful  of  six,  the  Uuig  dusky  down' is  abundant  along  the  sides  of 
the  U>-a«l  and  along  the  si<les  of  the  back  and  on  the  rump.  The  nestling  pIuMia;:e  is 
(ioveriiig  the  body  except  on  the  throat  and  down  the  center  of  the  breast.  This 
plumage  is  as  follows,  and,  (curiously  enough,  the  fenmles  are  much  the  darkest: 

Sistling  I? . — Above,  mouse  gray,  obscurely  streaked  with  darkish;  beneath,  very 

'ThindDwn  liiis  rcceivod  tiM  nnnie  of  NonHgoi>tile8,  jjivm  liy  Dr.  Oiulow  in  Nowton's  Dictionary 
of  Mirilx,  \x'X\,  im^o  'Jilt.  To  the  mature  leatlinrH,  all  that  follow,  hi*  htiH  a|i]tlio(l  the  name  Teleo|)tileH, 
lint  ouridUHly  oniiiij;li  ho  does  not  distinguish  lietworn  the  reiiUy  mature  foutherH — thoNc  lo  which  every 
ttpecies  \iltinuitely  attuiuH — nnd  the  noKtliiig  plunui|;o,  which  in  nuuiy  H|iiM'ie8  is  so  triinsitory  and 
iilwiiys  inlermediiid' ;  that  is,  liet  weon  the  Ni^ossoptilo  and  the  lirst  Toleoptili'.  'I'hig  No-called  ni-stlinj; 
plumage,  which  is  alwavs,  in  point  of  time  and  ]ioHitiou,  lietween  the  othoi'  two  nanu'd,  nuvy  hu 
called  the  McBoptile.  'I'huH  lirst  wc  have  the  Neossoplile,  which  is  uHually  iittached  lo  the  tips  of 
the  rami  of  the  Mesoptilc,  and  thiH  a^aiu  as  the  HuccetMlin^;  ;;rowth  appears  is  seen  (often)  .attached 
to  the  tips  of  the  rami  of  the  Telooptile,  which  aoiiu>time8  are  found  cntcriu;;  the  umhilfcnH  iuferior 
of  the  Mcsoptilc.  TIiub  these  feather  growths  are  common  ti>  nearly  all  liirds  in  the  order  imMilinncd, 
are  ipiitc  dill'crcnt  in  Ntructure,  uro  variously  conuecled,  and  ditfer  in  their  iisett  and  periods  of  growth 
uud  diticonuuctiou, 


1 


i*r 


t.a  • 


•I 


THE    HIRDH   OK    TlIK    I'KIIMI.OF    ISLANH8. 


42:) 


4 


piilo  yt'llowJHli,  iliirktMiiii^r  on  tliroat,  wliit^li  is  soniowliat  strnuky;  ii«>iu-ly  whit*;  on 
iilMl«)iiiuii.  Ti|)s  III'  priiiiarit^H  :iii<l  s*>roiiiI:iiifs  sli};litly  Hliuwiii^.  VViii);  rovttrts  jih  far 
as  ^rowii  out,ahoiil  lialf  tlirir  Ifii^tli,  tMitiroly  while;  tail  just  apiH^ariiit;.  No.  M1S!K^(^ 
II.S.N.M.Coll. 

NtHtliiuf  9. — Miu-li  (larkn-  altovc,  witli  darkur  Htimks;  also  <lark«M'  (slaty)  aiul 
iiiont  luMvily  strvaktMl  on  tins  lunlcr  neck  anti  sides  of  ItivaHl;  niiicli  less  yellowish 
iK'Meath.     No.  IISJMm,  C. H.N. M.  Coll. 

This  (lillcrenre  Itetweun  th  3  sexes  is  nutii;eable  al.  a  };lanfu  at  any  a^u  of  the 
nestlin}];  |iliinia};t>.  As  they  are  ;i;rowin{;  this  dilVei-eiire  intensillos,  so  that  the  darker 
slaty-colored  females  jirc.  readily  distin^nishalde  from  the  much  paler  and  tawny 
males.  This  color  dilferentM'  also  iiolds  {;ood  in  the  sexed  specrimens  of  /'.  nintlin  that 
I  have  seen.  Itut  in  iiinilin  of  similar  a;;e  there  is  very  much  lesH  white  on  the  wini; 
coverts  anil  also  on  the.  secondaries,  and  the  hill  is  smaller. 

The  nest  is  ipiite  a  cosy  alfair,  abont<  •*>  inches  in  diam«!ter,  with  an  opening  of  LM 
by  \.\  inches  deep.  It  is  nnide  of  old  weathered  j^rass  and  plant  stems,  liiu-d  inside 
with  some  liner  j^'rass  and  an  ahiindance  of  white  {{nil  feathers  which  entirely  cover 
Ihe  inside.  A  few  lon^  Idack  hairs  iire  alsit  added.  Tlio  e(r};s  are  nearly  always  six 
in  nund)er,  sometimes  seven.  A  set  taken  .Inne  I,  l<S<tO,  is  pide  ;;reenish,  profusely 
s|iotted  and  blotched  at  lar;.;er  «;nil,  sparingly  al  snutll  end,  with  some  small,  distinct, 
very  dark  wavy  lines,  and  spots,  lilotches  dark  vinatu'ous.  Larjje  space  at  lar;;e 
end  bare  of  blotches  but  in)t  of  sjtots.  These  efjf,'s  vary  from  O.il.'t  by  0.70  to  (KO.T  by 
0.70  and  O.UI  by  0.71!.  Another  set  of  six,  .lime  L'l,  is  creamy  with  many  blot^dies  of 
dark  viiniceous,  and  brownisii  };;encrally  covering  Ihe  lar;;er  «mmI  and  to  a  {{reat  extent 
the  smalhM'.  Small  place  at  cent»M-  of  larj^er  end  with  few  blotches  or  nomi,  A  very 
few  very  dark  wiivy  Iin«^s  on  nearly  all.  These  vans  vary  in  size  from  the  smallest, 
0.!M>  by  0.71,  to  the  lart^est,  1.01  by  0.71.  The  },'eneral  color  of  all  these  ejjgs  is  much 
darker  tinin  in  nirulin,  the  blotcln^s  are  more  numerous  and  darker,  and  the  ogiiH  are 
decidedly  larger,  liasuof  the  bill  in  the  immature  is  bri^dit  yellow,  with  the  tip  dark; 
feet  dark  gray.  In  i\w  summer  adidt  the  bill  and  feet  are  black  entirely.  iStomach 
contents,  seven  specimens:  "The  snow  buntings  had  obtained  maggots  (lly  larvae) 
from  abundant  decaying  carcasses.  They  had  also  eaten  midges  by  the  hundreds 
and  crane  Hies  in  <|nantitics.  Two  of  the  birds  had  taken  seeds,  and  one  a  leaf-eating 
be»^tle  (C7t»7/.vo>«(///f/<fc)."— (iV.  />. ,/.) 

The  Ibllowing  measurements  were  made  to  show  the  range  of  si/.e,  the  larger 
measurement  in  e:i(;h  group  indicating  by  the  plumage  that  the  >  ird  was  fully  adult, 
while  the  smaller  shows  a  bird  of  the  previous  summer:' 


■'  !  I 


f: 


I'ASSKUINA  TOWNSENOI. 


niiin- 
lier. 


llH»r>a 
64  i  «■> 
02  IK) 

IIH'ilillH 

iimiriii 

liHlIK 
IIHllfil) 
lUIUUNI 
llSUliU 
IIWI!)? 


nntn. 


Lwality. 


SLPiiiil  Isliiiiil  ... 
SI.  ( Hill  LI'  Ishinil. 
Si.  I'iiiiI  I^-ImiiiI  ... 

llllir   V2.  IHH.'V   '   lltllT  Nlilllll 

Iiiiii'    7.  IK!H)  SI.  I'aiil  l.sliinil  ... 

.Si  (liiirKC  lsl:iiiil . 

iliiiii'    I'l,  lri!lil  Si.  I'uiil  ImImihI  . .. 

lllllr     S,  IjiH.'i      Olli  T  lulllllll 

ill 'M.  IH'.lii  SI.  I'jiiil  IhIiiiiiI  ... 

I  mil'    i,  IHIKI    ilo 


Jiiiii'  1U,  IHW 
iiin    in,  IK 


ColliM^tiir. 


W.  Paliiipr 

II.  W.  Klliolt    .. 

....  ilo 

I'.  II.  Townsfiiil 

W.  I'lllllllT 

H   W'.  Klliiill  ... 
W.  I'lilniir  ..... 

r.  11.  'riiwn.siiiHi 

W.  I'lilinrr 

....  ilo 


WiiiK. 


Tail.     I  Ciilinun.  '  I'ltrHim. 


4.  lUi 

3.  (I.'! 

0. 47 

0.97 

4.  4K 

2.  MO 

.4!» 

.01 

4.  Ill 

•i.  81) 

.4.'! 

.1)2 

4.  ;i7 

2.  IK) 

.411 

.HH 

4.'J7 

2.  HH 

.411 

.!)0 

4. 21 

2.  r>4 

.4.1 

.u:i 

4. 2(1 

2.  lit) 

.42 

.W) 

4.11 

2.r>7 

41 

02 

4.11 

2.  .'i7 

.45 

.W) 

4.11) 

2.04 

.42 

.90 

',, 


'  Iiiiiiiatm-o  Itiini.s,  iitli — that  is,  Itiiilu  of  tlu;  |ii'ovi(iiis  siiimiicr — mo  liirgur  Ibaii  tlif  uldcHt  AluHkau 
.siiuciiiuMit)  of  nivalin. 


■At 


•t2(; 


nil.    I'lIM    HI'.AI.H    or    TIIK    l-Klllll.or    IHI.ANHH. 


I'AHHCIHN.X    NIVAI.IH 


l.'Ht. 

.  niiNi'   I  Met 
Iwr.    I 

wn,t  '  ' 

u:,%nii  I  ' 

MH74H  .' 

IIIPl'/K  ' 

iii>,iin<i  ,' 

■t.' .  f.  I  y 

Willi  I  V 

MWi  V 

mux  I  V 


|lKl<l. 


Ul»  Mill  V- 


M.i, 
A|ir 
A|>r 

.lllllK 
.IlllV 
.llllM 
■  f  Mill 
.llllM 
All! 


«  IKH,! 
:'i  IKH'! 
|M    I"*' 

:i    lilHI) 

IKH.-. 

I«,  MM." 

Ix.  M.?'/ 
:iii  I  .'.O.I 


.lillio  ri,  IHM.I 


I'liiiil.  Mm  riiw       . . ... 
ill.  

N  M-llllll/llt{ 

I'liliii  n.irriiW, .,,,., . 
Mhialiiiii    I'l  lillitlilli 
t  fiiii    f.)>iliiir  111^ 
I'liiiil  r.iiiiiiw 

ill.  

*.'mI(|Iii  .,,...,... 

I'liliii  liiirriiw. 


,    .1.  MiiriliM'k 

.;.  III. 

.  «■  I,  M.  «m  .. 

I  .1    Miiiil.H  k 
.1     \V    .l.iliiimili 
II    |l    Wi.lli 

.1    Miiiili.ili 
il'i 
.i   W   M    liiill       .. 
.    *l   MiirilfM^li    ... 


WiiiK 


'l.iil        r.ili.M  I.  I  'l.iiii.i.. 


«    IH 

'  r.ii 

4  .111 

/.  71 

«  :il) 

■/.  n:: 

•  •/!> 

'.!  Ml 

1    '/■! 

/  711 

<    M 

','  r.'f 

1  II*.' 

■,"  t,r. 

«  im 

':.  'ill 

4  IDl 

•.-  M 

;i, «.  1 

V  V( 

III 

Ill ' 


M7 
HI 

mi 


fifl    Afiiiiit.liU  llimrlii  M.liiii.y.     I(iiil|iiill. 

.l(«iW/ii«i /iimriK,  .HllAliil'.,  Ciil.  Il    llr.  Mim    ,\  II,  l«HH,  iii.i.      A.'i.  1.  Tli.   I.imI.,  iMlMi,  .!IV       llini. 

WAV,  .Mini.  |M!Hl,  ;i(i7 
"  An/ ml  I,  a,"  Kl.i.lnil,  .Mmi.  Hon!  Mm.  IMMy,  i;ifl 

Mr.  Klliot.l,  r.ullccUd  hiivi-.I'iiI  H|ii>,cimfiiH  «iii  HI,.  I'snil,  .linif  '.M,  IHV'.i.  'liny  wi-im 
|iif.m'.rviril  ill  iklrolinl,  hiil.  Iiavi-  mil,  Imm-.ii  him-ii  Hiiicf..  Ili>,  H;iw  ollif.iH  in  Oi'.|.ol((^i,  IH712. 
'I'lMiy  «liiiiht,li^HH  or.r.iii'  tiH  iiii(.;niiilH  in  hiiiiiII  lliirkH. 

C'J    IitiiiooMl.lol.n  f{ilii(i()iiil(ilin  '  liiuniil.;      Alriiliiiii  Kimy  I'lm  li  "  l'nl„»lil.ii  " 

1,1  iiiiin'ii  II:  Il  iilniiriilin  viii,  f/rim  iniir.hii,  (.'iii;i>i,  in  l.llliiU'.i  |(|il.    All    Alrnkji,  \H'iA ,    /.'lyniii',  iK'/'., 

171.      1,1.1.1. Ill,  .M.ili    .K.  nl.  liU    IMKa,  l;!7. 
/.iiiiiihIiiIi  liiihioiiilhi,  IIaiiII.vi,,  I'liiinii  riylijlov,  |H7,",,  |li. 
l.f.iiiiiiiHi  In  f/rinriiiiii  hii,  \>Al  I.  niii\   IU.vvihii'.ii,  I  (iiii«.  Cliir    Ar.  .Kil    IxiHI, '.W.!,  I'l    V.XIV.Iij;    I 

llAlliii,  1. 1   ,  VI   .\.\IV,  liiiil      (.11  CM,  K.y,  IxiMi,  :i.M. 
I.niiiinlii  Ir  iiiimiiniii  hHi    Tl  ll.vi'.it,   (liiiil..    Nlil.    Mini.    Aliwkii,    |HHi;,    |V|     |'|     •,  m        SKf-iiN,    I'.dn 

Aln«lii>,  IHM7,  I7(i,     'I'ow.s'.K.Mi,  rriiinr,  I  „riniii,  IHK7,  I'm.     A    u    I'    «.'li.  I.jul,  |M!i;,,  ;;|.'i. 

UinowAV,  .Mitii.  IKlNi,  .'till. 
Minililriviiilla  iiriKiinuiha,  Hll.Mil'l'.,  Cut.,  li.  llr.  Mim    XII,  IHWH,  21. . 

III.  hiill  riilJnl.fMl  II  iiiiintxT  (if  Mii'.hi'  liinl.i  <in  HI.  Oimiik*'  in  Aii(;iihI,  IHi;h.  lie. 
HtiyH:  "TliiH  Iti-iiiilij'iij  liinl  liuil  no  hoii^  uI  Unit,  hisihoii  i-x<'<r|il,  si  rjisir  rliii|i,  Mitiindin^ 
lik«»  '•  wii-l.  II  wii-l.  il  wen  Willi."  II.  wiiH  on  l.lic  uiiiK  ii.  ^ri'iit  \tni\*>\'  llir  liiiif,  ;ivuii|itiy 
li({lil,inK  <>>>  till-.  (,'ioiiimI,  hut,  iliirliniiC  riijiiiliy  in  :i.  mciich  oI'  ii-o'i-inlinK  :inil  ili-HfcniJint.; 
riii'V(;H,  now  Hwiii({iti{4  ""  "i*'  I't'oiid  liip  of  iiii  niiilM-llii'<-ioii>«  |il:inl  iiiiii  imw  iili^lilin^ 
on  MOIIII-.  IimIi;!^  oC  llm  |t<'.r'|iiMMlii',iiliti'  liliill,  ,|iiiii|(iii|{  lioiii  |)oinl  to  jioimI,  ;ini|  Hi')-iiiiii|{ly 
ih'li(.;lil,injj  in  l<"Ht.in^  lln-ii  own  ii^ilil.y."  I'liliki-  llif  ionKn|»iii,  whicli  i«  ni-vii  -n'ln 
!il)oiit  I,Im'.  Iioiihoh  ill  Hiitiiiiior,  imm!  liii-  Hiiowlliikc,  w  liicli  m  nol  ollfii  IoiiimI  at  lin-  .;uiii' 
pjiu'.i*,  tin-  piililuHliii  ii|i|i)r(iiM  in  tlic.  ((ri^iilt'Hl  iiltiindiiiiri^  itiioiii  tin-  villii({iH  nl  Mt.  I'iiiil 
;mi<I  hi.  <li-oii;c,  iinti  even  rii'i|iiriilM  tlif  Iioiihim  mill  mIici-I>.  ''riiiM  m^ici-iildf  liltji-. 
liinl,  iilwiiyi'i  rlii-.nriil  iiiid  Hi*.lf  poMHf.HHCil,  in  n  in^iiiiir  itnd  |iiTiiiiiiiiMil  hiIIIit  on  llnr 
iHJiiiiilH,  wliirli  il.  ni-vi'i'  liiiivrH.  In  tlic  iU'.|)Mi  of  diHiiiiii  winter,  iih  widl  hh  on  ;i  hiiiii 
iiiit'h  iliiy,  till'.  piililoHkir  (;irrtH  yon  wil.li  tin-.  Hiiiii)-  pli-:iH;int.  rliiriiip,  vvi-titiiiK  l.liit 
niitiii'  iii'.iil  diiiHH,  tix  if  di'limnini'd  to  iiiiiki'.  Ilir  Im-mI  of  nviTylliint.'."  i  F.Uiiill.)  Tliiry 
jovi-  lo  Hl;iy  iilioiil.  tint  liold  rliflVt,  in  Ilii-  r.liinkH  und  nitviri-H  of  wliirli  tiny  hmlii  llii-ir 
liillii'i'  liu'ui'.  iii'HtH,  iind  iilioiit  till'.  lor.kH  of  wliiili  llii^y  oltt.ain  llifKii-iif  pint,  of  flmir 
iiiHi^i-f  food.  I  liiivi^  pir.ki'd  from  Ilii-.  moiilli  of  :i  lri;Hlily  killed  liird  llir  hiohI  miniiln 
iiiHiM't.H,  iiiid  liiivi^  wiitrlii-d  llii-iii  IVrilinu  on  lln-  drying  riimiHH  of  ii  hi'iiI  li;in^iii^  oiil 
Hidit  Ilii*.  Iioiir'o  of  tin  AliMit,,  iiiiil  llii\v  do  not  Hcorn  t,lii'  |KiHHiltililii-H  allordi'd  liy  Mn: 
di'r.iiyiiiK  hi'iiI  i-,!irrtiHHi-H  on  tin*  killini;  (ground.     I  Imvi*.  hi-i-ii  no  Hpcrimitim  of  mrHtlinj^H. 


y.^ 


\'i 


IIIK    IIIKIiH    l>^'    rill,    |>llllttl.ol<'    IMI.ANhM. 


427 


K7 

HI 


'riifii'.  Ik  iki  iikIm  r.ilili  \ iinal imi  in  llii-  iiiiiMiiliirc  IiimIh,  hi,  in  I'im',!,  in  llic.  )i«IiiIIh. 
Vuiiiii;  liiril'4  liiid  ii|i  l(t  llif.  iiMJ  (if  -Inly  r<)in|ii)'li-<|  tli«>  (^rowMi  (if  lint  wjiii;x.  iiml  tiiil, 
liill  no  new  ri-iitlniH  (if  t.liti  winh-r  )iliiinat4<-  I*'"'  ii|>|MstM;il.  In  Mitt  yitiiiiK  llx'  I'lll  ih 
Vf^ry  (link  )liHl<y  imil  in  t.ltc.  rtiiiniiiiT  imIiiIIh  it.  iH  Idiifk.  Winlfi  H|i«r('iin<-nH  (if  nil  ii({i-h 
riMMi  oIImi  liiralitri't  iiiiv)-  |i;ili'  yfllowiHli  riiliMi'il  MIIh,  vvilli  ditik  lipH.  No  »^|i<  riiiii^iiH 
ill)'  ill.  Ii.iiiij  -diowin}^'  I.Ik'  <  Iiiiii;{<i,  Itnl.  iih  llii'.  Itill»i  of  uinliT  IiIkIh  '  0.  Hi  U.lH  U.'V>i  ai^ 
iiiiirli  hIioiIii  lliiin  ill  KiiiiuiDT  H|ir<:iiniMiH  I  USi\  O.fi.'t  (l,r«7;,  it  may  In-  llial.  IIki  r\ntimi: 
ori'iiiH  liy  a  iii'-ll  or  ii'iiirw;il  of  {{lowtli.  Afh-i  Ihi'  yoiiiiK  liiivi-  llii^  iiihI  lli<y  Minaiii 
alioiil  l.lii'ir  lorjty  iioiiM'  fill  -toiiif.  ilavH  anil  nrv,  llirii  lalti'ii  Ity  Mii'ii  |lal'l'nl^t  lo  llii-. 
Itillini;  kiohikI  <.  'I'Ih'  im-mI,  ii^  <|iiiI.<-  Inilky,  l>  inilM-M  or  inoit'  in  iliaiiiili-i,  inaili'  oiilHiilf, 
of  old,  i'o;ii>ii'.  ({ia-<H  hIi'Iiii  ami  liiiiil  lliirkly  with  inw,  hiiiiiII,  anil  ii|i|iaii'nlly  wi^ll 
rliiwiil  ilian  t;iiiHH  Ml«'inr<  ami  a  f'inv  wliifi^  fiatlHiiH  willi  a  jillli-  hair.  Hoini-liiniM  a 
lilllr.  inoHH  M  ailili'il  lo  llii-  oiil.Hiilit  iniilitiial.  'I'lii-.  ('UU^  '>"'  l>('K''i  "ii-.  hIhII  vi-iy  l.liiii 
ami  jiinky  wtifti  fnsli;  wliiti^  with  a  tli^lil,  kIohh  in  I  Im  raliiiifl.  A  hi-I  i^  fivf  or  n\\, 
ami  tlH',y  imaHiirf  from  O.O.i  l.y  (».(M  lo  0.!»(i  l.y  0.71  ami  (t.»K  (,y  0.70.  Hlomai-li  ion 
I.i-iiIh,  l.woH|iiM;iini'.nH:  "A  raiiiliiil  Im-.i^M^,  rrani'.  Ilii^H,  ^iiihh  Hi-rilH,  ami  fniil,  Hkiii  lormiiil 
Ilii- ronlinln  ol  t.lm  MloinarlM  of  I lii^Mr,  ItirilH."     < S.  It. -I.) 


ItWIKVT    l.l  I  KKA  initK    Ol'    Till.    AVIIAIINA    Ol'     IIIK    I'll  I  III  Mil     IM/.ANIll! 


</iiili'  :i  ijiimliiM  of  viwy  iin|iorlanl.  ri'|iorlH  ili-alini^'  will)  llir  IiikIh  of  liiiM  ii';{ioii 
lia\i'.  Imi'M  i.<Mii«Ml  liy  viirioim  ili|iarlimiil*  of  lliir  llniliif  .Slalivi  (lovrrnimnl ;  in  fail 
liflli'.  of  iiii|iortamf  lian  Imicii  I'Hi'rlMl  liy  |»ii\ali-.  inraiiH.  'I  ln-y  '■*"'  "••'  iiwiiIIm  of  Mm 
lalior.'«  ami  itx|i<'iii  nriH  of  a  niimlx-r  of  nafnraliHlH  who  liavr  h|iI'iiI  from  a  Hi-aHoii  lo 
HCViTal  yi-ai'H  in  I  In-  if^ion.  'I'lii'.  H|ii-4;imiMiH,  niiinliiMin^  |irilia|iH  iwvMal  fhoiiHamI, 
ami  r.oiilainin^;  many  lyprH  ami  iinii|ii<i  anil  iimiHiial  Hpo.c.imi-nH,  an^  in  tin-  I'nilril 
Hlafi'M  National  MuMfiim  rolliilion  in  WaHhin;;ton,  iiiHt.iiKl  of  luring'  Kratliriil  tliioii|{li 
many  wnlily  Hf|iaraliil  rollinlioiiH,  m  {x^rhapH  IohI,,  iim  fhi-.y  iiiiKl't  havi-  liititi  if  mori' 
of  till-  pioniMM  work  in  llii'i  rci^ion  liail  lii'i-n  iloiii'.  olhi'.rwiHiv  llian  nnili^r  <>ovi'iiiim?nl. 
aiiMpiii'M.  'I'liir  wiHilom  of  Ihi-  latr  I'lof.  H.  I'.  I'.alril,  Hi'imlary  of  liic.  HmifliKoniaii 
liiHlifiilion,  ami  of  llm  vaiionn  Hi-riiihirii-K  of  fin-  'rri-aHiiiy  ami  olliir  <>iivi*rnim-.nl. 
olliriTH  ill  aMHiilin^.'  ami  pi-rinillin|;  in  i-vi-ry  way  in  llifii  powir  Ilii-  ilrlailini^  of 
nal.iiialiHiK  lo  ai^'ompany  Ihi-.  vaiioiM  niival  ami  ii^vi^nui'.  vckhi'Im  wIimIi  havi-  liad  Imimi 
mtHs  ill  tiiOH*-,  wah^rn,  haM  lii-.itn  many  Iiiiich  proviul,  ami  llii'  work  <lom'  in  Ihr  many 
liraiirlirH  of  Hfirnrr,  aH  mIiowii  in  llm  varioiiH  ri-poilK,  han  ci-rlainly  )iiHl,illi'<l  thi'  nmli'i 
lakin((H.  (Inr  knowli'ili^i*.  of  llii-,  fauna  of  thai  ri'({ion,  hiiiiiII  ax  il  nally  in,  woiilil  ho 
Itiil  imrat;)!  it  (.liirKi.  oppoil.iinitii-H  liail  Immii  mxli'i-li^il.  In  Ihi'.  following  liHl,  I  havf: 
altrnipti'il  to  noli',  all  of  tlii-sf.  papi-iH  ih-aliiiK  with  tin-  liiidH  ami  piil>liHlii-il  in  ri  ri  rit 
timrs.  I  liavi'  notiil  i-Hpirially  tlii'  year  in  wliiili  tin-,  work  wan  ilom-.,  tin-  Dipaitim  nl. 
to  whirli  Mil',  author  wiih  al.fai'.hiMl,  ami  Hoiiif.  tiiiMilion  aH  to  the.  rxti-nl  of  tin-  ri-HiilfM. 
Many  of  I  hi-.  wiiImh  havf  viHiti-il  Mir  Hcal  iHJamlK  fin  hIioiI,  piiioilH.  tlioii|.;li  fiw  liail 
oppoi  Iiinitii-r4  for  any  I'xliwnli'il  )'ol|i'r.liii|/.  Siir.li  iiolrn  hh  they  maili'.  wi-ri-  im^n 
poi.ilril  III  j^i-ni'ial  ir.MillH,  ami  Hpi-rial  nii-.iil.ioii  waH  imiili'  in  iiiohI.  raMi^H  ronri'rniiit.^ 
oiH'  or  moiit  f^piM'ii'H  of  I'riliilof  liiiihi.  I  liiivi-.  ailili-il  alno  a  fi'W  Ki-.nrral  woikH  ilfiiliiiK 
willi  till"  watfiH  of  liiriiiK  Hia.  A  v«'.ry  full  liililio(,'rapliy  of  AlaHkaii  liinlH  will  hi; 
foil  ml  in  .Mr.  .Ni-lKon'H  work  of  MrtV. 


42H 


THE   VV\i  .SEALS   OK   THK   I'lilHII.OF    ISLANDS. 


II     !> 


OKNKRAI,    I'APKKK. 

1843.  >l.  P.  Coiiiilo:  Noliox  Hiir  la  fiiiinn  oriiitholo);i<|iio  ilr  Pile  do  Saint  Piuil,  Hiiivic.  <li'  ri'iiiiiiioriitiiin 

llo     <|lloll|llfM     IWIII^UOH    <rillHI>Ctt)H     (('l>ll''l>|lt<'rfH)  <I«1H    AloOlltiollllXH   »l    till    KltllltHflMltka.       Ill 

Uoviie  i-t  MiiKKHiii  do  ZooloKie,  xii,  IH60, 3(NM0r>. 

MiMitliiii  or  nine  H|i«oivii  oollottod  tin  8t.  I'aul  by  Mr.  Warnrak.    Onii  ili'HcrilHol  iih  now,  Aarii*  Wanirrki, 
lliifa  hminiilrU. 

IMVi-lHtW.  W.  II.  Dall  iiiid  II.  M.  Hannister,  of  tli«  linHHo-Aiiioricnii  T«lof;riii>li  Kx|io(lilioii :    l.iNl  of 
the   ItirilH    i>f  AliiHkit,  with    Hio|{ru|ihicnl   NotuH.      In  Transuctioiiii  (MiiciiKo  Acailoiny  of 
Scioni'08,  I,  Pt.  II,  \m»,  2«i7-:MO. 
Noli'M  nn  21!  H|H<riMi,  H  |ilat4<H  of  Id  hiril*. 

8.  F.  Ilairti,  SniithHunian  liiHtitiition :  On  AilditiiiiiH  to  tlio  Itinl  Kaiinii  of  North  Ainorl<-».  iiiailo 
liy  the  S(^i*sntilic  ('orpa  of  th«  KuHNo-Aiiioricaii  Ti!leKi'ii|ili  Kxppilitlon.  In  'rraiiHiii'tioiiM 
ChiciiKo  Avatleniy  of  KcionroH,  I,  IH.  II,  lK6{),:ill-:iLTi. 

Critical  iMit«>Haiiil  il«Mi'ri|illonH  or  ID  H|H'ri<'a.     ItaHval  on  I>nll  uiiil  lluiiniHtor'n  rollcctioiiH,  iih  hIiovi',  nitli  xaiiin 
plnU>a.    Triiijloiliite$  alaierntii  ilpHirilieil  aa  iii>w,  frnin  SI.  li)>or){«. 

[K.  Coiioh],  Uuiti^il  StatoH  Army  anil  Smithsonian  limtitiition:  OrnitholoKiiwil  KohiiUb  of  tlio 
Kxploration  of  tho  NorthwoHt.     In  The  Ainoriran  Natiir.-iliHt,  IV,  1K70,  :i(i7~:i7I. 

A  review  »r  Dall  and  ItaiiniHtor'a  liat  aa  nliovf.     t'lilmarut  roilf/i-rri,  p.  37l,a<<<'iinil  kiinwii  a|HM'iiiii<n.  noti'il  iih 
from  St.  (liMirge. 

1871-72.  W.  II.  Dall,  lliiiled  SlatvH  Coaat  Survey:   Notes  on  tho  Avifauna  of  tho  Aloiitiaii   iHlandH, 
from  lIiialaBka  ooHtward.     In  ProcoudiiiKB  California  Aciidomy  of  SoiencoH,  V,  Ural  Horii-N, 
1873, 2.-)-:}.-.. 
NotcB  un  54  apoiloH;   aonix  iiiontioii  or  tlii'  rrlhilnfH. 

187.').  W.   II.  Dall,  United   StatuH  Coast  Knrvuy:   Notes  on  tho  Avifauna  of  Mio  Alriitian   IslanilN, 
fspucially  tlioso  wost  of  Unalaska.     In  ProroedinKs  California  Acaduiny  of  Srirncos,  V,  lirst 
seriim,  1874,  270-281. 
Nntea  on  V>  HpecieH;  Honiv  mention  of  thn  I'rihilora. 

1872-7.3.  II.  W.  Klliott,  Uuited  States  Treasury  neparliiient:  Keport  on  the  I'riliilof  (iroiip,  or  Seal 
Islands,  of  Alaska.  Appendix.  Ornithology  of  the  Priliilof  Islands,  liy  Ilr.  Klliott  (Jones. 
Washington,  1873. 

KaHvd  on  Mr.  Klliotl's  collectionH,  with  (Miploaa  note*  by  Mr.  Klliott.    Triwja  jililnciifmik  ilrHorilieil  aa  iiiiw. 
Forty  Hppcina  nixntionod. 

II.  W.  Klliott.  A  Keport  upon  the  Condition  of  AtVairs  in  tho  Territory  of  Alasl^a,  by  II.  W. 
Elliott,  Wasliington,  1875.    Chapter  IX.     Ornithology  of  tho  Pribilof  Islands,  liy  I  >r.  Cones. 
A  n'priiit  of  ttlHivc  i  no  now  iiiatter. 

.T.  E,  Ilarting,  London,   England:    The   Fauna  of  tho   Pribilof   Islands,  etc.,  aliritlged    from 
Elliott's  report  us  above.    In  The  Field,  London,  187.'>;  also  reprinted  in  pamphlet  form,  ;i8 
pages,  1  plate. 
llaatMl  on  Blliiitt'a  rfi|mrt  and  Dr.  (?oii«h'h  treatment  of  tho  a|HH;inionH  I'ollrrl^Ml. 

1872-73-187(1.  II.  W.  Elliott,  United  States  Fish  Commission,  for  Consns  Keport  of  1880:   A  Monograph 
of  the  Seal  Islands  of  Alaska.     Special  liiilletin  No.  176.  U.S.F.C.,  1882. 
Catalngtio  of  tho  liirda,  |ip.  125-136.     Copiuna  not«H  on  41  apocica,  and  illnstratioiia. 

1874-1881.  L.  M.  Tnruer,  Signal  Service,  U.  S.  A.:    Contribntiona  to  the  Natural  History  of  Alaska. 
Arctic  Series  of  Publications,  No.  II,  Signal  Service,  U.  8.  A.,  188)5.     Part  V,  Hirds,  11.5-19(), 
11  plates,  14  species  figured. 
KxtoiiHive  notes  on  165  aiHHjieH;  aome  Pribilof  mention. 

1H77-188I.  E.  W.  Nelson,  Signal  Service,  U.  S.  A. :   Keport  upon  Natural  History  Collections  niaile  in 
Alaska.     In  Arctic  Series  of  Publications,  No.  Ill,  .Signal  Service,  U.  S.  A.,  1887,  Part  I, 
liirda  of  Alaska,  35-226. 
(lopioua  notea  of  258  apeoiea,  12  plates  of  21  B|i«cieB  \  aoine  Pribilof  mention.  ^ 


TIIK    HIKDS   OV   THK    I'KIHILOK    ISLANDS. 


42!> 


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IH80,  T.  II.  Mean,  iriiilcil  Hlatt-a  Fish  C'lmimimion :   NotoM  on  KinN  .ollect.d  .lining  tlio  Hiiiiiiiiflr  of 
IHWi  ill  AlKHlia  anil  Hibcria.     In  l'ioct'u.liiif{H  liiildd  Stated   Natioiiiil   Miihuiiui,    V.   1«KI 
141-173.  ... 

NiitvH  iiii  77  N|H'<'ltM,  m.mi)  from  the  I'rlbiluflt. 

1HH(»-8I.  L.  M.  TiiniiT,  Signal  Service,  U.  H.  A. :  Noteii  ou  tlio  IlirilN  of  tlio  Niiarrr  iNlanilH,  Aliuika  In 
the  Auk,  1K85,  151-161). 

NoleH  nil  70  HIKWiOH. 

I8«l.  K.  W.  NoIhoii,  Signal  8orvic«,  IJ.  S.  A. :   HinlH  of  HorliiK  Hi-a  anil  tlu'  Arctm  Ocoaii.     In  Criim.)  of 
tliK  Corwiii  in  AiaHka  ami  the  NorthwdHtoni  Antic  Oci'an,  IHKt. 
Olio  huiiili'i'il  mill  iiiiiiil.v  two  H|H'uluH  nii'iitluiii'il,  hiiiiiu  In.iii  tlio  Priliiliirn. 

IXH'J.  Arthur  anil  Aiirvl  Kranoe.  lixitraK  /nr  Ornithohinin  von  AliiHka.  Niiih  iIimi  Saniniliingi'ii  unil 
Noteii  vim  Dr.  Arthur  Kraune  iinil  IJr.  Aiirol  Kiaini'.  In  .loiirnal  till-  Ornithulouii-,  188;i 
267-L'Hti. 

NiilcH  IIII  n:i  HiHiiHim,  eHiMM'iiilly  Triiiifa  jitilomtmit,  nhowiiiK  wIiiIit  liuliitnl. 
1882-83.  hi'onhai'il  Stiijnifjur,  Knitod  Staton  National  Muboiiiii:   KdhuUs  of  Ornithological  KxploraiioiiH 
in  tlui  Coninianilor  IslandH  and  in  Kaintscbatka,  lliillutin  No.  'M,  IJ.S.N.M.,  1885,  1-382,  9 
plati'S, 

<;ritli'ul  iioti'H  fill  U'J  H|im;li>i;  miiiu  I'riblliir  iiieiitUiii. 

1H8I.  .1.  K.  liiitz,  lienttinant,  Ifnited  States  Kuveniii)  Marinn:    In  C'rniHK  of  tlio  Corwin.     Kiniort  for 

1884  (I88!»). 

*'•»<! '■  M  Hperien  iinil  tlinlr  eg);" ;  ""tuil  oil  Otter  IhUiiiI  iIiiHiik  tliti  miiiiiiier  nl'  1881. 

NotcH  on  tlus  Downy  Voiiuk  of  the  I'arrot  Aiik  and  the  Crested  Aiik,  hy  I.eonhaiil  HtejneKir.     In 
CrniNe  of  tlin  rorii'iii,  I881(,  2  plates. 

l)vHori|itliiiiH,  linNtMl  nil  Liuiitimaiit  Liitz's  Hpei'iiiieiiH  anil  iiuteH. 

1885.  (J.  U.  Townsond,  United  States  VUh  C'ommiHsiou:   Notes  on  Hirils  [etc.)  Iietwoon  the  Aleutian 
IslandN  und  Kot/ehno  Sound.    lu  Cruiiie  of  the  Convin  for  1885  (1887),  "J8-101. 
Notes  uii  49  tiieriuii',  Honiu  from  the  I'ribllorH. 

1885.  <-'.  II.  Townsend,  United  States  Fish  C'oinmiHsion :    Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  Northern 
Alaska.     In  Cruise  of  the  Corwin  for  1885  (1887),  yO-l»4. 
Menliiiii  of  I>8  hihu'Ich,  Hiiiue  from  the  I'ribllorH. 

The  following  aro  short  notes  of  iiiteirst  relutiii},'  directly  to  tlie  birds  of  tlie 
I'ribilofH,  generally  of  single  species: 

W.  II.  Dall:  American  Naturalist,  VII,  1873,  tUM. 

Note  on  m'ciirreiico  iif  Trinya  eraiiiroitrit      T.  plUuaiemit. 

E. Cones:  American  Naturalist,  VIII,  1874,  .500. 
Note  on  'Prinya  ptUuaiemii,  with  dvHiTiptioii. 

H.  W.  Klliott:  A  Ton  of  Ilirds'  Eggs  Picked  up  in  an  Hour.     Am.  .Sportsman,  IV,  1874,  170. 
MiirroR  on  WalniH  Island.  ■ 

J.  E.  liarting :  On  a  new  Species  of  Tringa  from  Alsiska,  I'roc.  Zool.  Soc,  Lund.,  1874, 243, 1'l.  XL. 

DuHoriptiiiii  i>{  Tringa  graeilii  —  T.  ptUocnemit. 

J.A.Allen:  Nest  and  Eggs  of  the  Alaskan  Wren.     UiiII.Natl.Oruith.Cluli,  11,1877,82. 

'  KgK"  <">■)  ■■I'"'  *>'  TroyUiilylm  alateeniit  (leacriliiul. 
K.  Kidgway  :  On  a  now  Alaskan  Sandjiiper.     Hull.  N.  O.  C,  V,  1880,  KMI. 
Iiichiiloa  ili'Mcriptiiin  iif  Tringa  ptHocneinii. 

K.  Ridgway :  Note  on  the  Ansor  lencoparciiis  of  Mrundt.     i'roc.  U.S.N.M.,  1885,  22. 
Dt'Hcrlptiiin  of  Itranta  minima. 

R.  Ridgway,  Tringa  damacentiii  (Ilorsf.)  In  Alaska:  A  Sandpiper  new  to  the  American  Fauna.    Auk 
1886,  275. 

Meutiou  uf  Tringa  damacenstis  fmm  Oltfr  IhIhihI.     An  a<lilitiou  tu  Nurtb  Aiuuricau  birds. 


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THE    FUR    SEALS    OK    THE    PlilBILOF    ISLANDS. 


R.  Ridgway:  Manual  of  North  Ap  <iricaii  Birds,  1887,403. 

l)«scriptit>ii  of  Plectrnphenax  nivalig  towtiitfniH  from  OtttT  iBlaiul. 
W.  Palmer:  An  Asiatic  Cuckoo  on  the  I'ribilof  iHliinds,  Alanka.     Auk.,  18i)4,  32.'). 

Nolo  oil  oociirrenco  of  Ciictilut  eanonts  trlfphnniu  on  St.  ]*:iiil  IhIiiikI.     An  addition  to  Nortli  Aniui'ican  bird.s. 

IJ.  (i.  Elliot:  North  American  Shore  Birds,  1895,  72, 235. 

UiHcussion  concf  ~iiing  tlio  viilidity  of  Trintfii  jitilucnemit. 
C.  Bendire:  Life  Histories,  II,  1895, 32. 

UuDtion  of  Vucuhis canonm  telephimus  iih  nn  Aniuiiciin  l>ird. 
R.  Ridgway :  Auk,  1898, 320. 

Description  of  (^aleaiiui  la]iponiciu  alaiceniii».    Tjim  from  SI.  I'.inl. 

The  following  popular  woi'-fj  contain  more  or  less  uieution  of  the  birds  of  the 
islands  and  surrounding  waters: 

Alaska  and  its  Kesource.s,  liy  W.  H.  Dall,  1870. 

Contain.^  lint  of  tlio  bird.s  of  Ala.sk.i,  itp.  !}8U-5H0. 

Our  Arctic  Province,  by  IL  W.  Elliott,  1881!. 
Bird  nmtti'r,  pp.  208, 225,  tlircu  illiistrationH. 

The  Voyage  of  the  I'cya,  A.  E.  Nordenskiold.    Translation,  1882. 
Popular  bird  matter  concerning  tlio  ialandn  of  liering  Sea. 

Bidrag  till  kiinnedimieu  um  Sibiriska  Ishafskustens  Fogelfauna.    In  A.  E.  Nordouskiold's  Vega-Expe- 
ditioneiis  Vetonsk.apliga  lakttagolser,  Stockholm,  1887. 
Itird  nmtter  in  vol, 5, eighty  siiicien  mentioned,  with  full  notes. 

A  Few  Se;i-Bird8,  by  H.  W.  Elliott,  in  Harper's  Magazine,  LVIIl,  1879,  197, 505. 
A  i>upuUr  account  of  the  uea-fowl  about  the  seal  islauds. 


■ 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVIII. 

Figs.  1,  2.   Uria  iroih  californicn ;  as  seen  on  Walrus  Islanil,  August  7,  1890. 

Fig.  3.  Phalacrocorax  uvilr;  lu-at  of  four  eggs  in  situ,  with  dead  adult,  .June  13,  1890,  Walrus  Ishiiid. 

Pig,  4.  ;  nest  with  two  eggs  and  live  bird,  August  7,  1890,  Walrus  Island.    These  pictures  show 

the  rugged  character  of  the  island  surface  and  shore  lino, 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIX. 

Eggs  of  the  P.acific  Murro,  Uria  lomvia  arra.  Nine  specinions  selected  as  typical  of  extremes  of 
color  and  markings.  Nos.  2,  3,  (i  represent  more  nearly  the  average  eggs.  Speciuieiis  iu  -National 
Museum  collection. 

No.  1.  White,  with  but  few  faint  markings;  rare,  3.35  by  2.15. 
No.  2.  The  darkest,  deep  glaucous  green,  with  irregular  band  of  mostly  couiluont  black  blotches 

mixed  with  some  brown;  spots  black;  very  common,  3.20  by  2.08. 
No.  3.  Very  palt;  greenish,  many  small  black  and  obscure  spots;  a  blotched  mass  of  black  covers  the 

larger  end,  with  a  few  brown  blotches;  common,  3.10  by  2.03. 
No.  4.  Uniformly  pale  greenish ;  has  some  wavy  and  roundish  light  brown  spots;  no  black;  uucom- 

moii,  3.37  by  2.08. 
No.  5.  Dull  glaucous  green;  no  spots,  but  long  wavy  lines  of  varying  sliados  of  brown;  rare,  3.10 

by  2.10. 
No.  C.  Creamy;  numerous  black  and  obscure  blotches  all  over;  very  ccmtmon,  3.30  by  2.01. 
No,  7.  Deep  glaucous  green;  few  black  spots,  mostly  with  light  greenish  centers;   very  rare,  3.10 

by  1.95. 
No.  8.  White,  nearly  equally  covered  with  obscure  and  a  few  blank  spots;  no  blotches;  uncommon, 

2.95  by  2.00. 
No.  9.  White,  the  snuillest  of  thousands;  large  light  brown  or  yellowish  spots,  many  obscure;  rare, 

2.86  by  1,90. 


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THE    UIKDg   OF   THE    PRUULOF   ISLANDS. 


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The  (liirker  oggs  all  have  much  paler  areas  at  their  smaller  ends  than  shown  in  the  plate.  Those 
ill  thd  lower  line  do  not  show,  in  comparisou  with  the  others,  as  dark  as  thiy  really  are.  Tlioy  are 
arranged  in  the  platii  according  to  color,  beginning  with  the  palest  in  the  npper  It^ft-hand  corner 
dig.  I)  and  ending  with  the  darkest  (lig.  2).     These  color  dilierenccs  fail  to  show  in  the  rcprodnction. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 

Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 

Fig. 
Fig. 

Fig. 

Fig. 


Fig. 

Figs 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Figs 
Fig. 
Fig. 

Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig.  i:j 


Fig. 
Fig. 

Figs 
Fig. 

Fig. 


EXPLANATION   OF  PLATE   XL. 

Trini/a  ptilotnemig;  a  hunch  of  white-tii»ped  ncossoptiles  from  the  back  and  a  single  neos.so|)tile 

from  the  same  bunch. 

;  oni' of  the  uiiicolurcd  neosBoptiles  which  surrounds  the  dots. 

;  a  back  me.so|)tile  with  worn  neossoptiles  attached. 

;  the  tip  of  a  nie80i>tile  ramus  with  neossoptile  attached  and  showing  the  swelling  or 

hatching  point  between. 
Cith'iiiiiis  lapiioiiiciin  iduscensis;  a  neossoptile  bunch  att.ached  to  the  tips  of  the  rami  of  the 

growing  mosoptile,  confined  by  a  part  of  the  sheath  remains;  al.so,  another  ineBoptilo  with 

somewhat  separated  neossoptiles  and  a  single  one  showing  the  slight  sw,  !!ing. 
I'lialacrocornr  iirilv:  a  filoplume  from  bre.ast  of  adult. 

;  a  lilopliiuie  from  neck  of  immature  (.liiue). 

;  a  lilophiiiie  from  neck  of  immature,  showing  a  raujiis  along  the  rachis;  somi^limes  two 

or  more  are  found. 

;  three  iilopliimes  from  nock  of  young  about  two  months  old. 

;  the  basal  part  of  a  fully  grown  neossoptile,  showing  the  uneven  division  of  the  upjier 

part  of  the  calainuH  into  dtnible,  triple,  etc.,  jiarts. 
;  a  part  of  the  calamus  of  a  similar  ueosscptile  bunch,  more  highly  magnitied,  with  one 

of  the  jiarts  torn  down  to  show  the  homogeneous  nature  of  the  ealamiis. 
;  ii  bunch  of  down  from  a  nestling  about  a  week  old,  showing  the  bases  of  the  growing 

rami  forming  a  temp<u-ary  calamus,  which  separates  as  it  grows. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLI. 

1.  Ciivlofrhynchiis  2>»ittaci(lun;  tip  of  feather  from  white  eye  stripe. 

.  2,  3,  l.  ;  lilopluines  from  the  najte  and  face. 

4".  ;  large,  worn  lilopluiiie  from  the  nape,  showing  crossing  of  radii. 

5.  Simorliynfliiix  ininilliia;  tip  of  white  leather  from  eye  sl-ripe. 
.  6-7.  ;  filopliimes  from  back  and  nape. 

8.  ;  white  feather  from  forehead. 

9.  I'rialomnaami;  a  downy  (neossoptile)  bunch  from  the  neck  of  a  few-days-old  young,  still 
partly  inclosed  by  the  sheath  remains. 

10.  ;  an  unseparated  neossoptile  hunch  and  tip  of  same. 

IL  ;  a  bunch  jiartly  separated. 

— ;  a  bunch  attached  to  the  rami  of  a  nestling  b.-ick  feather  (mesoptile),  but  held  by  the 

persistent  remains  of  the  sheath. 

— ;  a  similar  bunch  with  part  of  the  rami  of  a  breast  feather,  the  mesoptile  rami   being 

longer  th.an  on  the  back. 

— ;  a  mesoptilt!  ramus  with  the  neossoptile  attached  and  showing  the  swelling  betwet^n  at  a. 

— ;  ba.ses  of  two  neossoptiles  and  the  tips  of  two  mesoptile  rami  longitiulinally  adhering 

a  common  elt'ect. 

10-17. ;  tips  of  a  back  and  a  breast  mesoptile  with  many  of  the  neossoptiles  attached. 

18.  ;  shows  the  point  of  breakage  of  the  neossoptile  rachis,  usually  bcUow  the  swelling,  but 

sometimes  above,  rarely  central ;  also  one  double-tipped— rare. 
1!'.  ;  a  belly  mesoptile  with  neossoptiles,  showing  doulde  and  long  conuoctiou. 


12 


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Plate  XXXVIII. 


• 


VIEWS  ON  WALRUS  ISLAND. 
From  photographs  by  WillUiin  Palmer. 


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Plate  XXXIX. 


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EGGS  OF  THE  PACIFIC  MURRE,   (•(■((/  limicid  iinii.  SHOWING  VARIATION  IN  MARKINGS. 


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Plate  XL. 


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DEVELOPMENT   Or"    FEATHERS 


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DEVELOPMENT  OF  FEATHERS 


17 


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i 


XVIII.-THE  FISHES  OF  BERING  SEA. 


Hv    DaVIIi  .STAKK  JoUDAN   liud  CiIAUI.K.s   IIk.NHY    (ill.llEUI 


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Tli«  (Islies  of  Boring  Sea  were  first  stiulietl  by  (ieor},'e  Wilhclni  Stellcr,  iiutiiruliHt 
of  Buriii{;'H  Sea  vuya^u  o(  1711,  and  by  Htopluin  KruHclieninnikot',  another  able  natii- 
nilist,  likewise  coniiecte<l  with  the  (;reat  exploring  expeditions  of  the  (!«MMniand('r  Vitus 
Bering.  Steller  died  in  1745  and  Krasuheniuuikof  abont  1750,  and  the  observations 
of  both  men  were  printed  posthnuiously  by  others. 

The  manuscript  notes  of  Steller  were  publi><hed  in  part  by  Tilesius,  Pal la^  and 
others,  1809  to  1811,  and  u  portion  of  them  appi  .ir  in  Krascheninnikofs  own  work, 
''Description  of  Kamchatka,"  which  appeared  al>out  the  time  of  his  death.  We  have 
not  seen  the  original  of  this  work,  and  in  he  ICn'/lisii  translations  the  parts  relating 
to  natural  history  are  greatly  condensed.  Joth  .steller  .iiid  Krascheniiinikof  confined 
t',it3ir  attention  mainly  to  the  salmon  and  trout  t.l°  Kamchatka,  describing  correctly 
the  dirt'erent  species  under  Mie  Uussian  names  Miey  now  bear.  In  17!>2  these  vernacular 
names  were  taken  as  seientillc  designation  by  Walbauni  (Artedi  I'iscium),  the  descrip- 
tions being  copied  from  Kraseheniuuikof  through  Pennant's  compilation,  all  these 
authors,  Pennant,  Krascheninnikof,  aiul  Hteller,  being  nonbinomial. 

Later  the-  llahes  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  and  Kamchatka,  as  collected  by  Hteller, 
Merk,  Billings,  and  others,  were  carefully  studied  by  Tilesius,  and  especially  by  Pallas, 
whose  Zoograiihia  Kosso-Asiatica  (1811)  ranks  with  the  best  ichthyological  work  of 
the  time.  Most  of  the  li>.rger  fishes  of  Kamchatka  and  Unalaska  were  described 
by  Pallas,  and  the  fuller  study  «»f  our  day  shows  the  comparative  accuracy  and 
completeness  of  his  work. 

Later  explorers  brought  some  material  to  the  museum  at  Paris,  whore  it  was 
studied  by  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes,  to  the  museum  at  Loudon,  and  to  the  collections 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  It  is  only  within  the  last  fifteen  years  that  large 
collections  have  been  made  iu  Bering  Sea.  The  various  collections  made  by  the 
ot'icers  of  the  revenue  cutters  and  the  weatlier  observers  have  been  especially  studied 
by  Dr.  Tarletou  H.  Bean,  and  the  rich  results  of  the  deeit-sea  dredging  of  the  Albatross 
have  been  described  by  Dr.  Gilbert  and  Dr.  Beau,  while  Dr.  Bean  and  his  brother, 
Barton  A.  Bean,  have  placed  on  record  the  collections  of  Dr.  Leonhard  Stejneger  and 
Col.  Nikolai  A.  Grebnitzki  from  Bering  Island,  Medni  Island,  and  Kamchatka. 

In  the  summer  of  181)0  the  steamer  ^1  Ibatross,  Capt.  Jeff.  F.  Moser,  was  assigned 
to  the  use  of  the  Commission  of  Fur  Seal  Investigation.  Under  Dr.  Jordan's  direction 
collections  were  made  about  Unalaska,  off  Bogoslof  Island,  oil'  St.  George,  and  oH'St. 
5U47— I'T  a '28  4;i3 


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434 


THE   FUR    SEALS    OF   THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


Paul.  Other  speciiucns  were  obtained  from  title  pools  and  by  hook  and  line  fishing. 
After  the  Alhatrons  left  St,  Paul,  Captain  Moser  and  Dr.  Stejneger,  with  tlie  assistance 
of  Mr.  N.-  H.  Miller,  photogrii])her  and  preparator,  made  collections  by  dredge  and 
seine  about  I'etropaulski,  oft'  Robbeu  Keef,  and  among  the  Kurile  Islands  and  Yeso. 
The  collection  thus  obtained  was  especially  valuable,  as  it  includes  numerous  species 
not  seen  since  the  time  of  Krascheuiunikof  and  Pallas.  A  small  collection  of  fishes, 
mostly  from  Tareii;  ky  Hay,  Kamchatka,  was  received  from  Mr.  Gerald  E.  11.  Barrett- 
Hamilton,  of  the  British  commission.  A  snnill  collection  was  also  made  by  the 
Albatross  under  Dr.  Jordan's  direction  in  the  Shelikof  Straits,  off'  Karluk,  in  181)7. 

On  these  various  collections  the  present  paper  is  based.  For  completeness  sake 
reference  is  made  to  all  species  of  fishes  thus  far  authentically  recorded  from  Bering 
Sea.  As  the  synonymy  of  each  of  these  species  is  given  in  Jordan  and  Bvermann's 
Fishes  of  Northern  and  Middle  America,  it  is  not  rei)eated  here.  The  nev.  species 
here  described  are  also  included  in  the  latter  work,  the  second  part  of  hich  was 
published  October  3,  1898,  the  third,  Nov.  2(5,  1898,  both  dates  being  prior  to  the 
appc:aiance  of  the  present  ])ai)er,  which  was,  however,  written  first. 

Family    PETROM YZONID/E. 

1.  Lampetra  aurea  (Bean). 

Recorded  only  from  the  Yukon  River ;  not  seen  by  us. 

2.  EntosphenuB  tridentatus  ((i.irdiner). 

Taken  by  Dr.  Gilbert  at  iJnalaska;  common  southward  along  the  coast.  Five 
specimens  were  found  by  Mr.  Lucas  in  the  stomach  of  a  fur  seal  from  Bering  Sea. 

3.  EntosphenuB  camtschaticua  (TileHiiis). 

Tilesius  and  Pallas  briefly  describe  a  lamprey  from  Kamchatka.  It  has  not  been 
recordeil  by  later  writers.  It  probably  belongs  to  Kntosphenm,  but  this  is  not  certain. 
A  larval  lamprey  obtained  by  Stejneger  in  the  Paratuuka  River,  near  Petropaulski, 
Kamchatka,  is  apparently  of  some  species  of  Entosphenus,  It  can  not  be  tlistinguished 
from  the  larva  of  E.  tridentatus,  though  the  adult  nniy  show  peculiar  characters. 


;  1^ 


Family    SQUALID^E. 

4.  SqualUB  sucklii  (Oiranl).    DogtiHli. 

A  single  specimen  of  the  dogfish  was  brought  by  Stejneger  from  Bering  Island, 
It  is  otherwise  unknown  from  Bering  Sea.  The  dried  specimen  referred  to  this  species 
by  Mr.  II.  W.  Elliott,  found  by  Mr.  William  Palmer  on  Zoltoi  Sands,  St.  Paul  Island, 
is  a  shriveled  ray,  Raja  parmifera.  The  dogfish  is  said  to  occur  about  Kadiak,  but 
we  did  not  find  it  there.  The  salmon  shark,  which  is  destructive  to  the  salmon  at 
Karluk,  is  not  the  dogfish,  but  Lamna  eornubica. 


Family    SOMNIOSID^C. 

5.  SomiiioBUB  microcephalus  (IMocb).    Slueper  Hliai'k. 

Not  uncommon  in  Bering  Sea;  not  seen  by  us. 

Family   RAJID^*;. 

6.  Raja  parmifera  (Beau). 

Common  in  Bering  Sea;  found  by  us  on  the  beucbes  of  St.  Paul;  recorded  by 
Bean  from  St.  Michael  and  Uualaska. 


THE    FISHES   OF   BERING   SEA. 


435 


7.  Raja  Btellulata  (Jordan  &  Gilbert). 

Au  adult  female  was  taken  with  hook  and  line  on  the  halibut  bank  at  Dutch 
Harbor,  Unalaska.  Length,  21i  inches.  It  has  been  compared  with  specimens  from 
Alaska,  Washington,  and  California.  The  median  row  of  spinous  bucklers  is  inter- 
rupted along  middle  of  back  in  our  specimen,  none  being  present  between  shoidders 
and  iK)int  opposite  base  of  ventrals.  Sides  of  tail  without  definite  series  of  difteren- 
tiated  spines,  the  spinous  prickles  of  the  upper  surface  of  tail  being  somewhat  enlarged 
aterally;  no  supraocular  spines. 

Similar  specimens  were  dredged  off  Karluk  in  31  and  110  fathoms. 

8.  Raja  roseispinis  Gill  and  Towimend. 

Several  specimens  taken  by  the  Albatross  in  Bering  Sea,  the  one  described  as 
Raja  obtusa  being  the  young  of  the  other. 

9.  Raja  interrupta  Gill  and  TowiiHend. 

Bering  Sea,  in  deep  water. 

10.  Raja  aleutica  Gilbert. 

Originally  described  from  Sannakh  Pass,  Aleutian  Islands,  Albatross  statiou 
3U57,  in  .si  fathoms.  A  second  large  specimen  dredged  off  Karluk  in  Shelikof  Straits, 
in  1897,  station  3U7U,  in  12U  fathoms. 


Family  CATOSTOMID/E. 

11.  CatOBtomuB  catostomua  (Forster). 

Obtained  by  Mr,  Dall  from  the  Yukon  River  at  Nulato. 

Family  SYNAPHOBRANCHID^E. 

12.  Histiobranchus  bathybius  (Giinther). 

Known  from  various  localities  in  the  Pacific.  One  specimen  recorded  by  Dr. 
Gilbert  as  taken  in  Bering  Sea  by  the  Albatross. 

Family  CLUPElDyE. 

13.  Clupea  pallasi  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes.     Pacific  Herring. 

Common  in  Bering  Sea,  southward  on  both  shores.  Seen  by  us  at  Unalaska. 
Recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Petropauiski,  Unalaska,  St.  Michaels,  and  Port  Clarence, 
and  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  Unalaska  and  Herendeen  Bay.  The  original  type  was  from 
Kamchatka.  The  species  was  described  from  Unalaska  under  the  name  of  ISpratel- 
loides  bryoporus  by  Cope. 

Family  ALEPOCEPHALIDyG. 

14.  Erioara  salmonea  Gill  and  Townsend. 

One  large  specimen  of  this  remarkable  fish  is  known  from  the  deep  waters  of 
Bering  Sea. 

Family  SALMONID^C. 

15.  CoregonuB  kennicotti  Mihier. 

Described  from  Fort  Good  Hope,  British  America;  also  recorded  from  Yukon 
River  at  Nulato. 


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THE    FUK    SEALS   OF    THE    PKIUILDF    ISLANDS. 


16    Coicgoiius  qiiadiilateralls  IkMcliitnlmtii. 
Uecoi'«UMl  by  Dr.  Huuii  (Vuiii  Niilatu. 

17.  CoregoiiUB  clupeiforniis  (Miluhill). 

Uiiuonlcd  troiii  St.  MivhaulM  :iii«l  Niilato  by  Dr.  Heiiii. 

18.  CoiegoiiUB  iielsonl  I  lean. 

Describt^d  IVuiii  Niilato;  aKsu  ruuurdud  Iroin  Jiristul  Buy. 

19.  ArgyroBoniuB  pusillus  Ituaii. 

Uccurdud  tVoiii  St.  MicluiuLs  and  other  lucalitius  in  nortliuni  Alaska. 

20.  Argyrosoinus  lauretta;  liniiii. 

Tlie  original  typos  from  Port  (!laren(!ii  and  Point  Uarrow;  also  recorded  from 
Nulato,  Yukon  Kiver,  and  by  Dr.  (iilbert  from  Nusbagak  and  Kakuck  rivers,  Bristol 
Bay. 

21.  ArgyrosomuB  alascanuB  SciilicliL    (I'latuXLIL) 

Described  from  Point  Uope  and  (rrantly  Harbor. 

22.  Oncoi'bynchuB  iierka  (  Wulbiiiiiii).     liudtisli ;  KriiKiuija  Uiibti.     Itliio-buck. 

Recorded  from  many  lot^dities  in  soutiiern  and  westeiii  Alaska  and  from  Kam- 
chatka; the  conmion  salmon  of  tiie  canners  in  Alaska.  Obtained  by  us  in  Captains 
Harbor,  Unalaska,  at  Ivarluk,  and  Bering  Ishind. 

23.  Oiicorhyiichus  kisutch  (Wiilliaiiiii).     Silvi>r  tialmuii.     Ki.siitch. 

Suuimcr  Bay,  Unalaska  (fresh-water  lake),  .July  3,  18'.M>;  Nikulski.  Bering  Island, 
.luly  .{1,  KS'.KJ;  Kmluk,  1807. 

From  the  lake  near  Summer  Bay  we  have  three  sizes,  i)robably  reiMusenting  as 
many  years'  growth.  The  smallest  are  'M)  to  00  mm.,  the  second  size  110  to  i;jr»  mm., 
the  third  liOO  to  215  mm.  Intermediate  sizes  are  of  course  likely  to  occur,  but  the 
majority  of  specimens  seem  to  range  themselves  in  these  groups.  The  larger  size 
show  the  parr  marks  faintly  and  much  more  silvery  than  the  smaller  .specimens, 
apiM'aring  as  though  they  were  recently  in  from  the  sea.  The  black  blotch  on  dorsal 
followed  by  the  sharply  contrasting  white  posterior  rays  forms  a  very  conspicuous 
mark  in  advanced  stages.  The  ailii)<)se  tin  is  black  margined.  Coarse  black  spots  or 
blotches  are  present  along  the  back  in  the  very  young,  in  addition  to  the  parr  unirks. 
They  are  soou  replaced  by  the  liner  siwts  of  the  adult.  Very  young  specimens  have 
a  whitish  anterior  nuirgin  to  dorsal  aud  aual  tins,  followed  by  a  blackish  iutranuirginal 
band,  and  the  anterior  rays  may  be  i)roduced.  Common  at  Unalaska,  the  young 
alH)undiug  in  the  sea  and  lakes.  The  dorsal  tin  largely  black  in  life.  The  species  is 
recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  various  stations  in  Alaska. 

24.  OiicorbyucliuB  keta  (  Walbaiiiii).     Du^Haliuou;  llivyko;  Calico  huIuiou;  Chum  salmon. 

Seen  by  us  »»nly  at  Karluk.  Found  in  Bering  Sea,  but  the  localities  uncertain. 
It  is  probably,  like  the  two  preceding  species,  universally  ditl'used,  but  it  is  less 
abundant  than  either  of  these.  It  is  not  used  by  the  canners,  as  it  is  said  to  "  taste 
like  mush ''  when  boiled.  It  is  said  to  be  of  fair  quality  when  fresh.  It  was  not  taken 
bv  Stejneger  ou  Bering  Island. 
ZS.  OiicorbyiicbuB  tschawrytBclia  ( Wallciiiiu).     Kiitfj;  salinoii;   Tiivhawylni:ha;  Tgnricha. 

Uecorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Yukon  Biver,  and  by  Dr.  Cilbert  from  Unalaska  and 
from  the  Nushagak  liiver,  Bristol  Bay;  not  seen  iu  the  summer  of  1890,  except  at 


•t 


TIFK    FISHES   OK    HEUING    SEA.  437 

Kaiiiik.  It  is  widely  «list.ribnt»Ml  in  ItcriiiK  Sea,  but  in  relatively  amall  numbers. 
Although  superior  iiKjuality  to  the  other  speeies  and  nirK;h  larger,  it  is  not  abundant 
enough  to  be  of  much  value  to  the  eanner.  Not  seen  by  Stejneger  on  ilcring  Island, 
but  he  reports  that  it  is  occasionally  taken  there  and  on  Copper  Island  mostly  in 
August. 

26.  OncorhynchuB  gorbuBcha  (Wall)anm).    (iorbiisclia;  IIiiin|)l>arli  huIiiioii. 

Common  in  lieriiig  Sea;  seen  by  us  at  Karluk.  Two  adult  specimens  I'nmi  Petro- 
paulski  Harbor.  The  young  common  in  the  salt  lagoon  on  St.  I'anl.  liecorded 
by  Dr.  Steinda«'hner  from  Decastris  Hay,  by  Dr.  liean  from  Plover  Bay,  and  by 
Stejneger  from  Bering  Island. 

27.  Salmo  mykiBB  Walliauin.     MykiHx;  .Soinka:  Kanicliiitkii  Haliiiiiii-troiit.     (Plato  \l. III.) 

By  an  unfortunate  erntr,  the  writers  have  heietofore  used  the  name  Salnto  mykiHs 
for  the  <  lut  Throat  trout  of  the  Northwest.  It  was  known  that  the  ( hit-Throat  was  the 
only  true  or  black  spotted  tr<mt  in  Alaska,  and  it  was  assumed  that  its  range  extended 
ahing  the  coast  to  all  streams  in  Bering  Sea.  But  our  recent  explorations  have  shown 
that  it  probably  does  not  occur  in  Beiing  Sea,  nor  is  there  any  undoubted  record  to 
the  north  of  Wrangcl.  If  it  reaches  Kadiak,  or  Sitka,  or  Prince  William  sound,  it 
is  only  rarely,  and  the  streams  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  and  the  cast  coast  of  Bering 
Sea  contain  no  species  of  Stilmo.  The  name  Snlmo  vn/kiss  must  therefore  be  restricted 
to  the  Ivamchatkan  species,  while  the  spe<'ie8  of  the  Americtan  rive-s  heretofore  called 
Salmo  mjihiss  must  be  Hnhtio  clrrki. 

Wo  have  therel'ore  studied  with  great  interest  a  specimen  ol'  the  genuine  Salmo 
mykiss,  the  (irst  on  record  since  the  times  of  Pallas,  Krasdieninnikof,  and  Steller.  The 
specimen,  an  adult  male  J>fl(>  mm.  long,  was  taken  by  Dr.  Leonhard  Stejneger,  Septem- 
ber l.'»,  1807,  in  the  Kalakhtyrka  Bivcr,  near  Petro  paulski,  Kamchatka.  It  was  called 
"  sonka"  or  '*  s<unka"  by  the  natives.  It  is  said  to  occur  rarely  and  to  be  found  in  but 
few  rivers,  the  Kalakhtyrka  among  them.  It  is  considered  to  be  superior  as  food  to 
other  Salmonida-,  except  the  king  sabiiwn  {<>.  tschairyturha). 

Head,  4  inches  in  length;  depth,  4|.  I).  11.  A.  10  (developed  rays).  Scales, 
24-125.  Mouth,  large,  the  maxillary  1,|  in  head,  being  soniewhat  (trodnced  at  the  top. 
Vomerine  teeth,  few,  evidently  deciduous,  only  three  being  i)resenr.  Kye,  >>.\  in  head; 
snout,  2IJ.  Pectoral,  2  in  head,  longest  anal  ray,  2'=.  Anal  tin  high  and  somewhat  fal- 
cate; ventrals  insertetl  under  anterior  third  of  dorsal,  reaching  about  halfway  to  vent. 
Adipose  tin  over  jjosterior  end  of  ,v\\a\.    Caudal  lunate. 

(Jolor,  dark  grayish  above,  sides  silvery;  a  few  small,  faint,  round,  black  spots  oti 
back  and  on  top  of  head,  these  sparse  and  obscure;  a  few  faint  spots  on  base  ol 
dorsal,  and  some  on  adipose  dorsal.  Spots  on  caudal  small,  but  distinct,  especially  in 
middle  of  tin. 

No  trace  of  red  at  throat  in  example  [trcscrved  in  formalin  and  doubtless  luuie  in 
life.    The  specimen  is  now  a  half  skin,  in  good  coiulition. 

The  tbllowing  measurements  were  taken  from  the  fresh  specimen  by  Dr.  Stejneger: 

mm. 

Total  length 9fi0 

Total  loii);tU  without  caiiilal H,">;{ 

Head 215 

Till  "f  1IO80  to  niitrrior  piul  of  (lorxal 400 

Length  of  Itaso  of  (lorsal 100 

rogturior  «ntl  of  cloraal  to  ai.<tui'ior  «'iul  of  atUpoBe  tin 167 


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438 


THE    FUR    SEALS   OF    THE    PRIBH.OF   ISLANDS. 


mm. 

Lengtii  of  base  of  ailiposn  fin 17 

Posterior  end  of  nilipose  to  oaiiditl 81 

Posterior  end  of  aniki  to  candnl 81 

Leiiiftli  of  base  of  anal 71 

Anterior  end  of  anal  to  posterior  of  ventrals 16r> 

Heigbt  of  body  in  front  of  dorsal 1S(5 

Height  of  body  at  posterior  t-nd  of  adipose  and  anal 105 

Ileiglit  of  body  at  beginning  of  caudal 77 

Ventrals  under  anterior  tbird  of  dorsal. 

Adipose  fin  over  posterior  end  of  anal. 

Ventrals  reach  about  one-balf  distance  to  vent. 

Twenty-four  scales  in  transverse  series  from  origin  of  dorsal  to  btteral  line.    ' 

One  buudred  and  tweuty-five  scales  in  lateral  line. 

Color,  silvery,  gray  on  back,  black  spots  obscdete. 

This  species  is  evidently  a  close  ally  of  tlie  Atlantic  salmon,  belonginpf  to  the 
restricted  sabgenus  Salmo;  from  Salmo  ««/«»•  it  differs  in  the  slightly  larger  mouth  and 
rather  different  coloration,  and  in  very  little  else. 

The  names  Salmo  mykiss  Walbaum,  Salmo  pemihineimn  Pallas,  and  Salmo  purpura- 
tus  Pallas,  belong  to  this  species. 

28.  Salvelinus  malma  (Walbaum).     (iolet;  "  Salmon  trout."    (Plate  X LI V.) 

Everywhere  very  abundant  in  fresh-water  streams  and  along  the  beaches.  Pyra- 
mid Creek,  Captains  Harbor,  Uualaska,  Nikolski,  Bering  Island,  Karluk,  Petro- 
paulski. 

In  all  these  specimens  the  head  is  short  (4J  to  4J  in  length)  as  compared  with 
specimens  from  farther  south  (head,  3f  to  3.^).  The  latter  may  be  possibly  recogni- 
zable as  a  distinct  subspecies,  Salvelinus  malma  parlei  (Suckley).  We  have  not  at 
:iand,  however,  sufficient  material  to  determine  this  point. 

The  species  is  very  common  along  the  Aleutian  Islands,  as  also  on  Bering  Island, 
where  many  specimens  were  seen.  Specimens  taken  above  the  fall  in  Pyramid  Creek, 
a  little  tributary  of  Captains  1  larbor,  Unalaska,  are  very  small — not  over  5  inches 
long — and  brightly  colored.    They  are  not  otherwise  diHereut. 

29.  Salvelinus  kuiidscha  (Pallas).     Kundscba.     (Plate  \LV.) 

KiiiidKcha,  Krasebeninnikof,  IJescr.  Kamtcb.,  1745, 

Salmo  kitndscha,  Pallas,  Iter.  App.,  7f)(i. 

Salmo  kiindaclia,  (inielin,  Syst.  Nat.,  178K. 

Salmo  leiicomaenis,  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Kosso.  Asiat.,  Ill,  nortbern  an<l  eastern  shores  of  Kamchatka. 

Giintber  Cat.,  VI,  145. — Brevoort,  Narr.  Exped.  to  China  and  .lapan,  270,  PI.  X,  tig.  3. 
Salrelinns  leucomwniH,  Hean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  IWM!,  XIX,  382. 
Sahio  curilus,  Pallas,  Zoogr.  Rosso.  Asiat.,  Ill,  251,  1811,  Kurile  Islands. 

One  specimen  taken  by  Mr.  Barrett- Hamilton  at  Petroi)aulski.  It  has  also  been 
recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  as  Salmo  letwomwnis,  from  Petropaulski,  where  it  was  taken  by 
Stejneger  and  Grebnitzki.  This  interesting  species  is  well  known  in  Kamchatka, 
an»l  its  distinction  from  Salrelinns  malma  is  very  evident. 

One  specimen,  about  14  inches  long,  collected  at  Petropaulski  by  Barrett- Hamilton 
agrees  with  Bean's  description  above  cit«d,  except  in  the  longer  head,  which  is  con- 
tained 4f  times  in  length  to  base  of  «'audal.     We  present  a  figure  of  this  specimen. 

30.  Criativomer  namaycush  (Walbaum). 

Recorded  from  the  Yukon  region. 


■/■•.;:^i&l^..  .raw:; 


THR    PISHES   OF    KKBINO    SEA. 


439 


tnm. 

17 

81 

81 

71 

1&'> 

195 

105 

77 


Pyra 
Petio- 


Family   THYMALLlDyE. 

31.  ThymalluB  algnifer  RicliaidNon. 

Kecorded  by  Dr.  Beiiii  frniii  Nul!it«>  and  8t.  Micliaol. 

Family    ARGENTl  NID/E. 

32.  MallotuB  villoBUS  (MilUer).     Capelin. 

Two  females  were  taken  at  Captains  Harbor,  (Tnalaska,  where  it  is  common^ 
Tlie  young  were  very  abundant  around  tlie  island  and  wore  inariied  by  tlieir  trans- 
lucent body,  pointed  snout,  and  very  long  adipose  fin.  Great  numbers  were  seen  at 
Sitka  at  the  end  of  Septend)er  running  on  the  shore  at  high  tide  and  dying  there. 

It  is  recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  St.  Michael,  Cape  Lisburne,  Point  Belcher,  and 
Plover  Bay,  and  by  Stejneger  from  Bering  Island. 

33.  ThaloicbtbyB  pacificua  UicbarilHon.     Kiilaclioii;  CanttloliHii. 

Kecorded  from  Nushagah  River  i»y  Dr.  Cilbert. 

34.  OsmeruB  albatroBsiB  Jordan  and  Gillx^rt.     Kadiak  smelt:  New  HpenieH.     (I'lateXLVI.) 

Length,  8  inches;  head,  4*  in  length;  depth,  5A;  dorsal  rays,  U-10;  anal,  1-20; 
scales,  ITt;  nia.\illary,  2,^,  in  head;  eye,  rt\;  snout,  3*;  nuindible,  2;  pectorals,  IJ; 
ventrals,  If;  dorsal,  1|;  base  of  anal  as  long  as  head;  caudal,  I's. 

Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed.  Back  elevated  at  nape,  so  that  anterior 
])rofile  is  somewhat  depressed  between  and  behind  eyes.  Interorbital  space  .'Vij  of 
head.  Mouth  large;  lower  Jaw  heavy,  strongly  projecting.  Operde  with  concentric 
striae.  Pectorals  moderate.  Ventrals  long.  Dorsal  high.  Anal  tin  low,  very  long; 
its  longest  ray  2|  in  head.  Caudal  moderate,  well  forked.  Ventrals  inserted  before 
dorsal.  Scales  small,  deciduous;  those  on  back  still  smaller.  Lateral  line  distinct. 
Gill  rakers  long  and  slender,  about  12  below  angle  of  arch;  longest  about  as  long  as 
eye.  Tongue  with  moderate  t«eth,  the  anterior  two  to  four  small  hooked  canines. 
Upper  jaw  with  small  sharp  teeth  similar  to  those  in  lower  jaw,  none  of  them  canine- 
like. Small  teeth  on  palatines  and  pterygoids.  Vomer  with  two  very  small  canines 
scarcely  fang-like.  Color  bluish  above  with  bright  reflections.  Scales  margined  with 
dark  points.  Sides  silvery  with  golden  and  coppery  luster.  Inside  of  gill  openings 
dusky.    Fins  white,  somewhat  (lotted. 

Two  specimens  caught  in  the  upward  haul  of  a  dredge  in  Shclikof  Straits,  n(n-th 
of  Karluk,  Kadiak  Island,  Alaska,  Albatross  station  No.  3G7r>.  The  depth  of  the 
dredge  haul  was  109  fathoms,  but  these  tishes  were  no  doubt  taken  from  near  the 
surface.    One  specimen  is  H,  the  other  about  7  inches  in  length. 

The  species  is  allied  to  Osmerus  dentex,  the  rainbow  smelt,  but  dilt'ers  in  the 
extremely  long  anal  and  in  the  very  weak  vomerine  and  lingual  (lanines. 

35.  OBmeiiiB  dentex  Steindacbnor.     Rainbow  Hniolt. 

One  specimen  from  Petrojiaulski.  Head, 4^;  depth, 4,'i, ;  dorsal,  1, 10;  anal,  1, 14; 
lateral  line,  <i8.    It  seems  not  to  differ  from  Alaskan  s]iecimens. 

It  was  also  obtained  at  Petropaulski  by  Stejneger  and  Grebnitzki.  It  is  found 
on  the  east  shore  of  Bering  Sea  from  Bristol  Bay  northward. 

(Originally  described  from  Decastris  Bay.  It  has  been  reciorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from 
St.  Michael  and  Port  Clarence,  and  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  Nakuek  and  Nushagak 
rivers,  and  in  Bristol  Bay. 


P'f 


'-1 


■  ■•■It' 

■-V' 

.1,1 

i/St 


m 


i  ir 


m 


I'    'pi 


k     i 


'<  I 


440 


THE    FUR   SKALS   OF    THE   PKIBILOF   I8I.ANDS. 


36.  Oam^ruB  tbaleiohthys  AyrcH. 

Several  young  specMinonH  from  Niiahagak  River  were  referred  to  this  species  by 
Dr.  (iiU)ert.  There  is  no  otiicr  record  of  it  from  Alaska,  and  tliese  northern  examples 
may  prove  distinct  from  the  Californian  species. 

37.  MeaopusoliduB  (I'alliiH). 

Petropanlski  Harbor,  Sliana  Bay,  Iturnp  Island.  Also  recorded  from  Petropanlski 
by  Stejnejjer. 

The  posterior  insertion  of  the  ventral  tins  has  been  exaggerated  in  this  genus. 
Instead  of  being  below  or  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  dorsal,  we  llnd  it  approxi- 
mately under  front  of  dorsal,  varying  from  slightly  in  advance  of  this  point  in  the 
young  to  slightly  behind  in  the  adults. 

Specimens  from  the  two  localities  given  above  differ  somewhat  from  each  other  in 
length  of  dorsal  and  in  scale  formula.  Those  from  Petropanlski  have  (i5  to  07  scales, 
and  0  or  10  developed  rays  in  the  (lorsal;  from  Ituru])  Island,  "i?  to  CO  scales,  and  8  or 
9  rays  in  the  dorsal.  We  do  not  venture  to  separate  the  two  lots  on  the  basis  of  our 
limited  material,  although  the  distinctive  chara«!ters  are  constant  in  about  20  speci- 
mens of  each.  In  M.  olu/odtm  Kner  (  =  M.  oliiluii)  from  Decaatris  Hay  there  are  said 
to  be  about  (50  scales,  but  the  figure  of  Kner  shows  (18.  Representatives  of  this 
species  froni  St.  Michael,  Alaska,  are  reported  as  having  .'iC  to  60  scales,  thus  agree- 
ing with  those  from  Iturup.  In  the  former,  however,  the  paiied  tins  appear  to  be 
longer.  M.  pretiosuH  from  southeastern  Alaska  and  I'uget  Sound  differs  from  M. 
olidits  from  Petropanlski  no  more  than  the  latter  do  from  Iturup  or  St.  Mi(;btiel 
specimens  here  called  M.  oluhis.  It  seems  prob.able  that  we  are  dealing  either  with 
one  si>ecies  or  with  three  or  four. 

The  generic  name  MesopiiK  was  regularly  proposed,  the  genus  characterized,  and 
type  specified  on  page  14,  Proceedings  Academy  Natural  Science,  Philadelphia, 
1802.  On  the  following  page,  in  a  key  to  the  genera,  there  appears  in  its  place  the 
name  Hypomesiiii.  In  the  index  to  the  volume  the  name  Menoptts  iilone  appears. 
There  is  nothing  in  the  article  to  indicate  which  of  the  names  was  the  final  choice  of 
the  author.  Even  were  that  evident,  we  consider  it  safer  t«  conform  strictly  to  the 
law  of  priority  wiihout  permitting  any  exceptions. 

38.  LeurogloBBus  Btilbius  Oilhort. 

Recorded  from  near  IJnalaska  in  .'5.")1  to  406  fathoms. 

39.  TherobromuB  oallorhini  Lucas,  now  spt'cics.    Seal  lisli.     (Plato  XLVII.) 

Among  the  iiahes  obtained  from  the  stomachs  of  fur  seals  by  Messrs.  Townsend 
and  Alexander  were  many  examples  of  an  nndescribed  isospondyloiis  fish  related  to 
the  Argentinidrt^,  although  possibly  representing  a  new  family.  For  this  species  the 
name  Theroh  vnis  caUnrhini  is  proposed,  fro.ii  the  fact  that  it  is  ^«n  extensively  eaten  by 
the  fur  seal.  Owing  to  the  tenderness  and  small  sixe  of  this  fish,  it  is  so  (piickly  acted  on 
by  the  gastric  juice  that  nothing  but  bones  remained  of  the  many  hundred  specimens 
that  were  seen  and  while  evidently  common,  it  can  be  described  only  from  the 
skeleton.  No  example  of  Argentina  being  available  it  can  only  be  said  that  Thero- 
hromys  differs  from  that  genus  in  the  shape  and  proportions  of  the  component  bones 
of  the  Jaw  and  gill  covers,  and  that  it  finds  its  nearest  relative  in  Menopux,  from 
which  it  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  its  cranial  characters  as  well  as  by  the  small 
Dumber  of  vertebrae,  26,  22  as  against  32,  22.  - 


^'^*!^j,  .)        _.,  .^^■•'^-■^''->'^  i-/liJ.'MJ.^M.tfi--WltW!'Ly-.-'»     ^ 


THE   FISHES   OP    nRRINO    SEA. 


441 


The  apecies  may  be  diiignosed  aa  follows:  Cliondrocraninm  well  developed; 
Huperior  maxillary  edentnlons;  pointed  teeth  on  vomer  and  anterior  portion  of  pala- 
tines; lower  Jaw^  very  deep;  pointed  teeth  on  dentary;  articular  well  developed. 
Vertebral  formula  20  precandala,  22  caudaln,  plus  1  hypnral;  last  4  precaudals  with 
short,  wide  hypapophyses ;  other  hypaiiophyses  long ;  neural  spines  of  Jirsfc  22  vertebrje 
double,  remainder  continent;  an  epineural  present  and  contlunnt  with  basal  ])art  of 
neurapopliysis  on  many  of  the  anterior  vertebra' ;  short  transverse  processes,  directed 
downward  from  lower  part  of  anterior  vertebras  Vertebra*  simple;  anterior  but  very 
little  shorter  than  the  posterior;  centra  not  s(;ulptured,  but  bearinj?  many  tine  longi- 
tudinal ridges. 

Total  length  of  flsh,  .'{^  to  4^  inches.  The  seal  tish,  as  it  may  well  be  called,  from 
the  large  numbers  eaten  by  the  fur  seal,  has  been  found  in  the  stoniaclis  of  seals  taken 
between  latitude  54°  43'  N.  to  mo  29'  N.  and  longitude  Ki?"  41'  W.  to  170o  5.1'  W. 
Seals  taken  on  August  20,  in  the  vicinity  of  5.'»"  24'  N.,  Wl^  4*)/  w.,  contained  large 
numbers  of  this  little  fish,  and  it  was  abundant  September  1  to  l.~>,  in  ,'350  29'  N., 
170°  2(5'  W.  As  these  localities  lie  outside  the  l(M>-fathom  line,  it  would  seem  that 
Therohromns  inhabits  the  open  sea,  but  swims  near  the  surface.    (F.  A.  Lucas.) 

Details  of  structure  are  shown  on  Plate  xlvii. 


! 


nil 


I,  i 
1 


Explanation  of  ahhrerialions  on  plale  xhomnti  iletaih  of  structure. 


Art Articiiliir. 

Den Denfiiry. 

Hy Hyoid. 

Hum llyoiiiniKlilxilHr. 

lo)) Iiitoro|)<'r<'iiliiin. 

Mx Maxillary 

jVo Nivsal. 

Op Operculum. 

Pal Piilatiue. 


I'op l*r)!0|ier(!nliiiii. 

/V/ rnfroiifiil. 

I'T I'ost  temimral. 

/•// Post  frontal. 

I'to I'terotin. 

(Ju (jiiailratt). 

SO .Siipra-oi'cipital. 

To VonuT. 


■if 


Family  MICROSTOMATlDyt:. 

40.  Bathylae:uBborealis(iil1)(>rt. 

From  Bering  Sea,  north  of  (Tnalaska,  Albatross  station  .'{,027,  in  .322  fathom.s. 

Family  MYCTOPHID^. 

41.  Nannobrachium  leucopsaniin  (PMgeiiiiiann  and  EiKc^niiiann). 

Recorded  by  Dr.  (Jilbert  from  Bering  Sea,  near  IJnalask.i,  in  225  to  1,025  fathoms. 
The  original  locality  was  the  Cortez  Banks,  near  San  Diego. 

42.  Nannobrachium  nannochir  (Gilbert). 

Found  in  the  North  Pacific  and  Bering  Sea  in  many  localities  in  313  to  1,025 
fathoms.    The  or'ginal  type  came  from  the  Santa  Barbara  (Miannel. 


If 

V'fl 


■  i  : 
'■,)>'■ 


F'amily  CHAULIODONTID.^. 

43.  Cyclotbone  microdon  (Giintlier). 

One  specimen  from  station  3034,  olf  Bogoslof  Island,  in  004  fathoms.  The  species 
is  widely  diffused  through  the  North  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  Dr.  Gilbert  records  it 
from  otf  the  Pribilof  Islands  in  1,0.33  and  1,025  fathoms. 


"!  1' 


I!! 
nil 


'4 


442 


THK    PUU    SEALS   OP   THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


I!     I 


.'• 


Family  FLAG YODONTIDyE. 

44.  Plagyodua  asTCuIapiuB  (Mean)- 

A  Hpeciineii  4^  feet  ]ong  came  ashore  »t  Summer  Harbor,  UnalaHka,  AngiiRt  29, 
and  was  taken  alive  by  James  (1.  Blaine,  United  States  Marshal  at  Unalaska,  who 
has  presented  it  to  the  United  States  National  Museum.  Another  specimen  ran 
ashore  alive  at  Unalaska  the  preceding  year.  The  species  is  said  to  be  common  iu 
that  locality.    The  following  is  a  description  of  the  specimen  when  fresh: 

HeiMl,  ii\;  depth,  U;  D.,  40;  A.,  1(J:  V.  I.,  8;  I'.,  l.{  or  14.  Length  of  longest 
dorsal  ray,  5^  in  body;  pectoral,  1(1;,  In  head;  ventral,  3^  in  head;  longest  ray  of 
anal,  2^  in  liead;  maxillary,  1^;  snout,  2^;  eye,  0^. 

Hmly  not  much  compressed,  the  Hesli  somewhat  pellucid  and  gelatinous,  covered 
with  thin,  smootii,  mackerel-like  skin.  Lateral  line  beginning  anteriorly  above  level 
of  eye,  becoming  straight  at  about  two-thirds  distance  from  its  origin  to  ventral, 
where  it  gradually  rises  to  a  high  fleshy  keel,  black  in  color,  and  conspicuous  nearly 
all  the  way  from  the  ventrals  to  caudal.  Maxillary  with  many  small  teeth  in  an 
irregular  series  or  narrow  band;  lower  Jaw  laterally  with  11  stout,  saw-like  teeth 
turned  ba^'kward,  then  with  three  much  longer  but  similar  teeth  directed  backward, 
their  length  about  half  diameter  of  eye;  a  slender  canine  on  ea(>h  side  at  tip  of  lower 
jaw ;  then  about  8  short,  slender,  sharp  teeth  between  these  and  the  enlarged  lateral 
teeth  already  described.  Front  of  vomer  with  three  immense  fixed  canines  as  long 
as  eye,  two  «-lose  together  iu  front,  one  behind  them,  all  sharp,  flat,  and  knife-shaped, 
rahitines  each  with  a  stout  compressed  canine  like  those  in  side  of  lower  Jaw;  then 
five  broad,  close  set,  saw-like  teeth  behind  it.  Opercles  with  stnmg  striie  which 
radiate  from  the  upper  anterior  corner;  these  not  parallel  with  the  strong  subhori- 
zontal  striic  of  the  subopercle.    Lower  jaw  with  striic  which  radiate  from  behind. 

Eye  very  large,  two  sharp,  low  ridges  above  it;  interorbital  si)a(!e  broad  and 
smooth;  gill  rakers  small,  few,  and  sharp;  pseudobranchiic  present,  a  membrane 
below  them  Joining  the  first  gill  arch. 

Pectoral  ■  long,  the  (irst  ray  broa<ler  than  the  following,  strongly  serrate  on  outer 
edge;  first  ventral  ray  with  a  few  distant  serrations,  mostly  confined  to  basal  portion. 
Ventral  tins  small,  few  rayed,  inserted  at  a  distance  behind  the  head  nearly  equal  to 
twice  its  length.  Dorsal  much  lower  than  in  a  specimen  from  San  Tiuis  Obispo  County, 
Oal.,'  the  first  ray  serrulate  inserted  Just  behind  gill  opening;  adipose  fin  high  and 
long,  narrower  at  the  base  than  above,  inserted  but  little  behind  middle  of  anal. 
Caudal  unequal,  slightly  forked,  the  upper  lobe  the  longer;  caudal  pedun(!le  slender, 
as  thick  as  deep. 

Color  dusky  gray,  not  silvery  anywhere,  but  with  metallic  reflections.  Fins  aiul 
lateral  keel  black;  lower  side  of  head  whiter;  some  green  shades  in  eye,  and  dull 
blue  luster  on  dorsal  fin. 


'ii!!    •        i',! 


I  ■( 


Family  STERNOPTYCHID.,*:. 

45.  Sternoptyz  diaphana  Lowe. 

Four  fine  spe(;imens  tbund  by  the  wAioonev  Allen  floating  at  the  surface  off  Kurile 
Islands,  said  to  have  been  with  many  others  killed  by  the  earthquakes.  We  can  not 
see  that  these  differ  from  Atlantic  specimens. 


'  Notes  on  u  spetMiuen  of  Alepisaurua  wsciilapiua  Bean,  from  the  uoost  of  Sun  Luis  Obispo  County, 
Cal.     Flora  Hartley  (Mrs.  C.  W.  Greene),  Proc.  Cul.  Aciid.  Sci.,  V,  1895,  49. 


THK   K18HK8   OP   BBRINa   SEA. 


448 


Family  DALLIID.«. 

46.  DalUa  pectoralia  Kean.     lilacklUli. 

Ciiinmoii  in  tUo  rivci-H  and  Hwanips  of  Alaska;  rouonlod  by  Dr.  (iilbert  tVnni 
Nushagak  Kiver.    Uriginally  described  from  St.  Mit^hael. 

Family  SYN APHOBRANCHID/E. 

47.  HUtiobranobua  batbybtua  ((iilntlier). 

Recorded  by  Dr.  (rilbert  from  station  .'{.'{OH  in  Hcrin^;  Kca,  1,({2.'»  fatboniH. 

Family  NOTACANTHID/E. 

48.  Macdoualdia  challengeri  (Vailliuit). 

One  specimen  dredged  at  station  .'{.'{08,  west  <»f  the  I'ribilof  Islands,  in  l,(iLM 
fathoms.    The  type  from  off  Tokio. 

Family  AMMODYTID/E. 

49.  Ammodytea  peraonatua  Oiranl.    (AmmiMljiltn  <ilanraniiH  (Jope.) 

Nnmerous  specimens  were  taken  at  Hering  Island.  In  six  specimeiis  the  lateral 
folds  connt  140  to  irii>,  the  dorsal  tin  00  to  04,  the  anal  :{0  or  .'{I.  The  sin}>le  specimen 
obtained  at  Unalaakahas  18.'{  lateral  folds,  a  nnmber  much  larger  than  we  have  found 
in  any  other  individnal.  It  a;;rees  in  this  respect  with  the  type  of  ^.  ultiHvanvs,  but 
probably  repre.sents  merely  extreme  variation  in  this  direction.  In  this  specimen  the 
dorsal  rays  are  01,  the  anal  ^l.  It  does  not  ditt'er  except  in  nnmber  of  lateral  folds 
from  specimens  obtained  by  the  Albatross  at  Makushin  Hay,  IJnalaska,  in  181)0.  In 
eight  of  these  the  folds  range  in  number  from  145  to  IHO.  Jn  three  spectimens  the 
dorsal  varies  from  01  to  6.'{  and  the  anal  from  .'{O  to  32.  Compared  with  specimens 
from  Puget  Sound,  the  counts  average  slightly  higher.  In  six  individuals  from  the 
Sound  the  dorsal  bas  .'iS  or  r»9  rays,  the  anal  20  tt)  HI.  In  one  specimen  the  lateral 
folds  are  but  130  in  number,  in  the  other  live  ranging  from  144  to  158.  In  these  counts 
all  of  the  folds  are  given,  including  the  very  short  ones  at  the  side  of  the  na]>e. 

Dr.  Bean  records  the  species  from  many  localities  from  Kadiak  to  Plover  Hay. 

50.  Rhynobiaa  aeptipinnia  (I'allaH.) 

This  species,  which  would  seem  from  the  des(!ription  to  bo  an  Ammodytes  with 
ventral  fins,  has  not  been  seen  since  the  original  description.  It  is  not  <'ertain  what 
it  is  nor  to  what  family  it  belongs.  It  has  been  made  by  Professor  Gill,  the  type  of  a 
distiD(!t  genus,  Khynehias. 

Family  GASTEROSTElD>E. 

51.  Oaateroateua  cataphractua  (Pallas). 

This  si)ecies  is  distributed  universally  along  all  shores  from  Bering  Sea  south  to 
California.  When  strictly  marine  it  exhibits  little  variation,  but  on  becoming  colo- 
nized in  fresh  water  it  is  sabject  to  more  or  less  important  modifications,  wliicli  are 
mainly  in  the  same  direction,  but  occur  in  varying  degrees  in  different  localities. 
Some  of  these  colonies  are  strictly  isolated  and  would  receive  recognition  were  it  not  that 
they  are  extremely  variable  among  themselves  and  that  it  seems  impossible  as  yet  to 


-!  lit 


i 


ICji 


■i 


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ill 


ijii 


.1 1^ 


11 


\\  '  f: 


I  y 


444 


THE    PlIK    HEALS    OK   THK    PRIHILOP    ISLANDS. 


(Uwisc!  II  Hcliotnc  wliicli  shall  present  at  tho  same  time  their  relations  to  the  piircnt 
form  mid  to  the  limitless  number  of  other  (H)lonies.  We  have  them  alont;  the  entire 
range  of  typical  marine  (I.  ratiiphrovtim,  where  they  seem  to  present  an  a(H;ompanying 
series  of  variant  freshwater  {groups,  which  have  been  in  the  main  independently 
ilei'ived  from  the  marine  stoek.  The  amount  of  divergentre  which  they  exhibit  from 
typiral  mluphravtus  is  not  ;;eographically  jirogressive.  Thus  we  have  in  tiMi  present 
(collection,  from  a  lake  on  Medni  Island,  specimens  in  whi(;h  all  of  the  lateral  ]>lates  arc 
invariably  present,  though  narrow  and  perfectly  smooth,  the  moditication  beingevideut 
in  tiie  reduction  of  the  spines,  the  pnbic  ]>late,  and  the  pectoral  tins.  On  the  neigh- 
boring island,  the  fresh- water  form  develops  but  8  plates  or  less.  (8ee  Hean,  Proc. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  189(5,  25().)  In  San  Francisipiito  Creek  at  Palo  Alto  there  is  an 
average  of  (»  plates;  in  San  (Jregorio  Creek,  but  a  few  miles  away,  there  is  an  average 
of  20  plates,  while  other  neighboring  streams  have  fully  plated  specimens  only.  It 
seems  evident,  therefore,  that  the  ])artially  plated  form  ("</.  «nV>v*(,7'j>/(o<H«")  does  not 
possess  the  (iharacteristics  of  a  sjibspecies,  its  divergence  from  the  parent  form  not  being 
geographically  ]»rogressive.  Still  less  can  we  recognize  it  as  a  s|)ecies,  the  fully  plateil 
groups  into  which  it  passes  being  indistinguishable  from  (I.  calaphrnvtiis.  Further 
evidence  of  complete  int«rgradation  of  fully  plated,  |)artially  plated,  aiul  wholly 
naked  forms  is  found  in  a  canifully  i)repared  table  by  C.  Rutter  (Proc.  Cal.  Aca<l. 
Sci.,  I89r»,  li4S),  The  naked  forms  are  confined  to  a  few  streams  in  southern  (Cali- 
fornia, and  may  be  designat«d  (iaNterosteuH  cataphractim  inllinmHimi.  A  larger  amount 
of  material  and  more  detailed  investigation  may  ultimately  demonstrate  the  possibility 
of  recognizing  among  the  fresh  water  groups  of  sticklebacks  subspecies  coextensive 
in  range  with  the  fresh-water  fannal  areas  in  which  they  occur,  but  this  does  not  seem 
l)robable.  An  ai)parently  similar  condition  is  presented  by  (I.  hiKjiinoHu^i  o{  iho  North 
Atlantic  coast  of  America  and  (L  nculentuH  of  northern  Europe.  The  characters  alleged 
to  separate  these  species  from  each  other  and  from  (/.  cataphractus  can  not  be  con- 
sidered satisfactory.  It  seems  probable  that  all  will  be  nitim.ately  nnit(Ml  under  one 
specific  name. 

Specimens  in  the  present  collection  are  from  Tareinsky,  Kamchatka  (colleicted  by 
Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton);  Nikolski,  Hering  Island;  the  Lagoon,  St.  Panl  Island;  Sum- 
mer Harbor,  Unalaska;  Freshwater  Lake,  Medni  Island. 

Among  all  the  collections  we  note  here  as  elsewhere  the  great  preponderance  of 
females  over  males.  The  males  can  be  distinguished  at  sight  by  the  larger  head  ami 
longer  pectorals.  As  already  noted,  the  marine  specimens  exhibit  little  variation. 
Wo  note,  however,  that  those  from  the  Kamchatka  coast,  Bering  and  St.  Paul  islands, 
as  com)>ared  with  those  from  southeastern  Alaska  and  Pnget  Sound,  exhibit  slightly 
longer  heads,  longer  pectoral  Uns,  deeper  sculpturing  on  the  head,  and  much  rougher 
spination  of  the  plates,  which  are  also  deeper.  In  this  they  agree  with  specimens 
wliicli  we  have  examined  from  Alaskan  coast  n«'ar  Bering  Straits.  Unalaska  speci- 
mens agree,  however,  with  the  southern  form. 
52.  PygOBteus  pungitius  (Linuii'iiH). 

Petropanlski  Harbor,  fresh-water  lake  near  Tareinsky  Bay.  In  the  specimens 
from  I'etropaulski  the  ventral  spines  average  shorter  than  in  those  from  the  lake, 
being  contained  ^ij  to  .'5  times  in  the  head  in  the  former,  2\  to  2'i5  in  the  latt«r.  The 
pubic  bone  varies  greatlj'  in  length  and  in  relative  width.    It  is  evident  that  neither 


' 


gU."j]«*'.Bfc.^J.-  ■laui'-'JiiiJUM'.g.'W 


THE    FISHES    OK    HEUINU    SEA. 


445 


Proe. 


bone  uor  spiiics  iiro  tivailable  lor  subsitecilic  distinction,  and  the  \orm  Jmivhifpoda 
aliould  be  no  longer  rucogni/ud. 

Family  BERYCID^*:. 
93.  FlectromuB  lugubrlB  (Uilbt^rt). 

Oue  specimen  taken  from  station  .'{327,  north  ol"  Ihialaska,  in  3Uli  liitboms. 

Family  SCORP>ENlD/E. 

54.  Sebastolobua  alascanus  Itviiii. 

Common  in  deep  waters,  ItMi  to  78t»  fathoms,  from  Monterey  to  Uualaska  and 
Unimak. 

55.  SebastoloduB  altivellB  Oilliurt. 

With  the  preceding;  the  tyite  taken  south  of  the  peninsula  »)f  Alaska  in  «U5 
fathoms. 

56.  SebastodeB  introuiger  Uilbiut. 

Numerous  specimens  in  85  io  ..5(>  fatboms,  recorded  by  Dr.  (lilbert,  from  abtmt 
Unalaska. 

57.  SebastodeB  alutus  (iilliert. 

Numerous  specimens  taken  in  38  Ui  aSO  fathoms,  recorded  by  Dr.  Gilbert,  from 
the  waters  about  Ihialaska,  Unimak,  and  lUistol  IJay. 

58.  SebaBtodesaleutlanuB' Jordan  and  EvDnim nil.     Now  Hpocien.     (I'lato  XliVllI.) 

I'eira  luritibiHs,  I'allas,  Zoogr.  UoHNo-AHiat.,  Ill, I'll,  1811.     Alentiun   Inlands;  in  i>art,  the  nii|i- 

poNttl  adnlt  Npeciuion.    No. 81  !.">,  Horlin  Mns. 
Sebaitiohtliyn  imit^abanv,  Jordan,  I'roc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sui.,  I'liila.,  1«8:{,  2ltl.     Jordan,  Cat.  Fi»li.  N.  A., 
ISTO,  108.    Probably  not  Sebaa'eii  imtzubaru,  Hilgeudoif,  Sitznngsb.  (Joh.  Naturf.  I'rounde, 
Huiliii,  1880,  170. 
Headjliil;  depth,  3;  D.,  XIII,  13;  A.,  111,8;  scales,  55.     Gillrakens,  1  by  L'O;  maxil- 
lary, 2.1  in  bead;  eye,  4;  snout,  4;  interorbital  space,  4;  pectoral,  l^J;  ventral,  I  J;; 
third  dorsal  spine,  3=f;  soft  dorsal  rays,  2|\;  second  anal  spine,  3:f;  soft  anal  rays,  2; 
caudal,  1.9;  longest  gill  raker,  A  eye. 

Body  ratber  deep,  back  arcbed,  tbe  anterior  prolile  stitt'  and  nearly  straight,  the 
toi)  of  head  broad  and  liattish.  Interorbital  sjtace  very  broad,  with  a  frontal  ridge  on 
each  side  balfway  between  tbe  median  line  and  the  orbital  rim,  on  either  side  of  whicb 
tbe  surface  is  somewhat  concave,  most  concave  along  median  line.  Nasal  spine  sharp. 
I'roocular  spine  sbort  and  sharp.  Supraocular  ridge  low,  its  spine  inconspicuous  but 
present;  postocular  similar,  but  larger;  tympanic  similar,  but  still  larger.  Frontal 
ridge  on  either  side  naked,  without  spine,  but  with  a  short,  sharp  coronal  spine  behind 
it  and  continuous  with  it  under  tbe  scales.  Occipital  ridge  sharp,  ending  in  a  low 
spine  and  sometimes  one  or  two  spines  on  its  surface,  a  low  cross  furrow  separating 
it  from  the  sbort,  sharp  nuchal  spine.    A  sharp  spine  on  the  orbital  rim  under  tbe  eye 


'  A  ndatcd  species,  Sebaatodea  oaiirinm,  was  described  by  Kicliardsou  from  spocinient*  taken  at 
Sitka.  It  bad  been  since  Richardson's  time  nncertain  for  which  species  this  description  was  intuudud. 
On  our  return  from  baring  Sea  in  ISSKi  considerable  collections  were  made  by  the  revenue  cutter  liiiah, 
under  our  direction,  at  Sitka,  and  Kiehardstin's  species  was  found  in  abundance.  Fortunately  it  is  tbe 
same  one  for  which  we  had  in  1880  adoiited  provisionally  the  name  vaurinua. 

Wo  present  herewith  (I'liite  XLIX)  a  ligure  of  a  specimen  taken  just  south  of  the  village  of 
Sitka,  the  original  locality  of  Kich.trdsou's  collection. 


f| 


(dl 


i, 


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I  !1, 
1  'i' 

i  M: 


H 


m 


! 


446 


THE    KUK   SKAL8   OF   THF.    PRIBILOK    ISLANDS. 


on  hiiHe  of  tlie  Hiiborbital  Htuy,  three  others  on  thu  orbital  rim  boioru  it,  and  three  on 
the  edge  of  the  preitrbital.  PoHttemimral  with  two  or  tliree  H|>inouH  pointH,  a  Hharp 
Hpine  on  tlie  poatero-tompora!  and  a  tiat  one  on  liiimeruH.  Opercle  with  two  Htrong 
HpiueH  tlivergiiig,  each  forming  a  ridge  on  the  bone.  Two  HpiueH  at  Junetion  of  .sub- 
opercle  and  interopende.  I'reoperde  with  live  radiating  Hpines,  t)ie  second  h>nge8t, 
3j  in  eye.  Space  between  occipital  spines  nearly  Hat.  Posterior  nttstril  twice  as  large 
as  anterior.  Lower  jaw  with  f(»ur  large  mucous  jiores  on  each  side.  Scales  rather 
large,  rough-ctenoid,  docidmuis.  Uough  scales  on  ndddle  of  maxillary  and  on  almost 
the  whole  surface  of  lower  jaw.  Tip  of  lower  jaw  somewhat  projecting,  the  symphysis 
thickened.  Dorsal  spines  low,  slender.  Soft  dorsal  higher.  Second  anal  spine  some- 
what shorter  than  third,  the  soft  rays  high.  Pectoral  rather  long,  not  quite  reaching 
vent,  but  beyond  tips  of  ventrals.  Caudal  slightly  lunate.  Color,  plain  uniform  brick- 
red,  the  edge  of  dorsal,  anal,  caudal,  and  veutral  blaukish.     I'ectoral  without  dusky 


SeliatloiUt  nleulianut  (type).  Knrliik. 

shade.  Traces  of  three  dusky  shades  a(;ross  cheeks  and  o{iercles.  Intside  of  mouth 
and  gill  opening  coppery  red.     Peritoneum  silvery. 

The  species  is  here  described  from  four  specimens  dredged  by  the  Albatross  on 
July  liO,  1897,  in  Shelikof  Strait,  off  Kadiak,  Alaska,  in  lliU  fathoms.  They  are  from 
1^  to  ^  feet  in  length. 

The  species  is  nearest  SehuHtodes  miniatiis,  but  is  well  separated  from  all  the  other 
American  species  by  the  increased  number  of  cranial  spines.  It  needs  comparison 
only  with  Sehastodes  matzubarw  (Hilgeiulorf),  a  Japanese  species  described  from  Yeso, 
not  known  to  us.  It  is  evident  that  this  is  the  red  species  wrongly  identified  by 
Pallas  as  the  swlult  of  his  Perva  variabilis,  the  type  of  the  latter  being  the  Epinephelus 
ciliatUH  of  Tilesius.  One  of  Pallas's  specimens  from  the  Aleutian  Islands  has  been 
examined  by  Dr.  Jordan  and  described  under  the  probably  erroneous  name  of  Sebast- 
ichthys  matzubaron. 

Si)ecimen8  probably  of  this  species  have  been  taken  in  stomachs  of  four  seals  in 


THE   F18HKS   OF   BBRINO    SEA. 


447 


Pi;, 


ill  thu  Quit'  ot'AliiHkii.     It  JH  HHJd  tliut  h|iu«miii«!Iis  ant  iKsciiHioiiiilly  tnkpii  witli  Sthan- 
todcH  riliatttn  in  tlie  hiiIiiioii  iii'Ih  tiboiit  Kitrluli,  on  Kiidiuk  IhIiiikI. 

59.  Bebantode*  olliatUB  (Tili^HiiiH). 

The  only  HpuciiiieiiH  now  known  in  «M)lluctioiiH  lire  Iroin  Kailiiik,  wliur«>  it  in 
reportiid  to  liu  abumlunt. 

60.  Bebaatodea  taozaiiowskil  (•Sti^liKlurlinur). 

( )ii(i  MpodiutMi,  Hi  cm.  loiifT,  IVniii  Hlianii  Hi' >/,  Itiirup  iHlaiid  (oiuMd'  tlu^  KiirileH). 
(hir  H|»e<;innMi  agrot^H  well  with  8tt;iiidacliii«r'H  duHn-iption  of  the  types  whirh  eanie 
from  northern  •lupiui. 

Ookir  warm  hrown  above  and  on  HJdeH,  i>aler  brown  below;  ubHi^iire  Hliadin^H  of 
(hirker  brown  on  upper  part  of  sideH;  iiiany  Hcales  with  basil  or  eentral  urea  darker. 
(Jjiereleu  with  a  dusky  shade;  no  dark  streaks  on  head.  Fins  brown,  all  except  the 
pectorals,  and  caudal  beeoiniii{;  distinctly  black  on  distal  iHirtion.  Liniii^  of  buccal 
and  gill  cavities  white,  but  with  a  narrow  dark  streak  ahiiig  each  side  of  floor  of 
mouth  anteriorly.     Peritoneum  brownish-black,  uniformly  and  densely  ]ii);mented. 

(!rown  and  occiput  evenly  convex,  without  spines  or  ridges.  Nasal  spines  low 
and  strong.  A  rather  wide  low  preocular  ridge,  ending  in  a  strong  depressed  spine. 
Supraocular  ridge  nearly  obsolete,  without  spine,  its  postcu-ior  portion  evenly  scaled 
over.  Preorbital  sinuate  anteriorly,  without  spines.  Preoperciilar  spines  short  and 
strong,  tlattened,  the  second  and  third  the  largest,  directed  backward,  the  tifth  rejire- 
suiited  by  a  slightly  projecting  lobe.  Opercular  .opines  similar  to  those  on  prcopercle, 
the  lower  the  largest.  Gill  rakers  long  and  slender,  lO  +  L'T,  the  longest  half  the 
orbital  diameter. 

Head,  3}  in  length;  depth,  2,<'j,.  Least  dentli  caudal  ]>eduiicle,  HI  in  lit;ad.  Kye, 
3A  in  head;  interorbltal  space,  4A;  snout,  I;  maxillary,  2.  I).,  XII,  I,  14;  A.,  Ill,  7. 
Pectorals  with  16  rays,  of  which  the  lower  7  are  simple.  Forty- live  pores  in  the 
lateral  line. 

iSpiiiotis  dorsal  low,  with  evenly  rounded  contour,  the  fourth,  tilth,  and  sixth 
spines  equal,  twice  the  twelfth,  2^  in  head.  Longest  soft  ray  of  dorsal,  2[  in  head. 
Second  anal  spine  longer  and  much  stronger  than  third,  2  in  head.  Caudal  slightly 
emarginate.  Pectorals  reaching  beyond  vent,  S'f,  in  length.  Ventrals  slightly  over- 
lapping the  vent,  equaling  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  upper  end  of  prcopercle. 

Scales  strougly  ctenoid,  ex(;ept  on  cheeks,  breast,  and  tins.  Top  of  head  scaled 
forward  to  nasal  spines.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and  preorbitals  wholly  invested,  excejit  the 
anterior  extremity  of  the  latter.  Maxillary  s|iid  mandible  with  partially  embedded 
cycloid  scales,  liranchiostegal  rays  naked,  or  partially  invested.  Scales  on  breast 
and  prepectoral  area  excessively  small.  Many  small  accessory  scales  on  back  and 
sides.  Uasal  half  to  three- fourths  of  vertical  tins  densely  scaled.  Series  of  Hue 
scales  follow  pectoral  and  ventral  rays  nearly  to  their  tips.  ' 

61.  Sebaatodea  glaucua  (Hilgendori). 

One  specimen,  49  cm.  long,  from  Bering  Island.    Originally  described  from  Yeso. 

The  identification  is  made  with  some  doubt,  owing  to  lack  of  any  detailed  descrip- 
tion of  the  type,  a  dried  specimen  from  Yeso,  and  to  some  minor  discrepancies 
between  the  two.  Our  specimen  has  56  (not  49)  tubes  in  the  lateral  line,  the  nasal 
spine  is  small,  but  not  properly  to  be  called  rudimentary,  the  dorsal  notch  seems  some- 
what deeper,  and  the  second  anal  spine  somewhat  shorter.  Following  is  a  detailed 
description  of  our  specimen : 

Crown  and  occiput  very  broad,  more  convexly  arched  than  in  any  other  sjiecies 


^Vi 


u 


m 


Ir! 


Ml 


■*y 


448 


THE    FUR   SEALS   OF   THE   PRIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


I:    l^ 


known  to>  UH.  Nasiil  spinets  low,  but  strong.  Ocular  ridge  low,  evident  only  above  front 
of  eye.  Occipital  ridges  barely  evident,  evenly  scaled  over.  Top  of  head  otherwise 
without  spines,  ridges,  or  furrows,  the  even  convex  curve  unbroken.  Vertical  distance 
from  middle  of  interorbital  space  to  upper  edge  of  orbit  equaling  half  vertical  diam- 
eter of  orbit.  Anterior  margin  of  preorbital  with  two  rounded  lobes  which  do  not 
bear  spinous  points.  Preopercular  spines  very  strong,  the  rpper  two  closely  approxi- 
mate, the  others  widely  separated.  All  the  spines  are  sharp  pointed,  the  uppermost 
very  wide  at  base,  the  second  much  narrower,  the  others  short  and  wide.  Upper  two 
spines  directed  backward,  the  three  lower  downward  and  backward.  Opercular 
spines  strong,  flat,  often  bitid  or  triiid.  Spines  on  adjacent  angles  of  subopercle  and 
interopercle  sometimes  bitld;  behind  these  on  margin  of  subopercle  a  few  short  spinous 
points.  Gill  rakers  very  long  and  slender,  ll-f-21)  in  number,  the  anterior  one  or  two 
of  lower  arch  tubercular;  the  longest  (22  mm.)  more  than  two-thirds  diameter  of  orbit. 
Mandible  very  heavy,  the  symphysis  not  produced,  the  two  jaws  subequal.  Vomerine 
and  palatine  patches  of  teeth  extremely  narrow. 

Head,  3^  in  length;  depth,  2^.  Eye,  4||  in  head,  1^  in  snout.  Interorbital  width, 
^5  in  head.  D.,  XIV,  IG;  A.,  Ill,  8.  Lateral  line  with  56  jwres.  Uighest  dorsal 
spine,  2^  in  head;  thirteenth  spine,  4f;  fourteenth  spine,  3'^;  second  anal  spine,  3£; 
third  anal  spine,  JVb  ;  longest  soft  ray  of  dorsal,  I  ,"„. 

Fins  high,  the  third  to  seventh  dorsal  spines  subequal.  Caudal  very  slightly 
emarginate.  Anal  spines  grailuated.  Pectorals  scarcely  reaching  vertical  from  vent, 
the  lower  9  simple,  the  10  upper  forked.  Ventral  not  reaching  vent,  two-thirds  length 
of  head.  Caudal  scaled  to  tip  on  membranes  and  rays.  8oft  dorsal  and  anal  with 
narrow  bands  of  scc'es  following  the  rays  to  or  nearly  to  their  tips,  the  membranes  of 
the  ttrst  three  or  four  rays  in  each  fin  v.holly  scaled  on  basal  third.  Spinous  dorsal 
naked.  Pectorals  scaled  on  basal  half;  ventrals  naked.  Of  the  head,  the  maxillary 
and  mandible,  the  branchiostegal  rays,  the  anterior  and  upper  half  of  interopercle  and 
all  of  i)reorbital  except  a  minute  area  along  its  posterior  margin  are  naked.  The 
body  is  covered  with  small  weakly  ctenoid  scales,  largely  covered  over  by  the  extra- 
ordinarily developed  accessory  scales.  Scales  on  breast,  belly,  and  prepect«ral  area 
smooth.    The  naked  skin  covering  botes  of  head  is  minutely  wrinkled  or  pappilose. 

Color  in  spirits  light  brownish  on  body  and  fins,  with  darker  shades  on  lit)s,  gill 
membranes,  opercles,  and  top  of  head.  It  may  have  been  reddish  in  life.  Mouth  and 
gill  cavity  white.    Peritoneum  jet  black. 

We  prefer  at  present  not  to  separate  this  species  from  iSebmtodes  on  the  strength 
of  the  increased  number  of  dorsal  spinas.  . 


ii} 

nil  :    : 
16:  hV;    , 


Family  HEXAGRAMMID/E. 

62.  HexagrammoB  atelleri  Tilesius. 

HexagrammoD  asper  (Steller)  Tilosius,  Act.  Acad.  Petroii.  II,  HtO,  1810. 
Labrax  hejcagrammim  PuUaa,  Zoogr.  RoHao-Asiat.  Ill,  '2S\,  1811. 
Chiropth  wbulonut  Glrartl,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  K.  Snrv.,  FIhIios,  45. 
Chiriis  Mijramntua  Cope,  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  Phila.,  1873,  '2ii. 
Hesagrammos  hexagrammuii  .lordau  and  Everiiianu,  Checklist,  431. 

Two  specimens  from  Petropauiski ;  several  specimens  from  [Jnalaska  and  Karluk. 
This  species  seems  much  less  abunuutit  along  the  shores  of  Bering  Sea  than  //.  oeto- 
fjrammuH  (ordinatm).  The  Petropauiski  specimens  give  the  following  data:  Dorsal 
XXII,  21;  XXIII,  20;  anal  23,24;  pectoral,  20.  Cheeks  scaled  above  and  behind  the 
suborbital  stay,  naked  in  front  of  and  including  the  stay,  except  for  a  small  patch  of 


THE   PISHES   OP   BERING   SEA, 


440 


^t; 


,  Kill 
and 


scales  immediately  below  the  stay,  present  in  one  specimen.  Interoperdc,  subopercle, 
and  opercle  naked,  excei>t  for  a  small  patcb  of  scales  on  upper  part  of  the  latter. 
Upper  lateral  li;  ^  ending'  under  second  or  fourtli  spine  in  one  specimen,  under  tenth 
or  twelfth  spine  in  the  other.  The  fourth  extends  barely  to  base  of  ventrals  in  one 
s|)ecimen,  to  opposite  end  of  basal  fifth  of  ventrals  in  the  other.  There  are  7,  S,  or  9 
scales  in  an  oblique  series  between  second  and  thinl  lines,  counted  near  middle  of 
body.  The  lowermost  line  forks  at  a  point  slijj^htly  nearer  base  than  tip  of  ventrals, 
its  distanire  from  ventrals  less  than  half  its  distance  from  vent.  Ventrals  pointed, 
extendinj^-  beyond  pectorals  and  more  than  halfway  to  front  of  anal.  The  caudal  lin 
is  strongly  emarginate  when  closed,  becoming  truncate  when  spread.  It  is  scaled  on 
basal  half  only,  ('olor  as  usual  in  the  speiMcs,  the  light  spots  on  sides  numerous, 
about  as  large  as  pupil.     Fins  bright  reddish  or  orange,  especially  on  basal  half. 

Dr.  liean  recorils  this  species  from  Kadiak,  Unalaska,  Atka,  St.  .^lichael,  and 
Port  Clarence,  and  Stejneger  found  it  on  Bering  Island  and  at  Petropaulski. 
63.  HexagrammoB  octogrammus  (I'ullas).     (I'latuL.) 

Chirits  onUnalna  Copo,  Proc.  Amor.  Phil.  Soc..,  I'liila.,  1873,  28. 

The  conniionest  shore  form  of  the  genus  in  Bering  Sea.  Specimens  were  taken  at 
Unalaska,  i'etropaulski,  Bobben  Island,  and  Iturup  Island.  Dr.  Bean  records  it  from 
Unaliiska,  and  Dr.  Stejneger  found  it  on  Bering  Island  and  at  I'etropaulski. 

This  species  is  currently  known  as  H,  ordiH(Uu,s.  We  make  tlie  identirtcatioa 
with  octoffnimmun  for  the  following  reasons:  (a)  It  occurs  abundantly  at  tlie  type 
locality  t'ov  ociof/rammtis,  and  no  '  losely  re8end)les  Jl.  anper  as  to  often  require  closer 
sttrutiiiy  to  separate  the  two  specie-:.  According  to  Pallas,  ixtofintmnnis  and  ttsjwr.wo 
not  (considered  distinct  by  the  natives  and  were  even  confounded  by  Steller.  (b)  (hto- 
{/rammiis  is  said  to  be  abundant  throughout  the  Kanuthatkan  region  and  the  Alentian 
Islands.  Yet,  if  not  oriJinntits,  it  is  not  to  be  identified  with  any  known  sjiecies,  and 
mnst  have  escaped  the  m)tice  of  all  recent  collect<u's.  (c)  0<7«>f/rrt»HW»)/«  is  described 
as  liaving  1!)  dorsal  spines  and  -4  anal  rays.  This  is  the  usual  formula  for  ordinafns, 
while  no  other  species  is  known  to  have  as  few  as  1!>  spines  The  oidy  importsint  ele- 
ment in  the  description  of  octoyramnius  which  fails  to  apply  to  ordhmlus  is  the  s(|ua- 
matioii  of  the  cheeks.  Octo(frammii.s  is  said  to  have  the  sid)ocnlar  lamella  minutely' 
sealed,  while  iii  all  species  except  //.  deeayravimns  the  suborbital  ring  as  well  as  the 
suborbital  scale  are  scalelviss.  The  present  spe«!ies  shows  some  variation  in  the 
squivniatiou  of  the  opercles.  The  lower  portion  of  subopercle  is  usually  naked  in  our 
specimens,  but  is  in  sonje  of  them  completely  scaled.  There  may  be  exceptionally  a 
few  scales  on  adjacent  edge  of  interopercle.     We  append  tin  counts  in  11  specimens; 


Uoraul. 

Aiml. 

Pec- 
toral. 

Locality. 

XIX,  22 

23 

18 

Sliaiiit  Kay,  Itiiriiii  lalaud. 

XIX,  23 

24 

19 

Ho. 

xix,2;i 

24 

ig 

Do. 

XIX, 23 

24 

10 

Do. 

XIX,  23 

24 

20 

Do. 

XIX,  23 

2r. 

11) 

Do. 

XX,  22 

24 

19 

Do. 

XX,  23 

24 

19 

Do. 

XIX,  23 

24 

18 

I'rtrouiuilskl. 

XIX,  24 

24 

18 

Do. 

XIX,  24 

24 

19 

Do. 

XIX,  24 

25 

IH 

Do. 

XX,  23 

23 

18 

Da. 

XX,  23 

23 

20 

Do. 

5947_l.T  3- 


-29 


1 


>:  t'h 


11 


450 


THE    FUK    SEALS    OF    THE    I'KIIJILOF    ISLANDS. 


Mil 


:^l 


64.  HexagrammoBlagocephaluB  (I'allati).     (Plates  LI,  LIL) 

HexagrammuH  decagrammiia  iieaii  and  Beau,  I'roc.  U.  8.  Kat.  Mus,,  1896,  383  (Petropaulski) ;  uot 
of  Pal 'as. 

Numerous  speciimeus  from  Robbeii  Island,  one  specimen  each  from  Hering  and 
Iturup  islands.  It  is  not  yet  known  from  tlie  American  coasts.  It  is  recorded  by 
Bean  and  Hean  from  Petropaulski  under  the  erroneous  name  of  If.  Hecngrammns. 
Vouufi'  specimens  up  to  20  (an.  in  lengtii  have  tin*  scales  all  roup:!!  (ctenoid,  as  in  II. 
aspcr  and  //.  octogrummus.  Specinieu';  ^:'0  em.  long  have  n)0st  of  the  scales  smooth,  a 
few  along- middle  of  sides  still  cten.nd.  In  an  adult  54  cm.  long  all  the  scales  are 
smooth,  those  on  head  and  nape  partially  indiedded. 

In  shape  and  general  ap])earance  this  sjjecies  much  resembles  H.  oetoorammim. 
It  has  a  dee]»  caudal  peduncle,  a  convexly  rounded  caudal  fin,  and  a  lather  bluntly 
rounded  sn(uit. 

Head,  :^  to  4  in  length ;  depth,  ^  to  3;i,  I).,  X  X  to  XXII,  22  to  24 ;  A.,  22  to  21 ; 
P.,  20  to  21.  Outer  row  of  teeth  enlarged  in  both  upper  and  lower  jaws.  Teeth  on 
vonuT  and  front  of  palatines.  Maxillary  extending  to  below  middle  of  eye  in  adults, 
2.\  i.i  head  (2J,  in  young).  A  small  Hap  above  eye,  fringed  along  the  margin.  No 
tentacles  on  nape.  Fins  high,  the  spin»ms  dorsal  deeply  notched,  the  last  spine 
son)ewhat  longer  than  the  one  preceding.  In  the  adult  the  fifth  spine  is  the  longest, 
nearly  half  length  of  head,  tint  third  and  fourth  spines  nearly  ecpial  to  the  fifth. 
l"'roni  the  fifth  the  spines  gradually  diminish  in  height  to  near  the  end  of  the  flu, 
when  they  become  rapidly  shortened  to  form  the  notch. 

Caudal  very  broad  at  base,  (!onvex  at  its  posterior  margin  even  when  the  fin  is 
closed.  Pectorals  broadly  rounded,  rather  short,  the  longest  rays  1  j  to  1}-  in  head, 
not  nearly  reacihing  vertical  fror'i  vent.  Ventral  fins  Ij^  to  2  in  head,  short  and  rounded 
in  the  young,  becoming  longer  and  more  pointed  in  adults.  The  pectoral  and  vc^ntral 
rays  are  very  broad,  esi)ecially  toward  their  tips,  and  are  much  branched.  The  soft 
rays  of  dorsal  and  anal  fins  are  cleft  on  terminal  fifth,  as  in  other  species,  the  two 
halves  not  diverging. 

There  are  five  lateral  lin»^s  on  each  side,  as  usual,  two  dorsal,  a  median,  and  two 
ventral.  The  upper  dorsal  line  is  <;ontinued  to  beyond  middle  of  second  dorsal  fin, 
usually  ending  under  the  fourt(^enth  or  sixteenth  rays.  The  lower  dorsal  line  and  the 
median  line  are  extended  to  base  of  caudal.  The  upper  ventral  line  originates  below 
and  in  front  of  the  ])ectoral  fin,  passes  immediately  above  base  of  ventral,  to  whicih  it 
does  not  send  a  separate  branch,  and  terminates  opposite  middle  of  anal  fin.  The 
lower  ventral  line  is  single  on  breast,  forks  in  advance  of  middle  of  ventral  fins,  the 
braiu^hes  passing  to  base  of  caudal. 

I'l  the  young  the  scales  are  all  ctenoid  except  those  in  mid-ventral  region,  breast, 
prepectoral  area,  and  sides  of  head.  Th3  snout,  subocular  ring,  suborbital  stay, 
interopercle,  and  usually  the  lowermost  portion  of  suboperde,  scaleless.  Basal  half 
or  more  of  caudal,  and  basal  third  of  soft  dorsal,  with  the  membrane  densely  scaled. 
I'ectoral  l)asis  also  densely  scaled.  Scales  on  breast  not  greatly  reduced;  more  than 
half  as  large  as  those  on  middle  of  sides.  Median  lateral  line  with  110  pores.  Kight 
or  !1  scales  in  an  oblitpie  series  between  median  line  and  the  one  above  it. 

Color  in  most  of  our  specimens  a  nearly  uniform  Avarm  brown,  lighter  on  under 
l)arts,  marked  only  with  irregular,  small,  black  spots  and  lines,  which  niay  extend  on 
the  dorsal  and  jtectoial  fins.    The  anals  and  ventrals  are  black,  the  thickened  tips  of 


i 


THE    FISHES   OF   BERING   SEA. 


451 


the  rays  in  these  and  tUe  pectoral  tins  often  white.  A  large,  bhickish  humenil  spot 
iu  young  specimens,  often  disappearing  iu  adults.  One  specimen  (Ituriip  Island)  has 
the  upi)er  parts,  incJuding  dorsal  and  caudal  fins,  bright  reddish,  with  some  dusky 
blotches  and  cloudings,  the  humeral  spot  conspicuous.  The  iiu  rays  are  as  follows  iu 
11^  specimens: 


Uomal. 

Anal. 

Pec. 
tural. 

21 

Uorsal. 
XXII,  23 

Anal. 

23 

Pec- 
toral. 

21 

XX,  24 

22 

XXI,  23 

23 

20 

XXII,  23 

23 

21 

XX I r,  22 

22 

21 

XXII,  23 

23 

21 

XXII,  23 

22 

21 

XXII,  23 

24 

21 

XXII,  21) 

23 

.  20 

XXII,  24 

23 

21 

XXII,  23 

23 

21 

XXXII,  23 

23 

21 

For  convenience  we  append  a  short  diagnosis  of  each  of  the  known  species  of 
Hedutirammos.  It  will  be  noted  that  all  of  these,  except  H.  otakii,  were  known  to 
Pallas.  //.  otdkii  has  also  been  long  known  to  collectors,  though  but  recuMitly  distin- 
guished from  //.  utelleri  (//.  he.v(Uframmxin).  It  seems  probable  that  all  existing  sjieiiies 
of  IlcvafirammoH  are  now  known  to  us.  There  are  uniformly  five  lateral  lines  on  each 
side  in  all  s|>ecies  of  lle.vagrummo.s.  The  second,  third,  and  fiftii  lines  are  coin])letein 
all,  while  the  first  and  fourth  are  variously  developed,  and  offer  valuable  specific 
characters. 


a.  Cheeks  jiikI  <i])orclcs  fully  invested  with  cycloid  scales,  '.ncludiiij,;  the  .area  ovcilyliij;  siilnirliital 
stay ;  Niioiit,  , jaws,  prcorliitiil,  intoropiTclo,  and  adjacent  ixjition  ol'  prcopcri'le 
scalidcss.  Mreast  and  prepectoral  area  with  cycloid  Hcalcs  ninch  less  than  lialf 
the  si/c  (>f  those  on  Hides;  scales  elsewhere  cti^iioid.  Ten  or  II  scales  in  an 
ohIii|ne  series  between  lateral  line  and  the  one  above  it.  Upper  line  ol"  pores 
extending  to  or  beyund  middle  of  soft  dorsal,  the  foiirlli  line  unbranched, 
extending;  to  o)>posite  middle  of  anal;  lower  line  brancliin;;  usually  behliul 
middle  of  ventrals.  Af einbraneH  (d' soft  dorsal  and  caudal  densely  scaled  for  more 
than  half  height  of  Iiu.  Two  pairs  of  viitaneoiis  Jtiips  oh  liatil,  the  usual  supraoc- 
ular pair,  less  than  half  diameter  of  pup)'.,  and  a,  much  smaller  occipital  pair 
which  is  present  in  uo  other  species,  '/orsal  deeply  notched.  Caudal  enuirgi- 
nate  when  closed,  slightly  convex  when  widely  spread.  Adults  l>riglitly  colored, 
the  males  with  large  sky-blue  spots,  the  females  with  smaller  rctl  or  orange 
spots.  Young  sometimes  plain  brown,  with  dark  plain  humeral  s)iot.  1).,  XXl, 
24;  A.,  24.    .Sitka,'  to  Monterey H.  i>i;('a>  uammis. 

aa.  Cheeks  not  fully  scaled,  the  area,  at  least,  overlying  suborbital  stay  naked.  No  flap  on  occiput. 
h.  Fourth  line  of  pores  short,  forking  in  advance  id' base  of  ventrals,  the  lower  branch  running  to 
base  of  ventral  tin,  where  it  ends,  the  upper  braix^h  usually  short,  ending  oppo- 
site middle  of  ventrals,  rarely  longer.  Second  line  reaching  middle  of  second 
dorsal.  .Scales  very  roughly  ctenoid,  except  on  breast,  prepectoral  region,  and 
sides  of  head.  Seven  or  8  scales  in  an  obli(|ue  series  bidween  third  lateral  line 
and  the  one  above  it.  Lower  line  forked  in  front  of  iiuddle  of  ventral  iin.  Caudal 
dens(dy  covered  with  ccunparatively  large  scales  to  behind  middle  of  I'm,  the  scales 
in  single  series  except  on  middle  ntys.  Supraorbital  tla|i  large,  coarsely  fringed, 
e<|ualiug  or  exceeding  vertical  diameter  of  eye.  K.ye  very  small,  .^A  in  head  in 
.adults.  Caudal  peduncle  deep,  its  depth  greater  than  length  of  snout,  the  caudal 
iin  very  broad,  rounded  behind,  even  when  the  Iin  is  closed.  Dorsals  deeply 
iiotched.  Adults  usually  deep  brown,  with  blackish  mottlings  and  more  or  less 
distinct  traces  of  radiating  streaks  around  the  eye,  and  a  round  dusky  humeral 

'  Itecorili'il  by  Dr.  Uenn  fruiii  L'uuloskiii  but  this  n^oril  newlH  verlllcatiim.    It  ih  abuii<lioil  iit  Sitka,  Imtli  IIik  larctv 
H|H)ttoil  (maculoteriatut)  niiU  RniullBpnttotl  TeniBleH  {gwttatut)  lieing  preseut,  but  nu  niitUm  {euntteUatnit)  wum  ni'vii. 


I-^^I 


'  a 


I 
I'l, 


m 


452 


THE    FUR    SEALS   OF   THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


ii 


'%\   f 


^:!i> 


|!  ! 


spot.  Youngc^r^peoimcuHnreorton  lighter,  resembling  //.s/el/en,  wilhsmitli  silverv 
spots  on  sideH  nnd  rodtlisli  Tins,  often  showing  very  (;on<4piciioimIy  7  V-shaped  or 
iliiadriito  blackish  blotches  at  base  of  dorsal  tin,  and  .5  Itlack  radii  diverging  from 
oye.  Tlie  anal  fin  is  usually  black  iu  idiilts,  but  often  shows  obliquu  (tons  bands 
iu  tho  young.    1).,  XIX  or  XX,  22  to  24;  A.,  22  to  25.    Kurilo  Islands  to  Unalaska 

H.  OCTOGRA.M.ML'S. 

bb.  Fourth  line  of  pores  siuiplo,  long,  passing  close  to  ventral  fln, 

0.  Cheeks  and  oporcles  largely  naked,  a  patch  of  Bcales  on  upper  portions  of  cheeks  and  oper- 
clos,  and  a  small  patch  sometimes  present  on  middle  of  cheekN,  First  and  fourth 
lateral  lines  very  short,  variable,  the  lirst  rarely  extending  beyond  middle  of  spin- 
ous dorsal,  the  fourth  to  middle  of  ventrals,  rarely  beyond.  Lower  line  forkeil  in 
front  of  middle  of  ventrals.  Caudal  lin  narrow,  cmarginatc  whru  closed,  less 
densely  scaled  than  in  other  species,  the  scales  large,  in  single  serins.  Coninionly  t) 
scales  in  an  obliipie  series  between  third  lateral  line  and  the  oii<:  above  it.  Scales 
on  sides  of  head,  breast,  prepectoral  area  smooth,  elsewhere  strongly  ctenoid. 
Uorsal  tins  less  deeply  notche<l.  Caudal  peduncle  narrow,  the  depth  less  tliau 
length  of  snout.  Supraocular  Hup  small,  shorter  than  diamt^ter  of  pupil.  Color 
in  varying  shades  of  gray  and  brown  or  light  reddish,  blotched,  marbled  or  barred 
with  dusky  and  usually  with  numerous  round  silvery  spots  nearly  as  Iar;;e  as 
pupil.  In  brightly  marked  specimens  there  is  a  series  of  (|uadr.ate  dusky  blotches 
along  base  of  dorsal  fin,  continued  on  base  of  tin,  much  as  in  //.  nclogrammiiH. 
Like  the  latter  there  are  radiatiug  dark  streaks  around  the  eye,  of  which  the  two 
anterior  are  the  most  conspicuous  and  ]>ermanent.  No  humeral  spot.  I),,  XXIII 
(XXII    to   XXIV),   1!»  to  21;  A., 23  or  24.     Size  small.      Kamchatka   to    I'uget 

So'uud II.  STKI.I.KIM. 

CO.  (Iheeks  and  operclcs  largely  scaled;  the  suboenlar  ring,  the  region  overlying  the  suborbi- 
tal stay,  aixl  the  interopercle  alone  naked. 

d.  Su]ir.'iorliital  tlap  long  and  slender,  densely  fringed,  its  length  about  ei|ualing  vertical 
diameter  of  orbit.  Scales  most  cycloid,  a  band  of  ctenoid  scales  often  pi  '^eiit  on 
post-axillary  region.  A  small  patch  of  teeth  often  present  on  front  of  palatines. 
First  and  fourth  lateral  lines  long,  iiBnally  reacbing  beyond  the  middle  of  soft  dor- 
sal and  anal.  Caudal  very  broad,  rounded  posteriorly,  even  when  lin  is  closed ;  the 
membr.ines  covered  basally  with  small  scales,  those  on  median  membranes  in  sev- 
eral series.  Dorsals  very  deeply  notehSd.  Eight  or  nine  scales  in  anobli(|ue  series 
between  second  and  third  rows  of  pores.  Colors  usually  bright,  but  varying 
through  gn-en,  brown,  aiul  bright  red,  usually  dark  green  with  large  round  ted 
spots,  but  extremely  variable  and  sometimes  finely  mottled.  1>,,  XX, 23;  A., 22. 
Ileriug  Island  (Mean)  to  Monterey II.  sui-ERciLUtaus. 

dd  Supraorbital  flaj)  small,  little  if  at  all  longer  than  diameter  of  ])upil. 

e  Caudal  very  broad,  the  jiosterior  margin  convex  even  in  closed  lin.  Scales  of 
nmderate  sixe,  those  on  breast  more  than  half  as  large  as  thost^  on  sides  of  body. 
Scales  all  strongly  (ctenoid  in  the  young,  except  on  breast,  prepei^toral  region, 
and  sides  of  head,  all  becoming  smooth  in  adults.  First  and  fourth  lines  long, 
extending  beyond  middle  of  dorsal  and  anal.  Fifth  line  forking  iu  frontof  middle 
of  ventrals.  Light  or  9  scales  in  an  oblique  series  between  second  and  third  rows 
of  pores.  Eye  snuill,  less  than  one-lifth  length  of  head  iij  a  specimen  23  <;m.  long. 
Pectoral  and  ventral  rays  wide,  appearing  dilated  at  tip,  concealed  in  very  thick 
lin  membranos.  Ventrals  short  and  broad  in  the  young,  not  pointed.  Color,  plain 
brown  or  reddish,  with  dusky  mottlings  on  dorsal  region;  a  large  round  humeral 
8]>ot.     Fins  not  conspieucMisly  marked.     U.,  .XXII  (XX  to  X.XIII),  22  to  24  ;  A.,  22 

to  24.     Size  large.     Kurile  Islands  to  Bering  Island H.  i.A(Hicki"1iai,Us. 

ee  Caiulal  narrower,  the  posterior  edge  enuirginate  when  fin  is  closed.  Scales  smaller 
than  in  any  other  species,  those  on  sides  of  head  and  breast  minute,  nearly  unilbrni, 
less  than  one-fourth  the  size  of  those  on  sides  of  body.  Eh^veu  or  12  scales  in  au 
oblique  series  betwtieu  second  and  third  lines.  Scales  on  mid-ventral  region, 
breast,  prepectoral  area,  and  sides  of  head  siuoolh,  all  others  strongly  ctenoid 
throughout  life.     First  lateral  lino  o.\toudiug  beyond  middle  of  second  dorsal. 


THE    FISHES   OP    BERING    SEA. 


453 


Fourth  linu  Hbort,  notroiii^liin^  tipHof  vttnt/i'iilM.  Fifth  lino  Ibrkinfr  bohiiid  iiiiddio 
of  veutrals.  Eye  larg(>,  t|  in  beail,  Siipriuuliital  toiitacle  vory  small.  Anterior 
teeth  in  JawN  imiirIi  enlarged,  canine-like.  I'alatinuH  tnothlcsH.  Fin  inonibriineN 
thin.  DonsalH  low,  less  deeply  iiotcli<^d  than  UHual.  CNdor  brown,  blotched  and 
barred  with  darker,  many  of  the  Hi'ales  eaidi  with  a  silvery  spot.  No  radiating 
Htrcaks  about  eye.  Ulack  blotebeti  ou  duraal  lin  uorrettpundiug  toaaimilar  number 
on  baek  along  base  of  dorsal.  I>.,  XX, 23;  A., 21.  Si/e  small.  Known  only  from 
Tokio,  Japan H.otakii.' 

65.  Hexagrammos  supercilioBus  (Pallas). 

Seen  by  Dr.  Joriliiii  at  Captains  Harbor,  Unalaska,  where  it  is  abundant. 
Recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Kadiak,  IJnalaska,  and  Attn;  1)y  Dr.  Gilbert  from 
Unalaska,  Maknsliin,  and  Cliernotski  harbors,  an<l  by  Stejneger  from  leering  Island. 
Jfe.iV!irammo.s  smher  liean  from  Amuhitka  and  Unahiska  is  evidently  the  young  of 
llexiufrummos  siqiereUioiitifi.     We  have  examined  the  types. 

66.  FleurogrammuB  monopterygiuB  (FalbiN).    Atka  lixh. 

Obtained  by  us  at  St.  Paul,  where  it  is  rare.  It  is  common  about  Atka  and  Attn, 
and  it  is  said  to  be  occasionally  taken  as  far  east  as  Belkofski.  I{ecorde<l  by  Dr.  Bean 
from  Uualaska  and  Attn.    Taken  by  Stejneger  at  Saranskaya,  Bering  Island. 


i  n 


Family  COTTID^*:. 

67.  Ulca  marmorata  (Mean). 

Recorded  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  about  Uualaska;  by  Dr.  Beau  from  Sitkalldak 
Island  (near  Kadiak). 

68.  HemitropteruB  cavifrons  Lockington. 

Kecorded  from  Kadiak. 

69.  IceluB  spiniger  Gilbert. 

Stations  3643  and  3044,  off  Povorotnaya,  Kamchatka,  in  100  and  90  fathoms. 
Originally  described  from  Bristol  Bay  and  about  Unalaska. 

Females  of  this  species  seem  more  spinous  than  males.  The  spines  on  supra- 
orbital ridge  are  higher,  the  suborbital  stay  is  frecpiently  provided  with  two  low 
spinous  points,  and  the  top  and  sides  of  head  as  well  as  the  bases  of  the  dorsal  series 
of  spinous  plates  may  be  thickly  beset  with  small  prickles. 

70.  Icelus  bicoriiis  (Keinhardt). 

Recorded  from  l.ristol  Bay  and  stations  to  the  westward,  as  well  as  from  Green- 
laud  and  the  North  Atlantic,  if  the  Pacific  species  is  the  same,  which  is  doubtful. 

71.  IceluB  canaliculatUB  Gilbert. 

Described  from  near  (Jualaska. 

72.  IceluB  vicinalia  Gilbert. 

Described  froni  Bristol  Bay. 

73.  IcelUB  euryops  Hean, 

Described  from  Trinity  Islands. 


'  The  synononiy  of  H.  olakii  in  as  folhiws : 

lleyiuiyammiiH  oiakii  Jordan  and  Starks,  I'roc.  Cal.  Acad.  Set.  18U5, 800. 

Labrax  liejayrammiiaToniminck  and  Schlegel,  Fanna  Japonica,  1S47,  p.  53, 1'l.  XXIII ;  not  of  Pallas. 

Chinis  heragrammiis  (iiintber,  Cat.  Fishes  Ilrit.  Mns.,  II,  91  (in  part). 

Htxagrammua  aspur  Stoiudauhuer,  Ueitr,  Fisuhu  Japans,  IV,  10;  not  of  ijteller. 


ii 


J     . 


Ji| 


454 


THK    KUR   SEALS   OF   THE    I'BIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


iU 


lu 


74.  Raatrimis  scutiger  (Heaii). 

Trinity  Islands  imd  westward,  south  of  the  Alaskan  Peninsula. 

75.  Icelinus  borealis  (iilbvrt. 

Described  from  about  Unalaska  and  from  Bristol  liay  in  deep  water,  with  species 
of  Icelus,  etc. 

76.  ArtedielluB  pacificus  (iilbort. 

Very  common.  Stations  .'JG37,  .'J638,  and  3(i;{9,  ott"  St.  Paul  Island,  in  32,  34,  and 
"27  fathoms;  3(>43  and  3044,  off  Povorotnaya,  Kam(;hatka,  100  and  !H>  fathoms;  3047 
and  3048,  otf  Itobben  Island,  in  20  fathoms;  station  .3674,  off  Karluk,  in  31  fathoms. 

Recorded  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  Bristol  Bay  and  about  Sannak  and  Unalaska. 

Some  of  these  specimens  are  in  better  state  of  preservation  and  show  the  head 
with  more  pores  than  could  be  made  out  in  the  types.  The  top  of  head  is  thickly 
studded  with  these  pores,  three  or  four  of  which  are  in  the  interorbital  space.  A 
series  of  very  wide  slits  alonjj  under  surface  of  mandible,  continued  to  base  of  preop- 
crcular  spine.  The  wide  slits  along  edge  of  preorbital  and  on  cheeks  are  usually  six 
in  number. 

ARCHISTXiS  Jordan  and  Qilbett.     New  goiiii.s. 

Head  aitd  luxly  comi)ressed.  Lateral  line  armed  with  a  series  of  spinous  plates; 
a  .series  of  smaller  similar  plates  along  base  of  dorsal,  widening  anteriorly  so  as  to  till 
the  space  between  dor.sal  and  lateral  line,  but  not  extending  around  front  of  dorsal  to 
connect  with  band  on  the  other  side.  Head  naked.  Gill  membranes  broadly  united, 
free  from  the  isthmus.  No  slit  or  pore  behind  last  gill.  No  spines  above  eye  or  on 
vertex.  A  single  gently  curved  preopercular  spine,  not  forked,  and  without  cusps  or 
processes.  A  large  fringed  supraorbital  flap;  smaller  *'aps  and  cirri  on  occiput,  sides 
of  head,  and  along  lateral  line.  Teeth  on  .jaws,  vomei,  and  palatines.  Dorsals  con- 
tinuous, notched  between  spinous  and  soft  portions.  Ventrals  i,  3,  without  seta-. 
Vent  far  forward,  immediately  behind  base  of  ventral  tins;  male  with  a  long  anal 
papilla. 

77.  Archistes  plumarius  .lordaii  and  Gilbert.    Now  Hpeciea.     (Plate  LT.II.) 

A  single  specimen,  72  mm.  long,  from  Ushisbir  Island,  one  of  the  Kurils. 

Head,  39  in  length ;  depth,  4.  Dorsal,  X,  23 ;  anal,  18;  pectoral,  15  or  10.  Anterior 
l>ortion  of  head  compressed  and  narrow,  with  vertical  sides,  the  width  at  angle  of 
mouth  little  greater  than  diameter  of  orbit.  From  the  ocular  region  the  head  widens 
raitidly  backward  and  downward  to  preopercular  spine,  leaving  the  occiput  narrow. 
The  greatest  wi«lth  of  head  and  body  is  near  preopercular  spine,  and  is  slightly  less 
than  depth  of  head  at  occiput.  The  body  is  compressed,  everywhere  mucdi  deeper 
than  wide. 

Mouth  slightly  oblique,  maxillary  reaching  slightly  beyond  vertical  from  front  of 
pupil,  31^  in  head.  Eye,  3i  in  head.  Jaws  and  vomer  with  rather  wide  bands  of 
uniform  fine  teeth;  a  small  patch  on  front  of  palatines.  Nasal  si)iues  strong,  li.xed. 
Preopercular  spine  strong,  simple,  directed  upward  and  backward,  gently  curved. 
Preopercular  margin  without  further  spines  or  prominences.  Opercle  thin,  without 
rib  or  spine.  Supraocular  rim  elevated,  projecting  above  profile  of  head.  Interor- 
bital spa(!e  narrow,  deeply  channeled,  the  sides  sloping  convexly.  Occiput  depressed 
behind  the  eyes  and  transversely  rounded,  rendering  the  profile  somewhat  concave. 


SmK'4; 


THE    FISHES    OF    HEUINO    SKA. 


455 


\M 


Posteriorly  till!  occiput  rises  and  is  laterally  augulatud,aii(l  is  soiucwliat  quadrate,  thero- 
lorc,  iu  cross  section.  The  vertex  is  without  ridges  or  opines.  Supraocular  Hap  as  long 
as  eye,  lanceolate  in  form,  coarsely  fringed  ah)ng  the  margins.  A  pair  of  broad,  deeply 
cleft  Haps  near  ndddlc  of  occiput,  and  a  8e(!ond  pair  at  posterior  edge  of  occiput. 
A  long  nasal  cirrus,  a  series  of  short  ftlaments  along  margin  of  prooi)ercle,  one  on 
suborbital  stay,  one  near  tip  of  maxillary,  a  cleft  filament  near  oi»ercular  angle,  and 
a  series  of  four  filaments  along  middle  of  lateral  line.  Anterior  nostrils  in  a  short 
tube.    Gill  membranes  widely  Joined  across  the  throat,  entirely  free  from  isthnuis. 

Lateral  line  rising  in  a  high  convex  curve  anteriorly,  the  curved  and  straight 
portions  equal.  Along  its  course  is  a  series  of  44  plates,  with  the  upper  edge  free 
and  spinous.  They  are  large  along  the  curved  portion  of  the  line,  but  diminish 
rapidly  in  size  posteriorly,  the  free  edge  becoming  smooth  or  nearly  so.  A  series  of 
much  smaller  but  similar  plates  lies  ahmg  base  of  dorsal,  extending  halfway  along 
back  of  caudal  peduncle,  widening  under  anterior  half  of  spinous  dorsal  to  form  a 
band  which  nearly  tills  the  space  between  dorsal  and  lateral  line.  Skin  otherwise 
entirely  naked. 

Dorsal  beginning  a  pupil's  diameter  behind  occiput.  Spines  very  slender,  the 
anterior  ones  highest,  each  (irowned  with  a  mend)ranous  tlap,  which  is  digitately  cleft. 
The  third  spine  is  the  longest,  half  length  of  head;  the  last  spine  abcnit  two-fifths  the 
the  thii'd  and  one-half  the  succeeding  short  ray.  Pectoral  rays  all  simple,  the  lower 
thickened  with  incised  membranes,  the  longest  rays  reaching  vertical  from  third  iuial 
ray.  Ventrals  narrow,  reaching  front  of  anal  when  declined.  \'(Mit  immediately 
behind  ventral  fins,  the  long  anal  papilla  reaching  front  of  anal  fin  when  declined. 

Color  in  spirits  light  grayish  olive;  a  series  of  five  irreguhir  qmulrate  blotches 
along  the  back,  usually  connected  at  their  lower  margins.  Middle  of  sides  with  dusky 
nnirblings,  fiom  the  lower  edge  of  which  a  series  of  seven  V-shaped  black  blotches 
descend  toward  lower  outline.  The  dusky  marking  of  sides  initlose  small  round 
spots  of  ground  color.  An  oblique  dark  bar  on  snout,  and  a  black  blotch  on  lower 
l)ortion  of  (jheeks.  Interopercle  and  upper  branchiostegals  with  cross  series  of  black 
spots.  Pectoral  with  a  large  dark  blotch  and  indistinct  crossbars  on  the  rays.  Anal 
crossed  by  obli<iue  dark  bars.  Caudal  indistinctly  ci'ossbarred.  Dorsals  dusky, 
without  definite  pattern.    Ventrals  plain. 

78.  TriglopE  beani  (Jilbevt. 

(xenerally  common,  stations  30.35,  3637,  and  3039,  off  St.  Paul  Island,  in  24  to  37 
fathoms;  station  3(i40,  o(f  Kobben  Island,  in  IS  fathoms;  station  3()74,  off  Karluk, 
Kc\diak,  in  31  fathoms,  Hecorded  by  Dr.  (lilbert  from  various  localities  about  the 
Aleutian  Ishmds.  liecorded  by  Dr.  Bean  (as  Trhflops  ihiujcU)  from  Plover  liay, 
Siberia. 

79.  Triglops  scepticus  Oilberl. 

Recorded  from  deep  water  about  Sannak  and  Unalaska 

80.  Steriiias  xenostethus  (Gilbert). 

Recorded  from  deep  water  north  of  Unalaska. 

81.  Elanura  forficata  Gilbert. 

Recorded  from  deep  water  near  Sannak  and  Unimak. 

82.  Melletls  papilio  ISean. 

Described  from  a  rock  pool  on  St.  I'aul  Island;  not  found  by  recent  collectors. 


■  I' 


<A 


'    I  ii 


!i 


J  ^.j 


. 


456 


TIIK    FIIB    SKALH    OK    TIIK    PIMHILOF    ISLAMiH. 


83.  Astrolytes  feiiestialis  .Ionian  iiiiil  (iilluiit.    HhiiintiK<<<  IhI»i><I  (Ci^.N.M.,  Nii.'j:t!i;i)i). 

I>r.  l>oiiii  rt'conla  Axtroliftiii  noimpihtm  from  Uiialaska.     If  lliu  locality  is  correct, 
the  spet'iiuen  jtrobably  boloiijis  (o  A./eneHtralis. 

84.  ArtediuB  lateralis  (iiriird.     U.8.N.M.,  No.23tKII,  from  llnaliiNkii. 

No.  .'{8tl8r»,  from  Herintif  Isluml,  small  tiud  in  bad  condition,  Hcems  to  be  the  aainc, 
according  to  Mr.  B.  A.  Itean. 


a:    I ' 


STBLOISTRUM  Jordan  and  Ollbert.    Now  ^ri'iiiia. 

Hody  formed  as  in  llcmUepidotus,  which  it  resembles  in  a|)i)caran('e  but  with 
which  it  is  not  (tlosely  related,  (lill  nionibranes  widely  joined  across  the  throat, 
wholly  free  from  the  isthmns.  Teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer;  none  on  palatines.  No  slit 
or  pore  behind  last  gill.  Upper  preopercular  spine  simple,  gently  npcnweil,  three 
short  s^tines  below  it.  No  opeiinilar  rib  or  spine.  Nasal  spines  short  and  strong. 
Verte.K  withont  spines  or  ridges  and  withont  hmg  tentacles.  Spinous  dorsal  without 
anterior  not<!h,  the  vertical  this  all  few-rayed.  A  series  of  plates  along  lateral  line, 
and  ii  band  along  tlie  back  which  merges  anteriorly  into  the  mass  of  minute  plates 
covering  top  and  sides  of  head.  Ventrals  I,  ."{,  without  sotu'.  Vent  immediately 
before  origin  of  anal. 

85.  Stelgistriim  steinegeri  .limliiii  iiikI  (iilbdrt.    N<-\v  biktu'h.     (Plate  MV.) 

One  specimen,  52  mm.  long,  from  station  3)145,  otf  Kobben  Island;  de])th  10 
fathoms. 

Head,  13^1  in  length;  depth,  3, i.  Dorsal,  IX,  17;  anal,  13;  pectoral,  Ki.  Caudal 
with  9  divide«l  rays.  Lateral  line  with  40  plates.  Lower  series  of  dorsal  band  con- 
taining 35  or  38  ])lates. 

Head  narrowly  wedge  shaped,  tapering  upward;  width  below  eyes  equaling  length 
of  snout  aiul  half  eye;  width  at  preopercles  e<iualing  depth  at  occiput.  Mouth  large, 
slightly  obli(|ue,  the  wide  nnixillary  reaching  vertical  behind  pu]>il,  equaling  length 
of  snout  and  eye,  half  length  of  head.  Teeth  small,  unilbrm,  in  narrow  bands  on 
jaws  and  vomer.  Palatines  toothless.  A  deep  naked  transverse  groove  between 
nasal  spines  and  front  of  orbits.  Orbital  rims  moderately  elevatetl,  the  interorbital 
space  very  narrow,  channeled.  Occiput  Hat  or  slightly  concave,  angulated  along 
lines  running  backwuiil  from  orbits,  but  without  spines  or  ridges.  A  slender  lila- 
ment  above  each  eye,  two  nunute  pairs  along  sides  ()f  occiput,  one  on  suborbital  stay, 
one  on  maxilhiry,  and  a  few  on  plates  of  lateral  line.  No  nasal  cirri,  none  along  edge 
of  preoperde.  llpi)er  preopercular  spine  gently  curved  upward,  without  cusps  or 
processes,  lielow  it  three  short  spiues,  the  lirst  directed  backward,  the  second 
vertically  downward,  the  third,  somewhat  longer,  directed  downward  and  forward. 
Eyes  small,  the  diameter  eiiualing  length  of  suout,  one-fourth  length  of  head  meas- 
ured to  end  of  opercular  flap.    Interorbital  width  e(iualing  diameter  of  pupil. 

Straight  portion  of  lateral  line  longer  than  the  obliquely  placed  anterior  portion, 
which  is  not  strongly  curved.  The  plates  of  lateral  line  are  strongly  spinous  on  their 
upper  free  edg'3s,  and  are  similar  and  of  nearly  equal  size  throughout.  The  dorsal 
band  is  continued  onto  back  of  caudal  peduncle,  where  it  is  continuous  with  the  band 
of  the  opposite  side.  The  lower  plates  of  the  baud  are  in  a  definite  lengthwise  series, 
and  are  as  large  as  those  of  lateral  line  or  slightly  larger.  The  other  plates  of  the 
baud  decrease  rapidly  in  size  toward  base  of  flu,  where  they  are  minute.    They  are 


mm 


lilK    KISHKS    OK    UKIMNO    SKA. 


If)  7 


ill 


piM'tially  iii'i'iiii;;«'<l  in  sorit'H  riiiiiiiiiK  ol)li<|ii«>ly  iipwiii*!  iiiid  liarkwiinl  rniiii  tlM>  lowtM- 
lui';;<'r  plates  to  lliu  bases  t>r  tlic  dorsal  mys, on  wliii-li  tlwy  «'\t4Mi<i  lor  at  least  lialC 
tli*>  lM>i};lit  of  my.  Doi'Siil  spines  witii  niinnte  spinous  plates  exteiulin^'  almost  or 
qiiite  to  tlxir  tips.  Tlut  snout,  top  ol'  lieiid,  nape,  snborbital  riii);,  operelesainl  elieuks 
abovo  tli(t  suborbital  stay  «-ovei'0(I  with  niiiiuto  plates  siiuilar  to  tlie  upper  part  of 
dorsal  band,  witli  wliicli  tln^  invested  area  on  top  «»r  bead  iH  continuous.  Hides  below 
lateral  line  naiied,  «>\eept  Cor  a  few  (dates  behind  axil. 

Dorsals  <lividcd  to  tlut  base,  the  last  spine  extremely  short,  its  mendtrane  joiniu}; 
extrenui  base  of  tiie  lirst  soft  ray.  Spinous  dorsal  low,  of  slender,  weak  spines,  the 
loii};:est  ray  one  third  len<;'th  of  hi^ad;  loii^'est  soft  ray,  L'|  in  heatl.  Anal  be^rinnin^ 
under  tliii'd  ray  of  soft  dorsal,  iMidin^  un«ier  its  fourteenth  ray.  Caudal  peduncle 
sh'uder,  its  least  tieptli  one  third  its.  len^^th.  IN>etorals  broad  and  short,  the  rays  all 
simple,  the  lower  thiekeiu'd  with  moderately  incised  mendtraiies,  tluu'Jifhth  to  th<'  tenth 
rays  the  longest,  extending'  beyonil  vertical  from  origin  of  anal.  Ventrals  not  reaching 
vent,  -,'i  in  head. 

(■round  color  light  grayish-olive;  lower  part  of  sides  regularly  reti(;ulated  with 
narrow  clnsky  lines.  A  dusky  (;rossbar  from  base  of  p(»stcrior  dorsal  spines  and 
forward  to  axil  A  second  much  broader  bar  from  front  of  soft  dorsal,  ending  iriegii- 
larly  below  where  it  merges  into  the  reticidating  lines.  A  thini  broad  bar,  less  clearly 
defined,  under  posterior  ])ortioii  of  S(»ft  dorsal.  A  conspicuous,  broad,  V  shaped  blotch 
at  base  of  «'.audal,  the  apex  directed  forward.  A  faint  dark  streak  fnun  eyi^  forward 
to  tip  of  numdible,  and  a  crossbar  behind  eyes,  coidiuuod  faintly  onto  checks. 
Spinous  dorsal  with  a  small  dark  spot  on  auterh>r  and  one  on  posterior  spines.  Kays 
of  soft  dorsal  and  caudal  with  dusky  markings  so  arranged  as  to  form  tine  ero.ssbars. 
Terndnal  half  of  pectorals  linely  crossbarred,  the  jtroxinud  half  plain,  with  a  large 
dusky  blotch  on  extreme  base.    Anal  very  faintly  barred.    Ventrals  unmarked. 

86.  Hemilepidotus  heinilepidotUB  (Tilosiim). 

One  specimen  from  ISering  Island;  also  taken  at  Sitka. 

Although  much  less  abun<lant  in  Hcring  Sea  than  Hem'dcpuhtm  jonlani,  this  is 
the  only  species  whiidi  came  into  the  hands  of  the  older  writers.  The  Vottus  trachu- 
ruH  of  I'allas,  lllepnian  reiitrieomiti  Kschscholt/,  //.  tilesii  Cuvier  and  VaUtnciennes,  and 
//.  ///7>/m/  (iill  all  belong  here,  in  additi<m  to  the  striking  ditl'erences  in  <-olor,  //.  Iitmii- 
lri>itlotiiK  is  distinguished  by  the  much  narrower  and  deeper  interorbital  sjiace  and 
the  more  extensive  granulations  of  the  bones  <d'  the  head  in  adults.  The  occipital 
and  temporal  ridges  are  more  elevated,  the  granulations  liner,  extending  onto  upper 
jtortion  of  opei'cie,  suborbital  ring,  and  bony  bridge  across  cheeks.  The  opercndar 
rib  and  the  suborbital  stay  are  smooth  or  faintly  striate  in  ll.jimUtni.  The  vertical 
fins  are  constantly  shorter  and  lower  than  in  JLjordani,  the  formula,  J).,  XI,  19,  A., 
ir>,  being  constant  in  all  specimcua  examined. 

The  specjes  is  recorded  by  Dr.  liean  from  Uuga,  Uualaska,  Kyska,  Adakb,  Atka, 
Amchitka,  and  Attn. 

87.  Hemilepidotus  Jordan!  Hoiiii.     IriNli  T^drd. 

Very  abundant;  specimens  secured  at  Captains  Harbor,  Unalaska,  at  St.  Paul 
Island,  liering  Island,  Karlnk,  Unga,  and  at  Station  30.'{5  off  St.  (ieorge  Island; 
depth,  21  fathoms. 

This  si)ecies  is  recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Cooks  Inlet,  Kadiak,  Shumagins, 
Unalaska,  and  Plover  Bay,  Siberia.    It  was  taken  by  Stejneger  on  Boring  island. 


:    i 


'  i 


'% 


11 


i:i 


m 


11 


fy 


458 


IllK    Firil    KKAI.H    OK    TIIK    rUIIill.Ol'    ISI.ANMS. 


i    ! 


r  ■■( 


r 


i!  c 


(!liiU'act(>i-i/u«l  by  its  coiiipartilivuly  |)liiiii  coloration,  Mio  pahi  parlH  ItuiiiK  lai'^oly 
brijj'ht yellow  in  lil'u;  by  tlio  witluraixlHliallowcr  interorbital  s|>a«;««,  tliuHiiuiotiioi'siiluot' 
tlio  bead,  and  tliu  lon^^er  dorsal  and  anal.  All  HpedniunHCxaniiiit'd  liavu  dorsal  XI,  21, 
anal  17.  At  anterior  and  posterior  ends  of  occipital  rid{j<'s  are  ccuters  around  wliicli 
radiate  very  coarse  broken  stria-,  cttntrastiu);  with  tlio  liner  (^rcjinuliition  of  //.  Iiniii- 
li'liidohis,  which  are  also  disposed  in  radiatin;;  lines.  The  males  dilVcr  from  (cniales  i.i 
the  ^rcat  development  of  all  the  tins,  the  hijrher  flaps  on  head,  and  tht^  jtrcsenct^  of  niont 
y«'lh>w  on  jaws  and  l>ranchiost«>Kal  region.  The  ventrals  are  dusky  in  the  males,  yel 
low  or  speckh;d  in  the  females.  The  general  color  of  body  and  upper  (ins  is  dull  olive, 
mottled  will)  bluish,  the  sides  of  boliy  oftein  oliscurely  speckled,  the  upper  parts 
transhu'ent  white  in  spirits,  but  largely  bright  yellow  in  life. 

88.  Eiiophrya  claviger  (('iivitT  and  \'aluii<'it!imrH).     (I'lntoLV.) 

One  specimen,  51  mm.  \oug,  from  IStation  .'{Ii4r>,  ott'  Itobben  Island;  depth,  10 
fathoms.  The  specimen  is  entirely  similar  to  the  one  reported  from  Bristol  Hay  by 
(lilbert,  Iteport  ('ommissioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries,  ls<Hi,  lliti.  The  latter  is  also  r>'J 
mm.  lonj; — not  '2't,  as  stated  in  the  text. 

l're(U'bital  with  t  wo  stronj;,  spinous  projections,  which  ovcsrlapthe  pn>ma\illary  in 
closed  month.  Interorbital  space  deeply  channeled,  the  orbital  rim  raised  posteriorly 
into  a  bhnit  spinous  tubercle.  A  small,  spinous,  occii>ital  tuitercle,  behind  which 
rises  a  hi;;li,  sharp  niu'hal  ridj^e,  which  is  highest  posieri<»rly  and  has  its  upper  ed^e 
linely  toothed.  No  cirri  on  top  of  head.  llp|ier  preopercniar  spine  lonjr,  sim|)l(% 
reaching  beyond  head  to  fourth  or  tilth  plate  of  lateral  line,  lielow  it  are  tliret>,  short, 
strong;;  spines,  the  lowermost  directed  downward  and  forward.  The  outer  surface 
of  the  upper  sjtine  contains  three  or  four  low,  linely  serrated  ridyes.  Its  inner  edjje 
is  snutoth,  without  atxessory  cusps  or  spinulcs.  Opercular  ridjie  high,  serrate.  Two 
shar|»  spines  on  anterior  angle  of  suboperclo.  Top  and  sides  of  head  nmgh,  with 
minute  spinous  jtoints.  Preopercle  and  lower  jaw  with  numerous  short  tilaments;  a 
IcHiger  one  on  end  of  maxillary. 

Body  entirely  covered  with  minute  prickles,  which  invest  also  the  abdominal 
region.  Those  above  lateral  line  are  longest  and  most  thi(;kly  ])la(;ed.  Lateral  line 
with  a  series  of  i)lates  similar  to  those  in  K.  hhon,  eiudi  surmounted  by  a  sharp  spine. 
Lateral  line  with  two  curves  approaching  back  most  nearly  at  end  of  spincais  and  at 
end  of  soft  dorsal.  Many  conspicuous  white  tilaments  s(;attered  over  sides  below 
lateral  line.     Dorsals  entirely  separate,  the  free  interspace  as  wide  as  pupil. 

Mead,  13;i  in  length;  depth,  3)|.  Kye  larger  than  interorbital  width,  4,'  in  hetul. 
1)..  Vlll-lt;  A.,  lli(ll  in  previously  noted  speuimen);  P.,  Hi;  Lateral  line  with  35 
plates. 

Dusky  above,  with  faint  darker  crossbars;  light  below.  Two  black  blotches  on 
cheeks.  Some  faint  dusky  V-shaped  prolongations  of  the  coloration  of  the  back  down 
toward  base  of  anal  tin.  Fins  indistinctly  cross-banded.  A  dark  area  at  base  of 
pectoral,  a  narrow  obliqne  dusky  crossbar  on  base  of  caudal  fin. 

89.  CeratocottuB  dicerauB  (Pallas).    (Plato  LVI.) 

One  specimen  from  liobbeu  Island,  collected  by  Mr.  Bairett-IIanulton,  and  three 
young  specimens  from  I'etropaulski.  Recorded  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  Ilerendeen  Bay, 
and  taken  by  Colonel  (irebnitzki  ou  Bering  Island  and  at  Petropaulski. 

The  depth  of  the  occipital  depression,  the  height  of  the  different  ridges  and 
spines,  and  the  amount  of  the  irregularity  in  the  cusps  of  the  preopercular  spiue  is 


TIIK    KISIIKS    OK    KKKINCi    HV.A. 


\M 


«'1 


8iil)i('«;t  to  grviit  iiMlividiial  vaiiation.  \Vu  lliid  no  iiii|M>rtaiit  ditl'orunucH  Itctwut^i  tliis 
Hii(u;iiiu'ii  uimI  tlioHi!  tVoiii  tlio  Aliiskuii  I*<>iiiii8ulii  n^porU'd  on  by  (lilhort,  Hejtort  ('oni- 
niisHioner  of  Kisli  ami  Kislierii^H,  IHOO,  120.  The  o«;ciitital  depruHBion  is  Iohh  und  tlio 
cross  ridge  Itcliiiid  it  iuih;1i  lower  in  tliu  iidult  from  Kobben  Island,  tliu  occiput  coin- 
parativcly  Hat  and  without  crosH  ridgo  in  tlio  young.  Wo  do  not  venture  to  buHe  any 
distinctions  on  tiiosc  dinorcncus,  wliicli  may  bo  due  in  part  to  age  and  in  part  to  indi- 
vidual variation. 

90.  Ceratocottua  liicasi '  luiw  Hiiuritm.     (I'laUi  hVII.) 

Two  spucimuns  l.'t.~>  an<l  \'-i'^  mm.  long,  one  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  cod,  the 
other  from  a  halibut,  both  of  which  were  captured  near  Ht.  Taul  Island.  The  skin  is 
digested  off  from  both  specimenH,  so  that  the  details  of  color  can  not  be  det<«rinined, 
but  they  are  otherwise  in  good  condition. 

DilVering  from  (,\  tliventiis  in  the  deeper,  narrower  interorbital  groove  and  the 
smaller  si/e  and  ditVereiit  armature  of  the  preopercular  spines. 

Head  2,|  in  length,  measured  to  end  of  opercular  Hap;  depth  3^.  I>.,  Vll-1.'5; 
A.,  112;  I*.,  17  or  l<S.  Measured  into  the  head,  the  eye  is  contained  4'j  times,  the  nnix- 
illary  '2S,  the  preopercular  spine  LM,  the  pectoral  (In  l!,. 

The  niaxillaiy  reaches  nearly  to  the  vertical  from  posterior  margin  of  eye.  Viili- 
form  teeth  on  jaws  and  vomer,  the  outer  series  in  Jaws  enlarged ;  no  teeth  on  palatines. 
Interorbital  spa(;e  very  deeply  chantieled,  its  least  width  three-llfths  the  diameter  of 
eye.  The  upper  edge  of  orbital  rim  is  sharp  and  beset  with  a  single  series  of  small 
teeth,  the  occiput  is  abru|)tly  de]>ressed  behiiul  the  eyes  to  below  th«^  Hoor  of  inter- 
orbital space,  as  in  (L  ilicmtiis.  It  is  nearly  Hat  both  transversely  and  longitudinally, 
the  occiput  ridges  being  very  low,  ami  the  transverse  ridge,  so  conspicuous  at  back  of 
occiput  in  adult  V.  <liveruitn,  is  here  not  developed.  The  nuchal  ridges  are  high,  ele- 
vated, and  com|>ressed  into  a  minutely  serrated  edge,  a  veiy  small  cusp  like  elevation 
at  their  base  anteriorly.  The  nasal  and  preorbital  spines  are  as  in  V.  dicvrnvH.  The 
upper  preopercular  spines  are  slender  and  somewhat  dccurved  toward  tips.  They 
aie  minutely  roughened  on  the  outer  surfa(;e,  and  bear  on  their  upper  edge  thiee 
retrors(;ly  hooked  spines,  resembling  the  spines  ou  a  rose  bush.  Helow  this  are  three 
short,  strong  spines,  the  tirst  immediately  below  the  upper  spine  and  diverging  from 
it,  the  second  directed  neaiiy  vertically  downward,  the  third  downward  and  forward. 
Two  strong  diverging  spines  at  anterior  angle  of  subopercle.  Opercular  ridge  ele- 
vated. All  exposed  bones  of  head  roughened  with  radiating  series  of  lines  which  are 
beset  with  minute  prickles.  Lateral  line  with  ■'((>  bony  ]>lates  decreasing  in  si/e  pos- 
teriorly. I'^ach  plate  bears  small  slemler  spines,  those  on  the  middle  of  plate  longer 
than  i\w  others  and  directed  backward. 

From  fragments  of  skin  left  on  snout  aiul  side  of  head  in  one  specimen,  it  is  evi- 
dent that  tliis  species  is  colored  much  as  in  (1.  tlicerous,  the  ground  color  light  olive, 
thickly  covered  with  small  dusky  spots,  around  which  the  ground  color  forms  narrow 
retit^ilating  lines.     When  taken  the  bones  of  the  bead  were  a  bright  vitriol  green. 

A  tine  specimen  from  Avatclia  Hay,  Kanu'hatka  (IJ.S.N.M.  No.  48859,  L.  Stejneger 
coll.  18!)7),  presents  the  following  color  markings: 

HIackish-brown  on  back  and  sides  of  head  and  body,  the  posterior  part  of  body 
with  three  dark  bars,  one  on  caudal  peduncle,  one  at  beginning  and  one  at  end  of  soft 

'  Siiifi'  lliis  ilusiiiplioii  wiis  writti'ii,  (illier  M|M!ciiii<'ns  of  rt'ni<oru/(M«  liavu  come  to  hand,  which 
make  itsuum  possiblu  tliut  C  liuasi  in  l>uu(iil  on  tbu  young  of  C.  iiUxruuB, 


■i  'If 


III 

if 


s. 


m\ 


m 


4i;o 


rilK    VVH    HKALS    Ol'    TIIK    PI  lltllJ»l'    ISI,ANI>S. 


«lorHal.  Ill  Wh'hvi  tliiik  iiitirkin;;s  can  li««  iiitMiitoiit  hiiihII  roiiiHiisli  or  |N>lyKoiiiU  Hpotsof 
(it'bliirk,  st>|>iinitcil  b,v  icticiiliitiii);  li{;liU'i'  liiiCN.  riiiler  siilt>  of  lii-ad  ami  hudy  wliitisli, 
tliM  liiwor  li|Mlii.sky;  liroast  iiiiiiiit«'ly  lilack  Npucklod;  doiHal  iiioIIUmI  li);lit  tiinl  dark, 
without  tieliiiitu  color  jiattiMii;  anal  wliitJHli,  witli  obliijiic  s(M-i«>s  altcriiatoly  of  small, 
roiiiiiliHli  s|MitH,  and  of  sfill  Hiiiallur  dots;  caudal  with  u  dark  crosgliar  at  baHo,  and  two 
or  three  mor«'  or  Ichs  irregular  ones  on  outer  lialf;  pectorals  with  a  large  black  area  at 
base,  the  posterior  portion  with  eloiigat<^  spots  I'oriniit);  ill  detin  'tl  cross  series,  the 
lighter  area  with  smaller  dark  markings  <d'  varying  shapes;  vuntrals  whitish,  with 
two  or  three  taint  dusky  crossbars, 

Kpucimen  117  iiim.  agreeing  well  with  types.    The  inlerorbital  is  narrow  and  very 
deep.     There  is  no  cross  ridge  on  occiput;  the  occipital  ridges  are  very  high,  com 
pressed,  knife  like,  with  serrulate  edge.    There  are  three  strong  hooks  on  one  preo|)ercii 
lar  spine,  two  on  the  other.     Kacli  |>latu  of  the  lateral  line  has  a  central,  backwardly 
directed  spine.     I).,  Vll-ll;  A.,  IL';   !'.,  18;  plates  3r>.     liines  of  plates  coiivorging  at 
interspace  between  dorsal,  then  again  at  end  of  second  dttrsal. 

91.  Oyinnocaiithus  piatilliger  (ritlliiH).     (I'litlo  I.VIII.) 

IVtropaiilski;  station  3(it)!,  oil'  Uobbeii  Island,  1<S  fathoms.  Itecorded  by  l>r. 
(iilbcrt  from  many  s|)ecimens  from  ISristid  Hay,  and  by  Dr.  Iteaii  from  Kyskn,  I'oint 
Heh-hcr,  and  (Jape  Tchaplin,  Siberia.  Mr.  Scotield  found  it  at  Port  Clarence,  and 
Dr.  Stejnegcr  on  Itering  Island  and  at  lVtro|iaulski. 

No  males  are  inclutleil  in  the  number  taken.  The  femaleH  diH'er  from  those  we 
have  examined  from  UrisUd  May  in  having  the  top  of  lieatl  iiKue  extensively  plated, 
the  rough  plates  extending  onto  middle  of  interorbital  space,  or  in  one  specimen  onto 
snout.  The  preorbital  ridges  are  less  regular  and  liave  lower  tubercles.  The  speci- 
mens indicate  an  approach  therefore  in  this  respect  to  (t.  (jakutHx.  The  tin  rays  are 
as  previously  given.     In  eight  Bpeciinens  they  are  as  follows: 


uuite*l  \\ 
The  hit»| 
short  spj 
Ouij 
more  oril 
iiivting  vv| 
In  our  111 
ray.    tI 
the  two  I 
nearly  H 
speciinei 
front  off 
tliially  e| 
94.  Cottj 
Du4 


NiiinlHT  iif  r«.v 

Niiinbi'r  cif  8|M'<'iiiii'nH. 


Diirsn) 
aphieii. 

IX     X 

1      7 


Dnriinl  rnys.    A  iinl  my r. 


14    15    10 
1      «      1 


10    17 
3      5 


92.  Oymiiocauthus  galeatus  Kestii  (I'liito  LIX). 

Seined  in  (Japtains  Harbor,  recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  fnim  the  same  waters,  and  by 
Dr.  (iilb.-rt  from  (Jhernofsky,  all  these  localities  being  about  the  island  of  Hnalaska. 
Dr.  r>eau  records  it  from  Unalaska  and  from  Cape  Sabine  in  the  Arctic,  and  Mr.  Sco- 
tield from  Point  Barrow. 

Many  very  young  specimens,  about  35  mm.  long,  were  also  collected  by  Mr.  Wil- 
liam ralmer  on  St.  Paul  Islaud.  In  these,  tlit  preopercular  spine  is  simply  furcate 
at  tip,  without  trace  of  the  upwardly  directed  processes  characteristic  of  the  adult. 
The  roughened  plates  on  head  are  also  uudc-.tliped.  Fin  raya  are:  D.,  XI,  10;  A.,  19; 
P.,  20  or  21. 

93.  ArgyrocottuB  zanderi  HerzeDHtem.     (Plntu  LX.) 

Three  spetMineus  of  this  beautifully  marked  cottoid  were  taken  in  Sliaiia  Bay, 
Iturup  Island.    Originally  described  from  Sakhalin  Island. 

The  branchiostegal  membraues  are  widely  joined  across  the  throat,  narrowly 


■SB. 


tmm 


mmmmmm 


TMK    FISIIK8    Ol'    ItKKINO    SKA. 


4(;i 


iiuiteW  in  front  of  t\w  middlu  line  «)f  irttliniUH,  with  ii  mtiiur  wide  t'lvv  margin  Iti'liiini. 
The  hitei'iii  line  is  witiiont  phites.  Tlie  niiHiil  8pin»H  lU'u  Hniall,  itiid  Mien-  are  luiii' 
Hhort  H|iineH  on  preopercnlar  margin. 

Oni- s])ociniun.s  lUiMwer  well  to  Iho  detailed  deHcription  of  the  type,  hnt  are  Htill 
more  ornate  in  that  they  po.ssuHs  ahni;;  the  Itiielv  a  nnmher  of  hroa<I  dariv  harH  alter 
nutinfi  witli  lifihter  bars,  tin-  tbnnei  conlluent  below  with  the  jjround  colorof  the  sides. 
In  onr  lai'^^est  speeimen,  7  cm.  h)n);,  thti  ventral  linH  extend  oidy  to  base  of  third  anal 
ray.  There  are  no  tubereles  on  the  rays,  and  the  nu'inbranes  extend  neaily  to  tips  ol' 
the  twotniter  rays,  and  two  thirds lenf;tho(' the  inner  lay.  The  ventral  spine  issl(>iid<>r, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  inner  ray,  and  is  llrndy  adnatt*  to  oater  ray.  The  smaller 
speeimens  are  respectively  4  em.  and  .'{."»  em.  long,  the  ventnils  reaching  in  one  to 
front  of  anal,  in  the  other  to  vent.  As  will  be  seen  from  onr  drawing  the  tins  are 
llnally  eiossbarred,  more  variegated  than  in  the  tyiie. 

94.  CottuB  mliiutuB  I'lilliiH. 

])e.seribed  from  Taiek  island,  Okhotsk  Soa;  not  Keen  by  ns. 

95.  CottUB  aleuticua  <illli«rt.     i,rraiiiitni   miii'iit/oiHii  l.orkiii^'lon  ;  iiitiiii^  piiMii'i'iipiitil.) 

Abnndant  in  the  brooks  of  Unalaska;  also  recorded  Irom  Departnre  Hay, 
Vaneonver  Island.     Ueeorded  by  Dr.  ISean  from  Kadiak  and  Tnalaska. 

96.  Myoxocephaliia  iiivoBUB  ( lli>r/eiiN|i'iii  I.     (I'IuUm  l,\l,  I, XII.) 

ColliiH  wiidtiis  llur/t^iislcin,  .Mt  linim-s   ltiolo){li|iii'H  <lii  Hull.  Aciiil.  Iiii|i.  ili'.s  Sri.,  SI..  I'rii  rili., 
XIII.  li:t.  1S!K)  (OiKil  Itii.v). 

One  -peeiinen  'M  em.  long,  from  Itiiriip  Island.  I>.,  I\,  lo;  A.,  l.'S,  I'.,  17,  hit.  1., 
;{.'{  to  35.  Coloration  very  <lark  on  ba<;k  and  sides,  white  below  with  traces  of  blackisii 
eroasbars  below  the  dorsal  lin.s.  Along  lower  part  of  the  sides  a  ntiinber  of  large 
roundish  white  spots,  which  are  |)reseiit  also  in  a  band  along  ba.se  of  anal,  but  become 
.smaller  posteriorly  and  toward  middle  of  sides.  Sides  of  head  and  body,  and 
especially  the  dorsal,  caudal,  anil  pectoral  tins,  with  scattered  small  spots  of  pearly 
white.  Spinous  dorsal  with  large  ronndLsh  transparent  spots,  the  anal  margined  with 
white  and  marked  with  scattered  white  spots  of  varitnis  sizes  and  shapes.  The 
thickciuMi  pectoral  rays  largely  white.  Ventrals  with  three  dusky  crossbars.  Lower 
lip  and  mandible  with  white  areas  surrounded  by  iliisky  reticulation.'^. 

Head  (comparatively  dee|>  and  compresH«'<i.  with  largt^  mouth,  narrow  dee|)ly  con. 
cave  iiiterorbital  space,  and  dejyressed  concave  occiput,  whicdi  is  bounded  by  strong 
lateral  crests.  .\t  the  anterior  end  of  these  crests  they  are  each  ac(;ompaiiied  on  the 
outer  side  by  a  short  ridge,  and  on  the  inner  si«lo  by  a  still  shorter  ridge  or  a  small 
tubercle.  The  occipital  crests  converge  strongly  toward  the  nape.  Temporal  ridges 
are  also  strong.  A  short  lllament  abovt^  i)osterior  eilge  of  orbit  and  one  at  posterior 
end  of  occipital  crest,  each  surmounting  a  very  low  tubercle. 

Upper  ju'eopercular  spine  straight,  directed  toward  opercular  tlaj),  .scarcely  reacdi- 
ing  middle  of  the  opercle,  its  length  two-thirds  diameter  of  orbit.  The  .second  spinels 
three  eighth."'.  length  of  upper,  directed  downward  and  backward.  The  third  points 
downward  and  forward,  the  long  interval  between  it  and  the  second  being  smooth, 
without  spine  or  tubercle.  The  contigucms  angles  of  snbopercle  and  interoitercle  are 
provided  with  ])rominences  which  are  not  s|)inelike,  Opercle  and  supra.scapula  ea«di 
with  a  strong  ridge  ending  in  a  spine.  No  scapular  spine.  Nasal  sjunes  small,  not 
projecting.    Top  of  head,  nape,  and  suborbital  ring  with  small  warts,  many  <if  which 


•  in 


'if 


'  I 


I  -hi 


i    J 


\' 


t.    1 

r 

1 


1.' 
.1'  ^ 


i ' 


I  f 


J'  4 

Lr 


i  Mil 


462 


THE   PUR   8KALS   OP   THR    PIIIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


contain  opuiiings  of  the  mucous  canals.  Both  pairs  of  nostrils  with  sliort  wide  tubes. 
Jaws  and  vomer  with  wide  bauds  of  cardifoim  toeth  of  ecjual  size.  A  round  pore 
nearly  as  lar}i;e  as  nostril  immediately  behind  last  gill.  Gill  membranes  witli  a  short 
free  border  mesially. 

D.,  IX,  l.T;  A.,  l.'{;  P.,  17;  pores  of  lateral  line  .33  or  .T).  Head  (measured  to  end 
of  opercular  tlap)  li]  in  length;  depth  about  half  head.  Least  intororbital  widtli 
three-tlI'Mis  diameter  of  orbit,  which  is  one-tiftli  lengtli  of  head  to  tip  of  opercular 
spine.  (Jreatest  width  of  head  1;'  in  its  length.  Mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  included, 
tlie maxillary  reaching  tlie  vertical  immediately  behind  theorbit;  its  length  2V  in  head. 

Third,  fourth,  and  ttfth  dorsal  spines  nearly  e(iual,  the  lifth  strongest,  ecpuil  to 
length  of  snout  and  half  eye.  A  very  short  interspace  between  the  two  dorsals. 
Second  dorsal  very  high,  the  longest  rays  e(|ualing  length  of  snout  iind  eye.  Caiulal 
gently  rounded  when  spread,  its  ItMigth  half  that  of  head  to  end  of  opercular  spine. 
The  ventrals  rea<!h  halfway  to  front  of  amil,  eijualing  height  of  seciond  doisal.  Pec- 
torals scarcely  to  vent,  the  length  of  the  longest  rays  e(|ualing  distance  from  ey«>. 
to  tip  of  opercular  spine.  V^ent  midway  between  base  of  (;audal  and  liasc,  of  lower 
]>ectoral  ray.     Skin  everywhere  smooth. 

Our  specinu'u  agrees  well  with  the  des(;ription  of  (he  much  smaller  t •  1 1  <lS~t  mm.), 
apparently  ditt'ering  in  the  shorter  pectorals  and  more  deeply  concave  interorbital 
sitace.    The  white  spots  also  show  no  tenden(;y  to  run  together  to  form  streaks  either 
along  back  or  on  the  bases  of  the  tins. 
97.  Myoxocephalus  jaok  Ciivier  aiitl  Vuluncit'iiiirH. 

I'ulliia  humilia  Heixn,  I'roc.  {'.  H.  Xiit.  Mus.  1H81,  119;  ('li!imins<>  Isliind,  KHolisclioIti'.  Hay. 
Colliia polijucanthocephalHs  Kuer,  Hit/iinfj;.sli.  <1.  K.  Akail.tt.  WIhsihi.  liVlII,  ISCiS,  p.  '2\ :  tal'.  I\', 

11.     Dt^oastris  Hay  (not  of  PallaH). 
Cotliia  td'iiiopteriiH  Huaii  :iu«l  Heaii,  I'roo.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mils.  ISIKI,  :;,SI  (not  of  Kiiiu,,. 

In  a  re]»ort  on  the  ichthyological  collections  of  the  Admlross  in  Alaska  (licjtort  of 
United  States  Commi.ssioner  of  Fish  and  Fisheries  for  l.S!>;i,  p.  tLM),  Dr.  (iilbert  writes 
as  follows:  ".1.  liKinilh  closely  resembles  the  destaiption  of  ,1.  ./ffo/i',  with  which  it 
may  well  be  identical.  We  do  not  venture  to  make  this  identillcation  us  A.  Jaoh- in 
said  to  have  but  7  dorsal  spines,  a  number  we  have  not  fouiul  in  ,1.  Iiiimilis.'^  On 
further  consideration  we  have  decided  that  the  two  must  be  identical.  Tln^  type  of 
jaok  was  a  large  dried  s|)ecimen,  the  same  which  had  served  I'allaa  for  his  account  of 
Voltm  scor2>iiis.  In  such  a  dried  specimen  it  would  be  very  dillicnlt  to  enumerate 
correctly  the  low,  feeble  spines,  of  which  the  lirst  two  are  very  (^losely  appi'oxiniatcid 
and  the  ]i\<t  one  often  nnnutc  and  hidden  in  the  membrane.  M.  hiimilis  is  abundant 
along  the  coast  of  Kamchatka  and  agrees  with  thti  account  of  Jaok  in  having  the 
upper  parts  covered  with  small  brown  spots,  the  back  with  a  series  of  round  spinous 
plates,  and  the  sides  below  the  lateral  lines  with  ]»osteriorly  directed  spines;  it  also 
agrees  in  reaching  a  very  largo  size.  In  the  description  o(  jaok,  the  tin  fornuila, 
except  the  uund)er  of  dorsal  spines,  is  that  most  frequently  found  in  Inimilis, 

Specimens  are  in  the  present  collection  from  l'etroi)aulski  and  from  statii>u8  .'{fi4fi 
and  .'{(i48,  off  Kobben  Island,  in  IH  and  20  tatiu)ms.  All  of  these  have  the  supraocular 
and  occipital  crests  higher  and  shari>er  thau  in  those  from  the  eastern  ]>orti(ui  of  Hering 
Sea,  and  the  preopercular  spim^s  are  longer,  usually  reaching  in  young  speciint-.-' 
to  or  beyond  opercular  nu^rgin.  These  are,  however,  characters  subject  to  !iuich 
variation  within  the  group,  in  wiiich  it  will  always  be  unsafe  to  recogni/.e  subspecies 


IUI)]<JJ1UUI>I 


THE    FISUKS   OK    UEKING    SEA. 


403 


unless  based  on  very  extensive  collections.    Our  21  specimens  show  the  foUowin};  liii 
I'urmula-: 


Unjs 

SiMM'iiiieiiH . 


FirHt  (lor- 

Hill. 


l.\     X 

IH     :i 


Soi'oiiil 
(lurHiil. 


ir>     Iti 
111     lU 


Anal. 


I'J    U    14    ir, 

1     1    15     r, 


P««t4>ral.    I 


17     IH 
7     14 


Dr.  Bean  nutords  this  species  from  St.  Michael,  Chainisso  Islaiitl,  KschschoUz 
liay,  I'oiiit  Heltilier,  Arctic  Ocean.  Mr.  8«;ofie!d  found  it  at  I'ort  Clarence  and 
(Irautly  llarbor. 

98.  MyoxocephaluB  polyacanthocephalus  (r»lIaH).     (I'liito  LXIII.) 

Several  S]>eciincns  from  (Iiialaska  and  one  from  Uohlten   Island,  the  latter  jter 
fectly  typical  in  ail  respects  and  ^'ivinj?  us  the  first  Okhotsk  Sea  record  for  the  species. 
In  the  lioitbeii  Island  siteciiiieii  the  pectoral  rays  an  roughened  on  their  inner  surface 
with  horny  tubercles,  as  is  usual  with  adult  males  of  this  species.     The  lin  rays  are: 
IJ.,  X,  14;   A.,  lli;   P.,  18. 

Seen  also  at  St.  I'anI  and  IJnjja,  the  species beinji  {jt^nerally  common  in  IJerinfi- Sea. 

Dr.  iieaii  records  it  from  Sitka,  Katliak,  (Jooks  Inlet,  Shumaj^ins,  (Jnalaska,  .\tka, 
Amchitka,  I'ort  Moller,  (lajie  liisburne,  and  I'lover  Hay.  Stejnejjrer  found  it  on 
Herin$;  and  Medni  islands  and  at  Tetropaulski. 

99.  Myoxocephalus  stelleri  TileeiuB.     (I'latit  KXIVn.) 

Mjinjiicejilidliis  ntelleri  Tilesiiis,  "Sl6tu.  Acail.  I'oternl).  1811,  IV,  273. 

Cotliia  thru-ilrensiii  Kiier,  Dcnk.  Kiiis.  AUail.  Wissi-ii,  X.\I\',  IStif),  L',  i.if.  2,  li>{H.  I,  In. 

t  olliiH  lilaliicfphahin  \W;m  luid  liuaii,  I'ron.  IL  S.  Nut.  Mim.  1S!M!,  I'lO,  liSI  ;  nut  (if  I'allas. 

Collim  Hiijrr  Henii  ami  l{(^•ln,  F'ror.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mim.  l»9»>,  21(1,  :i8l  (in  part;  Nos.  :i;i8!tit,  :t:!s72, 

;i:w;!;i,  :t385(l,  IClllOS,  ;f3S|.J,  and  :{3«79);  not  of  Ht-an. 
f  Coitus  iiirrlttisii  Cuvier  ami  ValriirionnnH,  Hist.  Nat.  I'ois.  \III,  llltl. 
f  Colliis  iiiitrmoialiis  Vnvk^T  aiu\  ValoiKiionntis,  Hist.  Nat.  I'ois.  Nlll,  I".I7. 

This  species  is  now  recorded  from  Beriiij^'  and  Copi>er  ishinds,  IV  paiilski,  and 
the  mouth  of  the  Amur  Iliver.  It  is  evidently  abundiint  in  western  IJerin;;  Sea,  but 
probably  does  not  occur  among  the  Aleutian  l.slands  or  on  the  Alaskan  coast.  There 
seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  our  specimens  are  correctly  identilied  with  Myoxocephalus 
Nitlleri,  with  which  they  agree  in  tin  rays  and  in  the  peculiar  and  characteristiir 
coloration.  They  agree  also  with  the  description  of  V,  dvctislrensis,  the  ligure  of  which, 
however,  diverges  in  several  important  details.  It  is  highly  improbable  that  <'. 
merlensii  and  C.  niarmornfus  can  ever  be  satisfactorily  identilied,  as  we  have  only  very 
brief  accouuts  of  them,  based  on  colored  drawings. 

I'ollowi'ig  is  a  detailed  description  of  our  specimens:  IJe.seiiibling  in  shape 
il/.  pnhinaini.toreitkdliis,  the  head  less  u;>pressed  and  the  snout  deeper  than  in  M.  Jaok, 
(Miaractcristicr  features  are  the  greatly  thickened  papillose  lips,  the  juesence  of  a 
supraocular  tentacle,  and  the  peculiar  coloration.  The  skin  is  naked  or  with  ii.  few 
scattered  smdl  plates  in  adult  males;  the  interorbital  is  deeply  concave,  and  the 
occipital  iiiid  parietal  I'idges  are  heavy  and  more  or  less  broken  or  rugose. 

Head  2'i  to  2f,  in  length;  depth,  t;  least  depth  of  crandal  |>eduncle,  l.J  in  snout; 
greatest  width  of  head  etpialing  distance  from  tip  of  sn«»ut  to  base  of  i)reopercular 
spine.     Depth  of  head  at  occiput  equaling  half  its  length. 

Mouth  large,  the  lower  jaw  iu«;luded,  but  less  conspicuously  overlapped  than  iu 


■  11 


4 


m 


tint' 


-ii 


'•..III 

■•if! 
V 


:|. 


4(54 


TIIK    I'UR    SEALS    OK    TIIK    PRIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


M.juoli,  the  maxillary  reacliing  beyond  (ho  eye,  2.1  in  head.  Ijii>s  very  thick  and 
fleshy  in  adults,  the  inner  marj^in  of  each  with  a  dense  band  of  line  papilla'.  The 
lower  lip  may  also  bear  externally  a  few  papilla-  or  short  lilainents.  A  tleshy  slip  or 
tilanient  often  present  on  upper  posterior  angle  of  nuixiila. 

Nasal  spines  pungent,  rather  short.  Preopercle  with  two  diverging  spines  at 
angle  and  a  third  remote  one  below  directed  downward  and  forward.  The  upper 
;-«[iii!ft  varies  in  length  but  extends  usually  about  halfway  to  tip  of  opercular  spine. 
Opercle  with  a  strong  rib  and  spine.     ITnmeral  and  subopercidar  :?i)ines  strong. 

Interorbital  width  5A  to  0  in  head,  gently  conciave,  its  tioor  usually  with  traces  of 
two  ridges.  A  definite  supraorbital  tentacle  borne  on  tlu'.  anterior  end  on  the  occipi- 
tal ridge,  its  basal  tubercle  never  consi)icuous.  A  slender  ocripitii I  tentacle  is  often 
present,  especially  in  the  young,  but  is  not  infrequently  absent.     The  ridges  on  (lie 

occipiit  arc  strong,  often  irregular 
or  partly  interrupted,  tlieir  surface 
rougheiu'd  with  lengthwise  lines  or 
with  clusters  of  granules.  Occiput 
niiuo  deeply  concave  than  in  .1/. 
polyticnnthoophdhis.  Usually  a  cluster 
of  short  digitate  ridges  beliinil  the 
eye.  Top  and  si(U's  of  jica '  At" 
small  warty  protubrcances.  A  <i  •  ■  ^ 
poreltehiiid  the  lisst  gill,tobedt  .,  rted 
witli  ditliculty  in  tiui  young. 

Dorsals  with  short  intersi)a(e  or 
none,  the  membrane  from  last  spine 
usually  .joining  base  of  llrst  soft  ray. 
Spinous  dorsal  very  high  in  adult 
males,  the  fifth  spine  highest,  lialf  as 
long  as  head.  The  longest  soft  ray 
'21  in  head.  Tlie  ))ectorals  reach  front 
of  anal.  The  ventrals  not  to  vent. 
In  they<»nng  the  vertical  fins  are  nuu-.h 
lower. 

ISelow  are  llnformuhe  in  11  speci- 
mens: 


Uyiixoeeiihalvn  tleltf ri.—VMro\taiiUVi,  KaiiicliHtku. 


Skin  smooth,  without  i»lates  or  spines  in  young  7  or  S  inches  long;  one  adult 
nuile  of  14  inches  with  scattered,  snnill,  subcir4'ular  spinous  plates,  all  but  a.  lew  of 
wiii(!h  are  below  the;  lateral  Hue. 

In  the  young,  the  maxillary  and  mandibular  membranes  are  whitish,  very  con- 
spicuously marked  with  irregular  jet-black  spots  ami  bIot«!hes.  l!ranciiiost,egal  and 
gular  membranes  and  tiie  nuMnbrane  behind  the  preop"rcle  crossed  with  narrow, 


i 


TIIK    FISHES    OF    BURINO    SKA. 


465 


1  ■;  '"I 


dark  streuks;  entire  underside  of  head  faintly  dusky,  mottled  and  uiacuhited  with 
white,  "  like  a  froff's  belly."  Iris  with  small,  black  spot'*  and  blotcl'es.  These  (Ktlois 
are  fainter  in  our  adult  speeimen,  wiiere  the  underside  of  the  head  ia  nearly  uiuform 
whitish.  The  maxillary  nuMubranes  are,  however,  conspicuously  black  spotted.  The 
body  is  bntwnisii,  with  three  light  gray  saddles,  the  inostconspicu«)us  of  v/hich  <^i'<>s8es 
the  back  ofthecaudalpeduncieimmediately  behind  the  dorsal  tin.  The  second  is  below 
the  dorsal  notch,  and  the  third,  often  obscure  or  wanting,  f<u'in8  a  V-shaped  area  tni 
toi>  of  the  head,  the  two  arujs  diverging  from  interorbital  space  toward  the  base  of 
opercular  spine.  The  dark  areas  are  often  lighter  centrally,  and  are  variously  blotched 
and  mottled  with  brown  or  dusky.  The  dorsals  are  very  irregular  in  the  nuirking. 
The  anal  has  usually  three  or  four  oblique,  dark  bars.  The  caudal  has  usually  a 
basal  translucent  bar,  followed  by  varying  alternations  of  translucent  and  black. 
The  ventrals  show  two  black  crossbars.  The  pectorals  have  no  deiinite  color  pattern 
on  their  outer  face,  but  are  crossed  on  their  inner  fa«!e  with  a  few  irregular  black  bars. 
Males  show  the  usual  round  white  8i)0ts  on  sides  of  abdomen. 
Several  specimens  from  I'etropaulski  and  IJeriug  Island. 

100.  MyoxocepbaluB  mediiiuB,  I!.  A.  Iteun,  now  Hi>euiuH.     (ri.iio  !.\IV/i.) 

Head,3.\;  depth,  U;  eye,  4  in  head.  D.,  VII 1,  17;  A.,  12;  V.,  I,  .5;  I'.,  11;  (J.,  14. 
Prolile  of  head  and  body  gradually  ascending  from  tip  of  snout  to  sixth  dorsal  spine, 
thence  tapering  to  caudal  peduncle;  ventral  line  almost  straight,  slightly  tapering  t<) 
caudal  peduncle;  longest  dorsal  spine  almost  as  long  as  longest  ray,  3  in  head  includ- 
in'V  Hap.  Mouth  moderate,  maxillary  reaching  about  to  vertical  through  middle  of 
eye.  Pe'.;twr;;ls  large,  reaching  slightly  beyond  aiuil  origin,  the  middle  rays  being 
four  hfths  as  lon^'  ;i:;  the  head;  ventrals  moderately  well  developed,  reaching  anal; 
aual  origin  under  third  ruy 'jf  dorsal,  ending  under  fourteenth  ray  of  that  tin.  (Sill 
membranes  united,  forming  a  fold  across  the  isthmus.  I'reocular  spines  moderate; 
opercular  spines  but  moderately  deveh)ped;  two  tiattish  tnbnia.  pores,  one  on  each 
sule  of  front  of  eye;  numerous  pores  on  head;  two  rows  of  [lores,  one  ab«)ve  and  one 
below  the  raised  ridge,  running  laterally  on  dorsal  half  of  body,  (reneral  color  dark 
reddish  brown,  mottled,  barred,  and  spotted  with  white;  under  parts  whitish;  a  wide 
whitish  bar  from  opercles  jicross  nape;  posterior  part  of  interorbital  space  whitish; 
the  dark  color  on  front  of  snout  and  under  lower  jaw  relievt!il  by  bars  and  mottlings 
of  whitish;  pectorals  and  ventrals  barred;  rays  of  caudal  tinely  mottled;  several  (o) 
small  white  spots  on  body  immediately  behind  pectoral  origin,  and  several  larger  white 
bh»tches  on  lower  posterior  half  of  body.  Uering  Sea.  A  single  example,  li  inches 
long.  It  is  allied  to  M.-strlUri,  from  which  it  (litters  greatly  in  form  and  coUu'alion. 
(Type,  No.  .{.'SSCa,  U.S.N.M.  Collected  at  Meilni  ((Joi>per)  Island,  IJering  Sea,  spring 
of  188.'{,  by  Dr.  Leonhard  Stejneger.)     (H,  A.  Bean.) 

101.  MyoxocephaluB  uiger  (Mean).     Kalo<;.     (I'lutu  l..\\'. ) 

Abundant  in  the  rock  poolsof  the  I'ribilof  Islands.  Recently  reported  by  iiean  and 
Bean  from  Bering  and  Medni  Ishmds  (Nos.  3;{.SSl,  .WUHO,  U.S.N.M.;  Coll.  Stejneger  and 
Grebnit/.ki)  and  earlier  by  Dr.  Hean  from  St.l*aul  and  from  Sanborn  llarbor,Shumagins. 

This  strongly  marked  species  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  its  peculiar  colora 
tion,  by  the  greatly  thickened  naked  skin,  which  partly  <;onceals  the  short  nasal  aud 
i)pi',icular  spines,  aud  by  the  numerous  tentacles  surmounting  the  warty  tiU)ercles  on 
crown  and  occiput. 

51)47— I'T  3 30 


I 
.  ! 

I  . 

f; 


466 


Tin;    VVR    SKALS    OF    THK    THIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


r 


r.  ( 


'i  ii 


The  (ins  may  l>o  uiiit'oriiily  lihick  witli  a  iiurrow  whiU;  tip  to  the  soft  rays,  or  may 
bo  more  or  loss  viirigated  with  white.  On  the  .soft  dorsal  these  marks  are  iu  the  form 
of  white  spots  which  may  become  coiitiuent  to  form  one  or  two  streaks.  In  some 
siHU'imens  the  eandal  membranes  are  white  in  their  middle  portion,  the  rays  remaining 
black.  The  under  side  of  tiie  head  and  maxillary  membranes  are  sometimes  marked 
with  large  bhutkish  spots  with  ill-delined  edges. 

In  addition  to  the  minnte  pores  which  lie  at  intervals  along  the  course  of  the 
lateral  line,  the  latter  gives  otV  i)airs  of  lateral  braiiches  each  of  which  opens  in  three 
or  more  small  pores.  The  sides  of  the  head  aro  also  thickly  studded  with  pores. 
<.)\ving  to  tlie  thickened  integument  the  pectorals  aiul  veutrals  are  more  largely  aduate 
to  the  body  than  in  other  species. 

The  liu  rays  are  as  follows  iu  10  specimens: 


' 

»a[. 

RavB 

IX   X   ; 

6      4     ' 

1 

First  ilitr-      SocoimI  dor- 
sal. 


15     10     17 
1      6      1 


Aiiul.      ,    reoUirul. 


U    la  16    17 

a      7  '.'8 


Coitus  inertiiitin,  <  t  ud  Valeucieuues,  scautily  described  from  a  drawing,  may 

be  this  species. 

102.  Myoxocephalus  verruooBua  (Ht'iiu).     (I'lato  LXVI.) 

Kocorded  by  Dr.  Beau  from  Plover  May,  Siberia,  and  by  Dr.  (Wlbert  tVom  about 

Uualaska  and  Bristol  Hay.  Mr.  Scolield 
found  it  at  iviiigs  Island,  Tort  Clarence,  ami 
Grantley  Harbor. 

103.  Myoxocepba'."s  axillaris   ((Jill).      (I'lute 
LXVIld.) 

llecorded  from  Bering  Straits  by  Dr. 
Gill,  by  Mr.  Xelsou  from  St.  Michaels,  and 
by  Mr.  Scolield  from  Port  Clarence,  Chiguik 
Bay,  and  llereiuleen  Bay.  Found  ou  Bering 
Island  by  Nicolai  Cirelmitzki. 

104.  Porocottus  sellaris  ((iilhert). 
Kecorded  from  Bristol  Bay. 

105.  Porocottus  quadrifllis  Gill. 

Recorded  fn)m  Beriug  Straits. 

106.  Porocottus  quadratus,  It.  A.  Itouii,  iiuw  H|ib- 
<ics.    (I'lutf  LXVIIft.) 

Head,  2^;  depth,  ;J:|;  eye,  ;U  in  head; 
mandible,3.^;  maxillary,3;  iuterorbital  width, 
•J  in  eye.  J).,  Vlll,  14;  A.,  113;  V.,  1,  3;  P., 
l(i.  Head  rather  short  and  broad,  quad- 
rangular; the  prollle  from  tip  of  upper  jaw 
ascends  almost  vertically  to  end  of  nasal 
8i»ine,  rounding  over  orbital  ridge,  and  thence  gently  sloping  upward  to  origin  of 
dorsal,  from  which  point  the  body  gradually  taiiers  to  the  tail,  the  depth  of  the  caudal 


ilyuxuoephiihu 


axilturit,     Iluiimdi'iii 
Amiii  L.  Hrowii,  ili'l. 


Hay,     Alaska. 


mmkm 


THE    PMSHES    OV    HKRlNCi    SKA. 


4fi7 


I    !'  1 
■    i  \ 


iwduiicle  bciiif;  t;outiiinu«l  about  ;U  times  iu  yreatent  ilcptli  of  bo»ly.  Thv  long  iliaiuutcr 
ot'theuyeeiiuals  tlieluiigthot'tlie  inaiulible,  almost  tliatot'thu  maxilla,  and  is  contained 
3A  times  iu  the  extreme  Ieny:th  of  the  head.  Interorbital  spaee  narrow,  its  width  one- 
half  length  of  eye.  (Sill  niembtanes  united  and  forming  a  fold  across  the  isthmus. 
Opercular  spines  well  developed,  the  lowermost  on  opercle  and  that  on  preopercle 
being  curved  downward  and  forward.  Cranial  ri<Iges  ending  in  si)ines  of  small  size. 
Numerous  pores  on  head,  those  in  front  visible  to  the  naked  eye;  tubular  pores  on 
body,  especially  above  aual  base,  where  they  appear  to  the  naked  eye  as  raised  white 
specks. 

Fins  all  well  deveIoi»ed,  large;  length  of  tirst  dorsal  base  little  more  than  one-half 
length  of  second;  anal  lin  beginning  under  third  aiul  fourth  rays  of  second  dorsal  and 
ending  oiiposite  its  last  ray;  length  of  longest  dorsal  sidne  about  three-fourths  as  long 
as  longest  ray,  or  e<iual  to  length  of  longest  aual  ray;  pectorals  large  and  l>road; 
veutrals  reaching  past  anal  origin. 

Color  reddish  brown,  relieved  by  nuich  white;  under  parts  whitish;  head  above 
and  below  brown,  tlecked  with  white;  lips  pale;  a  broad  white  half  bar  on  body 
extending  from  end  of  si>iuous  dorsal  to  fourth  ray  of  second  dorsal,  another  extending 
from  sixth  to  ninth  ray,  and  a  third  from  last  ray  to  near  end  of  caudal  jteduncle, 
which  it  eucircles  in  coinieetion  with  a  dark  bar,  the  latter  extending  on  the  caudal 
tin;  pectorals  aud  caudal  barred;  ventrals  with  round  black  blotches  forndng 
rows  on  the  rays.  Bering  Islaud;  only  the  type  known.  (B.  A.  Bean.)  (Type, 
No.  33875,  U.S.N.M.,  a  single  example  3  inches  long,  Bering  Islaud,  1883;  collected 
by  Dr.  L.  Stejneger.) 

107.  MegalocottuB  laticeps  (Gilbert). 

Recorded  from  the  ueighborhood  of  Bristol  Bay.  Mr.  Scotield  fouud  it  at  Port 
Clarence. 

108.  Megalocottua  platycephalus  (I'alluH).     {Cotlun  Uviiioplirnn  Knur.) 

Recorded  from  Kamchatka  by  Pallas,  aud  from  Decastris  Bay,  near  the  uu>uth  of 
the  Amur  lliver  by  Kuer. 

109.  OiicocottUB  hexacornis  (Hichardiioii).     (I'luto  LXVIII.) 

Northern  part  of  Bering  Sea  and  northward  through  the  Arctic  to  (ireenland. 
Very  doubtfully  distinct  from  OnvocoUus  iiuadrivornis  of  Europe.  Recorded  by  Mr. 
tScolield  from  lierschel  Islaud  and  Grautley  liarbor,  and  from  Bering  Islaud  by  Dr. 
Ste.jneger. 

110.  ZeBticelus  profundorum  (Uilburt). 

Originally  described  from  three  specimens  from  Bering  Sea.  A  fourth  specimen 
dredged  by  us  off  Bogoslof  Island,  a  little  larger  than  the  types,  has  D.,  VI,  10;  A., 
8;  P.,  L'U.  One  of  the  original  types  has  D.,  VII,  lli;  A.,  10;  I'.,  20;  but  iu  all  other 
rcsjHicts  the  two  specimens  agree  absolutely  and  they  are  no  doubt  identical. 

111.  Bleuuicottus  globiceps  (Giraid), 

Recorded  by  Dr.  Beau  from  Kadiak,  Adakh,  and  Amchitka.  These  records  need 
veritication,  as  perhaps  some  other  species  was  mistaken  for  it. 

112.  OjcycottuB  acuticeps  (Gilburt). 

Originally  described   from   Unalaska;  found  later  by  Dr.  Gilbert  at  Departure 


41 


m 


U 

'5 


m 

mil 


iii 


51 


;,H 


468 


THE    FUR    SEALS    OP   THE    PRIHIT-OF    ISLANDS. 


iM 


I 


ii' 


)  I 


m  ! 


4 


Bay,  Viiiicouver  Islsiiul;  by  Mr.  Arthur  \V.  Groeloy  in  rriuce  AVilliam  Bound,  iiiul  by 
])r.  Jordan  at  Hitka  and  Kadiak.  Tliesu  sppviiuens  vary  considerably  in  color  and  in 
length  of  preo|>L>i'culai'  ispine. 

This  si>ecius  is  the  type  of  a  distinct  genus  or  subgenus  O-iycottus,  nearest  allied 
to  likunicotlioi,  but  ditl'ering  in  the  sharper  spine  of  the  preopcrcle  and  the  lateral 
cleft  of  the  mouth.  Oxj/cottuti  einbnjum  is  a  secoiul  species  of  the  same  group,  inter- 
mediate  in  form  and  armature  between  IHennicottux  tjlobiceps  and  Oryeotlus  tivuticeps, 

113.  DaaycottuB  aetiger  Keaii. 

Taken  by  us  ofl"  Karluk;  recorded  by  Dr.  (Jilbert  from  various  localities  nortli 
and  south  of  Alaska  Peuiusula,  by  Dr.  iJeau  from  Sitkalidak,  and  by  Mr.  8tarks  from 
Puget  Sound. 

114.  Malacocottus  zonurus  Koiin. 

Kecorded  from  the  Trinity  Islands,  and  from  about  Unalaska  and  IJuimak  in  deep 
water. 

115.  HistiocottUB  bilobus  (('iivitT  und  ValoiiciuiiiioH). 

This  species  was  collected  by  Stejueger  on  Bering  Island  in  18!)7  (IT.S.N.M.  No. 
48857). 

116.  Blepsias  cirrbosus  Ciivior  iiiu)  VulciK'iuiinuH. 

Captain  Uarbor,  Unala.ska;  l*etroi)aul8ki;  Iturup  Island;  also  recorded  by  I>r. 
tiilbert  from  Unalaska,  and  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Unalaska,  Adakh,  Kiska,  and  8t.  Paul; 
found  by  Stejueger  on  Bering  Island.  Adults  from  Unalaska  show  the  following 
color : 

t)live  green,  of  varying  shiulcs,  the  belly  bright  (!Oi)pery  yellow,  the  cross  blotches 
on  back  nearly  black,  with  paler  nnirgins;  naked  patclies  on  sides,  white  or  brassy, 
those  on  tail  colored  like  body,  those  ou  head  silvery.  First  dorsal  light  olive  with 
'2  translucent  patches;  second  dorsal  mottled  olive  with  dark  spots  and  translucent 
patches.  Caudal  with  3  blackish  and  -1  translucent  bands.  Anal  yellowish  olive 
Mith  numerous  spots  and  translucent  i)atches.  liadiating  blackish  bauds  running 
out  from  eye.    The  upper  barbels  black,  the  lower  olive. 

117.  NautiBous  piibilovius  .lordan  ami  Oilliert,  uew  Kiiouiu.s.     (Tliitu  L\I\.) 

yuuliclithi/n  ociilo/asciatus  (iilhi'it,  lieport  U.  S.  Fish  (.'(iiiiiiiiasiunur,  1H!((>,  4:il;  not  of  (iiriud. 

Ditt'ering  from  A'autichtlii/s  oeuJoJ'uscwtUH  in  the  shorter  lower  lins,  the  lower 
cranial  ridges  and  the  coloration. 

Head,  3  to3;\;  depth,  3J;  ]).,  VIII,  23;  A.,  15;  V.,  1,  3;  P.,  15;  eye,  A^  in  head; 
maxillary,  2^ ;  lateral  line  with  3i)  spines. 

Shape  of  head  and  body  much  as  in  A.  ovulo/asciutus.  Head  short,  the  snout 
rather  sharp,  the  anterior  protile  steep;  nasal  spines  prominent;  a  short  ocular  cirrus, 
much  smaller  than  in  N.  oculofaxciatun,  shorter  than  pupil;  interorbital  space  narrow, 
about  half  eye,  deeply  coucave;  a  blunt  triangular  ridge  above  each  orbit,  with  a  deep 
cross  furrow  behind  it  which  deepens  to  a  pit  at  the  vertex;  nuchal  ridges  lower  than 
in  N.  ocuIofasciatHs,  each  with  a  (loarse  tubercle,  lower  and  larger  than  in  the  other 
species.  From  the  nuchal  depression  the  base  of  tlrst  dorsal  spines  rises  much  less 
abruptly.  Preopercle  with  four  blunt  ])romiucnces,  the  upper  often  longer  and  more 
spine  like.  Mouth  nearly  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included;  a  slender  lllament  at 
cud  of  maxillary;  teeth  small,  a  few  ou  vomer  and  a  narrow  baud  ou  x)alatines.    Gill 


'J^- 


^t'l 


THE    FISHKS    OP    HKKIN(J    SEA. 


409 


il,  and  by 
or  and  in 


nieinbraiios  broadly  united  to  istlimns,  the  gill  ojMMiiiijj  oxtendinfr  a  little  below  the 
lower  edge  of  pectoral.  Skin  covered  with  dose-set  villous  prickles,  among  whi<rh 
large  onen  are  tro<|nently  seen  arranged  in  rather  dctinite  longitudinal  series,  of 
which  there  may  be  two  or  three  parallel  with  the  back  and  one  running  iu>;ir  lower 
lino  <d"  tail.  No  smooth  areas  on  sides.  Lateral  lino  conspicuous,  the  plates  with 
short  spines  «lirectcd  backward. 

Dorsals  separate,  the  first  not  notched,  comparatively  low;  the  first  spine  highest, 
1)5  in  hciwl  in  tyjie;  in  other  specimens  1  j  to  1  ,'j  in  head.  Soft  dorsal  and  anal  also  h>w, 
none  of  the  rays  reac^hing  base  of  (-audal  when  <lei>re8sed.  Pectoral  longer  than  head ; 
ventrals  l^  to  'J  in  head. 

Color  dull  light  olivaceous,  mottled  with  darker;  three  or  four  dark  bands  below 
soft  dorsal,  one  below  spinous  dorsal;  a  black  band  through  eyes  and  iicross  cheeks, 
extending  onto  branchiostegal  membranes;  seven  dusky  spots  along  lateral  lino,  a 
conspicuous  piidi  blotch,  rather  larger  thiin  ])upil,  between  first  and  second  spots. 
First  dorsal  dusky;  second  dorsal,  anal,  and  pectoral  dotted  and  checked;  caudal 
with  faint  finely  checked  cross  lines,  which  d«^open  to  form  a  <lark  bar  at  its  base  and 
a  broader  one  toward  its  tip;  ventrals  pale;  belly  mottled. 

One  specimen  0  cm.  long,  from  station  3<!.'J5,  ofl'  Zapadni  rookery,  St.  Ueo.go 
Island,  in  23  fathoms. 

Another  specimen,  barely  an  inch  long,  was  dredged  in  7  fathoms  in  the  harbor 
of  IJnalaska.  Very  numerous  specimens  were  obtained  by  the  Albatross  in  1S!»0  in 
liristol  Hay  and  south  of  the  Alaskan  Peninsula.  It  was  at  that  time  ineorrec^tly 
identified  by  Dr.  (iilbert  with  N.  ociilofasciatiis.  In  five  specimens  of  those  from 
IJristol  Hay  the  dorsal  contains  VIII  or  IX — 23  or  24  rays,  the  amvl  Ifi  or  17,  the 
pectoral  15  or  l(i. 

Dr.  lican  records  Xautichthys  oeHlofascintxs  from  IJnalaska,  Adakh,  Kiska,  and 
St.  Paul,  Perhaps  he  had  the  present  species  instead  of  the  more  southern  Nautivh- 
thy»  oculofascUttiis.  The  genus  Nautisois  .Tordan  and  Hvermann  is  <'losely  allied  to 
Xantichthys,  differing  in  the  low  spinous  dorsal,  the  base  of  which  is  scarcely  raise<l 
above  the  nape.    The  skin  is  rougher  than  in  Knutivhthys,  and  the  anal  tin  is  shorter. 

118.  Psychrolutea  paradoxus  (iiinthor. 

I'sjioliroliiten  :cbra  IJeaii,  Proc.  l'.  8.  Nat.  Mu8.,  1890,  X,  3. 

Head,  2J;  depth,  3.  D., — ,  15;  A.,  13;  P.,  11);  eye, 4  in  head;  width  of  numth  from 
angle  to  angle,  1^;  snout,  3,\;  iutororbital,  3i. 

IJody  short,  broad,  thick,  tadpole  shape,  the  texture  soft  like  that  of  a  Liparul, 
especially  about  the  head ;  the  skin  is  limp  and  smooth,  covered  with  little  soft  derniiil 
warts,  that  of  the  head  especially  lax,  the  cheeks  tumid  and  translucent.  No  trace  of 
spines  on  head,  the  bones  all  thin  and  weak;  nostrils  each  in  a  short  tube;  mouth 
broad,  its  cleft  chiefly  anterior,  the  Jaws  etjual;  teeth  very  ujinute,  none  on  vomer  or 
palatines;  lower  jaw  with  eight  large  open  pores.  Gill  mend)ranes  broadly  united  to 
the  isthmus,  the  gill  opening  extending  to  slightly  below  base  of  pectoral.  Lateral 
line  obsolete.  Dorsals  united,  with  a  slight  notch  between,  the  first  buried  in  a  ridge 
of  skin,  so  that  its  delicate  spines  can  not  be  counted  fronj  without;  second  dorsal 
low,  similar  to  anal,  both  of  them  free  from  the  caudal.  Lower  pectoral  rays  progres- 
sively shortened,  the  longest  IJ,  in  head.  Ventrals  moderate,  I,  3,  reaching  vent,  2ii 
in  head;  caudal  rounded. 

Color  creamy  white,  with  blackish  «!ross-bands,  irregular  in  form  an«l  broken  by 


?  'm 


>'  H 


■.:%i 


i.i 


^4 


470 


THE    FlIU    SEALS    OF    THE    PKHULOK    ISLANDS. 


Hi 


!   "'i  ' 


(i 


wliitiRli  patclifts;  five  black  spots  on  lower  jaw;  top  of  lieml  l)la(;kish;  a  narrow  blotch 
at  shoulder;  a  wider  one  across  first  dorsal;  abroad  one  on  second  dorsal  abruptly 
broadened  on  body,  then  narrowed  extending;  a(;ross  anal;  an  irrej^nlar  bar  at  base  of 
caudal;  a  narrow  bar  and  some  spots  and  streaks  on  the  iin;  pectoral  with  two 
curved  bars,  the  inner  concave,  tlie  outer  convex  backward,  the  two  inclosing  a 
rounded  |)inkisli  area. 

One  specimen  ftO  mm.  Ion;;  from  station  .3(!40  otf  St.  Paul  Island;  depth,  '2(i 
fatlnuns.  The  species  is  abundant  from  Puget  Sound  throu{<:h  Herin^  Sea  to  the 
Kuril  Islands.  The  present  tMdlcction  contains  a  spe(;imen  1(>  mm.  lonv;  from  station 
.Ifi.T.T  ott"  Iturup  Island;  depth,  IS  fathoms.  The  species  was  also  taken  at  station  .3074, 
oft'  Karlnk.  In  these  specimens  the  coloration  is  variable,  the  bands  on  the  back 
bein^jT  sometimes  divided.  The  pectoral  flns  are  orange  at  base  in  life,  the  color  vary- 
ing to  bright  yeHow. 

Family  AGONID/E. 
119.  Occa  dodecaedroii  (TiloHiim). 

Two  specimens  from  Shana  Hay,  Iturup  Island,     h'ecorded  by  Dr.  (lilbert  from 

Bristol  May.  Tlu'.se  agree 
very  closely  in  details  of  tbrm, 
structure,  and  coloration  with 
material  from  eastern  llering 
Sea  and  seem  to  dilVer  only 
in  the  longer,  shar|>er  s]nnes 
with  which  the  i)lates  of  the 
dorsal  series  are  provided. 
The  ridges  on  the  top  of  the 
head  are  also  narrower  and 
shari>er.  This  may  indicate 
specific  or  sub8])ecific  separa- 
tion, but  our  material  is 
insutticient  to  indicate  that 
such  is  the  case.  From  Ouvier's  description,  based  on  an  individual  sent  him  by 
Tilesiiis,  our  8])ecimen8  ditU'er  in  the  coloration  of  the  caudal  fin,  the  longer  head,  and 
the  shorter  snout  and  eye.  The  caudal  is  nearly  uniformly  blackish,  not  spotted  with 
brown  like  the  pectorals.  The  head  is  contained  4'^  times  in  total  length  (not  d  times), 
and  the  eye  and  snout  are  about  one-fifth  length  of  head  (not  one-fourth). 

The  species  is  closely  allied  t«  O.rerrHCOHa,  but  differs  conspicuously  in  coloration 
and  in  numerous  structural  details.  The  cheeks  are  naked  below  the  stsiy,  the  stay 
is  without  spine,  the  medial  portion  of  gill  membranes  are  plated,  and  the  invest- 
ment of  the  breast  is  very  diflerent.  Compare  in  this  respect  the  accompanying 
figure  with  Steiudachner's  plate  of  Agoniin  hnrkani  (=  0.  verrucom)  in  Ichthy. 
Beitrilge  IX,  taf.  V.  Fin  rays  in  our  specimens:  1).,  X,  S;  A.,  14;  P.,  14  or  16.  The 
two  species  rerrueonns  and  ilodeeai'dron  form  a  minor  group  or  genus,  distinguished 
from  lirachifnpsin  {rostratus)  by  the  short  snout,  which  is  not  produced  and  Stfiuinathvs. 
like.  Siphagomis  Steindachner  is  identical  with  lirachyopais.  For  the  group  typified 
by  verrucoHUK  and  (hdecnedron  Jordan  and  Evermann  have  taken  the  name  Occa 
(meaning  a  harrow). 


Orra  d(iilrrai'tlri<ii.  Shiiiin  H»v.  Iliimii  Islniiil.     Amiii  li.  Urowii  del. 


THE    FISIIKS    OF    HEIMNIS    SKA. 


471 


blotch 
l>riii)tly 
bilso  of 
Ml  two 
siii^  a 

>tli,  26 
to  the 
station 
.■J074, 
back 
'  vary- 


120.  Braohyopsia  aegalienHiB  (TilflHiiiH), 

lk4MM)r(1o<1  from  Saklialiii  by  Tilosiiis;  not  soon  by  rooont  wrifors. 

121.  Brachyopsis  rostratuB  CI'iloNiiiN).     (riiitoLW.) 

Sovorul  specimens  I'roin  Sliiina  ISay,  Itiirnp  l.sland,  sliow  the  rol]owin<;cliiirn<'t(>rs: 
Dorsal  faro  wider  than  in  Oreo  iloilecal'dron  or  in  I'nUnx'nia  hiirhnlti  and  «l«'oi»ly  con- 
cavo;  .snont  «>lon{;ato,  (Io])ros80(1,  its  width  tai\(Mi  at  niiddio  of  its  lo!i^rt||  niio-liaH' 
i;roater  than  its  depth  at  tho  same  point,  and  one-half  its  h>n};tli,  iiieasiired  from  tip  of 
lower  jaw;  lower  Jaw  mnch  lonjjerthan  npper,  the  syini)hysis  entering  npper  profile  of 
snont,  vertically  fnrrowed  at  tip;  maxillary  not  reaehin};  orbit,  1  in  head;  ineorbital 
elongate,  with  a  lengthwise  ridge  which  divides  anteriorly,  the  branches  not  termi- 
nating in  spines;  the  edge  of  proorbital  entire;  anterior  nostril  in  a  short  tnbe.  Teeth 
all  minnto,  present  on  jaws  and  vonwr,  often  absent  on  palatines,  sometimes  present 
in  a  small  patclMni  extreme  anterior  end.  Suborbital  stay  withont  spine,  f<n-ming  a 
gibbons  striated  ])rotaberanee  on  middle  of  elieek,  between  which  and  the  liori/ontal 
edge  of  preoi)er<rle  is  a  series  of  three  or  fonr  small  jilatea;  two  strong  diverging  spines 
at  angle  of  i)reo])erele;  a  shorter  spine  beh»w  them;  orbital  nnugins  elevated  superiorly 
and  posteriorly;  interorbital  space  very  narrow,  grooved,  and  longitudinally  striated, 
ita  width  e<|ualing  one-half  diameter  of  (U'bit,  which  is  (t  in  head:  no  s|)ines  on  top  of 
head,  the  ri^lges  low  and  rounded.  Head  4j!  to  4f;  in  length;  width  of  body  S',  to  S.^; 
length  of  caudal  pediinele  ;U  to  4. 

IJody  anteriorly  hexagonal,  the  upper  lateral  rulge  becoming  obsolete  inunediately 
in  front  of  spinous  dorsal;  lower  lateral  ridge  also  becoming  rounded  and  ob.solescent 
anteriorly;  dorsal  face  widening  rapiiUy  from  occiput  to  front  of  spinous  dorsal  where 
its  width  e(|uals  snont;  it  gradually  narrows  jiosteriorly,  the  dorsal  ridges  becoming 
conHueut  at  a  point  much  nearei'  base  of  cauilal  than  end  of  se<!ond  dorsal;  ventral 
ridges  spineless,  tho  lateral  ridges  with  short  spinous  points,  often  distinguishable 
with  dilliculty;  dorsal  series  anteriorly  with  stronger  spines  which  ra|>idly  diminish 
posteriorly;  branehiostegal  and  gular  nuMubranes  without  plates;  plates  on  body  with- 
out the  minute  prickles  so  chara(!t.eristic  of  (h-cti  rprntcosa  and  O.  ihuleiuudron;  bicast 
covered  with  polygonal  i)late.s,  a  series  elevated  to  form  a  median  ridge,  tiie  marginal 
plates  also  prominent;  prepectoral  area  wide,  with  four  prominent  ])lates,  the  upper- 
mo.st  bearing  a  short  spine  posteriorly;  in  the  dorsal  series  of  jtlate.s,  I(»  li»;  in  advance 
of  lirst  dorsal,  11  bc^tween  origins  of  first  and  second  dorsals,  0  or  10  along  ba.se  of 
second  dorsal,  0  to  '.»  between  second  dorsal  and  the  point  of  conllnence  of  the  dorsal 
series,  and  .">  to  7  between  the  latter  point  and  base  of  caudal;  total  nund)er  of  plates 
in  dorsal  series  43  to  4.'>,  in  0  specimens  examined. 

Pectorals  long  and  narrow,  \\  in  head ;  dorsal  with  S  (rarely  0)  si)inc8  and  S  soft  rays ; 
anal  with  l.*?  (rarely  14)  rays;  pectoral  with  14  rays.  Cohtr  dusky  above,  nmrk«'d  with 
small  black  spots  and  lines;  white  below,  growing  dusky  posteriorly;  caudal  bhukish; 
ventrals  white,  anal  white,  with  the  last  rays  dusky;  dorsals  and  pe<!torals  with  the 
rays  tiuely  dotted  with  black. 

Recorded  by  Grebnitzki,  from  Yeso,  .lapan. 

122.  Pallasina  barbata  (SttMiidachiior), 

Two  specimens  from  Shana  Hay,  Iturup  Island,  one  from  Tareinsky  liay,  Kam- 
chatka. Recorded  by  Dr.  (iilbert  from  Bristol  Hay,  an<l  by  Dr.  lU^an  from  Vakutat, 
Unalaska,  and  Port  Clarence.  Mr.  Scofield  found  it  at  Port  ClarenciO  and  Stejneger 
at  Petropaulski.    They  show  the  typicial  arrangenuMit  of  plates  on  the  breast,  the 


W 


■I  M 


.'•lO 


.  il 


MX 


:■[ 


472 


TIIK    FUR   SEALS    ()P    THE    PKIHII-(»K    1SLAND8. 


fi 


median  series  in  front  of  vcntrnls  containinj;  tliree  plates,  not  two  as  in  PiilloMhin  oiv. 
The  niandibiilai-  barbel  is  snbjeet  to  considerable  variation  in  lenf^tb,  and  can  |)robal)ly 
not  be  relied  upon  to  distinguish  the  two  species. 

123.  PodothecuB  hamlini,  .lonliin  tiiul  rii]bort,.iio\v  Hprciim.     (Phito  IiXXI.) 

I).,  IX  to  XI,  8;  A.,  Oor  10;  P.,  ir».  Head,  .'{,'  in  length;  depth,  not  inchiding 
spines  of  dorsal  plates,  85;  widtli  at  base  of  pe(!torals,  7,^;  length  of  caudal  peduncle, 
from  base  of  last  anal  ray,  2!| ;  snout  long  and  slender,  depressed,  pr«>dn«'ed  beyond 
the  mouth  for  a  distance  cipialing  a  little  less  than  half  its  length,  the  tip  formed  of 
two  spines,  the  space  between  which  is  covered  with  membrane;  a  pair  of  strong, 
nearly  erect  spines  at  their  base,  between  which  are  two  or  three  very  small  spines  on 
the  median  line;  a  second  pair  of  strong  spines  at  jiosterior  end  of  prenmxillary  fossa, 
the  ridges  bounding  which  may  bear  one  or  more  pairs  of  small  prickles;  preopercle 
with  a  wide,  wing-like  crest  terminating  in  a  bluntish  spine;  snout  long  and  slender, 
its  lateral  i»roflle  con«!ave  as  seen  from  above  or  below;  suborbital  crest  with  three 
very  strong,  backwardly  hooked  s])ines;  interorbital  space  very  narrow,  deeply 
concave;  supraocular  ridge  strong  and  much  elevated,  the  interorbital  8|tace  deei)er 
and  narrower  than  in  any  other  species  of  this  grouj),  its  least  width  1 1  in  orbit;  i)ost- 
orbital  spine  small;  ridges  on  si(ins  of  snout  minutely  serrate;  an  irregular  grouj)  of 
small  spines  above  and  behind  anterior  nostril;  lateral  ridges  of  head  with  three  i)airs 
of  very  strong  backwardly  directed  spines  in  line  with  the  greatly  exjianded  jjreoper- 
cular  ridge;  the  jiosterior  portion  of  this  ridge  produced  into  a  compressed,  bluntish 
l)rocess  which  overlajts  the  suboperde  and  reac^lies  margin  of  gill  opening;  opercular 
and  temporal  ridges  low  and  shari>.  Teeth  jiresent  on  Jaws  in  the  young,  becoming 
nearly  or  quite  obsolete  in  adults;  in  the  type,  17  cm.  long,  a  few  weak  teeth  on  one 
side  of  upi)er  jaw,  but  none  elsewhere;  vomer  and  palatines  toothless.  A  cluster  of 
14  barbels  on  each  side  of  lower  surface  of  snout  in  front  of  month,  and  a  cluster  of  14 
occupying  end  of  maxillary  and  angle  of  mouth ;  each  side  of  lower  lij)  with  two  barbels ; 
gill  membranes  widely  joined  to  the  isthmus,  without  distinct  free  fold  posteriorly. 

Plates  on  body  with  very  strong  spinels,  those  of  the  dorsal  scries  the  largest,  but 
de('reasing  rapidly  backward,  becoming  much  smaller  than  the  lateral  series  under 
the  second  dorsal  fin;  a  median  aeries  of  shoit,  sharp  s])ines  still  persists  along  entire 
back  of  tail  after  the  confluence  of  the  dorsal  series;  the  lateral  seri(>s  lower  ante- 
riorly, the  upper  row  persisting  to  gill  opening,  the  lower  row  now  becoming  obso- 
lete al)out  four  plates  behind  axil;  the  abdominal  series  bear  short,  .^iiarp  spines 
(longer  in  the  young),  becoming  obsolete  silong  anterior  jmrtion  of  anal  (in;  of  the 
dorsal  series,  4  are  in  front  of  the  first  dorsal,  10  (or  Oi)  along  base  of  first  dorsal,  1 
(or  IJ)  between  dorsals,  0  along  base  of  second  dorsal,  l.l  along  back  of  tail,  the  first 
of  the  latter  being  the  plate  in  which  the  dorsal  series  first  become  confluent;  anterior 
portion  of  lateral  line  running  along  upper  Lateral  series,  giadually  descrendiug  to 
middle  of  sides,  where  it  runs  on  a  special  row  of  plates  which  bear  no  spines;  where 
the  lateral  line  begins  to  ascend,  three  of  these  plates  become  confluent  with  cor- 
responding plates  of  the  upper  lateral  series;  in  advance  of  these,  live  members  of  the 
series  again  appear  distinct,  considerably  enlarged  and  bearing  spines;  40  pores  in  the 
lateral  line. 

Fins  all  comparatively  short  and  low;  pectorals  reaching  twelfth  plate  of  upper 
lateral  series,  the  longest  ray  erpialing  length  of  snout  and  one-half  eye;  rays  becoming 
rapidly  shortened  below,  the  lower  five  or  six  slightly  thickened  with  exserted  tij>s; 


THE   FISHES   OF    HERINO    SKA. 


47a 


n  nir. 
)al)|y 


ventrals  very  Hliort,  not  cx(;t>e<liii|]f  Inii^'th  «>f  Hiiont  bcforo  month,  not  recciviMl  into 
longitudinal  groove.  We  couHidor  it  vory  doubtful  whether  hucIi  a  groovo  <HxiHts  in 
any  of  the  other  spec^ioH  of  thin  gr(Mi|>.  It  has  been  doH(;rib<>,d  as  existing  in  tne  types  ol' 
/'.  (lilherti  ((Jollett)  and  I'.  pcrlHU'.thus,  (HI).  In  both  v.;\w»  the  type  Hpcciint'ns  \v(Te  in 
a  poor  Htate  of  prenervntion,  and  the  groove  was  probably  due  to  a  softening  of  that, 
longitudinal  strip  of  the  abdominal  wall  which  in<;liules  tlu^  anal  opening,  ami  extends 
ba(;kward  from  the  base  of  the  ventral  fins  and  is  interpos(Ml  betwctMi  thi>  tirni  outer 
series  of  ventral  plates.  That  such  a  softening  had  occurred  in  the  type  of  PodolhtcuH 
perMcthuH  is  evident  from  (Sill's  statement  that  the  ventrals  had  dropped  out.  This  view 
is  rendered  nun'o  probable  from  the  fact  that  P.peristetliKs  is  a])parently  id(Miti(;al  with 
the  common  I\  acipeHncrinuH,  which  contains  no  such  groove.  VVe  have  also  examined 
two  of  the  type  specimens  of  /'.  iiilhvrii  without  being  able  to  satisfy  ourselves  of  the 
existence  of  any  special  groove.  The  dorsal  (ins  are  closelyjnxtaposed,  the  interspace 
including  1  or  lA  pairs  of  plates.  The  base  of  the  last  ray  of  second  dorsal  is  midway 
between  base  of  camlal  and  origin  of  sjtiuous  dorsal. 

Color  dark  or  brownish  above,  with  irregular  spots  or  dashes  of  darker,  which  do  not 
form  definite  crossbars ;  a  black  streak  from  <^ye  to  tip  of  snout,  ))assing  onto  lower  side 
of  rostral  spines;  adark  blotchon  expsinded  limbofi)reop(a'cle;  ablack  spotini  base  of 
middle  pectoral  rays,  the  fin  very  obscurely  marked  with  dusky ;  dorsal  spines  ami  rays 
with  linear  dark  markings,  one  or  two  black  spots  near  tij)  of  spinous  dorsal  anteriorly ; 
under  parts,  including  fins,  unmarked. 

Two  specimens  from  Albatross  station  30r».3,  off  8hami  N'illage,  [turu|>  Island,  in  18 
fathoms.  A  young  individual  from  Albatross  station  .'{(i4G,  off  Koblien  Island,  IS 
fathoms,  seems  to  belong  to  the  same  species,  but  has  the  snout  less  ])roduced  and  the 
dorsal  VIII,  (i;  anal  8.  (We  take  great  ideasnre  in  uiiming  this  species  in  honor  of 
Hon.  Charles  Sumner  Ilamlin,  late  Assistant  Seciretary  of  the  Tieasury,  under  'fhose 
auspices  the  investigations  described  in  this  memoir  were  undertaken.) 
124.  Podothecus  thompsoni,  .Tonlnn  siiitl  (iilhert,  new  spocieH.      (Platit  LXXII.) 

I).,  VIII  or  IX-6;  A.,  (5;  P.,  10.  Head  rather  broadly  triangular,  its  greatest 
width  across  preoperculiir  ridges  greater  than  distau**  from  anterior  einl  of  jireoper- 
cnlar  ridge  to  tip  of  snout.  Lateral  ridge  on  head  continuous  from  tip  of  snout  along 
suborbital  bones  to  base  of  preopercular  crest,  the  lateral  spines  usual  in  this  genus 
being  represented  by  triangular  processes  borne  on  the  I'idge;  preopercular  ridge 
produced  posteriorly  beyond  gill  opening,  but  not  spine  like;  snout  terminating 
anteriorly  in  two  rounded  processes,  each  bearing  on  its  upp<ir  surface  a  vertical  crest, 
and  finely  serrate  along  its  margins;  no  terminal  pair  of  strong  spines  as  in  other 
species;  under  side  of  snout  with  an  acute  median  spine  directed  downward  and 
backward;  a  pair  of  strong  spines  on  upper  side  of  snout  behind  terminal  nostril 
ridge ;  a  pair  of  coalesced  spines  behiiul  the  nostril  groove ;  a  semicircular  series  of 
spinelets  below  the  eye;  two  small  tufts  of  filaments  on  under  sidji  of  snout,  one  on 
middle  of  maxillary  and  one  at  its  tip.  A  narrow  band  of  sharp  teeth  in  each  Jaw; 
vomer  and  palatines  toothless,  (rill  membranes  unit'.  <1  to  isthmus,  without  evident 
free  fold.  Orbital  rim  nuich  elevated;  interorbital  Hji;)<  r  narrow,  deeply  concave,  its 
width  nine-tenths  diameter  of  orbit;  occipital  ridges  strong,  elevated  posteriorly, 
ending  in  a  backwardly  directed  spine  which  is  much  larger  than  those  of  the  body 
plates;  occi])ital  area  narrow,  deeply  concave,  its  central  ])ortion  sunk  somewhat 
below  level  of  interorbital  space,  from  which  it  is  sejiarated  by  a  shallow  transverse 


^ 

:'!* 


m 


i? 


■'-!■ 


474 


THK  fi;r  8i:alh  ov  tiik  I'Uihilof  islands. 


groove;  a  Hiriilnr  };roovo  b»liiiul<it!c.i|>ihil  HpiiioH;  nnm  lit^twoen  <H!cipitiU  iiiul  tuiiipoml 
ri«l>;<'H  hIho  <l(!ei>ly  »'oiu'iive;  a  Htnnig  oporciilar  ri(ljj«. 

All  tiwi  platcH  with  Htrong  HpjiiAH,  iiu^Iudiii^  thostt  of  Mm  viMitral  H«rios;  tlio 
wcakcNt  H|>intm  aro  on  Mm«  anterior  platrs  ot'tlit^  lat<M-al  Hories;  platos  on  breast  with 
central  Hpint^  and  radiating  ridges;  dornal  Hories  witli  fewer  plates  than  in  other 
Rpi>cies;  .'{  in  front  of  HpinoiiH  dorsal,  11  (or  12)  nlowff  base  of  spinons  dorsal,  L*  (or  1) 
between  tlorsals,  ti  at  base  of  soft  dorsal,  II  (or  l.'i)  unpaired  plates  on  ba<-k  of  eaiidal 
peduncle.  The  unpaired  ]>lat4^s  have  the  spine  notched  at  tip.  All  the  plates  are 
nnirked  with  stroM},^  radiating;  rid|;es  and  have  the  surface  of  the  spines  minutely 
roufjliened. 

Color,  ]i{r|it  }rray  above,  whitt;  below;  top  and  sides  of  head  with  black  dots  and 
dashes;  back  <'.ro88e<l  by  six  narrow  black  bars.  I)istiu(;uishod  frcun  all  other  species 
of  the  genus  by  the  great  development  of  the  lateral  ridge  and  spines  on  head.  This 
gives  the  head  and  especially  the  snout  a  uuuth  broader  outline,  approaching  in  this 
respect  Aoonim  minphraatUH,  The  species  is  represented  by  several  young  specimens 
in  rather  poor  coriditiou,  the  type  being  5.'J  mm.  long.  The  outline  and  armature  of 
the  bead  are  not,  however,  essentially  dill'erent  in  young  and  adults  of  such  species 
as  are  known  to  us  from  spccimei.s  of  dill'erent  sizes.  Off  8haua  Hay,  Iturup  Island, 
Kuril  group.  (This  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Prof.  D'Arcy  Wentworth  Thompson, 
of  the  Hniversity  of  Dundee,  the  commissioner  of  Great  Britain  in  the  fur-seal 
investigations  in  Hering  Sea  in  IHflfi  and  1M97.) 

125.  Podothecua  veternus  .lordiiii  anil  StiirkH. 
Described  frcuu  liobben  Island. 

126.  Podothecua  accipiter  .lordaii  iiiid  StarkH. 
Described  from  Itobben  Island. 

127.  Podothecua  aclpeiiaerinua  (TiloNiuR). 

One  specimen  of  this  abundant  species  was  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  codlisi 
at  St.  L'aul  Islaiul.  It  is  recorded  by  Dr.  Hean  from  Kadiak,  IJnalaska,  and  I'ori 
Clarence,  and  was  fimnd  by  Stejneger  on  Bering  and  Copper  islands. 

128.  Podothecua  gilbert!  (C'ollett^. 
Described  fi'om  Petropaulski. 

129.  Sarritor  frenatua  (Ciilbert). 

One  specimen  from  station  3(i4.'J  extends  the  range  of  this  species  to  the  Kam- 
chatka const  (ott"  Povorotnaya,  in  100  fathoms).  Anomalous  arrangement  is  shown  in 
the  i)redorsal  plates,  most  of  which  occur  alternately  instead  ot  in  pairs.  The  inter- 
space separating  the  dorsals  is  longer  than  in  any  other  specimen  we  have  seen, 
extending  over  five  pairs  of  ])late8.  The  interspace  extends  usually  over  but  two  or 
three  pairs  of  plates,  four  )»airs  being  included  in  but  one  of  our  specimens  from 
eastern  liering  Sea.  No  further  differences  could  be  detected,  The  original  localities 
of  this  species  are  about  IJnalaska  and  Unimak. 

130.  Sarritor  leptorhynchus  (Gilbert). 

Described  from  various  stations  north  and  south  of  the  peninsula  of  AlasVa. 

131.  Xenochirua  alascanua  Gilbert. 

Dredged  by  us  oti' Karluk:  recorded  bj' Dr.  Gilbert  from  many  localities  ibout 
Unimak  Pass. 


I WIIHHiUMiMWIiTllHTliflllimiilll 


THE   FISHES   OF   RERINO   SEA. 


475 


132.  Bathyagonua  nigripinnia  ()illM<rt. 

Ilciiorded  from  iilmut.  llniiluHka  in  deep  water. 

133.  Hypaagonua  quadrioornia  ('iivier  ittid  Vitloiininnnen. 

H(M;onle4l  by  Dr.  Oilhert  trnin  about  HnalnHka  and  Hrintol  liay.  Aho  known 
I'roni  abont  Kamchatka;  t'oiuid  by  (^ol.  NicolaH  (irebnitxki  at  B«>rinf;  iHland. 

134.  Peroia  JaponlotiB  (I'lillaR). 

Known  only  t'roni  the  waters  i'.b«tiit  Haklialin. 

135.  Aapidophoroldea  giinthorl  Knaii. 
Bering  Sea;  not  taken  by  nH. 

136.  Aapidophoroldea  inermia  (Oiintli*>r). 

Recorded  from  abont  the  Alentisiii  IslandH  and  (Inalaska.  It  was  originally 
described  from  Unalaska. 

137.  Aapidophoroldea  bartonl  (iilbnrt. 

Stations  'MM  and  3(i.'t!>,  off  Pribilof  Tslands,  3'J  and  27  fathoms,  locally  abnndant; 
recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  many  stations  abont  the  Alaskan  Peninsula  and  Unalaska. 
Found  by  Stejneger  on  Medni  Island. 

Family  CYCLOPTERID/G. 

138.  Bumlorotremus  orbia  (Oiiiithur). 

One  specimen  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  halibut  otl'St.  Paul  Island.  The  back 
was  seal  brown,  the  lower  parts  pinkish,  the  region  about  the  ventral  disk  bright 
pink.  Also  recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Unalaaka,  St.  Paul,  and  Plover  Bay.  Found 
on  Bering  Island  by  Ool.  N^  Grebnitzki. 

139.  Letbotremua  mutioua  ((iilbert). 
Recorded  from  near  Unimak  Pass. 

140.  Cyolopteriohthya  ventricoaua  I'allas.     Miakiiika  or  Hoft  tlHh. 

Numerous  specimens  taken  at  Petropaulaki  by  Prof.  D'Arcy  \V.  Tliomp.son,  and 
on  St.  Paul  by  Mr.  Trevor  Kincaid.  Found  by  Stejneger  on  Bering  Island.  He(!orded 
from  Atka.    The  species  is  rare  in  collections,  but  seems  to  be  locally  abundant. 

141.  Cyclopteroldea  gyrinopa  Oariiian. 

Described  from  St.  Paul.  A  few  very  young  specimens,  apparently  of  this  species, 
dredged  by  us  in  Golinski  (Dutch)  Harbor,  Unalaska. 

142.  laiparopa  atelleri  (PallaH). 

Originally  described  from  Petropaulski;  not  since  seen. 

Family  LIPARIDID/E. 

143.  Neollparia  oallyodon  (Pnllnn). 

Specimens  were  taken  at  Kamchrtka  (Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton);  Captains  Harbor, 
Unalaska;  St.  Paul,  St.  George,  and  Sitka.  They  vary  much  in  plumpLess  and  some- 
what in  color,  some  being  plain  yellowish  olive,  others  finely  spotted  with  black.  The 
disk  varies  from  2^  to  2'^  times  in  head.  These  variations  are  not  correlated,  and  we 
are  unahle  to  recognize  more  than  one  form,  though  it  is  not  impossible  that  two 


I 


M 


u 


I 


Mil 


47(5 


THE    PUU    SEALS    OP   THE    PUinir,()P    ISLANDS. 


,1:1 


species  iiro  included  among  our  .specimens.  Dr.  I>ean  reconia  this  species  from  IFna- 
iiiska,  Adakli,  Amcliitka,  St.  Miciiael,  and  IMover  IJay.  Ste.jneger  and  r.rt'bnitzki 
found  it  ou  Bering  and  Medni  islands. 

144.  Neoliparis  cyclopus  OihiUiiM-. 

Recorded  by  Dr.  (Hlbert  I'roni  Itristol  Hay, 
Islaiul. 


It  ranges  .soatliward  to  Vancouver 


145.  Liparis  pulchellus  Ayrcn. 

Itecorded  by  Dr.  (iilbert  from  Bristol  Hay,  whence  ii  ranges  southward  to  San 
Francisco.     ]>r.  ISean  notes  it  from  (Jnalaska  and  Kadiak. 

146.  Liparis  cycloBtigma  (iilbnrt.     (Plato  LXXIII.) 
One  specimen  known,  from  near  IJimlaska. 

147.  Liparis  agassizii  (I'litiiiiiii). 

Originally  described  fi(»m  Sakhalin;  generally  common  in  the  north  of  Bering 
Sea,  .soutli  to  lU-istol  Hay,  wlteuce  it  \/as  recoided  by  Dr.  Gilbert.  Dr.  iieau  records 
it  (as  lAparix  {lihhuN)  from  ITnalaska  and  I'etropaulski. 

148.  Liparis  herschelinus  scdlicld.     (I'lute  I.XXIV.; 

Northern  parts  of  Bering  Sea;  described  from  Ilerscihel  Island. 

The  specimens  fiom  Bering  Island  collected  by  (irebnitzki,  recorded  as  Liparis 
tunicdta  by  Bean  and  Bean,  I'roc.  II.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  18!M),  -'43,  probably  belong  to  this 
species. 

CRYSTAI'T-ICHTE  X  S  Jordan  and  Gilbert.    Now  kohus. 

(Jlosely  allied  to  Uptiris,  from  wliich  it  differs  chiefly  in  the  single  nostril.  A 
single  dor.sal  (in ;  a  well(lcveloi)ed  sucking  disk ;  wide  bands  of  teeth,  many  of  which  are 
trihtbate  near  tip;  an  inferior  mouth,  much  overhung  by  the  produced  conical  snout; 
a  single  nostril,  corresponding  to  the  anterior  nostril  of  other  Liparids,  the  posterior 
o])euing  being  wholly  wanting.  The  typical  spe(!ies,  C.  viirabiliit,  differs  from  all 
known  species  of  Liparis  except  L.  ctielostigma  in  its  large  size,  conipressed  form,  and 
translucent  gelatinous  texture. 

149.  Crystallichthys  niirabilis  Jordan  and  (iilbort,  new  Hpocioa.     (IMate.s  LXXV,  LXX\'I.) 

A  large  species,  soft  and  gelatinotjs  in  texture,  the  color  translu<;ent  grayish  or 
purplish,  marked  on  back  with  many  largo  light  (tircles,  which  were  probably  deep  red 
or  crimson  in  life. 

Type,  a  .specimen  :VM)  mm.  long,  from  station  3fi4.'t,  off  southeast  coast  of  Kam- 
chatka, at  a  depth  of  100  fathoms. 

Head  4  in  length;  depth  2.^;  snout  2J  in  head;  eye  .'U  in  snout.  Width  of  outh 
one-half  length  of  head.  Length  of  gill  slit,  one-half  snout,  e<pniling  distance  from 
Iront  of  eye  t»'  front  of  nostril  tube;  I*.,  I5.'5. 

Head  and  body  compressed,  especially  along  upper  protile,  which  descends  In  a 
gentle,  nearly  even  curve  to  tip  of  snout.  Lower  pr.)lile  less  curved,  nearly  straight 
and  horizontal  on  aisterior  third  of  body.  Hnout  conical,  tapering  to  a  sharp  tip,  its 
lower  profile  nearly  horizontal,  protruding  beyond  the  month  for  a  distance  (measured 
axially)  c<|ualing  two-lifths  it;i  huigtli.  IMandibu<ar  .symphysis  vertically  below  nostril 
tube.  Upper  Jaw  strongly  arched  anteriorly,  the  mandible  much  shorter,  nearly 
transverse  in  position.  When  the  month  is  closed  tlmre  is  exposed  the  entire  width 
of  the  thick  upper  lii),  and  the  anterior  portion  of  the  band  of  fringes  which  i)recede8 


THE    FISHES   OF    BERING    SEA. 


4751 


na- 
izki 


ver 


■>aii 


I'd  a 


>'J,V 

lis 


A 

re 

It; 
or 
ill 
Id 


tilt*  premaxillary  teeth.  Teeth  slender,  slnirter  tliaii  in  L.  vi/clostiffma,  arranged  in 
about  25  obli(|ne  series  in  tiie  half  of  each  jaw.  The  posterior  hiiiger  teetli  are  more 
or  less  distinctly  three  lobed  in  both  jaws,  the  anterior  teetli  shorter,  simple.  A  deep 
cleft  on  lower  side  of  suout  runnin<^  from  its  tip  to  front  tuf  preuiaxillaries,  deepening 
backward,  opening  into  the  deep  groove  above  preniaxilLaries.  From  base  of  cleft  arises 
a  high  free  fold,  the  sharp  edge  of  which  nearly  reacbes  the  margins  ol'  the  cleft.  A 
series  of  three  large  pores  aloi.g  each  side  of  this  cleft,  with  three  more  «Hpially  spaced 
on  each  side  and  parallel  with  front  of  mouth.  Belonging  to  this  scries,  hut  distant 
from  them  and  much  smaller,  we  tind  one  on  middle  of  cheeks  bcktw  eye,  and  one 
halfway  between  eye  and  middle  of  gill  slit.  A  jiore  behind  eye  ami  n  series  of  four 
on  each  side  of  nape.  N(»  pore  in  the  position  of  the  posterior  nasul  opening.  A 
second  series  of  six  on  each  side  of  mandiitle  and  preopercle.  No  other  pores  on  head. 
Nostril  single,  iu  a  distinct  wide  tube,  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  pupil.  Distance 
from  eye  to  angle  of  mouth  3j^  in  head.  Vertical  from  angle  of  mouth  passing  through 
front  of  orbit.  Gill  cleft  narrow,  reaching  base  of  lirst  pectoral  ray,  its  huigth  4^  in 
hcitd.  Lateral  line  rising  in  an  abrupt  curve  from  upper  end  of  gill  opening,  decurved 
again  behind  pectorals  to  reach  middle  of  sides,  on  the  posterioi  half  of  which  it 
becomes  obsolete.  Anteriorly  the  lateral  line  is  accomi)an!ed  above  by  a  second 
series  of  pores  which  is  not  curved,  but  runs  straight  forward  from  just  above  the 
summit  of  the  curve. 

The  dorsal  and  anal  lins  are  envelojied  anteriorly  in  thick  gelatinous  lissue,  so 
that  their  points  of  origin  and  number  of  tin  rays  can  not  be  determined.  The  lins 
are  high,  the  longest  anal  ray  equaling  length  of  snout  and  eye.  Thirty-two  dorsal 
and  3.'i  anal  rays  can  be  distinguished  in  the  posterior  transparent  iM^rtions  of  the 
fins,  the  total  number  of  rays  being  greater.  The  last  anal  ray  joins  outer  caudal  ray 
at  middle  of  length  of  the  latter.  Dorwil  joined  narrowly  to  base  of  caudal  at  end  of 
basiil  seventh  of  outer  caudal  ray.  Longest  caudal  ray  2A  in  head.  Lower  seven 
pectojiil  rays  thickened,  forming  a  lobe,  the  distal  third  of  each  ray  free  from  the 
membrane.  Longest  pectoral  ray  i\  in  head.  Disk  of  moderate  size,  anteriorly 
placed,  its  posterior  margin  under  the  gill  slit,  its  length  onethiid  that  of  head. 

iJolor  tran.slucent,  according  to  Stejneger,  beautifully  pink  flesh  color  in  life,  the 
dornul  region,  including  dorsal  fin,  marked  with  many  large  round  spots,  probably 
deep  red  or  crimsoi;  in  life,  each  spot  surrounded  with  a  faint  darker  ring. 

Two  siieeiinens  were  taken,  one,  about  15  mm,  long,  from  station  ."{O.'J.S  in  34  fath- 
oan-ofi  '6t.  Taui  Island,  the  other,  340  mm.  long,  from  station  3(i43  in  lUO  fathoms  off 
swutheast  (;oast  of  Kamchatka.  The  remarkably  beautiful  (coloration  of  the  smaller 
example  was  similar  to  that  of  the  type  siiecimen  of  liiparis  n/cloHtiijiiia,  the  body  and 
tins  in  life  being  translucent,  with  large  roundish  deep  red  spots,  each  surrounded  by 
a  dark  brown  ring  and  this  in. turn  by  a  light  ring.  Delly,  lower  side  of  head,  and 
lower  half  of  pectoral  light  yellow.  The  rings  sire  not  always  strictly  symmetrical 
on  the  two  sides  and  do  not  exactly  correspond  in  ditVerent  specimens.  They  soon 
fadj  iu  spirits. 

The  translucent  coloration  of  tiii;-  species,  extremely  beautiful  in  life,  is  very  dif- 
fer jnt  from  that  of  the  other  li'parlis. 

ISO.  CpreproctUB  simus  (iilburt. 

Recorded  from  near  Unalaska  in  deep  water. 


w 


yti; 


fill 


%ii 


47  H 


THE    I'lUl    SK.VLS   OK    THE    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


151.  CareproctUB  oBtentum  (iilliurl. 
Ituuonletl  tVoiii  iivar  Unaiaska. 

152. 


153 


154. 


CaieproctuB  phaBiua  (iillmrt. 
From  Hriatul  Hay. 

Careproctus  apectium  Mean. 
From  near  Uiipi. 

Carepi'octiiB  oo'.letti  (iilhort. 

From  waters  to  the  sctli  of  Alaska  peniusula. 

155.  Careproctus  eoteiieB  (  ilbeil. 
Krum  near  UiialaHka. 

156.  CareprootiiB  gelatiuoBUB  (rullits). 
I'etro|>aulski;  not  reeofjfnized  by  recent  writws. 

157.  ProgiiuruB  cypselurua  .lurdaii  tiiid  (iilltKrt,  now  KeniiB  and  siiociim.     (Plato  LXWII.) 

This  speuies  is  most  nearly  related  to  Varvproctm  mrlanttrm,  from  which  it  difl'ers 
in  darker  t-oloration  and  sliorter  {;i]|  sUt.  Trom  all  known  species  of  CareiiruvfiiH  it 
«litVers  in  the  very  elongate  caudal  lln,  which  is  forked  at  the  tip.  The  feature  delines 
the  {jonus  l/rtuinuru^. 

Mead  1^  in  length;  depth,  i,^,;  cleft  of  mouth,  I'j  in  head,  seven  lifths  distance 
from  .symphysis  of  lower  jaw  to  an}>'le  of  mouth;  total  interorbital  width,  '2},  in  hea<l; 
eye  large,  equaling  length  of  snout,  ^i'j  in  head;  gill  opening  entirely  above  base  of 
pectoral,  not  reauhing  base  of  upper  ray,  its  length  3  in  head;  the  opercular  lobe 
broadly  rounded. 

Siuiut  blunt,  broadly  rounded,  the  mouth  horizontal  along  its  lower  nuirgin, 
seanely  overlapped  by  it.  Upper  lip  wide.  Teeth  acute,  without  cuaps,  in  about  27 
obli<|ue  rows  in  one  side  «)f  each  Jaw.  iMaxilliary  reaching  the  vertical  from  posterior 
edge  of  the  pupil.    JSostriil  opening  in  a  wide,  low  tube. 

Fr<»nt  margin  of  ventral  disk  very  slightly  behind  angle  of  mouth,  its  diameter 
thrue-lifths  that  of  eye,  about  one-seventh  length  of  head. 

Pectorals  broadly  louiided,  regularly  shortened  below,  not  deeply  notched,  the 
h)wer  7  rays  thickened  and  exserted;  the  longest  free  ray  about  half  length  of  head. 
Upiter  portion  of  tin  with  -(»  rays,  the  tips  only  protruding,  the  longest  eipialing 
length  of  head.  Dorsal  beginning  shortly  behind  vertical  from  gill  slit,  its  distance 
from  tip  of  snout  '^l  in  length.  Dorsal  with  about  58  rays.  Caudal  very  long  and 
narrow,  only  its  basal  third  connate  with  last  rays  of  dorsal  and  anal.  Unlike  all 
other  Iii])arids,  the  caudal  is  forked  at  tip,  the  terminal  notch  involving  about  one- 
seventh  t)f  tin. 

Translucent  dusky,  darker  around  snout,  gill  openings,  and  on  the  tins,  the  verti- 
cal tins  largely  jet- black.    Mouth  and  gill  cavity  dusky,  not  black. 

Type  a  single  specimen,  '21  cm.  long,  dredged  at  station  3044,  otV  Bogoslof  Isluiid, 
at  a  tlcpth  of  0114  fathoms.  A  second  specimen  was  obtained  by  the  Albatrons  in  1889 
at  station  3074,  otl"  the  coast  of  Washiugtou,  in  "77  fathoms,  bat  it  was  too  seriously 
mutilate',  to  admit  of  description. 

158.  RhiiiolipariB  barbuUfer  Gilbort. 
l-'rom  deep  water  oil'  Unalaska. 


THE   FI8HKS   OK    HKKINO   SKA. 


479 


139.  Oyrinlchthys  minytiemua  (iilltiTt. 

One  siH;i;iiii(jii  IVoin  due))  watur  oD'  liiiuhiHkii. 

160.  ParalipaiiH  cephalus  (iilliort. 

Uuconlud  Cnim  oil' UiiiilsiHkii  aiul  oil"  I'oiiit  Itcyes  by  Dr.  (tilboit.  OhtiiiiiiMl  by 
us  ill  8hclikoi'  StiiiitH  oti'  Kuiiuk. 

161.  PaialipariB  ulochir  (iilliiTL 

l{cc!(>r(l«Hl  IVoiii  near  ('iialaHka  in  (loop  water;  the  urigiuu!  typi!  Iruiu  tlic  Gulf  ol 
( 'alilbrnia. 

162.  Paialiparis  Itolonielaa  (iilli<irt. 

From  nuar  UiiulaHka  in  duup  wator. 

Fmnily   BATH  YM  ASTER  I  D/E. 

163.  Batbymaater  aigiiatua  ( Niiio.     ( I'lato  LX  .\  V 1 1 1 . ) 

llucordud  by  Dr.  <iilbort  t'roni  about  (Jniniak  and  llnalaHka;  takiMi  by  u.s  at  Kitka. 
Dr.  Huau  ruuords  the  .spueieH  Iroiii  Kadiak,  iShuinagin,  and  Unalu.ska.  Found  by 
iSl(';jiieii;(ir  and  Cirubnit/.ki  on  Huring  and  Medni  iulunds. 

164.  Roiiquilua  jordani  ((iilbi^rt). 

Uecordod  by  (jilburt  from  Brintol  May.  Otherwise  known  ri«)ni  Soafth!  and 
Wrangcil. 

Family  TIUCHODONTl  D/t. 

165.  At'ctoscopuB  japouicua  ^itoiiiiiai^hiiui'.  « 
Two  spuuinienH  from   station  ;{(»52,  olf  Itiirup  Island,  dt^ptli   It  fallinin.s.     D.,  X 

or  \J,  l.'J;  A.,  30or;31. 

Originally  described  from  the  (iidf  of  Strielok,  .hipan,  and  recorded,  jn'riiaps 
doubtfully,  from  Sitka. 

166.  Tricbodon  trichodoii  'I'ilrHiiiH. 

Abundant  about  tit.  I'uul  Island,  and  often  east  u]*  by  the  surf;  reccudeil  by 
Dr.  (iilbert  from  llerendeen  Hay  anti  Uristol  Itay,  and  )>y  Dr.  liean  from  Hhumagin 
IslamlH,  Unalatika,  and  Nunivak.     Keeorded  l)y  Hlejneger  trom  liering  l.sland. 


Kuril 


liLblNNIID/E. 


167.  Bryoatemma  polyactocephalum  (I'lili  > 

lUiHiiiiin  iiolyavtoceiiliiiliix  I'MiiH,  /oii^r.  KimHti-Ani:!!  .  111,17'.).     iKairirJiiitka.  i 
(HiirulopliiitiiapunieiiH  ilor/.uiiNtc.iii,  Mrluii^UH  Hi  |Iihn,  Mil,  IS'.H),  UK. 

One  spe(;imon,  7r>  cm.  long,  from  Kamchatka,  a;;''c<  n  perfectly  with  ller/enst«in's 
detailed  description  above  cited.  There  is  no  reason  l,o  (hndit  tli.it  this  is  tiie  siiecies 
described  by  I'allas  as  lileiiiHUH  j>oli/avtocephnluH.     We  are  not  nnIioIK  satisfied  that 

specimens  liuted  under  this  name  from  eastern  Bering  8eaan<l  i'ugt-t  tS d  (set;  Bean 

in  Nelson's  Iteport,  p.  .'JO.'i,  PI.  XV,  tig.  2,  and  Jordan  and  Starke,  Fishes  of  I'uget 
Sound,  181)5,  811)  are  identical  with  the  Kamchatka  form.  Alaskan  specimenti  have 
the  posterior  jKiir  of  supraocular  cirri  smaller  than  the  ant<Mior  and  have  those  of 
the  anterior  (luir  united  for  often  half  or  more  than  half  theii  I«m  th.  We  know  tm) 
little  of  the  variation  within  the  Hi>ecies  to  warrant  speeitic  sep;ir  .uion  at  ])re.sent. 

Keeorded  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  about  the  peninsula  oi  .iska.  One  specimen 
obtained  by  us  on  St.  I'aul.  Found  by  Stejneger  and  (jtebuiticki  on  Bering  and 
Medni  islands. 


il 


II 


I;-;  s 


^ 


s»i 


1 


'ii: 


480 


THK    FUR   SEALS  OP   THE    PRIBILOK    ISLANDS. 


I! 


"1 


I 


m 


I  \\ 


168.  FholidapuB  dybowskii  (StoiiidiiRkiiKr). 

Centronoliis  (Ij/hutvakii  Stttinduchiirr,  Ivlithy.  ISnitriigo,  IX,  1880,  32,  northern  .Tapan. 
.'  I'liolidaims  ijrebnitHkii  Bean  anil  Itean,  Prou.  U.  S.  Nat.  Miih,,  18<Jti,  390,  Yuho,  Japan. 

Five  specimous,  the  largest  135  cm.  lung,  from  Shiina  Bay,  Ituriip  Island.  Stein- 
dat;hner'.s  excellent  and  detailed  description  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired,  and  corre- 
sponds i)erl'ectly  with  our  material  except  in  the  character  of  the  scales.  A  careful 
examination  of  these  under  high  magnification  fails  to  show  that  tliey  are  "  am  hintereu 
Kande  mit  kur/eu  Ziihnchen  bewatliiet."  The  imsterior  border  is  entire  and  the 
scales  strongly  marked  with  concentric  striii".  Dorsal  sitines  number  (52, 0.3,  (53, 04, 04. 
Dorsal  ocelli  are  present  in  all  our  specimens,  two  of  them  being  faintly  visible  even 
in  the  youngest,  55  mm.  long. 

I'holidapus  grehnitiikii  may  dill'er  in  the  shorter  dorsal  liu  (57  s])iues)  and  in  the 
absence  of  teeth  on  the  vomer,  if  these  details  are  correctly  reported. 

The  genus  PhoUdapuH  is  closely  related  to  OpisthocetUrui^  differing  in  the  naked 
cheeks,  the  dentition,  and  in  the  less  diti'erentiation  of  the  posterior  dorsal  spines. 

169.  OpisttaocentniB  ocellatus  (TilcHiuH).     (Plate  LXXIX.) 

OpiilhocentruH  qiiinqiiemacuUituH  Kncr. 
JHenniophidiiim  pclropaiiH  Itoiilenger, 
f  i)pislhocentrtt»  tiniiix  Dean  and  Kuan. 

Numerous  specimens:  Tai-cinskyliay,  Kamchatka;  Petropaulski  Harbor;  Shana 
liay,  rturup  Island.     Recorded  by  Dr.  IJean  from  I'etropaulski. 

The  number  of  dorsal  ocelli  varies  from  5  to  0  in  our  specimens,  0  being  the  pre- 
vailing uund)er.  Of  24  specimens  whose  fins  we  have  examined,  4  have  58  dorsal 
spines,  10  have  59,  5  have  OU,  and  5  have  (>1.  In  addition,  1  specimen  has  but  55 
spines.  The  latter  is  the  only  male  in  th.o  collection,  ai:d  it,  <H)nspicuous  by  the  absence 
of  distinct  dorsal  ocelli  and  the  great  height  of  the  vertical  fins,  the  longest  dorsal 
spine  exceeding  the  length  of  the  peotoral  and  contained  1^;  times  in  head.  In  females 
the  longest  spine  is  2}  in  head. 

The  anal  contains  30  to  39  rays  in  all  our  specimens.  The  dorsal  tin  is  composed 
exclusively  of  s])iues,  the  anterior  tiexible  ones  passing  into  the  strung  pungent  ones 
near  the  ^msterior  end.  The  stronger  spines  vary  from  7  to  112  in  number  iu  our 
specimens. 

Our  material  answers  the  description  of  the  type,  which  had  57  dorsal  spines  and 
30  anal  rays.  It  also  agrees  with  specimei  s  from  Petropaulski,  reiwrted  on  by  Beau 
and  Beau  (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1890, 3!>1),  with  dorsal  spines.  58  in  number,  lilenni- 
opliidittm  pvtropauU  Boulenger  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.,  1892,  583)  has  but  52  dorsal 
spines,  but  it  is  otherwise  not  to  be  distinguished  from  0.  quinqucmaculnUis.  Still 
more  aberrant  are  4  specimens  from  northern  Japan  reported  on  by  Steindachner 
(Iclithy.  Beitriige,  IX,  25),  with  but  50  to  53  si)ini>s  and  32  to  34  anal  rays. 

OpixtlioecntrKS  tenuin  Bean  and  Bean,  I'runi  Yeho,  1).,  54;  A.,  38,  is  i)robably  not 
a  distinct  species,  although  dill'ering  from  any  sMerinien  examined  by  us.  Our  first 
impression  on  examining  the  type  was  that  it  \\i„»  a  valid  si)ecieB. 

170.  PhoUs  fasciatus  (Hlouh  and  Scliiieidor), 

lUinniiis  tunia,  Pallan,  /oiigr.  Itos-o  ■      ;.  ,  ill,  1811,  178.     Kuril  iHlamlH. 
M iiravnoideii  majtillarig  limii,  I'l  >u      .  iS.  N.M.  Mus.,  1881,  147.     (St.  Paul.) 
I'holin  tania  Ilcan  and  Itoan,  Vth-     J  H.  Nat.  Muh.,  18!H.;,  388. 

Three  large  specimens  from  Hi,.  Paul  Islauil,  tlie  type  locality  of  /'.  ma.rillnris, 
have  been  compared  with  a  number  of  individuals  of  Phoiis /(Vtciatm  from  Upermivik, 


'--. 


TIIK    FISHES   OF    MKUINli    SEA. 


481 


(treoiiliiiid.  Wc  <!iin  apprcciato  no  dttt'ereiuies  between  the  two.  The  size  of  the 
mouth  and  tlie  lenftth  of  the  head  are  the  same  in  Hpcciniens  of  equal  U;ngth,  and  no 
diiroreuce  exists  in  the  development  of  the  ventrals.  The  agreement  seems  to  be 
perfect  in  the  fin  rays,  relative  proportioiiH,  and  coloration. 

I'allas's  short  account  of  Blennius  Uvnia  contains  nothing  distinctive  excei)t  the 
number  of  lin  rays  a.id  the  statement  that  the  body  is  banded.  As  both  of  these 
items  agree  with  tlie  present  species,  we  may  safely  follow  ]>ean  and  ISean  in  making 
the  identinotion. 

This  species  has  bcien  recorded  by  (iilbert  from  Bristol  Hay,  and  by  Dr.  Bean 
from  Petropaulski  and  St.  Paul. 

In  a  specimen  fron»  Ht.  Paul,  2!)  cm.  long,  the  length  of  the  maxillary  is  contained 
2'i  times  in  distance  from  til)  of  snout  to  origin  of  dorsal;  the  mandible  e(|uals  the 
length  of  the  pectoral.  In  a  younger  si>ecimen,  15  cm.  long,  from  Bristol  Bay,  the 
maxillary  is  contained  '<^l  in  predorsal  length;  the  numdible  appro;^imately  equals 
length  of  pectoral. 

171.  PholisornatuB  ((iiranl). 

Abundant  at  Captains  Harbor  and  Ilinliuk,  Unalaska.  Two  specimens,  agreeing 
entirely  with  the  above,  taken  by  Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton  at  Bering  Island,  I).;  LXKVn 
and  LXXIX;  A.,  II,  3r>  and  II,  .'J7. 

Dr.  (Iilbert  records  the  species  from  llercndeen  Bay,  and  Dr.  Bean  from  Kadiak, 
Hhumagins,  Belkofski,  Unalaska,  Atka,  Adakh,  Amchitka,  Attn,  and  Port  Moller. 
tSteJneger  and  (irebnitzki  found  it  on  Bering  and  Medni  islands. 

172.  Pholis  pictus  (Kuer).     I'latu  LXXXa.) 

Uroiwntrita  pictiia  Kiier,  SitKiin^Bb.  A.  K.  Akad.  il.  WisHeimch.,  liVIII,  IHtiS,  'i.  51,  tiif.  VII, 

n«.  21. 
Centronotus  jAotua  Steiiulaehiifir,  Icbtli.  Iteitriigo,  IX,  p.  25. 

Numerous  specimens  from  Shana  Bay,  Iturup  Island.  As  already  shown  by 
Steindachner,  this  is  a  typical  I'holis,  Kner  having  been  in  error  in  ascribing  to  it  an 
isolated  and  channeled  first  anal  spine.  The  ventral  spines  are  bountl  down  by  the 
integument  more  lilosely  than  usual,  but  they  are  in  other  respects  not  peculiar. 
I'^ach  is  accompanied  by  two  short  spinous  rays,  concealed  in  the  membrane  and 
dillicult  to  detect.  The  latter  are  stiH'  and  pungent,  and  seem  to  be  not  arti(;ulated. 
The  ventrals  of  /'.  ornatus  show  the  same  structure.  Kner  gives  the  anal  formula  as 
II,  4(K  This  must  be  a  ntisprint  for  II,  49,  as  the  artist  figures  51  rays  in  the  fin,  not 
ditt'erentiating  the  two  anterior  ones. 

1).,  %  U)  104  in  length  to  base  of  caudal.  Depth,  8  to  10;  D.,  XCIIl  or  XCIV; 
A.,  II,  4«" to  48.' 

173.  Pholis  doliohogaster  (I'allaH). 

(liinnelliig  ruberrimiig  CuvitT  aud  ValencioiinvH,  Iliat.Nut.  I'dIb?  ,  XI,  410. 

One  specimen,  18  cm.  long,  taken  by  Mr.  Barrett  Hamilt«)n  at  Bering  Island. 
Also,  taken  by  Htejneger  and  (irebnitzki  on  Bering  and  Medni  islands  and  at  Volcano 
Bay,  Yeso. 

The  color  is  clierryred  on  the  bo<ly  and  fins;  lighter  on  belly,  lower  half  of  cheeks, 

and  under  side  of  head.     Li])s  blackish  anteriorly,  a  narrow  black  streak  running  from 

them  along  snout  to  eye  and  from  eye  across  cheeks  and  operdes  toward  upper  edge 

of  pectoral  base.    This  line  separates  the  deep  red  up'.icr  part  of  the  head  from  the 

r»l)47— I'T  3 31 


11 


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rilK    VVH   HKAI.S    i)V   TIIK    I'lllltlM  >l'    ISLANDS. 


i\   ; 


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ii: 


li);liti<r  area  Itolow.  Siilos  of  Itody  witli  a  iiiiinhtM'  of  iiiiiinle  Hrnlimt')!  Itlaok  npotx. 
Aloii^r  iniddio  of  Hidas  is  a  distant  siM-it>s  ol'  lifrlit  spots  as  lar^*^  as  pupil,  llio  luar^dii 
of  eiu'ii  witli  L'  lo  4  black  specks,  like  tliose  scattiMi^l  ovtM-  sid«>s. 

Tlie  dorsal  and  anal  are  more  widely  .joined  to  the  eauilal  than  in  other  species, 
the  lins  heinf;  hi^jflier  posteriorly  and  without  perceptible  uot.«'h.  This  does  not  seem 
snlllcient  ^rounil  lor  ^eiu'iie  division.  The  dorsal  <-ontains1t'l  spines;  theiiinil  'Jspiiu's 
and  17  rays;  the  pectorals  IH  rays.  Head,  '.)\  in  len^^th;  depth,  7;;.  I<);'e,  r»  in  head; 
maxillary,  .(•/;  pectorals,  LM ;  <-aiidal,  li;\.     V»'nlral  spiiu',  '21  in  eye. 

liliniiiuiiili>li(h<>iiosirr  (Pallas)  is  undoubtedly  identical  with  tht^  present  well-known 
species.  They  ai;ree  in  the  very  hni^  dorsal  and  anal  lins  (I).,  \('lll;  A.,  Il,r>()in 
doliihoiliistcr),  and  in  the  color.  l>olirho{iuHtrr  is  described  as  hiivinj^  the  color 
brownish  olive,  sinuied  with  greenish  and  yeUowish,  spotted  with  hvh'M  above  tlio 
lateral  line,  belly  yellow ;  anal,  4^aiulaJ,  and  pectorals  yellowish ;  ditrsal  ani  anal  dusky, 
with  transverse  pale  bars.  <!onipar«t  with  this  details  of  coloration  recently  published 
con«'erinn;j  I'. riihrnimiis  by  llcanainl  Ih-an,  (I'rocs.  U.S.  Nat.  Mns.  IS!M{.'J»S).  "dolor 
olive  brown,  with  minute  black  spots;  belly  yellowish."  In  another  speciinv'in:  "Across 
the  spinous  ilorsal  there  are  '20  narrow,  nearly  v«u-tical  pale  streaks.  Himila:'  streaks, 
to  the  number  of  I'J,  cross  the  anal."    The  s|)e(Mes  is  evidently  not  always  red  in  life. 

174.  Biiodiias  iiebiilosiiH  (Si'lil(<)r<<l).     (Tliilo  LXWIt.) 

I'or  comparison  we  present  a  ti{;ure  of  thia  species,  whi(;li  was  colU^rted  by  the 
Albahoss  \n  Hakodate  Harbor.  In  7  specimens  the  dorsal  spines  are  7.S,  71>,  SO,  80, 
St,  SI,. si;  anal,  II,  :S7:  II,  ;;S;  II,  .'tS;  II,  .tO;  U/M);  II,  .ti);  It,  10.  In  I  spocimens 
from  Tokio,  with  which  these  have  been  compared,  the  dorsal  s|>ineH  are  S 1 ,  S13,  S'J,  S.'t ; ' 
the  anal.  II, ;M);  II, .'SO;  11,10;  11,10.  The  dorHaltbrmuhi  is  ^iven  by  Schlcfrel  as  71, 
but  his  artist  represents  7S  spim's. 

I'holis  Hihitlomts  may  be  taken  as  the  type  of  a  <listinct  fjeniis,  I'hirilriiis,  distin- 
(^nished  from  riiolis  by  tin*  scaly  head. 

This  species  is  recorded  by  Iteaii  and  Hean  from  Yoso,  where  it  was  taken  by 
Orebnit/.ki. 

175.  XipliiBtes  chinis  (.lonlini  :iihI  (iilltort'). 

Heconlcd  by  Dr.  Hean  from  Adakh  and  Anichitka. 

176.  Alectiias  alectrolophus  (I'allnH). 

Throe  small  specimens,  75  to  liOO  mm.  Ion}?,  taken  at  Taroinaky  Hay  by  Mr. 
Harrett  Hamilton.  Also  recorded  from  Orebnit/.ki's  collection  from  I'etropaulski  and 
Htejnetrer's  from  MeriuK  and  Copper  islands. 

They  dilVer  from  specimens  of  Anophirclius  atropurpureus  in  the  higher  crest,  the 
more  numerous  lln  rays,  ami  in  having  the  gill  mendtranes  posteriorly  fre(>.  fnmi  the 
isthmus.  The  latter  character  will  dctine  the  new  genus  Ateclriim  Jordan  and 
I'iVermann. 

Head  <li]  in  length;  depth  7jJ;  I).,  LXIIor  LXIII;  A.,  tit.  Mouth  oblique,  maxil- 
lary reaching  vertical  behind  pupil,  2.^  in  head.  Teeth  in  narrow  bands  on  the  jaws, 
the  outer  series  in  upper  jaw  somewhat  enlarged;  vomer  and  palatines  with  narrow 
bands  of  teeth.  The  dentition  is  similar  to  that  in  Am»plarclius  atropxrpureuN,  which 
has  been  erroneously  described  as  having  the  toeth  in  the  jaws  in  single  series  and  the 
vomer  an«l  i»alate  toothless.  The  gill  membranes  are  rather  narntwly  joined  to  the 
isthmus  and  Inive  a  free  posterior  edge  slightly  wider  than  pupil.    -I.  atropurpurenH 


•«-*3I 


THK    FISIIKH   OK    UKKINCJ    SKA. 


483 


liHH  tJio  ({ill  opoiiiii^  soiiH'wIiiit  iiioro  i'«Htri<',to<i  and  tin*  ^ill  iii<Miihniii«m  willioiil.  iVi'u 
loltl.     liiii't^o  ixirvHdii  IumkI  arraii^oil  Hiiiiilaily  in  Uio  two  h\>vv.U<ih. 

^',*inouH  dorsal  lioginnin^r  Hli|r|iM,v  in  advanat  of  haHi*  of  iMM^Utral,  its  dislancut  tVoiri 
Hnoiit  ItwH  than  Ic.iikMi  oI'  licad.  DJHtanrti  from  ori(;in  ol'  anal  to  lip  of  hiioiiI.  'J-;  in 
IcnKtIi  !•>  I*H^<*  ol'  caudal.     INtcloral  hIioi-I,  and  liioad,  roiindrd,  2,\  in  lii>ad. 

SraK^H  Huiall,  cniltcddfd,  l.lioH(t  t>n  Mio  anttM'ior  pari,  ol'  Mi«^  hody  conffalcd  Ity  Mio 
MiM'ktMMMl  iiitf^iUMiMit,  as  ill  A.  tilroimrinncHH, 

(foloralioii  ill  our  Hp(M-,im<Mis  iiuarly  iinilorin  dark  oiiv«f,  willi  ohscnro  diisky  iiiul,- 
Uiii^^s  on  !Im>.  sido.  In  oii<^  s|i(>c.iiiirn  Miontis  a  li(;liMiarcxt(MidiiiKol)li)|ii(;ly  downward 
and  harkward  IVoiii  i^y«t,  with  a  dark  liar  ahovu  and  Ix'Jow  il.,  I.li<^  Mirutt  scparaU'd  l»y 
narrow  ii^'lit-^ray  Mik^s.  TImi  caudal  is  narrowly  croHs  handed  with  li;;ht.  and  dark,  as 
in  atntpurpiorus,  nw\  Mui  anal  is  ohiiqiicly  harrtMl  with  Mic  saiiic.  In  Mi»  sinallcst, 
spcciiiKtii  iH  a  srrics  of  roundish  spots  ahoiit  an  lar;;n  as  «\vc  alon^  iiack  .jiist,  linlow 
dorsal  liii.  Macli  spot,  seems  to  have  a  narrow  dark  mar^^'in,  a.  li^'lit  riii^;,  a  «liisky 
riii;;,  and  a  11^1*1.  eeiiter.  A  series  of  similar  hut  smalh'.r  spots  alon^  middle,  <d'  sides 
posteriorly.     The  e,olors  we.re  prol>al)ly  liri^hter  and  more  varied  in  life. 

177.  Aiioplai'clniH  ati'opiii'piireufi  (KiU.lit/.). 

Koiiiid  at  Ht.  I'aiil  Island.  Keeorded  liy  IM-.  (iilhert  from  Unalaska  and  hy  Dr. 
Iteaii  from  Unalaska,  Atka,  Aineliitka,  Kiska,  and  HI.  Miehael. 

178.  Btlchaoiis  piiiictatiin  d'HliririiiH), 

Ue<!i>rded  from  Bristol  Itay  hy  Dr.  Oilhert,  and  hy  Dr.  Iteaii  from  Kadiak  and  HI. 
M  ie.hael. 

179.  Leptocliiiiis  macnlatiia  (Krii-H). 

Three,  small  spiteiiiUMis  from  station  'MiW,  olf  Kolihen  Kenf,  near  the  Kanndiatka 
eoast;  L'S  fathoms.  No  (uimparison  has  lieeii  made  with  Atlantic  spceimeiis.  The 
lateral  limt  is  iiiiich  more  distinct  than  in  onr  specimens  of  Ijiimpnnis  mnliiiH,  where  it 
«!an  he  made  out  with  dillicnlty  on  scattered  .scales  alon^  middle  of  siih's.  The  spceies 
was  also  recorded  hy  Dr.  (iilbert  from  IJnimak  I'ass  and  Bristol  Bay.  One  specimen 
was  taken  by  us  off  Karlnk. 

180  LiimpemiB  anguillaria  (I'ullaN). 

Itecordud  from  UnahiHka  hy  Dr.  (illbcrt,  and  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Unalaska  and 
Point  Bole!  (T. 

181.  LumpemiB  mackayl  Oilbort. 

Desuribcd  from  Nusha{;ak  IMver,  Alaska. 

182.  LumpenuB  fabricii  (Uohiliardt). 

NiimeroiiH  specimens  taken  by  Dr.  ( I ilbcrt  ill  Bristol  Bay.  D..  LXIII;  A.,  [,4'J. 
Wo  arc  unable  to  disti.igiiish  them  from  others  taken  at  IJpernavik  and  in  the  <iulf 
of  St.  liawrence. 

The  Bristol  Bay  apecimons  are  paler  in  color,  but  not  otherwise  diHerent.  Liim- 
pcnuH  nubiluH  Iticiiardson  is  not  distinct  from  L.  fabricii.  Most  spo<;imens  have 
HiiiiUl  tooth  on  tlio  |)a!atlnes,  but  in  two  or  thrco  examplcH,  and  in  the  you..;;,  tliose 
i.''0  not  appreciaiile.  The  spocimeiiH  from  I'etropaulski  and  Plover  Bay  referred  by 
B«,.'iu  and  Boan  to  iMmpcnHs  anijuiUarix  (Pro*;.  U.  H.  Nat.  Mas.,  1890,  ;Wf»)  scorn  to 
lielong  rather  to  L,  fabricii,  Tku  number  of  liu  rays  iu  the  truu  anyuiUariH  are 
greater. 


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484 


TICK    KUH    SKAI.S    OK    IIIE    I'UIUILOF    ISLANDS. 


183.  Lumpenus  medlua  (i{(<inliivr(lt).    (IMiito  liXXXI). 

Wo  have  had  no  Athiiitic  material  for  coinpariHon,  and  mako  tliiH  identification  on 
the  baHin  of  tlio  current  figures  and  descriptions.  Tlie  dorsal  contains  nO  to  01  spines 
in  our  specimens;  no  vomerine  teeth  are  present,  and  three  or  four  teeth  only  on  the 
front  of  each  palatine  iMue.  Very  young  specimens  have  a  series  of  short  dark 
dashes  along  middle  of  body.  Adults  are  nearly  uniformly  light,  with  a  few  very 
faint  roundish  dark  spots  and  indistinct  blotches  or  bars  on  the  dorsal  fin.  The 
progressive  lengthening  of  the  posterior  anal  rays  in  this  species  does  not  seem  to 
us  of  sullicient  importance  to  warrant  the  reti^ntion  of  the  genus  Anisarchus. 

184.  PoroolinuB  rothrocki  I  loan. 

Kecorded  by  Dr.  Oilbert  from  near  IJnalaska. 

Family  ANARHICH ADID^. 

185.  Anarhichas  lepturiiB  Itonn, 

This  species  is  sa'd  to  ofcur  in  abundance  about  Ht.  Paul,  but  we  did  not  find  it. 
Recorded  by  Dr.  Mean  from  St.  Michael  and  foun<l  by  iSteJneger  on  liering  Island. 

186.  Anaihichas  orientalia  I'allaH. 

Kecorded  from  Kamchatka;  pcrha]>s  the  same  as  the  preceding.  In  any  event 
no  recent  writer  has  observed  it. 

Family   CRYPTACANTHODID.^. 

187.  Delolepis  virgatua  Honn. 

Found  by  Dr.  (iilbert  at  Unalaska;  originally  described  from  Kiugcombo  Inlet 
and  Wrangol. 

188.  Iiyconeotea  aleutenaia  Oilbort. 
Described  from  north  of  Unalaska  Island. 

Family  PTILICHTHY1D>E. 

189.  Ptilichthya  gcodei  H<>iiii. 

Dredged  by  Dr.  (Jilbert  at  Unalaska;  originally  described  from  Port  Levashef, 
Unalaska. 

Family  ZOARCID^. 

190.  Lyciacua  orotalliiUB  (Uilbort). 
Sannak  Islands. 

191.  FurcimanuB  diapterua  ((iilbort). 

North  of  Unalaska.  The  genus  Furcimanm  is  well  distinguished  by  its  forked 
pectoral  from  Lyecttchelys,  which  it  otherwise  resembles. 

192.  Ityoodeaconcolor  ('ill  and  Tnwiiseiiil. 
Deep  waters  of  Hcring  Sen. 

193.  Lycodea  digitatua  (iill  ami  Towiiseml. 

Deep  waters  of  Bering  Sea.  This  species  may  prove  to  be  the  adult  of  Lycodea 
palearia. 

194.  Iiyoodea  brevip«a  Dean. 

From  numerous  localities  about  Unalaska.    Dredged  by  us  off  Karluk. 


TIIK    I'lSIIES   ul-    ItKUINIJ   HEA. 


485 


loi)  on 

Hpiiios 

on  tho 

(lark 

vnry 

Tlie 

tcni  to 


ind  it. 
ikI. 

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leodes 


195.  LycodeM  paleaiis  <iillM'i't. 
From  hristol  Buy. 

196.  Lycodalepia  tiiriieri  llojtii. 

DcHf.riltud  from  H\.  Mirhiutl  and  IMovvr  Hay.  Koiind  by 
Mr.  Scotiold  at  Point  IJarrow.  Iji/wdin  roveineiis  IW^an,  Cruni 
l>i^  Dioniedo  Island,  Burinir  Strait,  Ih  idcntittal  willi  tliiH 
s|)«!(;icH,  buini;  baHiMl  on  a  H|iu(tiniun  wiMi  Honio  s(;alt;H  on  tho 
tail. 

197.  Bothrocaia  inollla  I  lean. 

IMhroiimi  molli.i  II.mii,  I'nic.  V.  S.  Nut.  Mmh.,  IS!H),  IW. 
Mivjnea  hriitiiiea  Huitii,  I'roc.  ir.  S.  Nikl.  Miih.,  tMNi,:(<). 

Ono  adult  and  two  youii^,  tli«^  latter  II  and.  17  «',ni.  long, 
iVoin  Ntation  .'ti!3'l,  olV  Hogoslot'  Island,  depth  <>l>l  talhoniH. 
IMhrovara  vupIUh  was  evidently  busc<l  on  the  yonn;.i;  of  May- 
nva  hrunnco,  in  M'hich  the  vomerine  and  palatine  teeth  are 
absent,  or  very  weakly  developed  and  hidden  under  the  skin. 
In  our  y(mn{!^  specimens  the  head  is  5^  or  ^^l^  in  total  length, 
the  depth  of  body  about  10.  The  eye  is  lih  in  head.  The 
maxiUary  reaehes  nearly  to  below  middle  of  eye.  The  large 
mucous  caviti(!8  arc  conspicuous  ahnig  mandible,  subo(;ular 
ring,  and  top  of  head.  The  length  of  tins  is  as  described 
for  the  type  of  IS.  mollis. 

Our  young  Bpecimens  are  especially  valuable  for  compari- 
son with  Jiothrovdrajmsilld ,  whiah  apparently  does  not  reach 
a  large  size.  The  ditfcrencea  assigned  to  distinguish  the  two 
species  are  valid,  B.  puHiUa  being  more  elongate  and  less 
compressed,  with  shorter  head,  mucli  snuiller  mouth,  and 
with  much  less  development  of  the  mucous  cavities.  In />. 
moUiH  the  gill  oi>eningsare  wider,  with  narrower  isthmus,  the 
anterior  end  of  the  cleft  being  under  the  posterior  margin  of 
eye,  and  the  width  of  the  isthmus  loss  than  half  diameter  of 
pupil.  In  li.  pusiUa  the  anterior  end  of  gill  cleft  is  under 
the  nnirgin  of  the  preopercle,  and  tho  width  of  isthmus  is 
eciual  to  half  the  diameter  of  tho  orbit,  or  but  slightly  l(;ss. 

As  it  is  doubtful  whether  either  species  belongs  to  the 
Antarctic  genus  Maynca,  we  rettiin  for  tho  present  the  genus 
liothrocara, 

198.  Botbrocara  pusiUa  liean. 
Becorded  from  north  of  Unalaska. 

199.  Oymnelis  viridis  Faliriciiis. 

Found  at  Unalaska  and  JJristol  Bay  by  Dr.Gilbert.  Also 
recorded  by  Dr.  Bean  from  Shunmgin,  St.  Michai^l,  Unalaska^ 
and  Plover  Bay.     Found  by  Stojneger  on  Medni  Island. 

200.  Gymnelia  stigma  (Lay  and  Heuiu^tt). 

One  specimen  obtained  by  tho  Albatrons  at  station  3(568, 
near  St.  Paul  Island.  Originally  doBcribod  from  Kotzebue 
Bay. 


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TIIK    I'UU    SKAL8   OK   'lUK    I'UllMLuK   ISLANDS. 


This  Nl)c^•i^^s  svuiiih  to  dilVor  (Vom  (hftnnclis  rirUlis  in  th«  iiioru  biic.kwiird  iiisoition 
of  lliu  (lorHiil,  ut  least  an  uyu'8  (liiunvtor  bcliiiul  tlio  iioctorul,  uiid  in  tlu  pnisuiMtc  of  a 
liirye,  Jot  black  ucollatud  sfiot  on  the  dorHal  over  the  vent.  Tlie  small  white  Hpots 
on  anterior  part  of  tlie  bculy  were  apparently  taken  by  J)r.  ('«)llie,  its  discovcri'i',  for 
"very  small  scales."  The  si»eeies  is  naked,  and  tliis  discrepancy  led  Iiichardson  to 
rt'ib'SiM'ibe  iliis  form  as  (lifviiuiis  riridis  var.  unimaculniun.  Ki'^hard -ton's  li^jurcs  of 
till'  two  forms  (Last  Arctic  Voyage)  are  excellent.  Whether  they  are  really  distinct 
renmins  t(»  be  proved. 

Family  LYCODAPODID/E. 

201.  Lycodapus  extensua  Uilliurt. 
From  otf  Tnalaska. 

202.  Lycodapus  parviceps  Uilbort. 
From  near  Unalaska. 

Family  GADID.,^. 

203.  Lota  maciiloBa  ( Lo  Siiuiir). 

In  the  Yuk«)n,  Nushagak,  and  other  rivers  of  northern  Alaska. 

204.  Theragra  chalcograinma  (I'lilltia). 

Uualaska,  St.  Taul,  St.  (jcorge,  Bering  Island,  Petropiiulski;  station  .'Jli.'il,  olV 
Uobben  Keef,  depth  UO  fathoms.  Everywhere  abundant.  The  following  notes  are 
from  adult  specimens: 

Olivaceous  above,  sides  silvery,  with  two  interrupted  stripes  of  dark,  brassy  olive 
along  sides;  those  irregular  on  their  edges,  each  about  half  width  of  eye;  a  trace  of 
a  third  similar  strii)o  below  anteriorly,  the  stripes  very  irregular;  l)ack  mottled 
Dorsal  i)lain  dark  olive;  pectoral  quite  dark;  lower  tins  ashy;  caudal  ashy  olive. 

1).,  12,  14,  18;  A.,  IS),  20.  Ventral  nearly  to  vent;  pectoral  to  anal,  U  in  head; 
eye  5;  snout  3i;  maxillary  24.     Uead  4;  depth  0. 

The  Alaskan  pollack  seems  to  be  the  type  of  a  distinct  genus,  for  which  Mr.  liUCiis 
suggests  the  name  of  Thcra(jra.    The  following  is  Mr.  Lucas's  note  on  the  genus : 

'I'lie  AlaHkaii  pollack  ditturg  from  tlio  Atlautic  pollack  in  having  l<)  procuiulal  »n<l  :t:t  cuiMlal 
vurtobrtr  instuiul  of  'I'A  pruciiiiduls  and  32  caiulalH;  the  bodicH  of  the  vortubrii'  iiro  ulxo  Hlifrhlly  longer 
and  nioru  deeply  Hctilpturcd  in  the  Alaakau  flsh  and  the  spiuous  prucegH  of  the  anterior  dorHalti  Icsh 
eleviiled. 

The  greiitest  dilferent'es  between  the  two  species,  however,  are  to  be  fonnd  in  the  gill  covers,  for 
the  Hiibopereiiliini  of  the  Alaskan  pollack  is  thick,  smooth,  and  dense,  instead  of  being  thin  and  B<|na- 
nioiiH.  The  iiostchiviclo  i.s  also  similar  in  strnctnre,  while  its  proximal  jtorlion  is  Hiibrjrciilar  in  the 
Alaskan  Hpecics  and  rhomboidal  in  the  Atlantic.  This  ivory-like  chara-.!tor  of  the  snlioperonhnii  and 
|>OHt  clavicle  is  so  iniu'kcd  [in  the  Alaskan  form]  that  it  serves  to  distinguish  these  bones  at  :i  glance, 
being  entirely  diflerent  from  what  is  found  in  the  corresponding  bones  of  other  gadoids. 

Th(!  vertebral  dilVereiices  between  the  two  lishes  are  merely  dillerencoH  of  degre*  and  of  specilic. 
value  only,  but  the  ditVerenccs  between  tln^  Bubopcrcula  and  postclavicnla  are  dilVereuees  in  kind, 
distiuguisliiug  the  Alaskan  ]iollack  not  only  from  the  Atlantic  pollack,  but  from  other  gadoids.  'I'his 
being  the  ease,  it  is  proposed  to  establish  a  distinct  genus  for  the  Alaskan  ])Dllauk,  and  the  name 
Theragra  is  proposed  for  this  genus.     (F.  A.  L.) 

205.  OaduB  macrocepbalus  Tilosius.    Codtish. 

Everywhere  common;  taken  at  Karluk,  Belkofski,  (higa,  Unalaska,  St.  I'aul,  St. 
George,  Bering  Island. 

I 


THE    FISHK8   Ol'    ItKltlNO    HKA. 


4H7 


tor 


206.  BoreogaduB  aaida  (Lepcrliin). 

(Joiiinioii  Hurt li ward.  Uocordud  by  Tiiriicr  rroiii  St.  Mi(;liiiols  and  by  Scoliold 
from  lIurHuliel  Island,  Point  Barrow,  and  I'orl  (JIurunuu. 

207.  Bleginua  iiavaga  ( Kiilroiitor). 

PotropaulHki;  station  .'Uit'J,  in  Avat<;ba  Hay,  Kanirliutka,  ih^ptli  10  i'atboins. 
Itucordtid  by  Dr.  IW'aii  IVoni  Kadiak,  Ht.  Michaels,  and  I'ort  (Jiarvncit,  and  by  Mr.  Hro 
field  I'roni  Port  Olarunco;  found  at  Putropaulski  and  iierinj;  Island  by  Stejnu^'vr  and 
llrebnitzki. 

208.  Aiitimora  microlepia  (Ituaii). 

Orif^inally  duscribud  from  oil'  (jueun  Charlotte  Islands.  A  specimen  taken  otV 
Bogoslof,  station  .'{(>.'(!,  Wtl  fathoms.  The  tilamentons  ray  of  first  dorsal  is  1  \  times  in 
hua<l  instead  of  twice  as  described  by  ISean,  and  the  eye  is  s|i;>htly  shorter  than  snont. 
Our  speeiuien  is  somewhat  lar}j;er  than  the  type,  however.  Iteconled  by  Dr.  Gilbert 
from  about  St.  I'aul  iu  deep  water. 


,  i 


'i 


Family  MACF-tOU  I<  I  D/E. 

209.  MaorouruB  cinereuB  (iilliorl. 

Numerous  specimens  from  station  Mi'M,  otf  iiogoslof  Inland,  in  tiUl  fathouis. 
<)ri;^'inally  deH(;ribed  from  near  IJnalaska. 

210.  MacrouiuB  acrolepis  Iti-aii.     (I'lato  hX.\.\II.) 

One  small  .specimen  taken  from  station  .'{(i.'M,  olf  ISogoslof  Island,  in  <»(({  fathomH. 
It  agrees  with  other  specimens  from  the  coast  of  Oregon.  The  tirst  dorsal  in  all  has 
11  rays. 

211.  MacrouruB  lepturus  (iill  and  TowiiHoml. 

Deep  waters  of  Hering  Sea.  MacroiiruH  ih>riii,li.s  (111!  and  Towiisend,  is  the  same 
species,  and  it  is  very  clo.se  to  M.  avrulvjiiii,  but  the  lirst  dorsal  has  a  greater  number 
ol  rays. 

212.  AlbatroBsia  pectoralls  ((iilliort). 

Two  adult  specimens  dredged  by  the  AlhatronH  in  (5til  fathoms,  olV  IJogoslof  Island, 
station  .■{031.  The  species  was  known  heretofore  only  from  olf  the  Oiegon  <;oast. 
Ncmutonurm  maijuns  tlill  and  Townsend,  is  the  same  species.  Tiiis  species  is  widely 
ditl'erent  from  MalavotvphalHn,  and  is  the  type  of  the  genus  Allxilrosxin. 

The  name  .l//;rt<ro.'<«irt  is  given  in  honor  of  the  vessel  of  the  United  States  Fish 
(JuMunission,  the  use  of  which  for  purposes  of  scientihc  investigation  has  shed  luster 
on  American  science  and  added  enormously  to  the  knowledge  of  tlic  lif«!  of  the  depths 
of  the  .sea. 

213.  BogoaloviuB  clarki  .lnnliiii  ami  (iillxtrt,  new  siiociuH.     (I'latt^  I..\XXI1I.) 

The  gciuis  liojiosloviun  Jordan  and  IOv(^rinann  dilfeis  from  Chulinura  in  having 
the  premaxillary  teeth  in  two  distinct  series  (as  in  AllxitroHsia),  those  of  the  inner 
series  small  and  representing  the  usual  villil'orm  hand.  The  s(;ales  are  also  much 
nioro  spinous  than  in  the  species  of  Vlialinitro,  and  the  ventral  tilameut  is  much 
produced.    The  type  species,  />'.  cluflci,  shows  the  following  <  iiaructers: 

Snout  short,  slightly  exceeding  diameter  of  eye,  .'5 1',,  in  head,  median  and  nasal 
ridges  very  little  projecting  anteriorly,  without  radiating  spines;  tii>  of  snout  very 


i 


i'i 


m 


'S 


i 


III 


J8S 


I'tlK    I'I'K    8UAL8   OK    I'HK    I'KIIilLOF    ISLANDS. 


littlo  iirojctrtiii);  iK^yoiid  tliu  iiioiitli,  tor  a  (listiinct)  not  u\c(MMliii(r  oiiu  tliini  tlit^  iiit«>r 
Hi>uf»  bntwiH'ii  uimIs  of  iiit'diiiii  uii«I  iiuhiU  ritige.  liitVtiurbital  ri«lge  iiicoiiNpiciiuiis, 
HcuiTuly  oxti'iiiliiig  boyoiMl  thu  oyo. 

Moutli  lar^'o,  ohlupie,  tlie  lower  jaw  iiidiidud,  thu  maxillary  luarly  rcmdiiiig 
v«'rti(tal  froiii  posterior  udge  «>f  orbit,  \i\  in  liuad.  Outer  i>reiiiaxillury  teeth  nleiider, 
hIuu'I),  iiiie(|ual,  rather  distant,  not  very  Htrong,  slightly  widened  and  arrow  shaped 
near  tip,  bei^oniing  very  small  toward  angle  of  nio'ith.  Within  this,  and  well  sepa- 
rated from  it,  a  tdose  set  stories  of  short  teeth,  dirueted  inwanl.  Mandibular  te(«th 
slender,  unei|ual,  in  a  single  series  eorresponding  to  outer  series  in  u|iper  jaw,  slightly 
witlening  at  syntphysis,  which  is  not  prominent.  Barbel  very  short,  less  than  hiilf 
diameter  of  pupil.  lOye  of  moderate  si/e,  etpialing  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to 
middle  of  anteri(»r  nostril,  I-/  in  head,  1  ,'„  in  interorbital  width.  Preoperele  broailly 
rounded,  thti  angle  little  itrodueed  backward,  leaving  a  strip  of  interoperele  expos(>d 
ilong  its  entire  length.  Ciill  inembrunos  joined  to  the  isthnuis  with  a  narrow  free 
odgc. 

(■ill  rakers  very  short  and  thick,  3-f- 12  in  number,  including  rudiments. 

Dorsal  beginning  above  base  of  pectorals,  the  secontl  spine  long,  hlaiuent«)us  at 
tip,  1^  in  Iiea<l,  its  anterior  margin  sharply  serrate  except  in  basal  third.  Itase  of  lirst 
dorsal  li,'  in  head.  lntersi>aco  between  dorsals  very  short,  usually  less  than  diamcler 
of  pupil.  Pectorals  very  long  and  slender,  e<|ualing  or  exceeding  length  of  head 
behind  snout,  their  insertion  low,  below  angle  of  gill  arch.  Outer  ventral  ray  excess- 
ively produi^ed,  twice  or  more  than  twice  length  of  head  in  uninjured  adults,  reaching 
base  of  tillieth  anal  ray  or  beyond.     Vent  immediately  before  anal  origin. 

Scales  in  a  strip  along  the  back  lirm  and  very  rough,  none  others  pieserved  in 
our  specimens.  Scales  with  three  to  live  sharp  radiating  ridges,  each  ridge  with 
several  sharply  projectiug  spines,  the  posterior  of  which  project  beyoud  the  margin 
of  the  scale. 

Dorsal,  11, lii;  pectoral,  19;  ventral,  10. 

Color  very  light  gray,  the  vertical  tins  blackish  posteriorly.  Mouth  and  gill 
cavity  aud  peritoneum  jet  black. 

Four  specimous,  124  to  41  cm.  loug,  from  station  3G34,  oft'  Itogoslof  Island,  in  (i(i4 
fathoms.  The  species  is  named  for  Mr.  George  Archibald  Clark,  secretary  of  the 
Fur-Seal  Commission. 

21.4.  BogosloviuB  firmisquaiuis  ((iill  iiiiil  TuwuhuiuI). 
Dredged  in  liering  Sea  by  the  Albatross. 


Family  PLEURONECTID/G. 


1 1 


(''' 


li 


215.  HlppogloBsuB  bippogloasuB  (Linuueiis). 

Oenerally  common.    St.  Paul,  Uualaska,  Uugu,  Karluk. 

216.  AttaereBthes  stomias  JurUau  uml  Gilbert. 

Geuerally  common   with   the   pre(;oding,  but    reaching  a  much    smaller  size. 
Uualaska,  Unga,  Karluk. 

217.  HippogloBBoides  elasBodon  Jordau  aud  Gilbert. 

Perfectly  typical  specimens  from  stations  3643  aud  3(S44,  oft'  Kamchatkau  coast, 
iu  100  aud  90  fathoms.    Also  taken  by  us  off  Karluk,  aud  recorded  by  Dr.  Gilbert 


rilK    KISIIKS   nK    l»KI{IN(i    SKA. 


4H!> 


i 


ti'oiii  Aletitiiiii  Isliintls  aiitl  Itiislnl   llity.     Dr.  Iloiiii  iiM'titioiiH  i I  from  Kiitliiik,  HImiiii.i- 
({iiiN,  I'lialiiHlva,  aiitl  SI.  Miclisirl. 

DoiHal,  77  to  SI ;  anal,  (iO  and  (»l.  I'u«-t(»rii!  slnirt  iiihI  ItroiKl,  Ichh  lliiiii  liall'  It-n^^tli 
of  liuad.  Iiitfrui'ltital  v'ulnu  Hliarp,  with  a  Hiiigiu  HurivH  of  Ht;ulus.  <iill  rakeiH,  II  in 
lower  linih  of  arcli. 

218.  HtppogloB8oid(]8  robuBtuii  (iill  itml 'rowiiNitml. 

Deep  waters  of  llerinj;  Hca;  very  cIoho  t»»  I  lie  next. 

219.  HippogloHHoiden  haniiltoui  .loriliiii  iiiiil  (iillHirt,  iikw  N|Hsui<H.     (Plain  I. XXXIV.) 

<hio  speeinieii  17  em.  lon^;,  IVoin  station  .'Mill,  Avateliii  Huy,  Kaiiielialka;  depth 
hi  fathoms. 

Nearly  relat«-il  lo  //.  lOissoiioii,  from  wliie.h  it  dilVurH  in  the  lewer  tin  rayH  and 
scales,  the  wider  interorltitai  spaee,  the.  ioniser  cauthil  and  ])eetoral  tins,  and  tlie  iiii.eh 
smaller  symphysial  knob.  The  na.sal  tubes  are  lar{;er,  the  scales  rougher,  and  the 
anterior  pait  of  lateral  line  more  arched.  Its  relationship  with  llippotjloMiioide>i  rohimtiis 
of  the  same  region  is  ,'till  (closer. 

Mead  .'3^,  in  length,  deptii  liV.  Lttngest  diameter  of  upper  eye,  .'U  In  hea<l;  snout 
(measured  from  upi>er  eye)  r>  iii  head;  maxillary  of  colored  side  L'|\,of  blind  side  '2\  in 
head.  Depth  of  caudal  peduncle  (Mpialing  its  length,  .'^  in  heatl.  I>.,72;  A.y.'iO;  P., 
11.     Pores  in  lateral  line'JI. 

Upper  profile  of  head  continuing  the  dorsal  curve  without  interruption,  there 
being  a  slight  depression  above  the  eye  and  an  increased  <^onvexity  <ni  the.  Hiioiit. 
The  mandible  is  very  heavy,  and  projects  anteriorly  so  that  its  symphysial  prolile 
completes  the  curve  of  the  snout.  A  very  short  proniineiice  at  symphysis  is  directed 
vertically  downward.  The  gape  is  strongly  curved  and  the  inoutli  narrowed  ante- 
riorly so  that  the  maxillary  and  preinaxillary  arc  almost  wholly  (;oii(;ealed  along  the 
middle  of  their  length  by  the  overarching  prefrontal.  Teeth  atnite,  in  a  single  seri(^s 
in  each  Jaw,  all  except  the  anterioi-  teeth  in  each  Jaw  short.  At  the  symphysis  of 
lower  Jaw  the  teeth  are  longer  and  directed  inward,  while  in  the  anterior  end  of  each 
preinaxillary  the  teeth  are  still  more  enlarged  and  the  series  on  each  side  describes  a 
strong  curve  with  its  conve.v  side  toward  the  median  line.  The  maxillary  reaidies 
the  vertical  from  slightly  behind  middle  of  lower  eye.  Nostril  tubes  conspicuous,  the 
anterior  in  closest  proximity  to  the  ujtper  lip,  which  it  entirely  overhangs.  Posterior 
nostril  tube  wider  and  slightly  shorter. 

Eyes  of  nearly  equal  size  and  opj>osite,  separated  by  a  wider  range  than  in 
//.  clasmHhn,  the,  ridge  bearing  in  its  narrowest  portion  two  welldetined  rows  of  strongly 
spinous  scales.  A  «!onspicu(ms  series  of  pores  Joining  lateral  line  with  tipper  margin 
of  upper  eye,  and  another  encircling  the  lower  eye  below  and  behind;  a  third  scries 
along  mandible  and  preopercle;  one  large  pore  above  posterior  nostril.  Gill  rakers 
slender,  unarmed,  li  abov(^  Ihe  angle,  11  or  115  below  it,  the  longest  2.^^  in  eye. 

Dorsal  tin  beginning  ubove  front  of  pupil,  the  longest  ray  2^;  in  heail.  Anal  pre- 
ceded by  a  strong  si)iiie,  its  height  e<|ualing  that  of  dorsal.  Pectoral  very  long  and 
slender,  two-thirds  length  of  head;  that  of  blind  side  shorter,  half  leugth  of  head. 

N'entrals  reaching  to  base  of  fourth  or  tifth  anal  ray.  Caudal  long,  evenly  rounded 
behind,  tlie  middle  rays  not  longer  tlum  those  adjacent,  their  leugth  equaling  distance 
from  tip  of  snout  to  preopercular  margin. 


•    t'l 


■  >■ 


i 


I 


i 


1 1 ) 


ir  f 


!l 


4.i 


li)() 


I'llK    Wit    SliALS    OK    TIIK    TIMlJILdF    ISLANDS. 


Scales  oil  colored  side  stioiiyly  ctenoid  exvei)t  in  a  strip  along  middle  of  sides 
anteriorly.  lOKsowhere  each  scale  is  ]»rovid»'d  with  two  (o  lour  long  sjjines.  On  blind 
side  they  are  smooth  except  in  nape  and  caudal  peduncle.  Cheeks,  opercles,  and 
interorbital  space  covered  with  larger  rougher  scales  than  those  on  sides.  Mandible 
ami  snout  naked.  A  single  series  surrounds  wuih  eye  anteriorly,  a  series  on  nnixil 
lary  of  colored  side.  I51ind  side  of  head  wit  Ii  maxillary  naked,  cheeks  covered  wit', 
niiinite  smooth  thin  .scales,  the  opercles  with  a  lew  scattered  spinous  scales,  the  »  reo 
percle  nake<l. 

Ccdor  nearly  uniform  brownish,  without  distiaietive  markings  on  body  <•.  fins. 

The  species  is  named  for  Mr.  Gerald  11.  H.  iUrrett-ilamiltou,  of  tl'i;  British  l<'ur- 
tSeal  CJomuiission. 


VERASPEB  Iz:\ 


and  Gilbert,  iirw  ficni 


This  genus  is  most  nearly  allied  t<(  .Vifsiruri/x  and  IH^ipotjIontiud,  having  few  short 
gill  rakers,  like  the  former,  md  strongly  ci'-no;;!  scaljs,  like  the  latter.  It  differs 
strongly  from  all  its  congeners  in  having  i)r(!maixil!ary  (eeth  in  two  series.  The  single 
type  is  dextral.  The  teeth  arc  uniformly  small,  witho'.it  canines.  The  dorsal  originates 
above  the  front  of  pupil.  The  laterai  li'ie  is  strcngly  arched  above  tiic  root  of  the 
pectoral,  without  recurrent  dorsal  branch.  The  scales  ar(^  extremely  spinous.  The 
gill  rakers  are  short,  thick,  and  triangular,  fciw  in  number.  None  of  the  tin  rays  are 
notably  jiroduced  or  exscrted. 

Besides  the  typical  species,  Vvrasixr  nioncri,  a  second  sjjecies,  \'(r(t.sprr  rarinjatvH 
(Sehlegel),  is  a  common  food-fish  in  the  waters  of  the  more  southern  islands  of  >lapan. 

220.  Verasper  nioseri,  tlortlitii  iind  (iilliu't,  now  Bi»'cii'8.     ( I'latu  LX.X.XV.) 

One  male  specimen,  L'8  cm.  long,  from  fShana  Uay,  Iturnp  Ishind,  is  the  type  of 
the  species;  other  specimens  similar  to  this  were  talien  in  the  harl)or  of  Hakodate. 

Dorsal,  SL*;  anal,  oS;  pectoral,  11';  pores  in  lateral  line,  <S1.  Head  ;5,\  in  length  U» 
base  of  caudal;  depth  2;  depth  of  caudal  peduncle  1  in  greatest  depth  of  body; 
length  of  caudal  peduncle,  mea.sured  axially.  Ir]  in  Us  dej)th.  Head  mucii  depressiitl, 
with  rather  wide  flat  interorbital  space,  resembling  in  appearance  I'ltettichtlim .  melauu- 
stictun;  its  thickness  at  interorbital  space  eipialing  distance  between  i»upilw  of  upper 
and  lower  eyes. 

Mouth  small,  very  oblique,  the  gai)e  stnnigly  arched,  the  biimd  maxillary  reach- 
ing a  vertical  behind  middle  of  pupil,  li  |  in  head.  Mandible  narrowing  toward  tip, 
with  very  rudimentary  symphysial  knob.  Teeth  in  the  iipiier  jaw  in  two  distinct 
.series  throughout,  tliost*  of  the  outer  series  increasing  slightly  in  size  towani  front  of 
Jaw,  but  none  of  them  canine-like.  Mandibular  teeth  in  one  row,  except  at  svmpliysis, 
where  a  few  teeth  form  a  short  outer  .series.  Nasal  openings  of  eyed  side  ap|)riixiniated 
in  front  of  middle  of  interorbital  space.  The  aiiternn-  has  a  short  tube,  the  jtosterior 
with  a  rai.sed  rim.  Kyes  small,  their  antericu"  margins  opposite,  the  di.inieter  of  lower 
eye  ecpialing  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  i>osr,erior  nostril,  (i.\  in  head.  Interorbital 
space  rather  broad  and  Hat,  not  ridge-like,  its  total  width  e<iualing  lialf  the  diameter 
of  orbit,  dill  rakers  slutrt,  broad,  triaii'  iilai  mimitely  toothed  on  inner  margin, 
one-third  diameter  of  eye;  7  present  on  hori/ont.il  limb  of  outer  arch. 

Lateral  line  with  a  short,  high  anterior  arch,  the  cliord  of  which  is  one  tifth  the 
straight  portion.     The  height  of  the  arch  is  onu-tliird  its  length.     Behind  the  arch, 


r 


I 


TUK    FISHES    (»!•'    BIORINCJ    SKA. 


4!)! 


the  liitcral  line  descciitls  in  ;i  gciitl*',  curve  to  luitUllo  of  sides.  The  Bcales  are  very 
loiiffh,  each  possessiii}?  several  long,  sharp  spines  (liv<  rgiiig  from  median  jtortion  of 
posterior  margin.  Anterior  and  posterior  portions  of  dorsal  aud  anal  lins  naked,  the 
rays  of  the  middle  i)ortion  each  with  a  seiies  of  strongly  ctenoid  scales.  (Caudal 
densely  scaled  to  tip.  Pectorals  and  ventrals  naked.  Head  covered  with  strongly 
spinous  scales,  excepting  snout,  maxillary,  and  mandible.  On  blind  side  of  head  the 
snout,  jaws,  preopercle,  suboperele,  lower  half  of  opercle,  and  all  but  a  (tentral  strip 
on  interoiterclc,  scaleless.  On  blind  side  the  scales  are  rough  on  head,  ventral  area, 
and  along  bases  of  ventral  (ins;  largely  smooth  elsewhere. 

Dorsal  begiuiiii'g  above  front  of  pnjtil,  the  rays  increasing  in  length  to  the  forty- 
fifth,  which  is 'J I  in  head.  Longest  anal  ray  (the  seventeenth),  '2]  in  head.  Caudal 
broadly  rounded.  It  in  head.  Pectoral  short  aud  broad,  21  in  head.  Ventrals  of 
nearly  ecjual  length,  reaching  origin  of  anal,  3^,  in  head.    No  anal  spine. 

Color  in  sjiirits:  Centers  of  the  scales  light  gray,  the  margins  dark  brown.  Fins 
light  or  dusky,  the  vertical  (ins  with  conspicuous  black  bars  parallel  with  the  rays. 
These  are  most  evident  on  the  under  side,  where  the  pigment  seems  to  prim;ipally 
occur,  and  are  seen  (hrcuigh  the  Cm  inore  faintly  on  the  colored  side.  Lining  of  cheeks 
and  gill  cover  of  colored  side  dusky.  Peritoneum  gray.  The  species  is  named  for 
Jellerson  1"\  Moser,  U.iS.N.,  commander  of  the  Allmtroiis. 

Vvraxper  rtiricjiitu-s  (Schlegel),  of  thi^  same  genus,  is  ctlosely  related  to  V.  numri, 
from  which  it  ditlers  cliiedy  in  the  much  h)wer  and  smaller  arch  of  the  lateral  line. 
The  (ins  in  this  si»ecies  are  spotted  with  black,  but  not  barred. 

221.  Lepidopsetta  bilineata  (.\.vrc8). 

Abundant  everywhere  in  Bering  Sea.  Our  specinuMis  from  St.  Paul  Island; 
station  .">(!;57,  ()(1  St.  (ieorge,31i  fathoms;  llnalaska;  Bering  Islaiul;  Medni  Island.  Dr. 
Cilbert  records  the  species  from  llnalaska,  llerendeen  Bay,  liagemeister  Island,  and 
from  various  locialities  about  the  peninsula  of  Alaska. 

222.  L:  maiida  aspera  (  Pallim). 

(/ominon;  taken  by  us  at  Petropaulski,  Avatcha  Bay,  Kamchatka;  stations  3(i4(i 
and  iJ(ii7,  odliobben  lieef,  in  18  and '_'(»  fathoms.  Recorded  by  Dr.  (iilbert  from  Brist^il 
Bay,  llerendeen  Bay,  and  many  other  stations.  Dr.  Beau  mentions  it  from  Sitka, 
Kadiak,  Shunuigins,  Port  Clarence,  Plover  Bay,  and  Indian  Point. 

223.  Limaiida  proboacidea  (iilliert. 

Des<!ribed  from  Bristol  Bay  and  llerendeen  Bay. 
224    Pletiioiiectes  quadrituberculatus  ( I'silhiH). 

Station  .'{(111',  Avatcha  Bay,  I  (J  fathnius.     Station  .'J6t7,  off  Hobben  Heef,  li(»  fath 
oMis.     Bccorded  Ity  Dr.  (iillR'rt  from  Ohernofski  Harbor,  llerendeen  Bay,  and  Bristol 
Bay,  by  Dr.  P.ean  from  Kadiak,  and  by  Air.  Sciotield  from  (!higink  and  I'ort  Clarence. 

This  species  is  a  true  1'lniroHtTtt.s,  having  the  lower  pharyngeals  narrow,  separate, 
witii  twii  rows  ol  hluiitish  teeth.    It  is  an  ally  of  Vkuromctvis idatvstia, 

2^5.  Liopsetta  glacialis  (I'alliiH). 

Petropaulski.  Uecrorded  by  Dr.  (iilln-rt  from  Bristfd  Bay,  by  Dr.  Bean  from 
Kotzebue  Sound,  and  by  Mr.  Scolield  from  Port  Clarence. 


,5- 

.1: 


11 


\M 


i:| 


ii 


} 


192 


THK    KIK    SEALS   «»F    IHIi    I'lillUl    '!<'    ISLANDS. 


ill 


226.  Lioptietta  obscura  (ll(ti'/<'iiHt<>iii). 

I'lruri>nvvti:t  iihsvuruK  IhT/.t^iiHlciii,  .Mi''liiiij;i^H  Miolo;;ii|iius,  IWtO,  127. 

Two  iiiiilus  from  ►Sltanii  Hay,  Itiiiup  Island,  arc  i«t'crre(l  to  this  species.  Tlio 
Hcal<!S  on  tliucolorud  side  siro  every wlierestroiij^ly  ctenoid  and  imbricated,  while  in  the 
types  (supposed  to  be  females)  they  wore  cycloid.  In  our  specimens  the  head  is  some 
what  smaller,  3;;,  in  Icuf^th  instead  of  ;J,'„  U)'il;  the  depth  is  {greater,  til,  in  I'jnyth 
instead  of  lii}  to  2',^;  the  interorbital  space  is  covered  with  very  line  scales,  not  naked; 
the  curve  of  the  lateral  line  seems  nu>re  nnirked.  its  chord  contained  live  instead  of  si.\ 
times  in  the  straight  portion.  All  of  the  tins  are  higher  than  in  the  female  types,  the 
pectoral  of  colored  side  being  Uj  in  hciul,  the  caudal  1,\,  the  ventral  half  head,  and  the 
highest  dorsal  ray  I'r.  Some  of  these  dilVeronces  may  well  be  sexual.  The  lower 
pharyngeals  are  short  and  broa<l,  27  ami  2!)  cm.  l*»ng.  The  teeth  are  large  and  very 
blunt,  like  cobblestoniss,  and  are  arranged  in  one  row  along  the  outer  edge,  a  row  of 
lurgei-  teeth  along  the  inner  edge,  and  a  short  row  along  the  posterior  edge  of  the 
triangle.  The  arrangement  is  very  similar  t<»  that  found  in  L.  glacial  is,  hut  here  a 
few  small  teeth,  without  delinite  arrangement,  nrv,  interposed  in  the  middle  of  the 
boue,  between  the  three  series  described. 

Dorsal,  '>!)  and  (i2;  aiuil,  ii>  and  4(i;  tubes  in  the  lateral  line,  7!). 

Coh)r  on  eyed  side,  uniform  dark  brown  on  body  and  tins,  the  extreme  tips  of  the 
tin  rays  white.  On  blind  side  the  body  is  yellowish  white,  with  a  few  irregular  scat- 
tered dark  spots;  the  dorsiil  iind  anal  are  yellowish  at  base,  liecoming  more  or  less 
mottle<l  with  dusky  on  distal  half,  the  fins  marked  with  br.)iid,davk  bi>;s  iiarallel  with 
the  rays,  alioiit  7  on  the  anal  lin,  1()  or  11  on  tliedorc.al;  caudal  light  on  basal  half 
more  or  less  blotched  with  darker,  be(;oming  black  posterioiiy. 

With  this  sjiecies  we  identify  also  a  number  of  j'oung  specimens  !)  to  I't  cm.  h>ng 
fnmi  the  same  locality  (Iturup  Island).  They  are  probiibly  young  females,  but  the 
viscera  are  in  sucli  condition  as  to  prevent  positive  determination.  The  scales  are 
perfectly  smooth,  but  in  other  respects  they  agree  perfectly  with  the  adult  males, 
except  in  tlu'ir  more  varied  coloration.  The  Innid  and  body  is  brownish,  profusely 
spotted  in  ccMirser  or  liner  pattern  with  light  gray;  also  with  a  i'aw  scattered  black 
spots  edged  with  gray.  The  markings  «)n  the  lins  are  as  described  for  adults.  In 
seven  s[»ecimeus  the  dorsal  coutaius  (50,  62, 02,  02,  (Ji,  05,  and  00  rays;  auul,  15,  15,  15, 
40,  17,  47,  48. 

227.  Platichthys  stellatus  (1'allii.s). 

Very  common;  taken  by  us  iit  St.  Paul,  llnalaska,  Petropaulski,  IJering  Island, 
Kobben  Island,  Karluk.  Jlecorde«l  by  Dr.  (Jilbcrt  from  IJristol  Hay,  and  by  Dr.  I>ean 
from  Kadiak,  IJnalaska,  and  St.  Michael.  Scotiold  found  it  abundant  at  Port  Clur 
ence,  and  Ste.jneger  ou  Bering  Island. 

228.  OlyptocepbaluB  zachirus  l^oekinfrton. 

Recorded  by  Dr.  Gilbert  from  various  localities  about  the  i)euiusula  of  Alaska. 

229.  MicroBtomuB  paci&cus  (Luckiu^toii). 

Uecordeii  by  Dr.  (Gilbert  t'rom  about  (i^nalaska. 


" 


LIST  OF  FISHES  OBTAINED  IN  THE  WATERS  OF  ARCTIC  ALASKA 


'-^ 


IJy  NOKMAN   JtlSIlOl-  .Scoi'IKLIi. 


This  report  is  based  on  a  collection  of  llslics  niaile  in  18!M>  by  the  author  and  Mr. 
Alvin  Heule,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Hopkins  Laboratory  of  the  Leiand  {Stanford 
Junior  Tnivorsity. 

Through  the  aid  of  Mr.  Timothy  Hopkins  and  of  the  late  Capt.  J.  N.  Knowles,  then 
president  of  the  Pacillc  Steam  Whalin{i^  (Company,  of  San  KraiK^iseo,  the  writer,  with 
Mr.  Heale,  reeeixcd  i)assago  on  the  vessels  of  the  company  from  iSan  Krancisco  to 
Ilerschel  Island  and  return,  an<l  were  atTorded  every  opportunity  to  make  collections 
at  the  various  ports  of  call. 

Embarking  at  San  Francisco  on  the  J.  J),  Peters,  one  of  the  company's  sailing 
vessels,  our  iirst  stop  was  at  King  Islaiul  near  Bering  Strait,  where  we  arriveil  on 
the  3d  of  July. 

King  Island  is  about  10  miles  in  circumference,  with  precipitous,  roc^ky  sides,  on 
which  it  is  possible  to  obtain  a  footing  at  oidy  one  place.  This  is  occupied  by  a  small 
Eskimo  village,  the  suiumer  huts  supported  on  stilts  and  clinging  to  the  face  of  th<^ 
clitllike  birds'  nests.  It  was  impossible  to  use  a  seine  at  this  point.  With  the  hook 
and  line  we  succeeded  in  catching  only  one  kind  of  fish,  a  sculpiii  [Myojocvphahis  ro- 
rucosuK).  We  remained  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  island  about  a  week  waiting  for 
the  harbor  of  Port  Clarence  to  become  clear  of  ice.  The  winter  just  jjassed  had  been 
very  severe  throiig'.iout  northern  Alaska,  and  tlie  breaking  up  of  the  icte  at  Port 
Clarence,  which  usually  occmus  in  the  latter  |)art  of  June,  did  not  begin  until  the 
lltU  of  July.  We  succeede<l  in  entering  the  harbor  on  the  following  day.  Ileiiing 
and  salmon  were  alreiuly  running.  The  smelt  (0«jH('r««  dcnU.v)  was  a  little  later  in 
arriving,  and  the  capelin  {Mallotiis  villosus)  did  not  appear  until  the  L'ath,  the  day  of 
our  departure.  The  lateness  of  the  season  retarded  the  arrival  of  the  anadromous 
fishes  by  about  two  weeks.  We  leariuul  later  that  the  same  was  true  for  that  season 
of  the  lishes  whi«;h  entered  the  Mackenzie  Kiver. 

I'ort  (Jlarenco  is  situated  40  miles  s(mtheast  of  Itering  Strait.  The  main  harbor, 
which  is  cinuilsir,  is  about  Vi  miles  aciross,  and  is  separated  from  the  o(;ean  on  the  west 
by  a  long,  low  sand  spit.  The  shores  are  all  low,  with  gravelly  beaches,  and  the  wfiter 
averages  about  0  fathoms  in  de))th.  The  inner  narbor,  known  as  tlrantley  Jlarlxtr,  is 
small  and  separated  from  the  main  i)ort  by  another  sand  spit.  Flowing  intoGrantley 
Harbor  is  a  river,  about  a  (luarter  of  a  mile  in  width,  which  is  fed  by  a  large  lake  scmie 
liO  or  ;{0  miles  from  its  month.  During  our  stay  at  Port  Clarence  we  made  a  two  days' 
trip  up  this  river,  and  si)eiit  the  remaiiuler  of  the  two  weeks  in  seining  along  th(^ 
beaches  (»f  the  two  harbors. 

From  Port  ('laronce  we  accompanied  the  steamer  Jeaiiir.  on  its  annual  trip  to 
Ilerschel  Island,  stopping  on  the  way  at  Point  l»arrow.  We  stopped  at  Point  Harrow 
on  our  return  also,  but  on  both  (iccasions  the  ice  was  so  thick  along  the  beaches  th"' 
we  were  able  to  make  only  a  few  hauls  with  the  seine.  The  open  season  at  Point 
Barrow  is  short,  extending  from  the  middle  of  July  to  the  latter  part  of  September, 

4'j;{ 


U  f! 


..V'T 


!  }lH 


u 


,S.' 


■'I 

"4'' 
1 


% 


!l 


''  iii  ■" 


I 

mm 


^'M 


494 


THE   FUR   SEALS   OF   TUE    PKIIilLOP    ISLANDS. 


and  there  are  nearly  always  large  quantities  of  ice  in  th(>  mMj,riil)urhoo(l.  TItu  Mlioro 
line  here,  as  is  indec;!  the  entire  Alaskan  coast  north  of  I>crin|>  Strait,  is  very  low  and 
monotonous,  with  gravelly  and  sandy  beaches.  The  lish  are  apparently  not  plentiful, 
and  the  natives  at  I'oint  Harrow  depend  upon  them  but  little  for  food. 

lierschel  Island,  80  miles  west  of  the  I\Ia(;ken/ie  Kiver,  was  the  next  and  faithest 
point  reached  by  us.  This  island  is  composed  of  low  clay  hills  and  is  about  '2^t  miles 
in  cir('undereiu;e.  Mere  we  remained  at  the  whaling' company's  winter  quarleis  fnim 
August  18  until  September  5.  We  were  unable  to  make  any  extended  trips,  but  did 
all  of  our  fishing  on  the  shores  of  the  island  and  on  the  opposite  mainland,  13  miles 
distant.  There  were  no  streams  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  so  that  all  the  lish 
taken  were  from  salt  water.  The  herring  are  usually  seen  at  the  island  earlier  in  the 
season  while  on  their  way  to  the  Mackenzie  River,  but  none  were  seen  by  us. 

On  our  return  trip,  after  leaving  I  '.ering  Sea,  we  made  a  stop  of  two  days,  Septem- 
ber 28  and  ii!),  at  Ghignik  Bay,  on  the  mainland  oi>posite  Kadiak  Island.  The  <;oast 
here  is  vtvy  rocky  and  the  sand  beaclies  are  few  and  small,  so  we  ol)tiiincd  but  little. 
Our  collecting  during  ihe  trip  was  limited  to  the  four  places  mentioned:  llerseliel 
Island,  I'oint  Barrow,  Point  Clarence,  and  Ohignik  Bay;  of  these,  P<»rt  (Marence  and 
Uerschel  Island  weru  the  only  ones  favorable  for  thorough  investigation. 

1.  Clupea  pallasi,  Ouvier  and  )'nl(>uciouiie8. 

We  found  this  lish  abi  ndant  at  Port  Clarence,  where  it  appeared  a  day  or  two 
after  the  ice  went  out  of  the  harbor. 

2.  CoregonuB  keimicottl,  Milner. 

We  obtained  one  large  speciuij^n  of  this  species,  which  was  taken  by  native  lisher- 
men  at  Barter  Island,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenxii;  Itiver.  1).,  10;  A.,  l.'J;  scales 
11,  80,  11;  gill  rakers,  8  +  14,  8  +  i;{. 

We  have  compared  it  with  a  specimen  obtained  by  Miss  Kli/abeth  Taylor  in  <  Ireat 
Bear  Lake  and  tind  they  are  the  same,  A  description  of  the  specimen  obtained  by 
Miss  Taylor  has  been  publifl-ed  by  \}r.  Gilbert,  Bull.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission,  l.S!»l,  'S,i. 

3.  CoregonuB  nelaoni  Bean. 

We  found  this  lish  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  brackish  water  of  (Irantley 
Harbor.  Our  largest  specimen  is  13  inches  long;  the  others  but  little  smaller.  The 
backs  are  not  so  conspicuously  humped  as  in  the  type,  which  is  a  larger  and  more 
nmture  flsh.  The  distance  from  snout  to  nape  about  twice  in  distance  from  nape  to 
origin  of  dorsal,  but  it  would  be  more  in  a  more  humpbacked  individual.  We  did  not 
tind  this  lish  at  lierschel  Island. 


HDOd. 

Eye. 
*l 

Doraal. 

Annl. 

ScaloH. 

Ciill  rakprx. 

Locality. 

«) 

12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
11 

12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 

10  80  8 
9  80  8 
8    88    8 

10  8«  8 
l<    80    8 

7+13    7|13 
7  I  12    7|  13 
7  +  13    7  +  15 
fl  +  12    7|  III 
fl+12    7H3 
fl+12    7  +  15 

(Jrnntlpv  ll.irlior. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

1)0. 

lii'iiitli'ii  fltation,  I'ort 
Clurcuco. 

4.  ArgyroBomuB  puailluB  (Boau). 

This  lish  we  found  quite  abundant  in  the  river  back  of  (Jrantley  Harbor.    We  also 
obtained  two  large  specimens  from  Barter  Island  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie 


FISHK8    OF    AKCTIC    ALASKA. 


495 


River.  Our  specimens  sliow  (juito.  ii  range  of  viiriation  in  the  nnniher  of  }j;ill  nikers 
and  fin  rays,  given  in  f  In'  accompanying  table.  One  of  tlie  specimens  from  llie  mouth 
of  the  Ma(!lten/.io  is  the  only  one  that  shows  perft^ctly  the  black  markings  on  the 
dorsal,  as  given  in  tlio  figure  of  a  similar  sea  run  individual  from  nortln-rn  Alaska. 
(Whitedsiies  of  America.  Report  of  U.  S.  CominissiomM- of  Fish  and  Kisheri(!s,  I.SJM. 
Plate  2.'};  also  sauu',  plate  in  (Jruise  of  steamer  Corwiii.)  In  addition  to  this  it  has  a 
few  snnill,  round  black  spots  tni  top  of  the  head  an<l  four  ov  five  similar  spots  on 
adipose  fin.  All  of  the  specimens  have  the  articulation  of  mandible  on  a,  vertical  with 
center  of  eye.  The  diauuiter  of  eye  equals  the  interorbital  width  ami  is  greater  than 
length  of  snout. 


Locality. 


liniiilley  narliiir  

Do. 

I)n 

II<| 

Oil 

1).. 

Do 

Do 

liartiir  Islainl 

Do 

NiiHlut^uk  liivur,  AliiHka  (Alhnlinxs  roll.).. 
Nakiink  liivcr,  llristol  ISay  (.U/iiitnuwcoIt.) 


!,.iit;lli. 


li 
li 
fi 
II 
ti 
li 

n 
« 
iiij 


(■ill  ink     (iillrak   ; 
'    i-rn  Oil         ri-M  on    '  Doi'Mal 
■  Ml  t*'u\v.  ri^lil  Hide' 


10  I 
I7-) 
17  + 
17  I 
17  + 
171 
14 
Hi 
14) 
17  I 

11  + 
14  I- : 


10 1  ;i2 
IK  I  :w 
17 

17  I  :io 
17  )-:io 

III  I  '.'H 
14+i!!( 

ir.  I  'JH 

14+2H 
10  I  w 
I'-'+'-T) 
U+2B 


a  No.  40. 
5.  Argyrosomus  lucidus  (Uiclmrdaon), 

We  obtained  two  specimei'S  of  this  species  in  salt  water  off  llerschel  Island. 
Tlufy  are  undoubtedly  identical  with  the  species  found  in  <lreat  I'.ear  Lake  and  h'iver. 
We  have  compared  them  with  two  specimens  from  (Ireat  l>ear  Itiver.  One  of  our 
specimens  has  a  larger  number  of  scales  than  the  other,  but  it  is  not  a  larger  varia- 
tion than  may  be  expected  within  a  species  of  this  family. 

Besides  the  tin  formula  we  give  a  few  measurements  not  included  in  Jordan  and 
Evermann's  otherwi.se  full  description :  Longest  dorsal  ray,  1 A  in  head;  longest  anal 
ray,  2^  in  head;  pectorals  reach  less  than  halfway  to  origin  of  ventrals,  or  1.^  in  head; 
ventrals  reach  less  than  halfway  to  vent,  or  1'^  in  head;  ventral  scale  a  little  over 
half  h'ligth  of  fin;  articulation  of  mandible  with  (piadratc  bone  <)n  a  vertical  with 
posterior  margin  of  eye.     Length  of  each  specimen,  10  inches. 


Ifiim- 
bor. 


04 
07 


Domal 


1.1 
II 


Anal. 


13 
12 


V.ii- 
tral. 


12 
12 


Oill 
nikira. 


10(20 

15 1  ao 


.Sralrs. 


lU    87     III 
lU    88     10 


TranHvotHO 
!     rows  of 
Mral<>H  lit- 
low  ilorHal. 


U 

10 


6.  Argyrosomus  .ilascanua  Scolit'ld,  now  npcciea.    (I'lato  Xl.ir. ) 

Head,  4| ;  depth,  about  i;  dorsal,  12;  anal,  12;  scales,  10, 8."),  0.  Eye  a  little  shorter 
than  snout,  o  in  head,  1.^  in  interorbital  space.  Mead  wedge-shaped,  the  upper  and 
lower  profiles  straight  and  meeting  with  a  sharp  angle  at  the  snout.  Viewed  from 
above  the  snout  is  blunt,  almost  S(puire,  with  the  narrow,,  pale,  rounded  tip  of  the 


li 


■>  If 


m 

tiSsj 

'^^ 

il 

i 


in 

! 


Ill 


m 


"I 


4 


11 


I       ;ii 


:ii; 


49G 


THE   FUR   SEALS   OF  THK   PRIHILOP   ISLANDS. 


lower  .jaw  slightly  projecting.  Mouth  oblinuc;  tho  distance,  from  tiio  tip  «)t'  tiiu  siiont 
to  tip  of  maxillary  is  e«|nal  to  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  snout  to  ceiitor  of  pu|)il; 
the  maxillary  from  its  anterior  articulation  is  contained  li^  in  the  head,  its  width  :\  in 
its  length,  its  upper  anterior  edge  closing  under  maxillary;  maiidil)Ie,  -,\  in  iiead,  its 
articulation  with  the  quadrate  bono  beneath  the  posterior  edge  of  tlie  eye;  width  of 
supplemental  bono  a  little  more  tiian  one  half  width  of  maxillary.  I'reorltitiii  broad, 
its  greatest  width  eipials  three-eighths  of  its  lengtii  or  diameter  of  |)Upil;  width  of 
supraorbital  equals  two-sevenths  of  its  length.  Gill  rakers,  12  to  14  +  21  to  L'.'i,  longniid 
slender,  the  longest  two-thirds  diameter  of  the  eye.  The  tongue,  vomer,  and  palatine 
without  teeth.  Distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  nape  equal  one-half  the  distance  from 
tiie  nape  to  the  front  of  the  dorsal,  or  two  thirds  length  of  iiend.  Adipose  tin  large; 
ventral  scale  one-half  length  of  fin;  longest  dorsal  ray,  1^  in  iicad;  longest  anal  ray,  1! 
in  head;  the  pectorals  reach  more  than  half  way  to  the  ventrals;  the  ventrals  reach 
two-tliinls  distance  to  vent;  the  caiulal  is  forked  for  a  little  more  than  one-half  its 
length.  Color  dusky  above,  silvery  beneath;  the  dorsal,  adipose  lin,  tips  of  caudal 
rays,  and  upper  side  of  anterior  pectoral  rays  dusky;  tins  otherwise  pale.  The  fish 
appears  to  be  nearest  related  to  Artjyrosomus  nrtcdi,  but  it  dillers  considerably  in 
number  of  gill  rakers.  We  obtained  but  tliree  specimens  of  this  lish — one  in  salt 
water  at  I'oint  Hope,  the  other  two  in  brackish  water  at  Cirantlcy  Harbor.  The  largest 
one  is  10^  inches  in  length. 


Locality. 

Lvofitli. 

Uill  rnkers. 

DoriMll. 

Aiinl. 

.ScaU'H. 

87 

(IrunilAv  Hnrbor 

Inehen. 

11 

U  +  23     U(22 
U-t-22     I2|22 
13-4  21     12(21 

12 
12 
12 

U 

12 
12 

Do 

l*ulnt  ilopu,  Aliwka 

7.  StenoduB  mackenziei  (Uichurdson). 

We  obtained  three  specimens  of  this  lish,  one  of  which  was  brought  to  us  by  the 
whaling  vessel,  the  other  two  by  native  lishcrman.  All  tlir(>e  are  irom  the  month  of 
the  Mackenzie  Itiver,  and,  as  far  as  we  isould  learn,  it  has  never  been  seen  any  place 
else  by  either  natives  or  white  ]>eople.  The  largest  specimen  is  35  inches  in  length. 
This  may  be  the  same  as  the  i^iberian  species  Stcnodus  leufichthyn  ((iiildenstadt),  but 
it  is  imi)ossible  to  decide  as  the  descriptions  of  that  species  are  iiiade(|uate. 

Head,  4!{;  depth,  5;  1).,  l.'i;  A.,  1/*;  scales,  12,  lOli,  10;  gill  rakers.  (l-|-l(t,  the 
longest  equaling  diameter  of  eye;  branchiostegal  rays,  10;  eye,  1,'',,  in  snout,  U  in  inter- 
orbital  spacv"i,  7A  in  head;  snout,  4A  in  head;  maxillary  from  its  articulation,  •'<  in  head; 
from  tip  of  snout  to  end  of  maxillary,  li'i  in  head,  its  width  contained  (A  times  in  its 
length,  itsei'.d  reaching  vertical  behind  eye.  Supplemental  bone,  \\  in  head;  its  width 
4  in  its  leni^th,  its  anterior  end  notched;  the  iwint  above  the  notcili  shar|t,  the  lower 
point  rounded. 

Preorbital,  4!j  in  length  of  head ;  its  greatest  width,  '2\  in  its  length.  Mouth  large, 
the  lower  jaw  projecting  e«insiderably  beyond  the  upper.  Tips  of  upper  and  lower 
jaws,  the  palatines,  vomer,  and  tongue  with  bands  of  short  bristle-like  teeth. 

Distance  from  tip  of  snout  to  nape,  'U  times  into  distance  from  tip  of  snout  to 
front  of  dorsal;  front  of  dorsal  nearer  the  median  caudal  rays  than  tip  of  snout  by 
width  of  eye;  origin  of  ventral  u  width  of  eye  behind  the  hront  of  the  dorsal.     Adipose 


PISHES   OF    ARCTIC    ALASKA. 


497 


till  large,  iusurtcil  over  the  lust  ruys  of  the  aiiiii;  its  height,  1  in  heutl.  The  veiitnils 
reiM^h  more  than  halfway  to  front  of  anal.  The  height  of  the  tlorsal,  1^  in  hcail ;  the 
pectorals  are  slightly  larger  than  ventrals,  1.^  in  head;  dei)th  of  uaudal  iHMluiiule,  3^ 
iu  head. 

8.  Oucorbyiicbua  gorbuacha  (Witlbitiini). 

We  found  this  species  (piite  abundant  at  Port  (Jlarunve  about  the  middle  of  July, 
at  which  time  it  was  commencing  to  run  up  the  river  back  of  the  inner  iiarbor.  The 
one  specimen  obtained  by  us  is  10  inches  long;  its  dorsal,  11;  anal,  14;  scales,  lUi) 
tranverse  rows  or  l(t2  in  lateral  line;  gill  rakers,  13-1-17;  ventral  appendage  nearly 
two-thirds  length  of  tin.  The  natives  catch  this  tish  by  means  of  nets  ab<mt  30  feet 
long,  one  edge  of  which  they  attach  at  the  edge  of  the  water,  shoving  the  other  end 
out  with  a  iH)le  in  such  a  position  that  when  the  salmon  strike  the  net  they  foUow 
along  it  toward  the  shore.  When  a  sullicient  number  has  congregated  at  the  net  the 
outer  end  is  pulled  in  by  means  of  a  roiie  attached  for  the  parposc. 

9.  Oncorbynohus  uerka  (Walbuuni). 

At  Chignik  Bay  we  t(N)k  four  of  the  ytiung  of  this  siiecies — si>ecimens  about  3 
inches  in  length.  We  took  six  of  the  young  of  this  species  at  Grautley  Uarbor;  they 
are  about  5  inches  long. 

10.  Salvelinus  malma  (Wulbauiii). 

iiSiMicimeus  were  obtiuued  at  I'ort  (Jlareuce,  Point  I  lo|ie,  and  Herschel  Island.  The 
natives  of  Uerschel  Isluud  catch  this  fish  through  holes  in  the  ice  at  all  times  during 
the  winter. 

11.  Mallotua  viUoBUs  (Miillur). 

We  fouiul  this  tish  only  at  Port  Clarence,  where  it  first  ajipeared  on  the  24tli  of 
July.  On  this  day  we  observed  them  in  great  numbers  in  the  edge  of  the  water  near 
the  sandy  beach.  They  ran  in  small  schools  and  were  doubtless  spawning.  The 
natives  caught  great  (piantitios  of  them  with  small  dip  nets.  We  have  compared  our 
specimens  with  otliers  from  Ureenland  and  (ind  no  difierences. 

12.  Oamerus  deutex  >Stuiiiducbiier. 

We  took  several  specimens  at  Port  Clarence,  where  they  were  quite  abundant. 
They  agree  with  Steiiiduchiier's  description  in  all  except  the  following:  The  head  is 
contained  a  little  over  4  times  in  length  of  body  without  caudal,  instead  of  3J,  and 
there  is  no  spur-like  scale  between  the  ventrals.  We  have  compared  it  with  speci- 
mens from  Kamchatka  and  can  find  no  difierences. 

13.  Meaopus  olidus  (I'iiUhh). 

Head,  4i;  eye,  3-j;  depth,  0^.  D.,  J);  A.,  14;  P.,  11;  V.,  8;  scales,  55  to  60;  gill 
rakers,  0-i-UO,  the  longest  two-thirds  of  ey«-;  snout  slightly  shorter  than  eye;  maxil- 
lary reiushing  to  center  of  pupil,  or  slightly  less  than  3  in  head;  least  depth  of  caudal 
]ieduncle  e«|ualing  snout;  the  longest  rays  of  the  dorsal  contained  0  or  7  times  in  the 
length.  The  i>ectoraIs  reach  from  four-fifths  to  two-thirds  distance  to  base  of  ventrals, 
contained  r>  or  U  in  the  length;  the  rays  of  the  pectorals  and  ventrals  are  slightly 
enlarged  at  the  base.  The  color  is  dusky,  silvery  beh)W;  no  very  evident  silvery  baud 
along  lateral  line.  The  scales  are  insecurely  attached  and  rub  oft'  easily.  We  foand 
this  fish  quite  abundant  in  the  river  back  of  Crautley  Uarbor. 
5947— I'T  3 3U 


ii 


i    ''If 


■  :  ' 


m  i 


It 


rnti 


'( 


•I       I'  1 


I    i     '■ 


498 


TIIK    VVR   SKALS   OF   THE    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


14.  Pygosteu«  pan(..dus  (liiiiiiii'iiH). 

Wo  obtHiiiod  but  (iiiu  sniall  spuuiiiieii  of  tliiH  HhIi,  which  watt  tukeii  rroin  the 
throsit  of  A  spuciiiiHii  OumvruH  dtmU'x  at  Griiiitley  llurbor.  Thu  dor.sal  and  anal  liii 
ray8  are  in  greater  niiiubtii-s  than  is  usual,  beiug:  M.^  IX,  11;  A.,  I,  10.  The  vuntral 
8|>ini!8  are  alniu8t  one-halt'  len^fth  of  liuad. 

Kolluwiiii;  are  the  dor»al  and  anal  forniuhe  of  five  HpucimeiiM  from  Nu8hagak, 
AhiHka,  collected  by  the  Albatrosii: 


iKirHHl. 

An»l. 

IX  » 
X  9 
X  It 
X    11 

XI      0 

I    10 
1      9 
T    10 
I    lu 
I      9 

1 

In  all,  thu  ventral  Hpinus  are  8lij;;htly  lo88  than  one-half  of  head. 


15 


OasteroBteuB  catapbractus  (I'liUiiH). 

Wo  found  this  tish  abundant  in  the  river  at  Graiitley  Harbor.  They  agree 
lierfectly  with  speciineim  from  Kamchatka,  the  type  locality.  They  also  agree  well 
with  Uicihardson's  description  and  tlgiiro  of  (}ant<roHteu8  hiHvulptus  from  Northum- 
berland Sound.  They  are  more  robust  than  the  southern  form ;  the  caudal  keel  is 
more  strongly  developed;  the  pectorals  are  a  little  longer  and  stronger;  the  spines 
are  heavier,  the  lateral  plates  reach  farther  down  on  the  sides,  and  their  posterior 
edges  are  much  rougher. 

This  southern  form  is  OaxtcroistvitH  nerratuH  Ayers.    ( Proc.  (Jal.  Ac.  8ci.,  1855  47.) 

The  following  is  the  tin  count  of  our  four  specimens: 


1 


'>< 


'! 


Durxiil. 

Anal. 

Pectoral.  I 

iiri2 

IIT    11 
III     I'J 
HI     I'J 

I    9 

1    I 
1     0 

10 

lu 
10 
10 

16.Ammodytea  personatus  (Ciirurd). 

Type  locality:  Cape  Flattery,  Washington. 

Measurements  of  two  specimeus  from  Ghiguik,  Alaska:  !>.,  (H);  A.,  28.  Ueiul,  4^ 
in  length;  de(>th,  11.  Eye,  lij  in  snout  and  4^  in  head.  Lateral  folds,  140  The  pec- 
torals reach  past  front  of  dorsal  and  are  a  little  longer  than  one-half  head.  D.,  61; 
A.,  30.  Head,  4^;  depth,  10^.  Kye,  U  in  snout  and  ft  in  head;  lateral  folds  138; 
])ectoral8  a  little  longer  than  one-half  head. 

Port  Clarence:  I).,  54;  A.,  U8.  Head,  4i;  depth  11.  Eye,  U  in  snout  or  4^  in 
head ;  lateral  folds,  140. 

Summer  Hay,  Unalaska :  1).,  Ul ;  A.,  31 ;  I  lead,5 ;  depth,  0.  Eye,  G.{ ;  lateral  folds, 
173.    Pectoral  one-half  head. 

We  have  compared  these  specimens  with  8|)euimen8  from  the  type  locality  of 
Ammodi/teH  personaUm,  and  we  are  unable  to  tind  any  ditt'ereuce  between  them.  The 
si)e(umens  from  Neah  Bay  near  Cape  Flattery  show  more  rays  in  the  dorsal  and  anal 


I  rroin  the 
1(1  Hiial  (ill 
^lie  vuntral 


Nushuguk, 


["hey  agree 
agree  well 

Northum- 
dal  keel  is 

the  Kpiiies 
r  posterior 

.,l6r»C'  47.) 


Uead,  4^ 
The  pec- 

.     U.,  61; 

t'ulds  138; 

t  or  4^  111 

^eral  folds, 

ocality  of 
lem.  The 
1  and  anal 


PISHRM   OF   ARCTIC    ALASKA. 


40f» 


and  IcHH  depth  to  the  hody  Mian  is  given  by  Girard  in  his  original  dusvriplion  of  .1. 
aUiHainuH,    Tiiure  is  but  little  doubt  that  .1.  alatmannH  and  .1.  i>vrmmatuH  are  tlie  same. 

Wo  can  liiid  no  dillereiive  between  our  specimens  and  one  specinivn  from  (ircen- 
laud.    All  are  probably  identical  with  AmmodytcH  tobianuH  of  Kurope. 

The  following  shows  the  number  of  tin  rays  and  lateral  folds  of  speciineiis: 


Kruii 

I'lirt  (lUrriire, 
AIuhUii. 

Kniiii  PiiK«t  Suuiiil. 

Uorwi. 

Annl. 

l.ntnral 
t'ulil. 

IliirHiil. 

Anal. 

I.*t4<rnl 
lolil. 

ni 

•M 

145 

5U 

3(1 

i:i8 

58 

•JH 

i:iH 

51> 

:io 

151 

M 

•.'H 

140 

5U 

31 

14(1 

r.7 

1!8 

UU 

5» 

M 

151 

M 

•M 

I4U 

■|H 

311 

I4H 

n;i 

'.'6 

l»« 

57 

'.11 

133 

nu 

■M 

i;i5 

58 

30 

1411 

58 

28 

147 

511 

2tt 

133 

58 

27 

145 

57 

3U 

148 

6U 

■M 

139 

58 

" 

143 

Frum  I'penKivik,  tirni'iiluuil:  Duraul,  58;  >Dul,  30;  Intt'ral  I'ulil,  140. 

17.  MyozocephaluB  polyacautbocephahiB  (PiillaH). 

We  took  three  siiocimcuB  of  this  tlsh  at  Chigiiik  Bay,  Alaska.  They  are  in  no 
way  diU'ereiit  from  specimens  of  the  same  species  from  IJiialaska  or  Paget  Sound. 
D.,  X,  14;  A.,  12.     D.,  X,  15;  A.,  12.    D.,  X,  15;  A.,  12. 

18.  MyoxocephaluB  jaok  (Ciivieraud  Vuloiicieiinos). 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  taken  at  Port  Clarence  aiul  (irantley  Harbor. 
The  number  of  prcopercular  spines  varies;  in  the  young  there  are  four,  in  older 
specimens  the  third  s])ine  from  the  top  may  be  only  a  tubercle  or  entirely  wanting. 
In  most  of  the  specimens  the  caudal  has  two  narrow,  vertical  wavy  bands  on  its 
posterior  half;  in  one  of  the  specimens  the  color  on  the  caudal  shows  no  tendency  to 
form  in  bauds. 

Our  specimens  show  the  following  number  of  spines  and  rays: 


DurHiil.       Anal. 

I'ectoral. 

18 
18 
17 
18 

18 

IX    15            14 

X    15            13 

IX     15             14 

IX  i«  :     u 

IX     15            13 

19.  My  Otocephalus  verrucpauB  (Huun).  • 

Type  locality:  Plover  Bay,  Siberia. 

Wo  obtained  seven  specimens  of  .1.  rvrntcosits:  four  at  Kings  Island,  two  at  Port 
Clarence,  and  one  at  Grantley  Harbor.  We  have  compared  them  with  specimens 
taken  by  the  Albatrons  on  Bristol  Bay  (Itep.  U.  S.  Fish  Coinm.,  189(5, 421),  and  these 
have  in  turn  been  compared  by  Dr.  Bean  with  the  type  of  the  species.  Six  of  our 
specimens  have  eleven  dorsal  spines;  the  other,  ten.  In  the  sixteen  specimens  taken 
by  the  Albatross  only  one  has  eleven  dorsal  spines;  the  rest  have  ten.  In  our  speci- 
mens the  tins  are  a  trifle  larger  and  the  maxillary  slightly  longer. 


W 


il 

m 


.1: 


m 
111. 


ti,:  ■ 


m 


0 

T 


t  1 


i,fi! 


1;M 


I, 


I  i' 


m) 


THE    FUR  SKALS   OP  TUK    l>UlltlLOF   I8LAND.S. 


Uiiriul. 

Amil 

Luoallty. 

XI    17 

i;i 

KiiigH  IhIuuiI. 

1)0. 

XI    U 

14 

XI     18 

13 

Do. 

\I     10 

13 

I)». 

XI     10 

i:i 

Port  Oluruiicr. 

XI     IC 

13 

Do. 

X    in 

13 

tiraiitlcy  IlurlM)r. 

20.  Myoxooepbalus  ajdllarla  (0111). 

Vottiin  (u-illartH,  Bean,  in  Nelson's  Rop.  Nut.  Hist.  Coll.  Alaska,  IM.  XVI,  fljj.  li. 

Head,  L';j;  liorixontal  diameter  uf  orbit,  5  in  head  and  1^  in  snout;  iiiterorbital 
sjtace,  0  in  head;  dei)th,  4A;  maxillary  reaches  the  vertical  with  posterior  edge  of  eye 
and  is  contained  li^  times  in  the  head;  dorsal,  IX  or  X,  15  or  IG;  anal,  11  or  12;  pec- 
toral, 15  or  IG;  caudal, '.)  branched  rays;  lateral  line,  40. 

Head  wide  and  depressed ;  mouth  hoiixontal,  lower  jaw  included;  nasal  spine  well 
developed,  but  completely  covered  by  the  skin.  The  preopercle  has  a  straight  8i»iue 
at  its  upi)er  angle,  almost  covered  with  skin  and  equal  in  length  to  the  vertical  diameter 
of  the  orbit;  a  second  spine  immediately  below  this,  completely  covered  by  the  skin 
and  one-half  as  long  as  up))er  spine;  at  the  lower  angle  of  the  preopercle  there  is  a 
tubercle.  The  opercle  has  a  strong  horizontal  spine  at  its  upper  angle,  completely 
embedded  in  the  membrane  and  not  reaching  the  edge  of  the  gill  Hup.  At  the  lower 
angle  of  the  opercle  there  is  a  small  downward-directed  spine,  also  (;omplete]y  covered 
by  skin.  Suprascai)ular  spine  well  developed,  but  completely  embedded.  Pectoral 
Hi)iiie  blunt  and  covered.  The  occipital  ridges  are. scarcely  elevated;  four  broad,  ron- 
spicuous  tentacles,  corresponding  to  the  positions  of  the  supraocular  and  <M;ciiiitul 
tubercles.  The  orbital  rims  are  considerably  elevated,  having  a  Hat,  depressed  sjiace 
between  them.  Top  of  the  head  covered  with  small  wart-like  protuberances.  Above 
the  lateral  line  there  is  a  row  of  osseous  plates,  smaller  and  more  closely  placed  beneath 
the  second  dorsal;  a  similar  scattered  row  below  the  lateral  line  Just  beneath  the 
second  dorsal.  The  longest  ray  of  the  first  dorsal  (the  fourth  or  fifth)  2^  times  in 
head;  the  Hrst  six  rays  about  equal  in  length.  The  second  dorsal  is  higher  and  about 
the  same  shai^  as  the  first;  the  longest  ray  1-ft  in  head.  The  caudal  truncated,  the 
corners  about  square.  The  pectorals  are  large  and  reach  to  the  second  ray  of  anal. 
The  vontrals  scarcely  reach  the  vent. 

Color  above  quite  dark,  strongly  marked  with  black  and  white;  a  saddle  of  black 
under  the  anterior  three- fourths  of  first  dorsal;  there  are  two  similar  but  smaller 
saddle  markings  over  the  back  below  the  second  dorsal,  one  beneath  the  anterior,  the 
other  beneath  the  posterior  end;  a  black  blotch  on  the  side  of  the  caudal  peduncle,  a 
characteristic  marking  in  several  of  the  members  of  this  genus.  The  ventral  surface 
of  the  ifsh  is  lighter;  the  sides  with  large  ovate  white  8i)ots;  four  or  five  bright  cream 
8iH)t8  at  the  edge  of  the  black  and  hidden  by  the  pectorals.  The  mandibles  are 
mostly  black,  the  lower  lip  with  black  mottliiigs;  angle  of  the  mouth  light;  tip  of 
the  maxillaries  black;  a  black  blotch  at  isthmus  just  back  of  membrane.  The  first 
dorsal  is  mostly  black;  a  white  blotch  covering  lower  half  of  membranes  between 
fourth  and  sixth  spines;  from  the  upper  anterior  angle  of  this  blotch  the  white 
extends  across  the  fourth  spine  and  runs  into  the  spot  at  the  edge  of  the  mem- 
brane and  between  the  third  and  fourth  spines;  at  the  edge  of  the  membrane  and 
between  each  spine  there  is  a  white  spot,  very  small  between  first  and  second,  but 


FIHMKS   OP   ARCTIC    ALA8KA. 


601 


incrca-sinpf  in  Hi/(t  posteriorly,  and  between  t\w  scvontli,  oiKhtli,  ninth,  an<l  tenth 
rnnninf;  t«)(;et)ini',  Inivin);  a  tip  of  black  iit  the  unti  of  tiie  (Mf^hth  spino,  Tho  oocond 
dorsal  is  black  with  a  few  circniar  wliito  s|>otH,  each  rtiM»t  witii  its  center  on  a  llu 
ray  and  its  edf^e  reaitiiing  to  tlie  middle  of  the  nienibraiio.  '^h(^s««  spots  are  inclined 
to  rnn  to^jether.  The  candal  mostly  bliw'k;  partially  divideil  by  narrow  interspace 
of  white  into  two  heavy  vertical  bands.  The  anal  is  colored  similar  to  the  second 
dorsal;  the  tips  of  the  rays  and  edge  of  the  membrane  are  white.  The  ventrals  with 
several  black  spots.  The  pe<rtorals  black  with  oval  white  spots  on  the  mcndiranes, 
which  Join  each  other  imperfectly  across  the  rays  to  tbrm  four  or  live  interrnpted 
vertical  bars  <>:  black;  tw«i  white  siiots  at  base  of  rays. 


liOonllty. 


I 


IlnrMl. 


Aniil. 

1'     liinil 

■q 

11 

11 

ir, 
III 

V, 

in 

V 

I'nrt  ('Inroiii'K X  ITi 

(,'himilk  lliiv IX  15 

lliiraniliM'ii  liny  (.Uhnfrrm null.) IX  III 

Do IN  Ifi 


21.  OncocottUB  hexacorniB  (Rirlianlann). 

I).,  VIII  or  IX,  U  or  ir.;  A.,  14  or  I".;  !'.,  17;  V.,  l,:i;  Hr.,(;.  IIea«l  (to  end  of 
opercular  spine), •'{'  in  leii<;th;  eye,  r>  in  head;  snout,  3<};  interorbital  space, (lA;  max- 
illary. 2. 

Hody  slender,  ta])ering  {jra<lually  from  the  rather  narrow  depressed  head  to  a 
very  .slender  caudal  pedunel(>.  The  month  is  large  and  hori/.ontal.  the  maxillary 
reaching  past  the  orbit.  The  lower  jaw  shorter  than  the  upper,  but  not  (piite 
included  within  it.  The  head  smooth  and  without  tubercles  or  wnrts.  In  place  of 
the  Hnprao(ni1:ii'  and  oc(;ipital  spines  there  are  four  large  bony  elevations,  catdi  nnu^h 
re.scmbliiig  the  comb  of  a  cock;  the  upper  surface  rough  and  scabrous.  In  the 
young  these  four  protuberances  arc  much  less  developed.  The  occipital  ridges  are 
8(;ar(;ely  elevated  and  inclose  an  oblong  and  sliglitly  (concave  area,  narrowest  poste- 
riorly and  running  into  the  (concave  interorbital  s  ace  anteriorly.  The  nasal  spines 
are  well  developed,  and  in  the  older  tish  are  inclined  to  be  club- shaped  and  .scabrous. 
The  upper  angle  of  the  supraclavicle  is  prolonged  posteriorly  into  a  strong  spine,  its 
upper  surfiu;e  scabrous.  Just  at  the  base  and  immediately  in  t'l  mt  of  it  is  a  much 
smaller  spine  or  tubercle  <m  the  posterior  end  of  the  post- temporal  bone.  There  is  a 
spine,  almost  concealed  in  membrane,  just  above  the  base  of  the  pectoral. 

The  preopercle  has  four  s[»iiies;  the  upi)er,  which  equals  the  orbit  in  length, 
extends  upward  and  backward  and  is  in  some  specimens  curved  slightly  inward. 
The  second  spine  is  immediately  at  the  base  of  the  lirst  and  is  one  half  as  long.  It 
is  straight  and  extends  outward  and  backward.  The  third  is  (uirved  downward  and 
the  foarth,  at  the  lower  angle  of  the  preopercle,  is  directed  forward  and  downward. 
The  oper(;ular  spine  is  rather  strong  and  does  not  reach  the  end  of  the  opercular  Hap. 
There  is  a  slender  sliarj)  spine  at  the  lower  angle  of  the  opercle. 

The  lateral  line  runs  rather  high  aiul  is  composed  of  elongated  rectangular  plates, 
each  with  a  (loncave  depression  at  ("ither  end,  thus  making  a  row  of  elli])tical  depres- 
sions along  the  lateral  line.  The  plates  are  not  present  on  the  posterior  half  of  the 
caudal  peduncle.  Above  the  lateral  line  is  a  row  of  rough  circular  osseous  plates, 
beginning  on  the  nape  and  running  to  the  base  of  the  caudal,  gradually  be(;(iining 
smaller  and  nearer  together.     Under  the  second  dorsal  this  row  is  double.     Below  the 


i  ,H' 


m 


:n}| 


f  ! 


1  m 

M  W 


\n 


■    i 


i    I 


rm 


TIIR    Fim   HEALS   OF   THE    PRIIIII.OI'    IrtLANDH. 


!!! 


I.» 


IntiM'iil  lino  nn<l  lioiitMith  tlio  Hecoiiil  UorHiil  tliorr  iire  iiboiit  tbroo  irrogiilar  rowH  of 
HJinilnr  but  Hinallnr  plates. 

Ailult/rmah; — I'lrHt  ilorsal  lower  tliuii  in  tlio  nmlr,  wiarooly  ronniled  posteriorly, 
hilt  Hlopiiijr  (rnuliially  t(»wanl  t lie  i»asfl  oC  tlio  Hettoml  doi-Hal;  tliinl  and  t'oiirtli  spino 
lon^foHt  and  o(|nal  to  lon^rth  of  snout.  The  seeond  dorHul  is  about  twiee  an  liitih  as  the 
lirst  and  varies  a  ;;roat  dt^al  in  shape,  the  membrane  is  searcely  incised,  and  the  tb'8t 
three  or  lour  rays  have  r(Mi(;h,prieklye<l;;es.  The  anal  isoltloiijTand  Hli^htly  rounded, 
with  the  nuddle  rays  hni^cr  than  snout,  and  the  niciiibrane  between  the  rays  not 
incised.  The  pi^ctoral  scnm-ely  rea(^heH  to  the  front  of  the  second  dorsal;  the  llrst 
two  or  three  rays  ron^h  on  tluMr  outer  edt;o:  the  membrane  not  incised.  The  caudal 
in  not  rounded,  but  truncated,  with  rather  sharp  (uirnerH;  ten  developed  rays;  ei(;ht  of 
them  branched.  The  ventrals  rea(1i  two  thirds  distance  to  the  vent;  the  inner  ray 
no  longer  than  the  mithlle  one. 

Ad  lilt  male. — The  llrst  dorsal  is  lii};her  than  in  the  female;  the  third  and  fourth 
rays  are  lnn{;est  and  are  oi|iial  in  length  to  the  distance  from  the  snout  to  middle  of 
eye;  the  posterior  end  of  the  lin  is  more  rounded.  The  second  «lorsal  is  more  than 
twice  as  hi)T||  jis  the  llrst;  the  membrane  between  the  rays  is  deeply  incised,  the 
anterior  rays  projectint;  for  nearly  half  their  length  beyond  the  membrane;  the  mem- 
brane follows  around  the  ed^e  of  the  projecting  rays;  the  rays  are  mtabrous  on  then- 
sides.  The  anal  ia  obh)ng,  but  more  angular  than  in  female;  the  hingest  ray  reai^hes 
from  snout  to  ]>oHt>erior  edge  of  orbit.  The  membrane  between  the  llrst  four  rays  <|uite 
deeply  incised;  the  outer  edge  of  the  rays  scabrous.  The  ventrals  rea<di  foiirllfths 
distance  to  vent;  the  inner  ray  longest. 

('olor. — In  the  young  the  color  is  gray  above  and  white  beneath,  a -dark  saddle 
marking  over  the  back  at  the  center  of  the  llrst  dorsal;  another  similar  marking  under 
the  anterior  and  another  under  the  posterior  end  of  the  second  dorsal;  a  <lark  spot 
the  size  of  the  eye  on  top  of  the  caudal  peduinOe  and  midway  in  its  length  (the  young 
may  be  <listiiiguishcd  at  a  glainte  by  this  marking  on  to|)  of  the  caudal  peduncle);  a 
V-sha])ed  marking  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  with  the  angle  of  the  V  on  the  lateral 
line  and  directtul  forward.  The  caudal  is  marked  by  two  vertical  wavy  bands  on  its 
imsterior  half,  the  first  one  tint  wider,  the  last  one  at  the  tips  of  the  rays;  these  bands 
are  solid,  extending  across  rays  and  membrane;  the  pectorals  are  dark  at  the  base, 
the  distal  part  marked  by  three  vertical  bhu^k  bars.  The  lirst  dorsal  is  slightly 
dust(Ml  with  black;  the  second  is  slightly  mottled  with  black,  but  with  no  bars.  The 
anal  has  three  or  four  vertical  dark  bars.  In  the  adults  the  general  ap|iearance  of 
the  fish  is  very  much  darker,  sometimes  almost  black;  the  lower  |)artM  are  light;  the 
markings  are  not  so  distin(;t;  the  tins  except  the  ventrals  are  all  dark  and  the 
markings  on  the  ))Cctorals,  <nvudal,  and  anal  run  together  into  solid  black;  the  lower 
parts,  especially  in  the  males,  is  brilliantly  colored  with  red. 

This  tish  differs  from  Onvowttm  timtlricoriiis,  from  the  Haltic  Sea,  in  having  a 
longer  maxillary,  hniger  pectorals,  and  a  square  (Mit  caudal  fin. 

We  can  find  no  good  difference  between  our  specimen  and  one  from  Arctic  Hay, 
(Ireenland. 

The  fish  figured  by  Bean  as  Coitus  quadrieornis  (in  Nelson's  Report  on  the  Natural 
History  Collections  nnide  in  Alaska,  PI.  XVII,  fig.  2)  is  ])robably  the  same  as  the  one 
here  described,  though  the  figure  does  not  agree  in  all  respects. 


KI8IIE8   OF   ARC'IIC    ALAHKA. 


fiOS 


Wfl  found  tliJH  thli  very  abniulant  iiloiiK  t\w  hIiofoh  ot'  llcrHcliol  iHlaiwI.  It  wiih 
about  tlie  only  IIhIi  to  Ixi  fountl  where  tli»  bottom  was  muddy.  Wo  t<M)k  a  Itnv  youii); 
at  Point  itarrow,  and  at  I'ort  (JlaiiMii-i;  we  took  HpocimcuH  of  both  tim  yount;  and  the 
old.    Tliret)  of  the  young  went  found  in  the  rivoi-  Itack  of  Orantlry  Harbor. 


Liiralltr. 


HiTtchi'l  iHlniiil 

1)11 

Ilii 

Do 

Oil 

Do 

Oil 

Oraiitlev  llnrlxir 

Ho.'. 

Arrlli'  lluy.tiri'i'iiliiml 


Uoninl. 


VI 11  l.'i 

IX  15 

VIII  14 

I.\  15 

VIII  14 

VIII  14 
IX 

VIII 


Aliiil. 


4 

I\     14 
IX     l» 


1.1 

Ifi 

ir> 

III 

15  , 

i:i  I 
•♦  I 

IS  I 


■Jill 

K,.. 

Snout 

II 

Ill 

ill 

Kly. 

lieiiil. 

IlKlul. 

:il 

H 

H 

:i) 

;t 

:t 
•11 

»* 

:t 
;i 
;i 

3 

4 

•J>",. 

;!> 

■■>i 

W" 

■^ 

•'I'n 

••A 

:i 

«t 

A', 

liilKror 
lilliillii 
liiuul. 


Miixll 

liir\  III 

S.-X. 

iM'lllt. 

19 

f 

•i' 

.•f 

V 

,r 

'J 

'f 

'] 

i 

'* 

r 

U 

.liiv.  V  ' 

n 

.liiv.  ' 

Two  v«ry  youiifi  examples  of  an  unknown  Hpeclos  of  (ttu'nrnttnn  wer«^  tiiki'ii  at 
Point  Harrow.  The  HpinouH  dorsal  can  not  be  inadi'  out  avciirately,  Init  th**  number 
in  iM'tween  S  and  11,  probably  10;  the  hccoidI  dorsal  has  14  rays  and  thranal  l.'t.  The 
s|tecics  is  tdosely  related  to  <>.  hfjiicornh,  but  <roni|)arisoii  of  spetiiiiens  of  the  same 
•Anv  shows  numerous  ditferences,  which  are  indiitafed  below. 


ViiUMn  iif  n.  UftacoriiiH  fntm  I'oinl  llnrroir. 

Ilxutl  iiiiicli  <l»proHH«il. 
Occipital  tiilierrlim  not  (luvolii|ieil. 
Intcrorliitiil  Hparn  iilioiit  niie-haU'  oyo. 
CikiKlul  podiiiir.le  Hli'iiilor  itml  ruiiliiloil. 
I.ownrjitw  I'vi-ii  with  hiioiiI. 


UnfufiilliiH  Hji.  inrofi.  I'l-Diii  I'liiiil  Hiivriiw. 

Ileitil  cniiipn'HHflil. 

Oi'i'ipittil  tiibcrrloH  ilcvi'liipoil. 

Iiitcrorliital  Hpace  1.^  tiiniiH  oyn. 

Caudal  pi'diiiivic  b<'av,v  and  niiirli  roinpiAHNed. 

Liiworjaw  pro|i'ctfi  Imyiind  siKuit. 


23.  MegalooottUB  laticepa  ((iilWeit). 

We  took  four  speeimcns  of  this  8])ecios  at  Port  Clarence.  They  ditl'er  from  the 
tyiies  slightly  in  coloration.  Our  s|>e(;imeiis  are  dark,  almost  black ;  below  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  second' dorsal  is  a  darker  saddle  like  marking  on  the  liody;  the  (*aiidal 
is  black  at  the  base,  and  has  an  undulating  dark  band  on  its  posterior  third;  the  ]iec- 
torals  vary,  bcini;  either  banded  or  mottled  (one  specimen  has  distiiu^t  bands  on  one 
pectoral  while  the  others  are  simply  mottled  with  black).  There  is  no  slit  behind  last 
gill  arch. 

Doninl.        Aokl.   I     Itonial.       Anal. 


IX    ir> 
IX    14 


24.  Oymnocanthua  piBtiDiger  (I'alliiH). 

Type  locality:  Coast  of  Alaska.  Three  specimens  were  taken  at  (Iraiitley  narbor. 
Port  ('larcnce,  Alaska. 

Fin  formnl.u:  i  ,  I).,  X,  14;  A.,  1«;  P.,  18;  (\,  {)  branched  rays;  $  ,  I).,  X,  LI; 
A.,  17;  P.,  18;  C,  9  branched  rays;    9  ,  H.,  X,  1.3;  A.,  1.'.;  P.,  17;  C.,0  branclie<l  rays. 

i  have  (compared  them  with  specimens  taken  l>y  the  AlbtUroKs  in  southern  ISering 
Sea  and  liiid  them  the  same.  In  the  female  taken  at  Port  Clarence  the  crown  (not 
between  the  eyes),  naiie,  and  upper  half  of  opercles  are  covered  with  scabrous  bony 


1 

1 

il 

*M 

i 

i 

i 

1 ' 

^ 

y 


i* 


lii 


•'!tl 


»  t 


504 


TIIK    KtTR    SEALS    OF    TIIK    PRIHILOI     ISLANDS. 


plates.  Tli«H(^  ])Iat(<!s  ari^  prnsfiiit  iii  Home  nl  tin*  t'tniiiiliw  taKtMi  by  Mm>  AlhntroKH,  hut 
are  uot  so  <ivid«Mit.  TIm-  teniait'  Iijih  n  t't-vr  si-nUi'rvxl  roiurli  nrinkles  hatk  of  I  (hi  origin 
of  the  ]>oct()ra]s.  Tho  inaU^s  liav*^  tlit>  imiHlirmiin  like  lllamciitH  l)t>liiiiil  tli*>.  pectorals, 
uml  tlio  middle  rays  of  the  ]>e*;Uirals  lutAu-  papillic  aloiif;  tiw^ir  inner  ed^e. 

25.  Oymnocanthus  galeatiis  lipaii. 

Type  locality:  Unalaska.  Wo  took  «ih'  snniJI  spetanii  (.'VA  inches)  at  Point  I'.ar- 
row,  Alaska. 

Kin  formnia:  9,  1)..  X,  15;  A.,  17:  P...IH;  V.,.'{. 

JI.,  ',\\  or  ',\,\,  including  caudal:  ilcptli.  r»^;  Mye,  :'>\  in  head,  to  end  of  opercular 
spine;  snout,  4;  maxillary,  'J.{  in  iinatl.  reaiiiiin;;  past  ]ioHterior  cd};e  of  ]iupih  intcror- 
bital  width  2  in  len{;th  of  <trhit;  iat.  line,  4;;  or  44.  Fifth  or  si.xth  rays  of  ptnttorals 
longest,  reaching;  to  third  anal  ray.  V'entral8  reach  two-thirds  distance  t<o  vent. 
Mouth  slightly  oblique.  ITp])cr  preopcrcular  spine  with  three  sharj)  iHtints  on  its 
upper  side.     No  papilla*  «>r  sharp  poiniix  undci  itectorals. 

26.  PallaBina  barbata  (SttMiidiiflinor). 

Si ph animus  biirhaliiK  .Sti-iiiila(;liii«r,  InlithyiiloniHclio    H'-itrilm^,  V,  140,  T;if.   V.   Herinjf  StiuitH 
uml  .lapnn.— Ui-an,  \'tor.  1.  S.  Nut,.  Mim.  ISKl,  218,    I'iiiihm',  Nat.  Ili«l,  Aliutkii,  !M. 

Six  speuiniens  taken  at  l'ort('lar«>ncf,  Alaska,  averaging  about  (t  inches  in  length. 
We  have  c.oni|iared  them  with  .sj)cciniens  of  /'.  horhatn  from  liristol  Hay,  Alaska,  and 
find  our  specimens  have  a  much  longer  barbel  and  slightly  longer  i»ectorals.  In  all 
other  i»oints  they  ajtpear  to  be  the  same.  The  barbel  is  one-third  distance  from  tip  of 
lower  jaw  to  edge  of  gill  membrane.  The  two  dorsals  vary  in  their  distance  from  each 
other.  In  one  specimen  they  touch,  in  the  otiiers  they  vary  in  distance  the  width  of  «)ne 
or  two  i)lates.  The  specimens  show  a  sexual  difference.  The  females  iiave  shorter  ven- 
trals  and  a  lower,  .smaller  first  tlor.sal  than  the  males.  The  first  dorsal,  too,  is  without 
color.     The  niai»v  Inive  larger  ventral  liiis  and  a  large  darkly  (tolored  lirst  dorsal. 

KoliowJHg  i<H  the  tin  formula- of  th*^  Hpeciinens: 


DnrHii). 

.\ll)tl. 

1W 

utral 

.S«x 

V     7 

10 

ts 

1    9 

VIII     7 

III 

C 

1    ,' 

VI     7 

H 

12 

»9 

VII     7 

II 

12 

1    ,f 

V1 11     II 

III 

12 

1    ,r 

V     (1 

III 

i:i 

1    ? 

n  'I'lii'  mull  infrrrpil. 

27.  Palmmma  aaxKMacaa. 

TwM  MMrii upanaiens  taken  at  Chigniic  Ua.y,  .\laska.  Fin  formula  t  I).,  VII,  (>; 
A..  !#:  !'..  Hi:   »>..   ^11, »»;  A.,  1»;   P.,  l± 

We  i»rv^  tvMapiBeti  ttoite  specimens  with  the  types  of  I'aUnHinn  ai.r  and  we  can 
find  no  g«M«i4  <ii0MmaR8.  '<me  of  our  ,Hp«>cimens  lutK  three  median  plat«>s  in  the  front 
of  the  vmuals.  tlie  orlier  two.  (Our  specimens  of  /'.  barhata  have  i'ither  three  or  two 
median  {iiiates  in  tiiont  of  tit^  ven  trals.) 

A  few  of  the  t5pq)e^  liav*  12  pe<',toral  rays,  but  the  majority  have  11. 

28.  LipariB  heracbeliuuB  x'ol  -nit.  nnw  Hp>>('ii>H      ( I'latn  I.XXIV.) 

IJead.oAin  iMtdy;  dep  \.  ;{=|;  dorsal.  42 fl.'5+  l!>);  anal,.3.'{;  pect,oral,  .55;  caudal,  10; 
eye,  4^  in  head  and  U  in  st'int;  interorbitui  space, .'{ in  head;  maxillary,  2  in  heau. 


I'ISHKS    OF    AKCTIC    ALASKA. 


nof) 


Hody  tadpnio  liko;  liRud  rnniided  and  vory  littl<'  t'oiiiprtvssiMl;  iibdniiit'ii  sli};liMy 
disU^ided;  JiiHt.  Viiw.k  of  tho  ab«loin»ii  Mtt^  body  is  suddiMily  roinprosHtMl  t^t  n  widlli 
<'i|ualiiiK  oiKvtIiird  its  hei{r|it,  and  from  tliis  point  tlio  body  Ki"><l<i»lly  tiipt-is  (o  Mi*^ 
riindal,  its  lici^flit  and  widtii  keeping  tliv  sanio  proportions;  tlio  lit>iglit  of  tiic  bus<>  of 
tlir  (;andal  I'lpnils  Mu'  diani«>t(>r  of  the  eye;  Mu^  nntxillary  «'xt«'nds  to  puslcrior  ('d;;«>  of 
eye,  and  its  end  is  conceab^l  in  the  skin  of  tlie  head;  npper  jaw  slif^liMy  longer  than 
lower;  teeth  tiienspid;  interorbital  space  tl at;  iuii)e  slij^litly  «>levated;  alW  openin}j;s 
snnUI,  tlie  widtli  of  the  slit  ecpndinj;  the  interorbital  spaee;  the  lower  ed^e  of  tiie  slit 
even  with  tiie  first  pectoral  ray;  the  |)ost,erior  nostrils  end  in  very  short, eoiniiiesst'd 
Inbnles.  abonton(^half  <liameter  of  ej'u  in  frontof  eye;  the  anterior  nostrils  ar*^  simple 
and  placi'd  directly  in  front  of  tlie  posterior  nostrils,  si^parated  from  tJiem  by  a  dis 
tanee  eqnal  to  one-half  diameter  of  eye. 

The  dorsal  begins  on  a  vertical  line  drawn  from  posterior  edjje  of  (fill  liap;  the 
anterior  rays  are  siiort,  {gradually  lengtheiun);  till  middle  of  tin  is  reached,  where  the 
rays  ecjnal  2A  times  the  diameter  «)f  tlie  eye;  the  hist  rays  are  scarcely  shortened  and 
do  not  form  a  noteli  at  its  junction  with  the<faudal;  the  last  rays  enc-roaeh  on  I  he 
caudal  lor  one-fourth  of  its  le<:<.'th.  The  anal  is  the  sam<>  shape  as  the  dorsal  and  of 
the  same  hei^^ht;  its  last  ray;-  '.iKToach  on  tlu>  <;au«lal  for  one  third  its  h>ii$;tli.  The 
upjier  lobe  of  the  jieetorals  is  composed  of  2r»  rays;  the  eleventh  and  lonfj(>st  ray  is 
contained  lA  times  in  tlie  head;  the  len(;th  of  the  twenty  tilth  is  contained  I  times  in 
the  head;  the  lower  lobe  is  composed  of  ten  rays,  of  which  the  third  from  the,  last,  or 
twenty  third,  is  hmijest,  be inj;  contained  in  the  head  li,'„  times;  the  membrane  Ix'tween 
the  last  four  rays  is  iiu;ised.  The  cainlal  is  slender,  and  raunded  behind;  ilslenj^th  is 
contained  a  little  more  than  twice  in  head. 

Thedianu-ter  of  the  ventral  disk  is  containi^d  8  times  in  length  of  body.  Skin 
very  loose,  attached  only  at  opercle  ami  to  the  (\uds  of  tlie  last  rays  of  I  he  dorsal  and 
anal  and  to  the  base  of  the  caudal.  Th«>  color  of  the  body  Is  dark,  due  to  black 
pum-tulations;  the  belly  ami  the  umlerside  of  the  head  is  free  from  markings;  the 
last  half  of  the  dorsal  is  darker  than  the  anterior  half:  the  anal  is  inoflled  with 
black;  the  caudal  has  two  black  verti(^al  bands,  the  first  just  ba<'k  of  tlie  tips  of 
the  last  dorsal  and  anal  rays;  the  secoml  band  is  slender  and  fniiit  and  is  at  the  top 
of  the  (in. 

Several  specimens  wore  taken  at  ll(M'.schel  Island.  The  longest  specimen  is  li.^ 
inches  hmg. 

The  lish  is  nearest  like  />,  tiinieatiis.fvom  the  coast  of  (Ireenland.  and  appears  to 
be  intermediate  between  it  and  L.  agaiisitii. 

2f>.'Ij^c<  lalepiB  turncri  (lican). 

Ve  obtained  (me  specimen  S^  inches  long  of  this  species  at  Point  Harrow,  Alaska. 
It  was  washed  ou  the  beach  <luring  a  storm  and  was  loiiiid  in  a  dried  up  condition,  so 
that  the  normal  width  of  the  head  and  distance  between  the  eyes  can  not  be  deter 
mined.  It  corresponds  almost  exactly  with  the  ligureof  the  ty|)e  (Turner's  Nat.  Mist. 
Alaska,  !KT);  the  liglit  liaiids  acrctss  the  back  aid  dorsal  are  not  so  regular:  the  third 
and  fourth  being  slightly  brokiii  up.  I)..  8(»;  A..  <I7:  I'.,  IS,  readiing  to  sixth  pectoral 
ray.  The  teeth  ar<>  all  strong,  with  rounded  points.  The  t4M>th  on  Mp|>er  jaw  in  a 
single  series  with  no  snuiller  t«etli  in  front  about  the  .symphysis.  Teeth  on  lower  jaw 
in  a  single  complete  seri(>s  with  another  short  series  around   the  sytnphysis  in  front. 


i 


i 


aOfi 


THE    KlIK    KKAT.S   OF   THE    1'RIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


i'ulatine  with  .1  aiiigln  serios.    Due  large  tooth  011  votner.     h.  furneri  and  L.  polaris 
are  possibly  the  same  apec'.es, 

30.  Boreogadus  saida  (I.epecliin). 

Head,  3A  ill  length  of  hotly;  depth,  5.^;  eye,  i  in  head;  snout,  3^;  interorbital  space 
4ij;  gill  rakers,  •)  to  i:\-\-m  to  l\2;  dorsal,  l.J,  14,  20;  anal,  10,  21 ;  barbel  minute. 

llody  '  :  g  and  slender  and  but  little  n'onipressed.  The  head  is  rather  long  and 
pointed,  tiie  lower  Jaw  projecting  beyond  the  upper.  The  maxillary  reaches  center 
of  iMipil;  the  mandible  is  (-(mtained  twice  in  the  length  of  the  head;  its  articulation 
with  the  (piadrato  bone  is  on  a  vertical  midway  between  pupil  and  posterior  edge  of 
eye,  Tli«>  ti^eth  in  the  upper  jaw  in  a  single  series,  except  in  front  where  there  is  a 
double  row ;  the  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  are  in  a  single  row;  the  teeth  are  all  of  about 
the  same  size,  sharp  and  not  closely  set,  those  on  the  vomer  are  few,  and  of  the  same 
size  as  those  in  the  jaws.  The  gill  I'akers  are  numerous,  long,  and  slender,  the  longest 
e(pial  to  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  The  vent  is  slightly  in  advance  of  the  front  of 
the  second  dorsal.  The  caudal  peduncle  is  slender  and  rounded,  its  depth  scarcely 
more  than  one  iialf  eye.  The  pectoral  (ins  reacli  tlie  vent  and  are  contained  1^  in 
head;  the  ventrals  are  coiitained  1,\  in  head,  their  second  ray  produced  for  two-fifths 
its  length.  The  space  between  the  tirst  and  second  dorsals  is  but  very  little  shorter  than 
the  space  between  the  second  and  third  dorsals;  first  dorsal  highest;  the  front  of 
second  dorsal  midway  between  the  tip  of  snout  and  the  base  of  middle  caudal  rays. 
The  eaudal  is  forkc«l  a  distance  e(|ual  to  two-thirds  the  eye;  the  tips  rounded. 

('olor  plain  brownish,  light  silvery  below,  the  body  covered  with  minute  black 
or  brown  punctiilat  ions  whieh  are  moat  numerous  ab(»ve.  The  dorsal  and  caudal  du.sky, 
becoming  Uhwk  toward  the  ends  of  the  rays  and  narrowly  edged  with  white.  The 
pectorals  are  uniform  dusky  with  an  edge  of  white.  The  ventrals  are  partly  dusky. 
The  two  anals  are  dusky;  the  liasal  hall' colorless;  the  edge  of  the  tin  white,  as  in  the 
others.  Peritoneum  dusky.  We  have  ctmipared  our  specimens  with  the  (Ireenland 
f<«'m  and  can  lind  no  ditVerences. 

This  lish  app«'ared  to  be  (piite  abundant  north  of  Bering  Straits,  It  was  espe- 
cially brought  to  onr  notice  by  its  habit  of  hiding  in  small  holes  in  the  floating  ice, 
from  which  they  were  dislodged  by  our  steamer  striking  and  turning  over  the  blocks 
of  ice.  This  floating  ice  was  usually  in  7  fathoms  of  water  and  1  or  li  miles  from  the 
coani.  At  ner.s(!hel  Island  we  took  it  with  the  seine  in  shallow  water  along  the  beach. 
Turner  reports  it  from  St.  Michael,  where  he  took  it  through  the  ice  in  l-'ebrnary,  and 
was  told  by  the  natives  that  it  appeared  there  only  in  the  winter.  According  to  Rich- 
ardson it  spawns  in  frrceiiland  in  February,  laying  its  eggs  in  the  seaweeds  along  the 
shore  r.iider  the  ice. 


r" 


ItHTMa 


in 

all) 

la 

14 

14 

12 

l.'i 

1:1 

14 

1:1 

14 

1. 

A  mil. 

l.")     21 
l«    21 
17    211 
IB    22 
17    211 
IH     20 

Locality. 

DiirHnl. 

Anal. 

l.nonllty. 

Herxcliol  iRlantl. 

Uavin  strait,  (irronlniiil.         i 

D... 
MkIvIIIi'  Hay.  (irt'ciiluiiil. 

1)0. 

Uo. 

IH 

2U 
20 
21 
21> 
2« 

I'oint  liiirrow. 
I'lirt  Cliiniici'. 
McrKc  lii'l  Islim  1. 

Dn. 

I)n. 

Do. 

!   13  ir.  21   ' 
IB    u    :■! 
14     1:1    22 

12   1.^   m 

14    ir.    2U 
12     1:1    21 

17    22 

15    211 
Hi    21 

in  w 

17    21 

15    2U 

a  VirHt  dursul  mutilated. 


KISIIKS    OF    ARCTIC    ALASKA. 


507 


31.  Theragra  chalcograrnma  (I'allaH). 

We  took  but  one  speciinpii  of  tliis  species  at  Cbignik  Hay,  where  it  is  not  abun 
dant.  Oot  of  150  codfisb  taken  w'-th  the  baud  lines  only  two  were  of  this  speeies,  tiie 
rest  0(uhts  macrocrphalus.  Our  sy)eciiueii  diil'ers  from  the  average,  but  we  liave  Httle 
doubt  it  belongs  to  tbis  species.  Its  dorsal  rays  are  11,  10, 17;  tbe  anal  18,  17;  tbe 
ventrals  reaeb  tbree-iiftbs  to  vent;  the  intororbital  s|)ace  is  wider  tban  tiie  diameter  of 
tbe  eye;  tbe  coloration  is  dark.  In  tbe  few  rays  and  sborter  ventral  and  wide  inter- 
orbital  space  it  agrees  witb  Theragra  /iicaisiN  (J.  &  (i.)  from  Puget  Sound,  but  in 
coloration,  bigli  ventral  tin,  and  in  slen<ler  body  it  is  like  tbe  Alaskan  form.  Helow 
we  give  nonconiparative  tin  c«mut: 


OnrHiil. 


Anal. 


Locnlitf. 


Komarka. 


i;i  15 

14  Iti 

14  Hi 

14  17 

i:t  ir. 

14  17 

14  17 

II  i« 

III  ir> 

11  !.•. 
10  14 

12  i:i 


19 
III 
24 
21 
2;i 

21 


IB 
HI 


Kniiii'hntkn I'rnm  oriKi 

I'lmliixkii IH  iiii'lii*  1< 

I'riliiliit'  UliiiiiU :  Voiint;. 


>"K- 


^('I'iptioii. 


(Ill 


St.  I'aiil  li^luml . 

ilo 

il.i 

KiiiiH'liatka 

(,'hignik  liny  ... 

I'liHi'l  SiMind  ... 


.«lc  . 
do  . 
.(In  . 


Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Oo. 

Oil. 
I.!iry;«  H|»orimpii. 
TviM^  «ii'    Thfra'irii    fiiri'unit 
(.1.  A  (J, I 


■  1  f! 


32.  EleginuB  navaga  (Kiilreiitor). 

Head,  .3^,  in  lengtb;  deptb,  0;  eye,  r>9  in  bead;  sncmt,  .l;  interorbital  space,  4i; 
gill  rakers,  20  or  21  in  all;  barbel  small,  equal  to  pupil;  dorsals,  12  to  U,  18  to  20,  18 
to  22;  auals,  20  to 23,  20  to  -'i;  s(!ales  small,  ir>7  transverse  rows  above  bitcral  line  from 
gill  opening  to  tirst  rudimentary  (;audal  rays. 

Hody  slender  and  rounded,  witb  a  rather  long  head ;  the  snout  viewed  from  above 
is  rounded,  but  runs  to  a  rather  sharj)  )K)int  when  viewed  from  the  /iide;  ihc  lower 
Jaw  is  included;  the  tlesliy  snout  projects  beyond  the  maxillary,  its  length  slightly 
greater  tban  that  of  the  snout;  the  tip  of  the  maxillary  is  on  a  vertical  with  the  front 
of  the  pupil;  the  artici  lation  of  the  mandible  with  the  quadrate  bone  is  on  a  vertical 
running  midway  between  pupil  and  posterior  edge  of  eye;  the  teeth  are  all  slender 
and  curved  backward,  those  in  the  upper  jiiw  in  several  irregular  rows,  the  outer  row 
regular  and  with  slightly  larger  teeth;  tbe  teeth  in  the  lower  Jaw  are  in  a  single  row, 
ex(!ei)t  in  the  front,  where  they  are  in  a  double  row;  the  teeth  on  the  vomer  are  few 
and  about  the  size  of  the  smaller  teeth  in  the  upper  Jaw;  the  gill  rakers  are  moderate, 
the  longest  not  quite  equal  tO  tbe  diamet«?r  of  the  pupil;  the  caudal  peduncle  is  com- 
jiressed,  its  dejitb  equal  tx>  diameter  of  eye;  vent  under  front  of  .second  dorsal.  The 
jiectoral  tins  <!o  not  reach  the  vent;  their  length  contained  1;^  times  in  the  head. 
The  ventrals  reach  halfway  to  vent;  the  second  ray  modem tely  produced.  Tbe  first 
dorsal  is  highest;  tbe  distsMice  between  the  second  and  third  dorsals  twice  the  distance 
between  the  tirst  and  secoiicJ.  The  (taudal  tin  is  very  slightly  concave.  The  third  ray 
of  second  dorsal  is  midway  Ixi  ween  tip  of  snout  and  base  of  middle  caudal  rays.  Our 
largest  specimen  11  inches  long,  which  is  about  the  average. 

Color  somewhat  mottled,  grayish  brown  above,  light  silvery  below;  the  three 


Ml 


f'  ' 


%-3 


^m^^Mmmmmm 


508 


THK    FlIH    SKAI.S    OF    THK    I'KIUILOK    ISI.ANHH. 


(lorH)vlH  uihI  Mio  randal  <lu.Hky  iiikI  e(l};o(l  with  wliit«>.;  tlic  pectoriilH aro uniforui  dnsky; 
Mm  vciiti'iilH  biif,  sli}r|itly  «liiHt<Ml  with  hliu;k;  tlu;  analH  liiivc  a  fow  iHinotulatuiiiH  at 
tlicii-  auturior  cihIh;  tlie  peritoneum  in  pale. 


ItnrMHi. 

18 

IH 

•HI 

20 

21 

211 

IM 

lit 

IH 

20 

•M 

ID 

lit 

211 

II) 

•Ml 

IH 

21 

IV 

Ml 

IH 

20 

IH 

21 

An 

22 

nl. 

1 

20 

2;i 

21 

2(1 

21     1 

22 

20     '■ 

20 

21  : 

t.<H'lllilV. 


21 
21 

2;i 

211 


liriintltir  llnrlmr 

...In  ■ 

I'lirt  <  Miiritiico 

...  ilo 

IVlrii|iniiliiki,  Kaiiiiliiitktt  ... 
l|4> 


Itninarki). 


....■in 
...  .1(1. 
..  ilo. 
..  ..Ill  . 
....il». 
....ilo. 


A  Hull  riiHN  rollnrt  inn. 


Wo  liave  compared  tlio  Hkelotoii  of  this  witii  tlio  skeleton  of  MieroijailuH  prommm 
(Han  KraiKUHco)  and  (ind  but  very  little  dilt'criMK^e  in  tlie  skulls.  Tliere  is  no  ditt'er- 
enco  in  tlu^  elmraeter  of  the  neural  H]iineH  of  the  v(M'tebra',  but  there  is  a  diU'erenco  in 
the  4thai')u;ter  of  the  transvers«<  processes.  In  M.  jnojrinniH  they  areHattish  and  plate- 
like, while  in  K.  naviuia  they  are  club  shaped,  narrow  where  they  leave  the  <;entriim, 
but  expanding  into  a  round,  hollow  bulb  at  the  distitl  end. 

\Ve  obtained  this  tish  only  at  Port  Claren<-e,  where  it  was  abundant,  the  natives 
eatehiug  great  numbers  of  them  with  their  eiixle  !u>okh  and  lines.  Acuuirding  t<t 
Turner,  "  the  ICskimos  assert  that  these  fish  spawn  in  Kei.rnary  among  the.  pebbleH  at 
the  1)otiom  of  the  deeper  portion  of  the  bay.'' 

32.  OaduB  macrooephaluB  TilRHiiiH. 

W4^  found  this  lish  at  Chignik  Day,  where  it  is  abundant.  \\n  preserved  live 
young  specimens,  whose  lln  rays  are  as  follows: 


llormil 

II 
12 
13 
12 

10 

\:> 

15 

ir. 

12 
Ifi 

II 

18 

in 

IH 

Anal. 

21 

lU 

•i\ 

IH 

20 

IH 

20 

IR 

20 

17 

20 

17     1 

IH 

Ifl    1 

1 

Lm^nlit.v. 

(Miignik  Itny 

(III  

...  (Ill 

RdOiiirkit. 

YiilUIK. 

Dii. 

Do. 

D... 

1»... 
LiiruH  Hiinrinirn,  1..  S.  «lr 
■nilli'r.lion. 

I>o. 

11. 

(III 

(III  

Unnlimko 

tin            

33.  AthereBthes  atomias  (.l<inl;iii  iiiitl  (lilliort). 

Quite  rommon  at  Chignik  Hay,  where  we  obtained  a  large  specimen  in  IH  fathoms 
of  water. 

34.  HippoglosBiiB  hippoeloBBiis  (l.iniiiiim). 

Obtained  on«>  specimen  at  (/higiiik  Itay,  where  it  is  abundant. 

35.  Lepidopaetta  bilineata  (AyroH). 

We  found  this  lish  (piite  common  along  sandy  beaches  in  ('hignik  Hay.    They 
are  in  no  way  different  from  sijciuincns  of  the  same  species  from  I'uget  Hound. 

36.  Pleiironcctes  qiiadrltuberculatua  I'allaH. 

T\v<t  specimens  «if  this  a|)ecios  woie  taken  at  (irantley  Harbor,  where  it  was  not 
rare.     It  appears  to  be  common  at  (Jhigiiik  Hay,  wliere  we  obtained  one  speoimeii. 


KISIIKS   OK    AK(;T1C    ALASKA. 


.09 


37.  IiiopBettaglacialiit  (i'itllus). 

This  Npctties  was  round  at  Port  Clttrencc,  in  company  with  /'.  iiuiuhUuUvrvuUauH 
and  uqually  abundant. 

38.  Platicbtbys  atellatus  (rullaH), 

Vbundunt  at  Port  UlanMure.     In  Ww  lour  Hpcciincns  olttaincd  Mi«  tin  rays  are  as 
follows:  dorsal,  ri;{;  anal,  -{.S;  dorsal,  .W;   anal  :J«;  dorsal,  r.;j;  anal,  ;5H;  dorsal,  !!►; 

anal,  ;{r>. 

The  stellate  s<!alcs  large,  niueh  more  .ia^Ked,  and  in  lewer  nundwrs  tlian  in  tlio 
Clalil'ornian  Corni.    The  lour  specimens  are  sinistral. 


::'■:.! 


■    f 


r  1 


! 


[| 


V' 


\    I'f 


i'( 


i't 


X 

t 


i  I 


I     = 


a 


I'll 


l-W« 


'I 

If  j 
M  ll 


(« 


If 


:M 


■lii 


1 


t  »■ 


' 


ill. 


I 


I 


I 


■«.!  -.-i-t'PVTi^imB 


"i 


i 

I 


I  i 

=  c 

^    '5  J 

5   i  i 

o    X  < 

S      a  i> 

^    if  - 

^  is 

1  I 


f' 

;  f 

if! 


i 


'I 


~r 


i ':!  II 


i  1 


ill 


K 


a  rt 


II  i 


1  n 


■  rt 


1  ii 


I 


z     3 


'm 


/ 


II 

rJi] 


IM 


j^.,.[i.,...j.iimiii 


^>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


150 

Hi    Wk 

us 


Bi    12.2 


•ilteu 


1.8 


1^  IIIM  m 


V 


o 


w 


'e. 


Hiotographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEf  T  MAIN  STREET 

W»?^BR,N.Y.  USm 

,716)  S72-4503 


":;<^"V^ 


'^ 


''b^ 


iM 


'^^4^ 


•X 


m 


~t 


t  '' m"~i 


'   ' 


'I  '  ^1 


It     ! 


I  ?w 


r*i 


,    J. 


it 


!i 


> 
_l 

X 

ui 

a. 


<   -t    z 


2  =3       J 

3  ^      " 


<    i 


if' 
KM 


Mi 


I 


';^^ 


I     ■  ;     '  i 


\i 


:  Vl'  'i 
If',    ^ 


1i 


ul 

a. 


Wfl 


If. 


S 
■J? 


a 
s 
it 

s 


« 


K 


'il 


W 


If 


i-l 


I  I 


;:t-^- 


l    11 


i  !f 


>i^ 


Plate  XLVII. 


'I' 


I 


I    (, 


f 


fei 


Li 


THEROBROMUS  CALLORHINI  itype).     x3). 
(Drawn  liy  I".  A.  I.iir.is.  I'lom  sinvinii'iis  foiiml  in  slniiimli  nf  t'lir  srnl.) 


■>^  / 


1 


,  : 


I  H 


lii 


1- 
3 
a. 


^    3    k 

2      -      M 


"J  .5  5 

<  -  < 

uj  -  - 

o  s  a 

2  ^  » 

ui 


1, .  1 


'is 


H 


:       K^     J 


K 

I 


3 
Z 


ui  •<.  i 

O  -^  >■ 

fe  X  ■; 

UJ  g 


m 


11  : 


(V: 

4 1 1' 


! 


.i    ' 


i ! ' 


:l;i 


J 

I 


I  % 


'J 


hi 

u 

m 

1 

tl 

i 

^v 

,, 

u 


m 


11 

y 
,1 


m 


ii' 


in 


i 


ni  II' 


!ti 

I 

It' 
ilii 

1 1''' 
«  ^^ 

I     ills 


J 


^ 


Ul 

0. 


O     -^     r{ 

5      ^      J 
Si'-? 


fl'i 


i*! 


Hi 


Ji   1 


t    - 

!  i 


i 


III 

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PUATt    LVII. 


CERATOCOTTUS  LUCASI  (type). 

Near  St.  I'aul  Isliiiiil. 

Drawn  by  Aiiiui  L.  Brown. 


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Itiinip  Isliinil,  Kiirils. 

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MACROURUS  ACROLEPIS 

(PIT  Hci),'<isliir  Islaii.l 
l)ranii  liy  Aiiiiii  L.  llri>H'n. 


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Mttmiiii 


XIX -A  CONTRIBUTION  TO  THE  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE  TUNICATA  OF  THE 

PRIBILOP  ISLANDS. 


K'  M 


Hy  William  Kmehsun  Uittkh,  I'll.  1)., 
AmiiMiiule  I'rofeaitor  of  /ahUoijij,  I'liiremily  of  Calijomui. 


Tlio  Tuiiirata  liore  describeii  rcjiehcd  ma  in  two  installuiuiits.  Thi'  (irst  was 
collected  by  President  Jordan  liiniseH"  on  Lukanin  Deawb,  St.  I'aul  Lsland,  dnring 
July,  18% :  the  second  by  Messrs.  ]{.  E.  Snodgrass,  Trevor  Kincaid,  and  A.  W.  (Ireeley 
from  July  to  September,  1807.  Tliis  second  installment  contains  specimens  {.gathered 
from  various  points,  which  will  be  found  specified  in  connection  with  the  descriptions 
of  the  species.  The  llrst  lot  contained  foiu*  species,  viz,  7'-  idrotUm  tuhrrculnta,  J), 
subpediineulata,  AplidiopHiHJorduni,  and  Poiydmnm  f/loboHUtn.  It  is  itcrhaps  signitM-ant 
that  the  last  two  species  are  not  represented  in  the  second  installment,  ev^n  though  tliis 
contains  a  much  larger  number  of  specimens  all  told  and  is  the  result  of  a  considerably 
longer  continued  and  wider  range  of  collecting,  rresident  Jordan  informs  me  tiiat 
the  summer  of  181)(»  was  particularly  stormy  at  the  I'ribilofh.  Tlie  lollowing  is  a  list 
of  the  species  contained  in  the  collection : 

Ascidiae  SiaipUc«s: 

Ilolliina  ileiiaH'.  Hurtliiiaii. 

Ulyvla  ijrevleyi      Now  Hi»H)ie».  ' 

DendroUoa  tHhcrciilalu.     Now  H|i('('i«H. 

milipediinriilula.     New  H|»«<i;iBH. 

Ascidiae  Compositae : 

Pobjoliaum  ijlohoHum.     New  Niieoioo. 
pannoriim .     New  H|HM'i)m. 
Ipliiiiojiti''  Jordaui.     Now  spoeioH. 
Amarjuvtuvi  kin  .nidi.     Now  s;'ociri*. 

lirihUnieiixi .     >'ew  HpuuieB. 
xiwdiint/ixi.     .New  siircios. 
•Si/HotctMH  irrvfiularc.     Now  HpccioM. 

Facts  of  some  interest  relating  to  the  geographical!  distribution  are  brouglit  out 
by  considering  the  species  bore  tkwMiribed  in  t'onnectiMK  with  other  l<nown  far  nortiiern 
tunicatcs.  Of  the  genera  represented,  two  vi/,  iPendrodoa  and  Si/noii'iivi,  are,  so 
far  as  we  now  know,  contined  to  tlie  Arctic  or  North  Atlantic  oci'ans.  C>f  ■  In  other 
species,  iio/<«Mt«  <;ic</(m«  is  known  only  from  the  extreme  Nortli  Pa«rilic;  Ai'Udinptiix 
jorihmi  has  as  its  near«Ht  ally  ^l .  sarMii,  Uuitfr4<lt-  Kaas,  from  Lofoten  Islands :  and  both 
Amaroucium  pribilvreum-  and  jL.  »Modtfra«si  imve  apparently  rather  clwwer  atliuities 

5U 


1 1' 


113 


'!? 


512 


TIIK    I'l'H    HKALS    OK    TlIK    I'IMHILOP    ISLANDS. 


/. 


witli  A.  Hiuhthilt;  Hars,  tVoiii  lliiiiiiiiurtvst,  tliiiii  with  iiiiy  otiicr  Hpcvius  of  tliu  ;;uiuih. 
It  would  thiiti  Hiicin  tluit  at  Ifast  lialt'  of  tli«)  .spet-uvs  ini|;lit  liu  i'U(;unlv«l  an  cliaractur- 
iHtirally  i'ur  iKH'tlicrn:  aiitl  tin;  (^vidunrc  at  hand  sreiiiH  to  Justiiy  thu  roiiuiiisioii  that 
tluM'i)  cxistH  a  distinct  Arctic  Am-idian  fannu. 

Huforu  entering  upon  tiiu  niain  work  in  Iniud,  I  wish  to  express  not  only  my 
satistaction  at  liavin;;  the  opportunity  to  make  this  contribution  to  the  knowledge  ol' 
this  ;;roup  of  jiniuials,  but  also  my  pleasure  at  doiuf;  the  work  at  the  instunc4>  of  one 
so  vvutclifnl  and  cuer;;etic  as  President  flordan  ever  is  in  all  his  capacities  as  a 
promoter  of  luaruiiig.      I   also  moHt  gladly  acknowledge  the  important  aasistancu 

that  has  been  rendered  me  in  the  work  by  one  of  my 
advanced  students,  Miss  Edith  ISyxbee. 

Deudrodoa  tuberculata,  iiuw  himtIi'm. 

(ivncful  rhiirartnistirs. — Snbcylindrical,  iilK»ut  one 
thirti  longer  than  broad,  quite  regular  in  f(»rm,  usually 
attached  by  the  posterior  end,  soinctiines  by  one  side. 
Dimensions  of  a  large  specinuMi:  bcngth,  ii'A  mm.;  grcat<-st 
tliameter,  .'W  mm.  lOntire  surfiwe  closely  liesei  with  short,, 
blunt,  irregular  tubercles.  (Jolor  brown  to  yellowi.sh 
brown,  a  little  darker  at  the  ante- 
rior end.     (Kig.  I.)  ^. 

Tent, — ('or  i  a  c«!o  u  s,  almost 
horny. >»Tarcely  I  mm.  Ihickex<'ept- 
ing  MirwHigh  tin;  tubt^rcles.  Dull 
opaipu  white  on  cut  surfiiees;  in- 
ner siiirface.  alter  being  separated 
fi'oni  ilie  mantle,  with  :i  somewhat 
pearly  luster.  tJoutsiins  no  vessels. 
Mnntlc. —  Well  developed,  con- 
wderably  thicker  than  test,  com- 
po8«il  inoHtly  of  inuHule  tttierH,  most  of  which  run  lengthwise 
of  the  aninm.1:  some  "me,Hen«'liyme"  (lells  among  the  miiscK' 
fibers.  An  orange  coloiing  mat1<-r  in  tlic  nuinlle,  some  of 
which  is  <'ontained  in  irregular  branched  liodies  (crystals! 
excreted  material  ?),  au«l  some  diflnsed  through  the  muscle 
libers  themselves. 

Ilriinvliiiil  apfnirutuH. — No  projecting  si]>h(»ns,  oritices 
scarcely  detectable,  so  completely  are  they  iiidden  by  the 
tubercles  of  the  test.     l>oth  situated  at  antciior  end,  not  far 

apart.  ISranchial  tentacles  simple,  altout  L*l  in  number,  not  of  equal  lengtli,  but  not 
regularly  alternating,  a  long  and  a  short  one:  the  circle  close  lo  the  peripharyngeal 
band.  Atrial  tentacles  present,  numerou.s,  short,  and  snuill.  Dorsal  tuberch;  con- 
spicuous, biscuit-shaped,  the  horseshoe-shaped  mouth  of  the  hypophysis  situated  ou 
its  surface.    (Fig.  U  d.  t.) 

Ihiuuthial  sac,  tigs,  .'t  ami  I,  with  four  hmgitudiiml  folds  on  each  side,  the  pair 
nearest  the  dorsal  lamina  somewhat  larger  than  tlie«ithers,  each  of  these  having  about 
11  longitudinal  vessels,  while  eiWih  of  the  others  have  about  1(1.  Usually  two  or  three 
longitudinal  vessels  between  eiuib  two  folds.    Transverse  vessels  numerous,  averaging 


G'tf. 


^^*-i<«* 


-§. 


TUNICA'I'A    OK    TIIK    l'l4ll«II-nl"    ISLANDS. 


513 


O.'J  nun.  iipart;  int«Tnit>4liute  ti-itnsv«M-s«^  vuHst^ls,  i.  o.,  vesstOs  frossin^  lliti  stipiiata, 
fret  1 1  KM  I  tly  prcsonti  Itnt  sniull.  Altoiit  20  sti^rnuitii  in  tlut  Hpiice  «'«)ri'OH|Mtn«ling  to  tlut 
intiM'val  1)«-tweon  two  interiiul  lonj^itiidinal  vessels.  Tlic  sfi-ics  of  sti{;;inutiU)  (extend 
fully  to  tlic  doiHiil  liunina.     (Fig.  -t.) 

Horsiil   lantinii  ti  piano  narrow  nicnibrano.     "  Kndocarps''  (lig.  5  ni'c.)  pirsunt, 
nunuM'ous,  and  latluT  largo,  contain  many  pigniunt  ccIIh. 

IHt/rsliir  Iriul.  -Situated  (mi  l«ft  side  of  l)ran<;liial  sac,  tlu*  ]iortion  posteiior  to 
tilt'  stoinac-li  foriiiin^r  jm  s^  |,||(>  two  loops  of  wliiuli  aru  closed;  tliu  end  of  tlic  lindt  of 
I  lie  S  t'orroHponding  to  the  pylorus  is  extended  to  form  the  stomach  and  (esophagus; 
the  two  last  nienfionetl  parts  of  about  eipial  length.  <I<iSophagus  issues  from  the 
dorsal  side  <>!  ilif  branchial  sac.  Htomach  not  well  set  oil'  from  intestine;  consid 
crably  longer  than  bruiH^  its  walls  with  numerous  internal  fohLs,  but  smooth  on  «»uter 

surface;  rectal  portion  of  intestine  runs 
a  If  tdose  along  the  (esophagus,  but  ext«inds 

^^■"1    ^       -  farther  forward  than  month  of  (esophagus. 

BlA     ^V-'i^ri:  \  ^'  A       I  Sva'uai  onjam, — On  llu^  right  sidi^  of 


A  01 


J  O  L. 


Jl_.L. 


t:3^rsm 'ff. 


^r  "^^ 


the  animal  (tnly,  closely  attached  to  theinner  surface  of  the  mantle.  Ovary  (fig.  .I,  or.), 
a  long,  braiuilied,  cylindrittal  body  of  uniform  diameter  throughout,  the  whole  consist- 
ing of  a  basal  portion  situated  near  to  and  extending  approximately  ])arallel  with  the 
midventral  line,  and  tlve  or  six  simple  branches  given  off  from  this  basal  piece,  these 
rcarhing  dorsalward  and  being  inclined  som  what  toward  the  anterior  end  of  the 
animal. 

This  species  clearly  belongs  to  the  genus  Ihntlrothxt,  founded  by  IMacliCay,  1824, 
as  a  subgenus  of  Ascidia.  His  species  was  from  Winter  Island,  in  Kox  Channel. 
Until  now  no  other  member  of  the  genus  has  been  d(\s«!ribed. 

The  chief  differences  between  the  i)resent  species  and  /).  filimdaria,  MacLeay,  are 
as  follows: 

Th(!  test  of  the  latter  is  described  as  "whitish,  siibpellucid,  coriaceous,  and 
smooth;"  and  in  another  connection  the  author  speaks  of  the  ovary  as  being  visible 
5(>47_i.T ;? ;$:; 


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514 


THE    KlIK    SEALS   (>F   THE    PRIHU.OF    ISl,ANI)8. 


if 


f»t. 


throiigli  the  test.  The  "anterior  nervous  tul)ercle"  (dorsal  tubercle)  in  MucFieay's 
species  is  said  to  have  "  many  spirals."  Tiiese  are  unthmbtedly  the  hypophysis  nunith, 
which  in  our  Hpe(;ies,  as  sliown  by  the  des(;ription,  is  horseshoe  siniped. 

Tlie  <'pliarynx"  of  />.  fjlntKhtrin  is  de.seribed  as  being  situated  "at  tlie  iHtltoni  of 
the  body  cavity."  By  the  "pharynx"  is  here  evidently  meant  tiie  entrance  to  the 
u'sopliagus;  an<I  this  opening  in  our  species,  it  will  bo  obscrvc<l,  is  on  the  dorsal  side 
of  the  brancliial  sac.     (Pig.  -'^  ".  w.) 

ill  the  structure  of  the  bianehial  sa<;  the  two  s])e(;ieH  dill'er  in  the  luunber  of  longi 
tudinal  vessels  between  the  folds,  there  being  three  and  si»metinu>s  four  in  our  s|M>cies, 

while  there  are  oidy  two  in  MacLeay's  species.     It  ia 
♦'  thus  seen  that  the  two  species  are  very  distinct. 

Ilerdnian,  ISSli,  has  expressed  tlie  opinion  that  the 
genus  Ihutlroiloti  is  not  distinct  from  Stiftht.  The  genus 
is  based  on  the  p(»siti(Ui  and  charactci  of  the  ovary, 
this  being  single,  bran«;hed,  and  situated  on  the  ri<;lit 
side  of  the  body  here,  while  Sfyela  has  several  un- 
brauched  ovaries  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  body. 

In  his  diagnosis  of  the  genus  Styrlo,  written  in 
1882,  Iferduuin  speaks  of  the  genitalia  as  being  "in  the 
form  of  4Mic<u'in(U'e  simple,  lobed,  or  branehetl  bodies." 
According  to  this  detinifion  Ih'udrodoa  would,  so  far  as  this  chara(^ter  is  concernetl, 
be  merged  in  Styehi.  The  same  author  has,  however,  in  his  Uevised  (/lassilication  of 
the  Tunicata,  1891,  stated  that  the  gonads  of  Sti/ela  are  present  "on  both  sides  of  the 
body."  As  this  is  essentially  tlie  view  of  the  case  held  by  Savigny,  181(»,  Ma<'Lcay, 
1824,  IIan<-.ock,  1H(!8,  and  Heller,  1877,  and  others  who  have  written  about  the  genus, 
it  has  seemed  to  me  best  to  rt>gard  the  ditference  as  sutllciently  great  and  constant  to 
Justify  the  n>(H)gnition  of  Imth  genera.  I  do  not,  however,  believe  that  it  is  any  uuue 
«'losely  related  to  Stt/ela  than  to  I'oltfvarpn,  or  any  more  closely  related  to  Styvio  than 
the  latter  is  to  /'nlyeariia.'  There  are  a  large  uund)er  t)f  speciuieas  in 
tlie  collection,  all  from  St.  Paul  Island.  (, 

Dendrodoa  subpedunculata,  now  HpeiMOH. 

General  vharavteristicH. — Subspherical ;  slightly  elongat/tnl  antero- 
posteriorly,  frequently  showi.  a  tendency  to  be  pedunculated;  some- 
what laterally  compressed.  ually  attached  by  the  posterior  end, 
and  by  only  a  small  area,  so  that  specimens  may  be  more  or  less  peu- 
duloiLs.  Of  the  two  tlozeii  specimens  at  hand,  l.'t  are  atttiched  close 
together  on  a  small  bit  of  seaweed,  indicating  an  aggregated  habit  for 
the  species  (tig.  7).  In  one  instance  two  individuals  were  fused 
together  by  their  tests  (fig.  7a).     Length  from  I  to  !..">  cm.;  surfiu^e  rather  closely  but 


'Kiii>r,  1893,  hiiN  dcscribeil  mikI  {l)(iire(l  a  HpcoieH  wliirli  ii]i]ioiira  to  lie  l>e»ilrodo»  glanduria,  or  a 
cluB<«l,V  roliited  form,  liiit  wliicli  lio  i<l<tiitifioH  .as  Stj/eUi  agjircfiala  .1.  Ratlikit,  uiul  he  rolcrs  to  Truimttiilt 
as  holditif;  tlio  mjuuo  vit-w,  1  tliid,  liowovor,  on  looking  up  tlio  nntlior's  irleroiiooN  to  TruuHtedt  tliat  t lie 
latter  does  not  mention  hcndrodoa,  lint  lie  docs  Hay  of  Slyela  aggrrgnia  that  the  "^itnltiilorgano  Hind 
wio  guwtihuUch  boidor.seitH  ontwiokelt"  (TraUHtedt,  1893). 

KiiiT  do<-H  not  believe  that  the  ninj^le  brauc^hed  ovary  an  It  oxiatB  in  Deiidrodoa  ix  a  rharacter  of 
snttioiiint  ini|iortan<'0  and  (constancy  toJuHtify  the  fonndiii);  of  a  new  goniin  npon  it.  Since,  however, 
wo  now  have  thrtMt  Hpi-cit-H  in  which  the  rharacter  in  well  dclined  and  constant,  they  certainly  do  make 
a  distiuct  g'-oup,  ho  why  not  call  the  group  a  genimf 


-■} 


TJNK'ATA   OF   THE    PKIRILOF   ISLANDS. 


r)15 


It  is 


not  «'onH|Uf,uoiiHly  «^orriiKiitvil.     Color  very  light  brown,  unifonn  tliroii^rliout.     (FigH. 
G  iuiil  7.) 

Tent. — CoriiumniH,  not  liiiril,  scurcdy  hiilf  a  inillim<«tMr  tliick  in  tliii^kcHt  portions. 
}fanlln. — Not  greatly  «levelo|)0<l ;  Honiewhat  thicker  tluin  the  test;  (•oniiioso<l  mostly 
of  longitniliniii  ninscht  fibers;  does  not  readily  separate  from  flie  test. 

Uriiutliitil    iipjHirafitK, — No    siphonH;    orifleeH    obsenrely   4    lohed,    rather    riose 
together,  both  sitnated  at  anterior  cud.     Uranehial  tentairh-s  simple,  variable  both  in 
number,  si/c,  and  distribution.     In  one  spoeinion  about  '20  pres- 
ent— a  group  of  4   htng,   large  ones   near  the  dorsal  tiiberele; 
another  grou])  of  about  10  large  ones  on  the  endostyle  side,  and 
the  other  (>  smaller  ones  situated  .'(  on  each  side,  (uHuparatively 
remote   from   one   another.     This   arrangement  of  the   tentaeles 
apparently  typical  for  the  species,  though  less  pei-fectly  carried     ' 
out  in  some  specimens  than  in  others.     In  some  specimens  not 
above  It    tentacdes  present.    The  peripharyngeal  band  cl(»se  to 
the  circle  of  brau«;hial  tentaides.     Atrial  tenta<rles  present;  un- 
usually large;  numerous. 

Dorsal   tubercle  «!onspicuous,  biscuit  shaped,  the  hypo]»liysis 
mouth  h«>rseshoe  shaped,  with  out-turned  lind)s. 

Branchial  sac  with  4  longitudinal  fiddson  the  right  side  and  3 
on  the  left;  1  (»r  2  internal  longitudinal  vessels  between  each  two  folds.    The  nund)er 
of  vessels  on   the  folds  is  as  folhtws:  Uight  side,  first  fold,  10  vessels;  second,  4; 
third,  8;  fourth,  4;  left  side,  first  f<dd,  11;  secoi.d,  S;  third,  4.     (The  Iblds  are  num- 
bered from  dorsal  to  ventral.)     These  numbers  are  <|uite  constant. 

Distance  between  transverse  vessels  varies  I'rom  O.IO  mm.  to  0.r>0  mm.     The  ves 
sels  are  variable  in  size,  but  intermediate  vessels — i.e.,  vessels  cnmsingthe  stigmata — 

are  rarely  present.  Dorsal  lamina  a  plain 
narrow  mendmuie,  situated  somewhat  to  the 
left  of  the  median  dorsal  line. 

"Eudocarps"  present,  prominent,  and  ir- 
regular in  form,  with  a  tendency  to  Iiecome 
lol>ed. 

JHgeHtirv  tract. — Situated  on  left  side  of 
branchial  sac,  closely  coiled,  the  posterior 
half  of  the  intestine  running  ])arancl,  and  in 
contact  with,  the  (esophagus  and  anterior 
part  of  stomach.  (ICsophagus  not  as  long  as 
stomach.  It  issues  from  near  the  middle  of 
the  dorsal  side  of  branchial  siuj,  the  dorsal 
lamina  extending  behind  the  opening  and 
passing  to  its  left.  Stomach  considerably  longer  than  broad,  somewhat  broadest  at 
o'sophegeal  end,  not  distinctly  constricted  oft"  either  from  the  u-sophagus  or  from  the 
intestine;  smooth  walled  on  its  external  surface,  but  inner  surfa(;e  thrown  into 
nnnieroua  deep  folds,  (lausing  it  to  resen)ble  the  psaUerium  of  the  ruminant 
stomach.     (Fig.  8.) 

Sexual  orfians. — Situated  on  right  side  of  body  only;  ovary  consisting  of  a  basal 
portion,  extending  antero-posteriorly  along   the  ventral   side  of  the  animal,  and  4 


B 


InjiJH 


m 


BWffc 


ak; 


Till-;    VV\l    SKAI.S   OK   TIIK    I'Uinil.OF    ISLANDS. 


li      1^ 


/o 


l»raiu-lirs  from  tliis  basal  part  iiniji-rliiif,'  forwartl  ami  dorsal wiiii I.  'IVstis  Kidiatcd 
aniiiiul  and  anion;,'  (lio  liranrlioa  of  tlio  ovary  at.  tlu'ir  dorsal  oiids.  Ova  discliarKcd 
into  tli«^  atrial  rlianibcr,  whero  tlioy  (M)IUwt  in  i»s  posti'rior  portion  to  iindw^'o  diivtd- 
opiniMit  (11^.  «,«>•••)     (In  tills  liKiut^  tlio  visiu'ral  niasH,  lyin^'  loosdy  on  (In'  test,  has 

IxHMi  tnrnt'd  luilfway  anniinl;  so  that,  the  rcr 
q  tnni,  c,  is  tnado  to  jtoint  (ownrd   tln^  poslrrim- 

instt^ad  of  toward  the  anirrior  end  of  the  test. 
This  niakus  the  ovary  seem  on  the  If/I  instead 
of  on  the  rinlit  of  the  Itody.)  Ova  and  sperm 
rip«^  in  the  siune  individnal  at  the  same  tinw. 
Ova  very  lar^e,  0..~i7  mm.  in  diameter;  eonlains 
mnch  food  yolk. 

This  species  is  so  distinct  from  either  of  the 
other  two  specie's  of  the  ;;enns,  n  comparison 
between  which  was  made  in  connection  with  the 
description  of  />.  1iilnrvtilaio,  that  It  would  be 
snpcrtliions  to  dwell  n))oii  the  |ioint.     It  is  represented  in 
the  collection  by  a  larj^er  nnnd)er  of  spceim«'ns  than  any 
of  the  other  species,  there  bein^'  stmie  hnndreds  pr«'seiit. 
All  a])pear  to  come  from  St.  Taid. 
Styela  greeleyi,  iinw  NpocittH. 

Grneral  character ifttics. —  liody  elongated,  sonn'what 
tlatt«ned;  tapering;  Hlightly  toward  both  ends,  at  the  pos 
torior  abrnptly  <'ontracted  into  a  slender  peduncle,  which  is  from  one  and  a  half  to 
two  times  as  h)n^  as  the  body.  Dimension  of  one  of  thelarjL!:est  specimens:  Ijength 
of  bod}',  1.8  cm.;  greatest  diameter,  1.1  cm.;  length  of  ]iednnele,  I.."!  cm.  ('oh»r, 
yellowish  brown,  tinged  with  red  on  the  anterior  half.  Siphons,  bright  orange  red. 
Surface  covered  with  longitudinal  folds,  wlii(di  are 
less  prononiu-ed  on  the  peduinde.  Transverse  folds 
p^(^sent  on  the  anterior  half,  but  these  possibly  due 
to  contra<'ti<m.     (Figs. !»  and  H>.) 

Trxt. — T<Migh,  eoriaccous,  but  scarcely  1  mm. 
thick  even  through  the  folds.  Dull  giayish  white 
on  the  inner  ami  cut  surfaces. 

MnniU; — (llosely  attached  to  test;  nuiHcnla- 
tare  weak, 

llrnnehial  rt7>ywfrrt/««.— Siphons  project  ing 
slightly,  both  placed  atanterior  end  close  together, 
the  atrial  pointing  straight  <4»rward,  while  the 
branchial  is  bent  over  so  that  the  opening  is  di- 
rected ventrally.  liranchial  tenlacdos  simple,  of 
two  sizes  arranged  in  two  concentric  circles,  the 
(alter  circle  containing  about    l>~>   large  and  the 

inner  about  •'!()  small  ones.  Circles  close  to  the  peripliaryngeal  baud.  (Fig.  I.'t.) 
Atrial  tentacles  tlliforin,  numerous.  Dorsal  tubercle  inconspiciUMis,  the  mouth  of 
the  liypoithysis  irregularly  horseshoe  shapc<l,  (dose  to  the  tentacles,  which  nearly  hide 


/I' 


.,..p.l 


ai; 


Tl'NICATA    (»K    IIIB    I'KIIlll.nf    Isi.ANKH. 


r.17 


10 


it.  (Ki};.  l-'(.)  Itiaiifliial  hid-  \vi(li  loiir  IuUIh  oh  (sh-Ii  Hiil«%  Mitt  <I<>vpI<>|Mii4>iiI  oC  IIii'mi 
I'oltls  varyiiit;  willi  tin-  si/,r  (ii;;tt!)  of  tlir  H|i«'«;iiii«-n.  In  Hiiiiillur  (,v<mii;:<-r*i  s|MTiiiM>iiM 
tlut  foIdH  on  tlif  k'l't  HJilt^  iiior*'  Htroii^'ly  (Icvc!<)|)imI  than  thuHo  on  tint  ri;;lit.  In  N|M-«;i- 
mcMiH  .'^.1  to  U.7  cm.  (inrlniliiif;  p<Mlnncl«'),  pair  of  t'olils  next  tlio  otulnstyio  luul  iiIhmiI 
I'J  bars  an«l  tliost^  nt^xt.  iloiHal  laniiiiti  about  L'O.  in  sptTiint-n  ().S5  to  l.S  fni.  t'olils 
nvxt.  «'n<lost\l»  Innl  about  <>  and  tlioso  next  dorsal  lamina  about  1-  bars.  l''ol<ls  fl(»s(Wy 
plactMl,  only  .">  to  ."i  l»ais  b«'t\v<!«Mi  tliuin.  Transvorsi'  vessels  of  tliree  Hi/es,  a  wide  on« 
(Ti'i,  li},'.  II)  (Mcniiiny  at  irrotjnlar  intervals,  and  two  narrower  ones  (Tr.>  and  Tr,), 
wIm<-Ii  usually  alternatu  witli  earh  other.  Inlernu'diat«'«  transverse  vessels  (Tr,)  some- 
times present,  often  dividing  the  series  of  stij^mata  into  two.  IMeshes  nearly  Hi|inir(4 
or  longitudinally  (!litn;;ated  with  I  to  (i  (usually  r>;  lon^  narrow  sli^Muata.     (KiK-H.) 

Dorsal  lamina  ribbed 
oiionosideby  the  ves  /* 

sols  passi ni;  rou lid  I  lut 
lesuplia^ns. 

IHgrsUrr  tnirt. — 
8ituat<>d  on  the  left 
side  of  branehial  sae, 
and  niakiiifT  a  n:iri'i)w 
turn.  (lOsopha^^us 
short,  opening  from 
thu  dorsal  side  of  tliu 
branehial  sar  near  its 
posterior  end.  Stom- 
acli  loiij;  and  narrow,  with  niimeroiiH  in- 
ternal folds  which  show  ini  the  siirfauu 
as  liMii^itiidinal  niaikin^'H.  Anal  open- 
in;;  bilobud,  each  half  cut  into  about  six 
lobes.     (I'll,'.  I'J.) 

Stjuiil  itryann. — (ionads  on  «'ach  side 

of   the    body.      Ovaries    lon^',    sausage 

shaped,  ending;  in  a  short  oviduct,  those 

on  the  ri;;lit  side  lon;;er  than  those  on 

the  left.     One  of  those  on   the  left  side 

placed  intlie  loop  of  the  intestine,  the  other  be^^innin;;  lii^lu-r  up  and  extending;  down 

uniler  the  stomach.     Testis  small,  <-liistered  in  bunches  over  the  ovaries.     Kiidocarps 

rather  numerous  on  the  mantle. 

The  4;enus  Sli/cla  is  naturally  divided  into  two  sections — those  in  which  the 
species  are  pedunculated,  and  those  in  which  they  are  not.  The  species  here  descrilK^I, 
of  course,  belonjjs  to  the  tirst  section.  In  this  section  »S'.  i/reclryi  liiids  its  nearest 
allii's  in  »S'.  imtntrreyvHsis  of  the  coast  of  Oalilbrnia,  and  IS,  davit,  llerdman,  of  the 
North  Tacitlc.  Hut  it  is  <|uit«%  distinct  from  either  of  these.  So  far  as  can  be  juil;;«-d 
from  the  specimens  at  hand,  it  is  a  much  smaller  species  than  either  of  them.  In 
jj^eneral  form  it  dilVers  from  S.  monlrrcycnsis  in  its  considerably  more  abrupt  transition 
from  body  to  itediincle;  while  from  <S'.  chtra  it  ditl'ers  distinctly  by  its  lack  of  the  ju-om- 
inent  irregular  tubercles  of  the  test  of  the  latter  species.    The  collection  contains  17 


i    ^   I 
1 


wm 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


|£0 


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1 
1 
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1         I 

li 

518 


THE    VVli    SEALS    OF    TIIK    I'UIBIl-OK    ISLANDS. 


BpociineiiH  of  the  species,  all  from  St.  Puul. 
situill. 


Of  these  all  but  three  or  four  are  very 


Bolteuia  elegans  llonlinan. 

The  three  specimens  iu  the  collection,  all  from  St.  Paul  Island,  which  I  identify 

as  this  species,  ditler  so  trivially  (our 
/^  individuals  are  slightly  darker  in  color 

#  and  a  little  rougher  on  the  surface)  from 

specimens  of  the  species  taken  b.v  the 
AlbutfosH  (latitude  iu''-'  nortli,  htngitudo 
159'^  west,  in  '6'6  fathoms),  that  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  identification  can  not  be 
doubted. 

Polyclinum  globosum,  ii(!w  s)ii>(!ioH. 

General  eharmter  of  the  volony. — 
Massive,  inclined  toward  the  spherical 
form,  attached  by  a  small  area  oidy; 
apparently  easily  detached,  since  all  the 
specimens  at  hand  are  freed  from  their 
original  substrata.    (I'Mg.  14.) 

Dimensions  of  largest  colony: 
Length,  45  nun.;  least  transverse  diameter,  ."iS  mm.  The  other  colonies  considerably 
smaller. 

Color,  greenish  brown. 

Zooidn. — Large  and  numerous,  though  scarcely  visible  on 
the  surface  of  the  preserved  colonies.  The  irregular  systems 
contain  numerous  /ooids,  many  of  which  are  quite  distant 
from  the  broad  but  inconspicuous  atrial  orifice  common  to 
the  system.  Positions  approximately  perpendicular  to  the 
surface  of  the  colony.     (Fig.  14  Z.) 

Body  distinctly  separated  into  three  regions,  viz,  thorax, 
abdomen,  and  postabdomen.    (Fig.  15.) 

Measurements  of  the  zooids :  Total  length,  10  mm. ;  length 
of  thorax,  4  mm. ;  length  of  postabdomen  and  abdomen,  (>  mm. 
Test. — Small  in  quantity  among  the  zooids,  so  close  are 
these  to  one  another;  but  a  considerable  mass  in  the  middle 
of  the  colony  in  which  no  zooids  occur.  (Fig.  14.)  Surface 
layer  considerably  denser  and  darker  in  color  than  the  deeper 
portions,  a  few  scattered  saiul  grains  embedded  on  the  sur-  " 
face.  The  inner  mass  containing  no  zooids,  rather  firm  in 
character;  opaipie  white,  contains  many  small  cells,  but 
no  bladder  (tells;  ])enetrated  by  the  stolonic  vessels  of  the 

zooids,  though  these  are  not  numerous.    A  few  scattered  stellate  crystals  present. 
Mantle. — Very  thin,  containing  a  few  muscle  fibers,  mostly  running  lengthwise 
of  the  body;  some  circular  fibers  at  the  anterior  end  of  the  thorax  encircling  the 
siphons. 

Branchial  apj>aratun. — Branchial  orifices  indistinctly  seen  on  the  surface  of  the 


WWLLl.iia  .    } 


TUNICATA   OF    'DIE    I'KIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


51!) 


'iir  arc  very 


•i  I  identify 
ivially  (our 
lier  in  color 
iir(iice)  from 
ken  1j.>  the 
,  longitude 
lat  tlie  cor- 
«iin  not  be 


e  spherical 

area  onJy; 

ince  all  the 

i'l'oni  their 

colony: 
iisiderabiy 


present, 
fill  wise 
lin^r  the 

of  the 


|fc- 


colony.  (Fig.  11,  area  I>,  exaggerates  the  distinctness  of  tlie  branchial  orHices.)  The 
comiuou  cloacal  appertures  wholly  obliterated  to  superficial  inspection.  Hranclual 
siphon  found,  after  isolation  of  /ooids,  to  be  six  lobed.  Atrial  siphon  with  a  broad 
languet  the  distal  edge  of  which  is  armed  with  three  small  processes  (lig.  16). 
Branchial  tentacjies  about  lit  in  number,  rather  large,  though  a  few  small ;  not  forming 
a  well-deiined  single  circle.  Rather  close  to  the  branchial  orihce.  liianchial  sac  well 
developed.  About  15  series  of  stigmata  and  ab(uit  1(»  stig- 
mata in  each  half  series;  these  very  regular  in  form  and  size. 
Tlie  interserial  vessels  broad  and  ea«h  containing  a  well-devel- 
oped muscle  band.     (Fig.  15,  m.  c.  v.) 

Dorsal  languets  long  and  slender,  about  one  for  each  series 
of  stigmata. 

IHflcstiTr  tract. — (Esophagus  (iig.  15  «;)  issuing  posterio- 
dorsally  from  the  branchial  sa(^,  longer  than  the  stonuich; 
dellected  to  the  right  side  by  the  rectum.  Stonuich  spherical, 
smooth  walled  both  without  and  within.  Duodenal  portion  of 
the  intestine  with  two  well-marked  constrictions.  Rectal  por- 
tion large  and  straight,  runs  far  forwiird,  nearly  in  the  median 
dorsal  line,  which  it  reaches  by  a  left  curvature  of  the  duo- 
denal portion.     (Fig.  15.) 

Scriial  organs. — Gonads  contained  in  the  large  pear-shaped 

pedunculated  postabdomen;  ovary  a  well-defined  mass,  contined 
to  the  eidarged  posterior  portion  of  the  postabdomen.  (Fig. 
15,  ov.) 

The  ova  pass  into  the  atrial  chamber,  where  they  take  a 
position  in  its  posterior  portion  and  to  the  right  side.  The 
larvae  are  developed  in  this  incubatory  chandler.  No  male 
gonads  have  been  found  in  any  of  the  specimens  examined. 
No  buds  have  been  seen;  and  as  the  colonies  at  hand  are  all 
in  a  state  of  prolific  sexual  reproduction,  it  seems  probable  that 
in  this  species  there  is  an  alternation  of  periods  of  sexual  and 
asexual  reproduction. 
This  species  seems  to  be  more  closely  related  to  PolycUnum  J'uiujoHmn  Tlerdnian, 
188<»,  than  to  any  other  known  member  of  the  genus,  but  it  is  distinctly  dillereut 
from  this  in  the  foHowing  points:  (1)  In  /'.  fmujoAum  the  "colony 
has  a  planoconvex  discoid  form."  "The  lower  surface  is  almost 
Hat,  and  the  point  of  attachment  is  at  the  center."  (li)  The 
branchial  sac  has  10  or  12  rows*  of  stigmata  in  /'. /«wf/«««m  ami 
15  in  /'.  ylohosum,  and  the  stigmata  appear  to  be  longer  and  h^ss 
numerous  in  the  rows  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter  sjiecies. 
The  collection  contains  but  a  single  colony  of  this  species.  \  ^j      I7B. 

Folycliiium  paunosum,  new  specieM. 

Oeneral  eharacter  of  colony. — Form  variable,  from  quite  regu- 
larly pear-shaped  to  depressed  and  irregularly  elliptical.     Not  distinctly  peduncu- 
lated, though  some  colonies  show  a  tendency  in  this  direction.    Largest  colony  in 
collection  measures  .'5  cm. 


Hi 


i;    M 


■lit 


'»:: 


'•"f^>rT^mfltmf-^^\'nmtt'fSKa 


' '■'•'mmiim'imm  r-vmri- . 


I 


520 


THE    FUK   SEALS   OF    THE    PRIBILOK    ISLANDS. 


il?--- 


to  2  cm.  to  U  cm.  IT^iiyieldiiig  to  the  touch,  dirty  greeiiiHlibrowii  in  color.  I'oilioiis 
of  tlie  surfiu^o  of  iho,  colonies  smooth,  almo.st  shiny,  but  (or  the  most  pnrt  a  surface 
crust  of  test  becomes  broken  up  and  the  broken  fraj^mcnts  partially  or  wholly  |)eeled 
ofl".  Where  these  pieces  are  fully  removed  sand  adheres  to  the  underlyinjj-  e.\])o8ed 
test.  Tly  reason  of  the  conditions  of  the  surface  test  thus  described  the  colonies 
usually  p:esent  a  ragj^ed  appearance,  hence  the  specilic,  n.ame  chosen.  (Fi;;.  17  A  //.) 
Test. — Matri.x  firm,  relatively  large  in  quantity,  there  being  a  large  central  core 
in  each  colony,  into  which  the  zooids  do  not  reach,  and  the  zooids  tlu-mselves  are 
rather  remote,  making  the  intervening  test  considerable  in  quantity,  ('ells  numerous, 
of  many  sizes,  some  of  them  large.  The  cells  contain  a  diffuse  greenish  coloring 
matter,  to  which  is  due  the  tint  of  the  test  when  seen  in  section.    The  central  core  of 

tost  penetrated  by  a  wide  areolar  mesh  work  of  ratlu^r  fine 
fibers.    (Kig.  17  A.) 

Zoohh. — Moderately  numerous,  not  visible  on  surfacje 
view  of  the  colony.  Owing  to  their  variously  twisted  <!on 
dition  and  the  ditl'ering  angles  wiiich  tiiey  form  with  the 
.  m.c.K  surface  of  the  colony,  tlic  entire  length  of  a  single  zooid 
is  seldom  seen  uncut  on  radial  sections  of  the  whole  colony. 
Average  length  of  individuals,  about  C  mm.,  about  one-half 
/^  of  which  is  postabdomen.  Thorax  about  U  mm.;  abdomen 
iibout  1  mm.  Postabdomen  joined  to  the  postero-ventral 
side  of  the  abdomen,  somewhat  to  tiie  left  side,  by  a  nar- 
row peduncle.    (Fig.  18.) 

Mantle. — Feebly  developed.  Fiongitudinal  muscle  fibers 
in  distinct  bands;  circular  fibers  almost  wholly  absent,  ex- 
cept in  the  siphons,  and  here  they  are  not  strongly  developed. 
liranehial  apparatm. — Orifices  very  indistinctly  seen  on 
the  sHrfa<'e  of  the  colony.  On  removal  from  test,  branchial 
siplion  found  to  be  encircled  by  si.v  unequal  rather  pointed 
lobes.  Atrisil  languet  not  easily  seen  intact,  of  moderate 
length,  broad  at  base,  tajiering  rapidly  to  a  blunt  point, 
which,  however,  sometimes  shows  tiaces  of  two  or  three 
lobes. 

Branchial  sac  removed  whole  from  test  with  much  difli- 
culty,  this  due  to  the  delicacy  of  if  and  tlu^  mantle,  and  the 
fact  of  its  being  thru.st  up  more  or  less  sidewise  info  the 
specially  dense,  firm,  and  rather  thick  layer  of  surface  test.  This  displacement 
apparently  caused  by  the  numerous  large  embryos  contained  in  the  atrial  chamber. 

Organs  of  the  peripharyngeal  region  distinguished  with  much  difhculty;  ganglion 
moderately  large,  tentacles  about  25  in  number,  of  ditt'ere:!t  sizes,  the  largest  ones 
but  few,  not  large.  All  situated  close  around  the  base  of  the  siphon,  liranehial  sac 
containing  alxmt  12  series  (in  some  specimens  l.'J,  and  some  ai»i>arently  10  or  11)  of 
stignuita.  Cilia  of  the  stigmata  unusually  long  and  stout.  In  s(mie  specimens 
the  stigmata  (piite  jiointed  and  with  a  peculiar  process,  sometimes  of  considerable 
length  at  the  ends.  A  well-developed  muscle  band  in  each  interserial  space.  Dorsal 
languets  long,  sometimes  reaching  more  than  halfway  across  the  sac,  about  equal  in 
number  to  the  series  of  stigmata.    (Fig.  18,  dig.) 


TUNK'ATA    OK    THK    PKIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


521 


lUijiNtin:  Iniil. — U'isopliagus  rather  wide  at  its  month,  issuing  from  nearly  the  mid- 
dk".  oi'die  ]H)sterior  end  of  the  branchial  sac,  distinctly  curved  so  as  to  enter  the  8tonia<-h 
on  its  right  dorsal  side.  Stomach  globular,  smooth  walled.  Intestinal  loop  rather 
wide,  slightly  shortta-  than  the  combined  length  of  u'sophagus  and  stonnich.  Two  well- 
marked  «!oiistrietions  in  the  intestine  at  the  base  of  the  loop,  these  including  between 
them  the  Itase  of  the  U  shapi'd  loop;  the  rectum  passing  to  the  left  of  the  o'sopbagns 
to  reach  the  atrial  chamber.     .Vnus  sometimes  with  a  wide,  llaring  lip.     (Fig.  IS.) 

Scritdl  (trt/iois. — Ovary  not  large,  situated  far  back  in  the  post  abdomen,  behind 
the  testis.  The  entire  post  abdomen  so  tille<l  with  mosenchymatous  -lells  that  the 
sexual  organs  arc  much  obscured;  no  distinct  lobulation  of  either  ovary  or  testes 
obstMvable.  The  embryos,  develoi)ing  in  the  atrial  chamber,  greatly  distend  and  dis- 
tort tiiis  cavity. 

This  species  appears  to  be  more  closely  related  to  P.  aiiraathini,  Milne- Edwards, 
than  to  any  other  member  of  the  genus.  The  last  named  species  is,  however,  described 
by  both  iMiIno  Edwards,  ISt2,  and  Lahille,  l.SKO,  as  having  a  gelatinous  test,  and  no 
mention  is  made  by  eithe"  of  these  authors  of  the  network  of  libers  in  the  test.  This 
latter  chara(;tcr,  I  take  it,  constitutes  a  distinct  difference  between  the  two.  The 
presence  of  such  a  network  st^ems  to  be  of  such 
rare  occurrence,  in  I'objdinum  that  were  it  pres- 
ent in  /'.  niiraiitiHin,  Lahille,  whose  studies  were 
largely  nnnphological,  would  hav(!  noted  it. 
Kurtheruioro,  according  to  the  figure  of  a  zo(»id 
of  /'.  aurant'nim,  given  by  Milne-Kdwards  (1*1. 
Ill,  tig.  1,  /^),  the  postabdomen  of  this  spe<"ie8  is 
relatively  much  longer  than  in  /'.  imimmum. 

There  are  about  two  (h)zen  colonies  of  this 
species  in  the  collection,  all  from  St.  Paul  Island. 

Aplidiopsis  jordaiii,  now  s])»cirs. 

(Icneral  charai'tcf  of  the  colony. — Massive, 
irregularly  polyhedral  in  form,  the  tliree  dimen- 
sions not  greatly  different.    Attacdied  by  a  small 

area  only  (fig.  10).  (i>uite  hard  and  '  liyielding  to  the  touch;  surfa<'e  rather  uneven, 
liight  gray  in  color,  with  the  yellowish  zooids  distincitly  visible.  A  thin  surface 
layer  of  test  cronsidcrably  harder  and  less  transparent  than  the  interior  portions, 
which  latter  is  ([uite  transparent.     A  few  sand  grains  imbedded  on  the  surface. 

(Ireatest  diameter  of  the  one  colony  in  the  collection,  2..S  cm.;  least  diameter, 
1..'>  mm. 

Cells  in  test  very  numerous,  rather  uniform  in  size.     No  vessels  present  in  the  test. 

Zooidn. — Rather  large  and  numerous,  readily  seen  on  the  surface  of  the  colony. 
No  systems  present,  each  zooid  opening  to  the  surface  by  its  own  atrial  orifice.  Many 
of  the  individuals  i)la(!ed  at  very  oblicjue  but  differing  angles  to  the  surface  of  the 
colony,  so  that  they  are  cjrossed  by  and  wound  around  one  another.  I'ost-abdomen 
not  pedunculated.  A  finger  like  ectodermal  process  projecting  from  ]K»sterior  end  of 
body.  Total  length  about  S  mm.,  one  fourth  of  which  is  branchial  SiU!,  another  fourth 
intestinal  loop,  and  the  othei'  half  post  abdomen.  (The  post  abdomen  outlined  in  fig. 
L'O  is  unusually  short.)    I'ost-abdomeu  very  hirge  at  its  posterior  end,  and  is  (.v,.  se  and 


•o.  s. 


9 


m 


il 


I 


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n 

ill 


;    i 


■  I 

.  li 

.  I' 

1  '' 


522 


I'llE    rUK    SliALS    OK    TllK    PKIBILOK    ISLANDS. 


<f(f.. 


opaque  with  the  contained  generative  and  incsenehyme  cells.  It  gradnully  narrows 
toward  its  attaclinient  to  tbe  abdomen,  but  is  not  pedunculated,  it  being  at  the  jun«ttion 
fully  as  thick  as  the  abdomen  itself. 

Mantle. — Very  tliin,  though  its  ectodermal  layei'  presents,  particularly  in  posterior 
part  of  the  post-abdomen,  a  layer  of  wolldeHned  epitheloid  cells.  Musculature  con 
sisting  of  a  few  small,  widely  separated  bundles  of  longitudinal  fibers  and  a  still 
smaller  number  of  circular  fibers,  the  latter  confined  to  the  anterior  region  of  tiie 
animal.  Owing  to  this  disposition  of  the  circular  fibers,  in  the  contracted  state  the 
anterior  end  of  the  thorax  becomes  much  smaller  and  denser  than  the  posterior  end. 
lUit  few  mesenchyme  cells  in  the  mantle. 

llranehidl  ujtpuratH.s. — iJranchial  orifices  readily  seen  on  the  surface  of  the  coh»ny 
by  the  aid  of  a  hand  lens,  but  the  atrial  orifices  scarcely  visible;  former  circular  in 
outline,  no  lobes  distinguishable  till  the  /.ooids  are  removed  from  tiie  test,  when  the 
branchial  siphon  is  found  to  be  obscurely  six  lobed,  while  the  atrial  siphon,  often 
considcably  elongated,  has  no  constant  lobulation.     In  some 
/ooids  a  large  lobe,  undoubtedly  rei)resenting  the  atrial  languet 
of  some  si)eeie8,  is  seen  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  atrial  orifice 
(fig.  20).     Owing  to  the  persistently  contracted  condition  of  the 
anterior  portion  of  the  branchial  sac  the  number  and  arrange 
meut  of  the  branchial  tentacles  have  not  been  determined;  it 
is,  however,  found  that  they  are  rather  small  and  few  in  num- 
ber.     L'eripharyngeal   band   situated   close   to   tlie   branchial 
siphon.    Gangl-on  not  large,  spherical,  distinctly  seen  through 
the  mantle  in  uncontracted  zooids.     Hypophyseal  duct  distinct, 
wide  mouthed,  well  ciliated.     Kndostyle  of  moderate  size,  never 
greatly  tortuous,  extends  forward  nearly  to  the  base  of  the 
bran<!hial  siphon.    Branchial  sac  well  developed,  12  or  l[\  series 
of  stigmata,  each   half  series  containing  about  15  stigmata. 
Well  deveh»ped  interserial  muscle  bundles.    Dorsal  languetsat 
least  as  numerous  as  the  series  of  stigmata;  highly  developed, 
sickle  shaped,  with  the  concave  side  directed   forward,  the 
epitheloid  cells  of  the  wall  of  this  side  considerably  higher 
than  those  of  the  convex  or  posterior  side. 
Pu/cHtive  iravt. — (Esophagus  about  equaling  the  stomach  in   length,  stounwih 
somewhat  longer  than  broad  when  not  contracted,  extension  of  loop  behind  stomach 
about  ei|ual  to  the  combined  length  of  the  o'sophagus  and  stomach;  rectal  portion  of 
intestine  })assing  to  left  of  the  (esophagus  to  reach  the  mid  dorsal  line  in  the  region 
of  the  branchial  sac.    Stomach  wall  with  a  few  irregular  longitudinal  thi(!kenings,  but 
no  well-defined  folds. 

Sexual  on/aiis. — Gonads  contained  in  the  large  i»ost  abdomen,  the  testis  consisting 
of  a  large  number  of  closely  crowded  lobes,  occupying  its  posterior  two-thirds,  while 
the  ovary  is  confined  to  its  narrower  anterior  third.  The  ovary  is  situated  close 
behind  the  intestinal  looj).  Vas  deferens,  well  filled  with  ripe  sperm,  passes  forward, 
sometimes  on  the  right  and  sometimes  on  the  left  of  the  loop  of  the  intestine.  No 
embryos  or  ripe  ova  in  the  specimens  at  hand.     No  buds  seen. 

This  species,  whicli  I  take  pleasure  in  dedicating  to  President  Jordan,  belongs  to 
a  group  of  Aseidiaus,  the  exact  systematic!  |)ositi«in  of  which  has  troubled  me  for  some 


I  Kiiy  iii^miw 


TUNICATA    OK   THK    I'KIUILOK    ISLANDS. 


523 


'lii'ly  narrow's 
t  tho  jiiiiction 

y  ill  posterioi' 
^culiiture  (MKi 
'•"^  iiiul  a  (Still 
it'jLrioii  of  tlie 
■ii'il  state  the 
lostoiior  end. 

of  the  eohiiiy 
-I"  <'iicular  in 
38t,  when  tlie 
siplion,  often 
*"•     'n  some 
trial  langiiet 
iitiiiil  orifice 
iitionof  the 
md  arrange 
term i nod;  it 
t«w  in  nam 
e   branehial 

^'in  through 
'K't  distinct, 

e  .size,  never 

l^ase  of  the 
or  1,'{  series 

5  stigmata, 
langnets  at 

'  tIe\eloi)ed, 

>rward,  the 

''>ly  higher 

•',  st(»ma(!h 
'J  stoniaeh 
'  poition  of 
the  region 
'"iiitf.s,  but 

consisting 
i'tls,  wiiile 
ited  close 
s  forward, 
itine,     No 

>elong8  to 
!  for  some 


years.  It  has  several  representatives  on  tho  coast  of  Californ'a,  so  I  have  had  ample 
opportunity  for  studying  it;  notwithstanding  this,  I  have  not  been  able  to  fully  satisfy 
myself  as  to  whether  a  new  genus  should  be  established  foi'  it  or  not.  That  it  belongs 
to  the  family  Polyeliuidae  theie  can  bj  no  doubt.  The  possession  by  the  zooids  of  a 
large,  well  marked  iK)st-abdomeu  in  which  are  situated  the  reproductive  organs  and 
heart  leaves  no  room  for  question  on  this  i>oiut.  When,  however,  tho  eflbit  is  made  to 
determine  with  which  of  the  known  genera  of  this  family  the  group  is  most  closely 
allied,  much  didiculty  is  e.\perienced. 

Tiie  entire  absence  of  systems  or  coenobia  in  tiie  colonies  leads  us,  in  tlie  first 
place,  to  compare  it  with  those  Polyeliuidae  presenting  a  like  deviation  I'roni  the  pre- 
vailing condition  in  this  particular. 

In  tlie  genus  Tylohranchion,  Ilerdman,  no  common  cloacal  apertures  are  present, 
according  to  the  author,  but  this  is  about  the  only  reseiiiblanct;  between  the  two 
groups;  the  most  distinctive  diflerence  being,  perhaps,  the  possession  of  papillae  on 
the  internal  transverse  vessels  of  the  branchial  sac  in  Tylohraneliion.  hiniUhin, 
fcavigny,  is  another  genus  in  which  the  common  cloaca  is  wanting;  but  the  shortness 
of  the  brani-hial  sac  and  great  length  and  slenderness  of  the  iiost  abdomen  are  char- 
acters which  preclude  the  admission  of  our  species  to  this  group.  Siyillinu  UHstrrtlin, 
Savigny,  the  only  species  known  of  this  genus,  has  but  four  series  of  stigin.ita,  while 
there  are  never  less  than  six  or  seven  present  in  any  of  the  representatives  of  the 
group  now  und«'r  consideration,  and  the  rule  is  that  twelve  or  thirteen  series  are 
present. 

As  regards  the  post  abdomen  in  Sigillimt,  its  great  length,  relative  to  the  length 
of  the  rest  of  the  animal,  and  its  tenuity,  set  it  off  very  sharply  not  only  from  our 
forms,  but  also  from  all  other  known  spe(;ies  of  the  family. 

The  genus  .1  ((tpoymtcr,  Herdman,  (contains  one  species,  at  least,  viz,  .1 .  (iiiranliuca, 
in  which,  according  to  this  author,  there  are  no  systems  or  common  cloacal  ai>ertnies, 
and  there  are  certainly  some  rather  weighty  considerations  in  favor  <»f  regarding  this 
group  as  the  one  to  which  the  present  species  is  most  closely  related.  Several  points, 
however,  the  most  important  being  the  transverse  folds  of  the  stomach  wall  in  Atoj>o- 
ganter,  stand  rather  seriously  in  the  way  of  doing  this.  There  is  considerable  varia- 
bility in  the  character  of  the  stomach  wall  in  our  species,  and  the  folds  are  never  well 
pronounced.  Such  as  are  present,  however,  incline  distinctly  toward  the  lengthwise 
instead  of  toward  the  «!rosswise  direction  of  the  stomach. 

1  am  disposed  to  pla<je  somewhat  Icis  reliance  than  some  writers  have  done  on 
this  character  as  an  index  to  relationships;  nevertheless  a  (Condition  so  unusual  as 
a  transverse  folding  must,  as  our  knowledge  now  stands,  be  regarded  as  of  real 
systematic  value. 

1  have  resolved,  after  much  deliberation,  to  phwie  the  species,  for  the  present  at 
least,  in  the  genus  Aplidiupsis,  Lahille.  There  are  certainly  some  objections  to  this, 
the  most  considerable  being  found  again  in  the  structure  of  the  stomach  wall.  Lahille 
instituted  this  genus  for  the  reception  of  those  Polyclinidae  in  the  restricted  sense  in 
which  he  recognizes  this  family,  which  have  a  smooth  walled  stomach,  no  torsion  of 
the  intestinal  loop,  and  a  nonpedunculated  post  abdomen.  The  smooth  wall  of  the 
stomach,  therefore,  is  one  of  the  important  characters  on  which  the  genus  rests,  and 
the  placing  of  my  species  in  it  does  some  violence  to  it,  for  there  is  certainly  a  strong 
tendency,  to  say  the  least,  for  the  stomacli  wall  here  to  become  folded,  i.  e.,  there  are 


,!    i' 


'I  (■  j ' 


h '' 


r.2i 


'IIIK    I'MIU    SKAI-S    OK     I'lIK    IMillllKuK    ISI,AM>S. 


i  ;! 


iiioi'i;  or  Ittss  pronounced  and  luj^uliir  tliickciu'il  areas  in  Mie  wall,  and  in  comuM-tion 
witli  tlie.sc,  at  least  in  many  <»f  the  prcsi'ived  specuniens,  tluuc  aw  iinlicutions  of 
foldii  <;.  (Kiy-  -♦••)  l'»»t  i"  soin«  specimens,  ajjain,  I  esui  detect  scaieely  a  liwe  of 
cit!  ,.  tliickenin};' or  fold in;:^,  and  there  are  so  nniiiy  and  close  resendtlanees  betwwn 
onr  species  and  .1.  sarsii,  Ilnitfeldt-Kaas,  189(i,  from  the  Norwegian  coast,  that  I  am 
fully  convinced  of  the  very  close  allinities  of  the  two.  I  have  conse(|nently  deenieil 
it  the  wiser  course  to  [dace  it  here  rather  than  to  adtl  another  to  the  already  lonj^  list 
of  rather  illydclined  {genera  into  which  the  I'olyclinidae  are  divided.  In  this  connec- 
tion I  can  nctt  refrain,  after  havinjj  spent  much  time  in  cxamininjj;  the  stomachs  <tf 
numerous  species  and  {genera,  ami  in  critically  reading  the  utterances  of  other  writers, 
from  ([noting  that  nnister  zoologist,  Milne-Edwards,  ISlli,  on  this  jtoint.  After 
describing  the  stounich  of  his  Amaroinium  ar<iiis  (transferred  by  Giard,  1872,  largely 
on  a<!(!ount  of  the  structure  of  the  stomach,  to  the  genus  Morvltvlliiim),  he  says :  "  Mais 
si  r  on  desceiulait  a  des  caracteres  de  cet  ordre  pour  en  faire  la  base  dcs  divisions 
gcncri<|ues,  on  serait  conduit  a  multiplier  inutilement  ces  coupes  et  on  rendrait  les 
determinations  d'  une  dillicult*'  extreme."  The  advance  of  knowletlge  since  this 
remark  was  nuide  has  undoubtedly  shown  that  the  character  of  the  st(Mnach  wall  is 
of  diagnostic  importance,  but  that  it  in  itself  can  be  relied  ui»on  in  all  cases,  even  as 
a  distinctive!  specific  mark,  to  say  nothing  of  its  generic  value,  I  do  not  believe.  The 
species  is  reiiresented  in  the  collection  by  a  single  colony  from  St.  Paul  Island. 

Amaroucium  kiiicaidi,  lu^w  Npi^cirs. 

Colony  cake  like,  irregular  in  outline,  but  always  depressed.  When  attached  to 
c,ylindri(!al  bodies  of  small  diameter,  as  seaweeds,  which  seems  to  be  the  usual  habit, 
colony  entirely  incirding  these.  Firm  ami  unyielding  to  the  touch.  In  color,  little 
sand  on  the  surface,  zooids  showing  through  the  test  cpiite  distinctly.  (Jonunon  atrial 
orilices  large  and  open. 

Dimensions  of  largest  cohmy,  54  mm.  to  31  mm.  to  21  mm.;  of  smallest  colony, 
27  mm.  to  20  mm.  to  17  mm. 

Tent. — Surface  layer,  which  is  (juite  thick,  containing  so  much  brownish-giay 
coloring  matter  that  the  trans[)areucy  characteristic  of  the  interior  portions  is  here 
wholly  obscured.  Cells  of  the  test  vary;  abundant  libers  absent.  Sand  grains 
penetrating  the  entire  mass,  though  not  numerous,  not  incrusting  the  surface.  Only 
a  snnill  interior  portion  of  test  into  which  the  zooids  do  not  reach. 

Mantle. — Longitudinal  muscle  fibers  in  bands,  though  not  as  comphstely  separated 
from  one  .inother  as  in  many  species.  Circular  fibers  almost  wholly  absent  excepting 
in  the  siphons,  but  not  numerous  even  here. 

Zooids. — Visible,  though  not  distinctly  so,  on  the  surface  of  the  colony.  Arranged 
in  definite, circular  systems, each  containing  about  six  or  eight  individuals.  Standing 
at  various  angles  to  the  surface  of  the  colony,  and  considerably  contorted,  so  that 
they  appear  only  in  fragments  on  cut  surfaces  of  the  colony,  whatever  be  the  direction 
of  the  section.  Subdivisions  of  the  body  not  distinct.  Size,  medium;  total  length, 
about  H  mm.;  thorax,  about  2.5  mm.;  abdomen,  about  1.5  mm.,  and  post-abdomei* 
about  t  mm.  Peduncular  portion  of  post-abdomen  easily  noticeable,  though  not 
conspicuous  as  compared  with  many  other  species  (fig.  21 ).  An  ectodermal  appendage 
of  the  mantle  at  the  posterior  end  of  the  i)ostabdomen. 

lifunvhidl  (iiqmtatHH. — l>ranchial  orifice  scarcely  recognizable  on  the  surface  of 
the  colony.      Common  atrial  orifice,  large  and  open,   at  least  in  some  colonics. 


TUNICATA    (tP    THK    IMni'.ll.oF    ISLANDS. 


\2h 


H 


i<li(!iifi(»iis  of 
'y  11  (lilcc.  of 
<-'<'.s  bof  ween 
t,  that  I  am 
•I'ly  <I('('/ikmI 
'<ly  Ion-  list 

tin's  COIIiioc;- 

«(<»iiiacli.s  of 
I't'i-  writers, 
■'K.      A/tcr 
7-,  laif-uly 
ly-^:  "Mais 
>*  <livi.sioiiN 
L'iiidijiil  li-s 
siiicu  tlii.s 
liicii  wail  JH 
<t's,  even  as 
li^'vo.     'J'Jio 
iiiid. 

ittarliL'd  to 
«iiiil  Iiabit, 
''«>l<»r,  little 
"lion  Jitiial 

ost  colony, 

vnisii-^rpjiy 
•IIS  is  here 
"<I   grains 

ice.        <  )l|Iy 

separated 
excepting 

Arranged 
standing 
I,  so  that 
direction 
I  length, 
abdoniei' 
>ugli  not 
•pendage 

iit'ace  of 
eolonies. 


i/. 


liB. 


Iiraiiciiial  siphon,  witli  nix  ijuitt  regular,  broad,  low  lobes,  .\trial  siphon  wiib  a 
dorsal  langiiet,  but  this  apparently  never  of  considitrabh^  length,  usually  broad  aiul 
blunt,  sometimes,  jirobably  usually,  tliree  lobed,  sometimes  two  lobed,  and  at  least  in 
ontt  instant^e  observed,  oidy  one  hibed.  Contraction  of  brancliial  sac  about  eipial 
throughout  its  length,  in  no  portion  so  great  as  to  render  the  structure  indistiuguish 
able,  (langlion  moderate  in  size,  sidierical,  visilile  thnmgh  the  body  wall.  TtMitacles 
fairly  well  developed,  about  L'4  in  number,  of  unequal 
length,  Honunvliat  more  removed  from  base  of  siphon 
than  in  {\w  other  speiMcs  of  the  genus  described  in 
this  paper.  About  HI  se^i«^s  of  rather  snuill,  short, 
elliptical  stigmata.  A  well-dcveh»i»ed  mus(de  band 
in  each  intcrserial  space  of  the  sac.  Dorsal  langucts 
not  conspicuous. 

I)h/i.slivc  tract. — Unusually  small  and  contracted. 
(Esophagus  very  .short  in  proportion  to  its  diameter, 
at  le  ist  as  presented  in  all  tlut  specimens  examined. 
SStonui<;h  small  and  (M>ntracted,  often  apitarently  but 
little  greater  in  diameter  than  the  rectal  ])ortion  of 
the  intestine.  Wall  never  with  distinct  longitudiiuil 
Iblds,  but  never  smooth.  Jn  some  /ooids  it  |)re.senta 
merelj  thick»med  patches  of  irregular  shape  and  un- 

etpnil  si/e,  while  in  others  there  are  distinct  indications  of  areolation.  In  some  indi- 
viduals the  areolae  are  elongated  lengthwise  of  the  organ,  while  in  others  their  great 
est  »i\tent  is  crosswise  of  it,  but  this  last  <!ouditiou  may  be  the  result  of  coiitra<^tion. 
(Figs.  21  A  and  21  15.) 

Hemaining  i)ortions  of  the  tract  without  characteristic  features.  The  constric- 
tions <)f  the  intestiiH^  in  the  base  of  the  loop  irregular,  but  apparently  never  very 
pr<uiounce(i. 

Sv.vxml  oryans, — Ovary  immediately  behind  the  intestinal  loop  in  the  i)e.duncular 

|)ortion  of  the  poat-abdomen.  Ova  large,  contain- 
ing much  yolk;  not  numerous.  Testis  situated 
behind  the  ovary  and  extending  to  the  extreme 
posterior  end  of  the  postabdouien;  composed  of 
many  small  lobes;  vas  deferens  not  consi)icn(uis. 

Enjbryos  developed  to  tlu^  completed  tadpole 
stage  in  the  atrial  chamber,  this  becoming  niu«rh 
distended  by  them.     (Fig.  21). 

There  are  four  colonies  of  this  species  in  the 
collection,  all  from  St.  Paul  Island. 

Amaroucium  pribilovense,  now  siiorics. 

(icneral  charaetcr  of  the  colony. — Massive,  regu- 
lar in  «>utline,  smooth  surface,  subglobular,  very  little  or  no  iiulication  of  ]>edun(;u- 
lation,  thougii  usually  attached  by  small  area  only.  (Ireatest  <Iianieter  of  largest 
colony  5.r»  cm.,  least  diameter  3  cm.     (Fig.  24.) 

Unyielding  to  the  toutih;  dark  gray  with  a  slight  olive  tinge;  considerable  sand 
sulhering  to  and  end)edded  in  the  surtlace.  /ooids  (piite  distinctly  visible  on  the 
surface.    Testicular  mass  not  large  in  <iuantity,  the  /ooids  being  rather  crowded, 


ay 


r>» 


H 


'•^'^^'f^i.-'^m-^im'k^mmmHmsf 


•■  iiitwwwuw  •^^mm-^Mmwwmmmm''i.<*f'<:iimm** 


i 
1 

1 

! 
\l\ 

A 

f  ^ 

•2(5 


TIIK    FUK    SEALS    OF    TIIK    I'KIIIILOK    ISLANDS. 


otV  from  oiiu  aiititlier. 


..m.e.v. 


]mrti(!iiliirly  ill  the  larger  <;nloiii(>8.  A  aiirf'ace  laytT  coiisidcnibly  ih'iiser  and  darker 
colored  tliaii  tlu'  deeper  portioii-s.  8uiid  grains  scattered  over  the  siirlace  and  also 
penetrating  the  whole  test  mass.     (Jells  nmiierous  in  the  test,  but  no  vessels. 

XiKthis. — Closely  crowded,  particularly  in  the  larger  coloiiii's,  (|uite  distinctly 
visible  on  the  siirlace  of  the  colony,  each  standing  generally  at  nearly  a  right  angle  to 
the  surface.  Systems  usually  distinct,  number  of  /ooids  in  eiieh  usually  small— (I,  S, 
or  10,  sometimes  more.     Tlu'  three  divisions  of  the  body  distinct,  but  not  constncted 

Length  of  thorax  li  mm.,  length  of  abdomen  .'{  mm.,  of  post 
abdomen  5  to  10  nun.,  de]ieiidiug  on  the  extent  of  develop- 
ment of  the  testis. 

Post  abd<uuen  when  fully  developed  somewhat,  though 
not  greatly,  larger  at  its  posterior  than  at  its  anterior  end. 

(Fig.ur..) 

Month: — Feebly  developed.  Circular  muscle  tibers  almost 
wholly  absent,  they  being  restricted  to  a  few  sciitteiing  ones 
around  the  branchial  siphon.  Longitudinal  tibera  grouped  in 
distinct  bundles,  though  these  not  numerous. 

lirancliial  apparatus. — Branchial  orilictes  easily  recogniz- 
able on  the  surface  of  the  colony  by  the  aid  of  hand  lens, 
though  no  lobes  visible.  Common  atrial  orifices  moderately 
large.  When  removed  from  the  test,  branchial  siphon  found 
to  possess  six  quite  distinct  and  regular  lobes.  Atrial  siphon 
with  a  broad  dorsal  languet,  usually  two-lob(><l,  but  sometimes 
three-lobed.  This  languet  very  variable  in  length,  in  some 
zooids  the  siphon  departing  but  slightly  from  the  normal  six- 
lobed  (rondition. 

Anterior  half  of  the  branchial  sac  usually  considerably 
more  contracted  than  the  posterior  half.  The  globular  gan- 
glion seen  without  ditllculty  when  the  anterior  end  is  exam- 
ined after  having  been  cnt  otf.  Tentacles  apparently  about 
twenty  in  number,  of  ditt'erent  lengths,  about  half  of  them 
being  long  and  stout.  The  circle  situate<l  close  to  the  siphon. 
Branchial  sac  well  developed.  Fifteen  series  of  stigmata 
certainly  i)resent  in  some  individuals,  but  apparently  twelve 
or  thirteen  in  others — possibly  immature  ones.  Interserial 
raus(!le  bands  present;  posterior  end  of  the  endostyle  in  vari- 
ably produced  into  a  U-shaped  loop  in  the  preserved  specimens. 
IHgrstire  tract. — <]<]sophagu8  issuing  irom  the  postero- 
dorsal  angle  of  the  branchial  sac;  form  and  proportions  of 
the  tract  as  a  whole  conforming  closely  to  the  usual  type  for 

the  geuus.    Stomach  somewhat  barrel  shaped,  folded  longitudinally,  bnt  the  folds  are 

irregular  and  are  neither  conspicuous  nor  numerous,  the  number  being  about  seven. 

In  addition  to  the  folds,  or  rather  furrows,  which  never  involve  the  entire  surface, 

there  is  a  tendency  for  the  surface  between  the  furrows  to  become  areolated  iu  many 

specimens.    (Fig.  25.) 

Sexual  organs. — Ovary  immediately  behind  and  in  contact  with  the  intestinal  loop, 

small  in  volume  as  compared  with  the  testis,  which  latter  is  very  large,  it  appearing 

to  constitute  almost  the  whole  of  the  long  post-abdomen. 


-^aairMB.- 


TI'NK'ATA    OK   TFIE    I'RIUILOl'    ISLANDS. 


527 


'iicc  aii«l  also 
NO  Is. 

i'»'  (li.stiiicfly 

'«:lif  iiiijf|((  to 

small— (;,  s, 

<  <'oii.sf,ii(.(e,| 

'"'•■.  «('  J),KSt 
"''  <lt'V<'l()|,. 

■liHt,  thou^li 
iiferior  t'lul. 

l»er.siilni(»8f 

I  «^i<)ii|)(>(I  ill 

'y  M'cojiiiiiz. 
'»"nl  IlMlS, 
JiKMJeiiitely 
plioii  fbiind 
rial  siplio,, 
soiiietinies 
'•>  ill  sonuf 
lonnuJ  six- 

iisiderably 
Imliir  gaii 
<l  is  exain- 
iitJy  about 
i'  of  tlu'iii 
lie  siphon, 
'stigmata 
ly  twelve 
iiterserial 
le  iiivuii- 
)ecimeiKs, 

postero- 
•rtions  of 

type  for 
folds  are 
It  seven, 
surface, 
in  many 

lal  loop, 
peariijg 


Vas  deferens  filled  with  sperm  in  the  s|»e«'imenH  at  hand,  conseiiuently  lar>,'e  and 
eons|)iciioiis;  passes  to  tiie  left  of  the  intestinal  loop.     Nueinbryo.s  seen. 

The  simplicity  of  the  systems  of  /.ooids,  the  twolobed  iitriiil  liin{,niet,  iind  tiie  few 
remote  furrows  in  the  wall  of  the  stonnieh  are  tlu^  most  distinctive  chiiracters  of  this 
species.  In  the  llrst mentioned  particular  it  ajji'ces  more  nearly  with  ,1.  iionlmnni, 
Milne- Kdwards,  than  with  any  other  sp«Ties  of  the  jjenus. 

So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  this  is  the  only  instance  in  the  ^'cnus  in 
which  the  atrial  lan^uut  is  two  lobed,  it  being  in  all  other  species  either  (Uie  or  three 
lobod. 

A  collecticm  contains  a  half  dozen  colonies,  all  from  St.  Paul  Island. 

Amarouciuni  suodgrasBi,  new  Npocics. 

(hncral  charactir  of  the  colonif. — Form  (piite  variable,  but  always  deiiressed  and 
cake  like.  .\rea  of  attachment  considerably  snnillcr  than  the  superior  tree  surface. 
(Ireatest  transverst*  diameter  oria-^est  <'oIony  7  cm.,  greatest  width  .">  cm,  greatest 
thickness  2.H  cm.  Uathcr  soft  and  yielding  to  the  tcuich.  Light  gray  in  color,  except- 
ing where  covered  with  sand,  which  is  quite  abundant  on  some  of  the  colonies.  The 
/.o()i<ls,  indistinctly  seen  on  the 
top  surfa<'e  ol"  the  colonics,  but  dis- 
tinctly visible  on  the  edges,  where 
the  outermost  ones  show  through- 
out their  entire  length,  as  they 
reach  entirely  through  the  thick- 
ness of  the  colony.     (Fig.  --.) 

Text. — Not  in  great  i|uantity, 
there  being  no  central  core  into 
which  the  /ooids  do  not  enter.  A 
few  sand  grains  scattered  through 
entire  mass.  Cells  very  numerous, 
but  no  vessels  or  libers  present. 

Zookh. — Large,  each  reaching 
entirely  through  the  thickness  of 

the  colony;  quite  straight,  and  placed  nearly  at  a  right  angle  to  the  surface  of  the 
colony.  As  .seen  on  a  cut  surface  of  a  vertical  section  of  the  colony,  the  thoracic- 
abdominal  i»orti(ui  distinctly  set  oil'  from  tlie  po.st  abdondnal  portion  by  the  greater 
thickness  of  the  former  and  the  lighter  but  more  opa<]ue  color  of  the  latter.  I'o.st- 
abdomen  joined  to  the  abdomen  by  a  very  long,  sleiuler  pcil  uncle.  Total  length  of 
zooid  from  2  (un.  to  2.5  cm.;  of  this  about  \  or  .5  mm.  are  thorax,  about  an  equal  part 
abdomen,  and  the  remainder — 12  or  15  mm. — post  abdomen.  Systems  not  readily  seen 
either  on  surface  of  colony  or  on  horizontal  sections  of  same;  dissection  discovers 
them  to  be  present,  however,  with  about  8  or  10  zooids  in  each. 

Mantle. — Musculature  not  highly  develoju'd.  Longitudinal  libers,  as  usual,  in 
bands;  circular  fibers  present,  but  confined  to  anterior  half  of  thorax. 

Branchial  apparatus. — liranchial  orifices  found  with  diffuiulty  on  surface  of  colony ; 
common  atrial  openings  (piite  large,  though  (iollapsed  and  not  obvious  until  .searched 
after.  Branchial  siphon  with  six  wide,  well  defined,  though  not  prominent,  lobes. 
Atrial  languet  three  lobed,  at  least  usually,  broad  and  never  very  long.  Anterior  end 
of  thorax  usually  considerably  (-ontracted,  so  that  the  vaiious  (lontained  organs  arc 


I 

Ml 


::9i 


.  rr^^v^9^-ms»-iflff«(y>ir>^^tff:}f  ' 


"»«3Re«Mwwir"  K  ''-^"jidii.-  f.^swrm' 


11 


528 


TFIK    IM:K    SKAI.S    ok    Till",    I'l.'lHll.O!'    ISLANDS. 


m 


Hecii   witli  «lit)iciilt.v.    <iiiii(;lioii  not   HplMMinil,  not  lar^^o.     'r<'ntiii-li>H  not  niiiniToiiH, 
a|>|>Hruntly  iihont  twelve,  prcmMitiiiK  ii  p«M-iiliiir  diHtortt'd,  sin  ivclrd  uppciii  unco,  situ 

ntt'd  vciiy  doHo  around  Mh'  haso  of  tlir  siplion.    (1''!^'.  -•'  A). 
a  ^  ItnuK^liisil  siic<'onMistin;,'ol"aJ»o'it  Iwt'lvf  m'licsot'lon;,',  narrow, 

roKiili'i'  i^tiKinata.     A  wiOl  d('vrlo|i<Ml  innsrlf  ItantI  in  oarli  in 
tcrsorial  Hpacc.    (Kig.  L'.J  l».)    Dorsal  lanpaots  lon;;and  Nl«^nd»'r, 
OIK'  lor  t'acli  sjirics  of  stiynnitii.     Mndttstylo  nearly  HfraJKlit, 
ino«lt>rato  in  six<>. 

IHf/rslin'  trtiii. — (Hsojilnifjus  isHniiifj  from  Mie  Itrain-liiii! 
sar  at  its  posttuo dorsal  an;ilo.  Notiiin;;  rliarnrlcristi**  in  tlii- 
fjencral  form  and  jtroportionsof  tlio  trad  as  a  windc.  Stonnndi 
distinctly  longtM  tlian  broad.  Kolds  of  its  wall  distinct,  about 
six  *>\tondin}i^  tlit*  entire  len}>'tli  of  the  or^an,  ami  in  addition 
two  or  three  sh(»rter  and  nairower  ones  on  omi  side;  in  s<Mn« 
cases  these  stronj^lj'  sufit,'»''<tinjj  the  areolat*  d  condition  ((1^.  -•'). 
liHituni  terminating;  in  a  broad,  trumpet  shaped  anus. 

Se.runlor(jiinn. — Ovary  snuill, situated  in  tlu'  jxist  abdomen, 
u  short  distance  behind  but  not  in  contact  with  the  intestinal  loop.    Testis  occnpyin},' 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  rcmaiuder  of  the  lonjj  po,"t  abdomen.     The  numerous  rather 
small  rej^ular  lobes  are  distiuittly  visible,  those  of  the  anterior 
narrower  ])ortion  of  the  post-abdomen  forming  a  sin},de  r(»woidy 
in  many  speeiniens.     Vas  deferens  conspi«;nous,  passing  to  left 
(»f  intestinal  loo]>.     No  embryos  seen. 

This  species  has  much  in  common  with  A.  ^mhilorcnsc  when 
the  two  are  compared  witli  reference  t.o  the  zooi  Is  only;  though 
from  this  standpoint  they  are  rendered  specifically  quite  distinct 
by  differences  in  size,  in  the  atrial  lauguets,  and  in  the  folds  of 
the  stomach  wall.  Th«i  greatest  dilference  betweyn  them,  how- 
ever, as  will  be  noticed,  is  in  the  general  character  of  the  colony. 
These  species  would  appear  to  be  somewhat  closely  related  to  .1.  23  /3. 

mutahile,  Sars,  though,  as  1  know  this  form  only  bj'  the  llgnres 

and  ])artia]  description  given  by  Uuitfeldt-Kaas,  1S!«>,  I  am  umibh>,  to  make  a  com- 
plete comparison  i)etween  them.  A.  mvtahUc  is,  however,  represented  as  having  a  much 
more  distinctly  .'Mobed  atrial  languet  than  either  of  my  sjtecies, 
and  also  with  bnly  \  furrows  or  folds  in  the  stouat-h.  It  is  there- 
fore well  set  oil"  from  the  present  species.  There  are  about  <S  «!ol- 
onics  of  this  species  in  the  collection,  all  from  Bt.  (ieorge  Island. 

Amaroucium  dubium,  new  HpocicN. 

I  designate  by  this  name  a  species  of  Amaroucium  collected 
by  Mr.  Leonhard  Stejneger  at  Copper  Island  during  his  visit  there 
in  the  summer  of  1897.  There  are  oidy  three  fragments  of  (colonies 
at  hand,  and  as  these  are  considerably  eroded,  apparently  from 
having  been  t«rn  from  their  anchorage  ami  washed  about  by  the 
waves,  and  as  the  zooids  are  all  in  a  state  of  extreme  contraction, 
I  have  hesitated  very  much  about  describing  it  as  a  new  species. 
As,  however,  sutticient  information  concerning,  its  structure  is  obtainable  to  show  it 
to  be  different  from  any  hitherto  described  speciies  of  the  genus,  1  have  concluded 


"■MH 


TITNKATA    OH'   THI'    l'UM«II,OK    ISLANDS. 


639 


"<»f    lllltlMM'OIIH, 
•IMMIiincc.  sjlli 

'•  (Tiy.  L';i  A). 
''"'<•">:,  imriow, 
'"•I  in  <'iic|,  i„. 

'«-fllhl.slHIMl»T, 

'•filly  Nfnii^riit, 

"'•'     IXllllcllijil 

l«'ii.sfic  in  f|„. 

•'<'.    H(<Mi,ac|i 

i>*fiiirt„  iil.oiit 
"'  ill  ixMifioii 
Mill*';  ill  sdiue 

if  ion  (();,'.  L'.'{). 
iiniis. 

»<'sf,  iilMlonHMl, 

'isor(!ii|).viriu- 
"'ions  iiiMm.|. 


If3. 

IfllvC    Jl  coiii- 

vin^iiMiMrli 

"ly  .S|H'(!i(,,s, 

't  isMiero- 
iboiit  .S  col- 
'I'go  Jsliuid. 

»  colIc('te(i 
visit  tliero 
of  (folonios 
"ii'ly  from 
f^ut  by  the 
'"traction, 
w  species, 
o  sliow  it 

BOIK'IluIed 


tliat  a  (Inscription  of  it  would  Ix*.  jiistillai>l»,  uvuii  tiioiiKh  this  niiiHt  l>c  more  or  Iuhh 
ihcoinplute. 

(lenvrul  vharnetvr  of  the  eolon)/, — Ap|)arontly  Hat  and  incruMtinK.  Specimens  at 
Intnd  ch)scly  adiicrent  to  and  somcwiiat  interwoven  witii  iaininaria  roots.  Qnit«-  dense 
to  tiic  touch;  a  coiisidcraldc  ({iiantity  of  sand  imbedded  in  portions  «>f  tin'  test;  tliis 
rallier  more  al)nndant  in  tiie  deeper  parts  tinin  on  tlie  surface.  (Ireatest  diinension 
of  largest  piece  •'<  em.,  average  tiu(;i{ness  alioiit  I  cm.  Color  grayish  white;  in  portions 
where  sand  is  absent  somewhat  opah>.scent,  so  that  the  /ooids  can  be  .seen  through  the 
test  with  some  distinctiu'ss. 

Zooiils;  (jinirnl  vliaracterx. — I*robably  arranged  in  systems,  each  containing  but 
comparatively  few  individuals;  but  the  specinn>ns  at  hand  do  not  permit  of  certainty 
on  tins  point.  Moileratcly  numerous,  rather  irregularly  distributed,  tlieie  b«-ing*^on- 
siderabh^  areas  of  test  winch  contain  none  at  all.  I'laeed  at  various  angles  to  thesur- 
fa(re  of  the  colony,  itemoved  from  the  test  with  much  tlitllculty.  All  in  condition  <d' 
extreme  contraction.  Owing  to  this  fact  and  the  well-nigh  impossibility  of  removing 
them  complete  from  the  test,  the  h^ngth  of  the  individuals  can  not  be  determined  with 
any  a<'i'uracy,  but  this  not  more  than  a  few  millimeters — 1  or  .'>.  Thickness  consider- 
able as  compan^d  with  length,  even  after  contraction  is  taken  into  consideration. 
Regions  of  the  body  very  indistinct.  Post ;,'  lonicn  api)arently  about  as  long  as 
combined  thorax  and  abdomen;  broad  at  its  origin,  and  tapering  ra|)idly  ba(d{  to  its 
termination. 

Uninrhittl  (i)titar(ttits. — Little  inform,  lion  obtainable  concerning  the  orillces. 
Hrumthial  sijthon  short,  its  5  htbes  web  marked,  luoVably  in  living  sjjecimens  (|uite 
l>ng.  Atrial  siphon  incon8picuou.s,  with  a  wide,  .short  languet,  apparently  having  but 
one  lobe.  Thorax  very  den.sc,owing  in  co!i  .derabic  degree  to  the  large  tiuantity  of 
mesen<-hymatous  tissue  and  the  thicknesb  of  the  epithelial  layer  of  the  mantle;  for  in 
spite  of  the  extreme  state  of  contraction  the  niu.sculature  is  n«.i,  developed  to  an 
nnnsual  extent. 

As  nearly  as  can  bo  determined  the  branchial  sac  contains  about  10  series  of 
stigmata. 

Dlgi'Htire  tract. — Intestinal  loop  very  short,  indistinguishable  in  its  several  parts 
excepting  the  stonuudi  and  rectum,  the  latter  being  very  wide  and  filled  with  daHi 
brown  Caecial  matter  not  formed  into  pellets.  Stomach  somewhat  broader  than  long. 
Walls  longitudinally  ridged  on  the  inner  surface,  though  the  ri«lges  are  not  always 
regular  and  parallel.    Apparently  about  10  or  12  in  number. 

ReprndnHive  organn. — Ovary  forming  a  compact  mass  situated  some  distance 
behind  tlu^  intestiiuil  loop.  Not  large,  so  thoroughly  embedded  in  the  mesenchy- 
matous  tissue  (?) — food  yolk — contained  in  the  post-abdomen  that  it  is  found  with 
difiiculty.  Testis  not  distinctly  lobed,  but  large  and  massive,  occupying  most  of  the 
post-abdomen. 

Embryos  pre.sent  in  the  atrial  chamber  of  a  fviw  z(K)ida. 

It  is  possible  that  careful  study  of  more  material  of  this  sjiecies  will  prove  there 
are  in  reality  two  species  represented  here,  distinguished  by  ditf'crence  in  size  of  /ooids, 
form  of  p()st-abdomen.s,  ridges  in  the  wall  of  stomoiths,  and  perha])s  in  some  other  i)ar- 
ticulars.  liut  with  the  small  number  of  s])ecimens  now  available  for  examinatiou  it 
is  impossible  to  diftereutiate  two  such  species  with  any  satisfaction. 
5947_PT  3 34 


i-^«*«»r  jt-»*r!i>'sa 


^SWwaB»i«»^r«;-j,r^5p,j  ^^■M|H•W 


^1 


530 


THE    FUR   SEALS   OF   THE    PRIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


2i. 


Synoicum  irregulare,  now  spocioH. 

General  eliararter  of  the  colony. — lu  all  cases  distinctly  lobed,  but  tbe  lobes  very 
variable  in  si/e  and  sbape.  In  some  instances  they  are  separate  almost  to  tbc  base 
of  the  colony,  while  in  others  the  upper  half  or  even  less  of  the  entire  length  of  the 
lobe  is  free  froi.i  th«^  common  basal  mass.  Some  of  the  lobes  decidedly  enlarged  at 
the  summit,  others  not  so.  An  occasional  lobe  stands  out  at 
nearly  a  right  angle  to  those  with  which  it  is  in  chtsest  relation. 
Ifarely  any  free  si)aces  between  the  free  portions  of  the  lobes. 
No  longitudinal  furrows  on  the  lobes  marking  the  intervals  be- 
tween the  /ooids,  though  the  zooids  quite  clearly  visible  through 
the  test  on  the  sides  of  the  lobes  Siirface  of  the  test  at  the 
bases  of  the  lobes  and  of  the  basal  undivided  mass  often  shows 
well-marked  transverse  corrugations  (lig.  26).  Color  of  the  lobes 
milk  white;  of  the  basal  portions  grayish.  This  appears  to  be 
the  predominating  color  characterization,  but. some  «!olonies  gray 
throughout.  Very  little  sand  or  other  foreign  substance  on  the 
surface.  Test  relatively  large  in  (piantity,  semicartilagenous,  no  distinct  surface  layer. 
Cells  very  numerous.  Basal  portions  traversed  by  a  few  vessels.  Height  of  largest 
colony,  ■>  cm.;  length  of  longest  lobe  in  this  colony,  17  mm.; 
thickness  of  base  of  this  lobe,  8  mm.;  thickness  of  summit 
of  same  lobe,  1.'5  mm.  These  values  would  not  appear  to  be 
greatly  above  the  a\  erage. 

Zooids. — From  two  or  three  to  eight  or  ten  in  each  lobe. 
Not  visible  on  the  summit  of  the  lobes  in  any  ot  the  speci- 
mens at  hand,  but  quite  distinctly  so  on  the  sides  of  the  lobes 
in  s(mie  «'oh»nies.  Of  large  size,  always  at  least  as  long  as 
the  lobes  of  the  colony,  usually  extending  to  very  near  the 
base  of  the  colony.  Average  length  about  17  mm.  Of  this, 
(HMisiderably  more  than  half  is  post-abdomen.  Thorax  rela- 
tively very  short  in  all  specitnens  at  hand,  but  tliis  largely 
due  to  great  contraiition.  Post-abdomen  not  pedunculated 
(tig.  28).  Condition  as  to  systems  in  doubt.  Apparently  a 
common  cloaca  not  usually  present,  but  material  at  hand 
does  not  permit  tinal  determination  of  the  point. 

In  some  colonies  zooids  in  a  peculiar  state  of  disorganiza- 
tion.   (This  subject  more  fully  treated  in  another  connection.) 
Musculature  ccnisisting  almost  exclusively  of  longitudi- 
nal libers;  these  notdis])osed  in  bundles  to  the  usual  extent 
in  compound  ascidians. 

Branehial  apparatus. — Neither  of  the  oritices  found  with 
certainty  on  the  surface  of  the  colony  in  any  of  the  speci- 
mens at  hand.  In  the  few  colonies  in  which  the  thorax  is 
present  at  all,  so  much  contracted  and  so  thick  walled  that 

its  structure  could  be  but  imperfectly  determined.  Hrauchial  8ip!n)n  six-lobed;  these 
thick  and  rather  obscure.  Atrial  oritice  obsi^urely  unequally  lobed.  A  short  and 
thi(;k  atrial  languet  present;  its  lobulation  not  determined.  Tentacles  not  large  or 
numerous,  of  unequal  sizes. 


TUNICATA    OF   THE    I'KIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


531 


lobes  very 
to  the  base 
igth  of  tlie 

niarged  at 
lids  out  lit 
at  relation. 

the  lobes, 
tervals  bo- 
>le  tliroii<i4'li 
tent  at  the 
fteii  shows 
'"  Mie  lobes 
lears  in  be 
oiiicsfriiiy 
"<!«  on  file 
*'a(;e  layer, 
of  larj^est 


:sr. 


;  these 
)rt  and 
irge  or 


27. 


At  least  17  series  of  stigmata,  the  individual  stigmata  exceedingly  small  and 
obscure,  though  the  series  fairly  well  marked  by  the  heavy  muscle  band  in  each  inter- 
stiginatic  space.  This  muscle  band  as  broad  as,  or  broader  than,  the  stigiiiatic  area 
(fig.  28,  VI.  ('.  r). 

Bndostyle  broad,  not  greatly  tortuous.  No  information  concerning  the  dorsal 
languets. 

IHyvniire  apparatus. — Loop  rather  wide,  not  twisted,  ])arti(nilai'ly  characterized 
by  the  great  thickness  of  the  rectal  limb. 

(Esophagus  except icmally  broad,  particularly  at  its  mouth;  much  narrower  at  its 
entraiu^e  into  the  stomach.  Stomach  apparently  nearly  spherical  in  its  normal  tot  mi, 
but  usually  broader  than  long  in  preserved  specimens.  Its  entire  wall  <rovered  with 
small,  rather  uniform,  thickened  patches  or  areolations  (tig.  28).  Length  of  the  loop 
behind  the  stomach  considerably  greater  than  combined  length  of  (esophagus  and 
stomach.  Rectal  portion  of  intestine  greatly  enlarged  in  most  specimens.  It  reatthes 
the  dorsal  side  of  the  branchial  sac  by  turning  at  a  short  angle  immediately  beliini' 
the  sac. 

licproduvUve  onjans. — Situated  in  the  long,  broad  post-abdomen.    Ovary  in  the 
form  of  a  long,  narrow  band  [ilaced  at  one  side  of  the  postabdoiiieii  (tig.  Ii8,  «/•.),  the 
ova  distinctly  amoeboid,  and  without  recognizable  follicular  epithelium  or  "test''  cells. 
No  oviduct  observed.    Testis  distinguished  with  ditliculty  (excepting 
when  containing  ripe  sperm)  from  the  great  mass  of  mesenchymatous 
material  by  which  the  post-abdomen  is  tilled.    Vas  deferens  not  seen. 
Embryos  develoji  in  jiackages  in  cavities  of  the  test  (tig,  27).    No  bud- 
ding seen. 

(See  end  of  paper  for  account  of  sexual  reproduction  of  this  si)ecie8.) 

This  species  is  certainly  closely  related  to  S.  timiom  Phipps,  and 
at  first  I  was  much  inclined  to  consider  it  to  be  identical  with  rhat  spe- 
cies. There  seem,  however,  to  be  several  points  of  ditl'erence  between 
them  so  iionsiderable  as  to  make  it  necessary  to  regard  them  as  distinct  species. 

In  the  tirst  place  8.  timjenN  as  tigured  by  both  Savigny,  181(}  (IM.  HI.  tig.  .{).  and 
Sara  (see  Honnevie,  1800,  p.  12,  and  PI.  IV,  lig.  30),  has  the  lobes  in  general  much 
more  separate  than  is  the  case  in  iS'.  irrcgulare.  And  in  his  description  Savigny 
speaks  of  the  systems  as  being  in  the  form  of  solid  cylinders  "  isolated  or  associated  by 
their  peduncles."  Again,  our  species  shows  no  trace  of  the  channels  on  the  surface  of 
the  lobes  marking  the  intervals  iietweeu  the  zooids,  such  as  are  described  and  tigured 
by  Savigny  in  S.  tun/em.  The  systems  and  common  uloacal  oritices  of  S.  furnnis  are, 
according  to  the  authors  already  mentioned,  very  distinct,  while  in  S.  irrcgulare,  as  will 
be  noted  from  my  description,  there  is  much  doubt  about  their  being  present  at  all. 

As  com-erns  the  /ooids,  it  would  appear  that  the  two  forms  agree  very  closely, 
though  it  is  hardly  possible  that  the  branchial  sac  of  S.  tiirffcns  could  be  so  closely 
contracted,  and  the  stigmata  thereby  so  greatly  obscured,  as  is  the  case  ir.  all  the 
material  of  (S.  irretjulare  at  my  disposal,  without  having  been  mentioned  by  Savigny. 

From  »S'.  inerustatum,  Sars,  Huitfeldt-Kaas,  1890,  the  only  other  species  of  the 
genus,  the  present  species  differs  so  markedly  that  a  detailed  contrast  between  them 
would  be  superfluous. 

The  collection  contains  about  a  dozen  colonies  and  pieces  of  colonies  of  this  most 
interesting  ascidiau,  all,  so  far  as  my  information  goes,  from  St.  Paul  Island. 


^n;, 


m 


■mv*   ■  W  Ul 


THK    KIR    SKALS    OF    THK    PUIHU.OK    ISLANDS. 


N 


Hotli  Synoicum  imgulnrc  am}  7\)/j/( /»««»»  ;)rtM»<>s«)M  presont  infoivstiiig  coiulifions 
in  coniuvtioii  with  tlioir  soxnsil  reproduction.     1  <losoril)0  that  sliown  hy  tlic  Ihst 
iii»nio<1  s]>ooi«'s  tnily.     rntortuni»t4>ly.  howover.  t)io  oollootioii  doos  not  «>ontain  sutVu'i«Mit 
spooinions  to  onabh^  nu'  to  ni!»ko  tho  account  as  full  as  niinlit  bo  dosirod. 

In  tho  lornial  description  of  tho  spocios  1  liavo  i)oint«Hl  out  that  tho  thorax  is 
very  small  rdativoly.  and  is  much  «>ontractod  and  so  dense  and  opaque  as  to  make  it 
inii>ossiblc  to  disiinjiuish  the  branchial  sac  with  any  clearness.  This  is  the  condition 
in  all  the  colonics  at  hand  in  which  the  thorax  of  the  zooids  is  Amnd  at  all.  Ibit  in 
niost  of  the  colonies  a  }>roat  jiroportion  of  tho  /ooids  are  wholly  without  tln^  thorax. 
It  fre(iuently  hapi>ens  that,  althoujih  tho  lobes  of  tho  colonies  are  of  nearly  normal 
size,  tho  upper  half  or  more  of  some  of  them  may  contain  no  /ooids  or  i>artsof  xooids. 
and  the  tost  may  bo  entirely  solid,  i.  o..  withoilt  cavities  such  as  are  usuallx  tbnnd  in 
preserved  specimiMis  of  compound  ascidians  in  which  tho  /(loids  have  withdrawn 
ni>on  killinji:  into  tho  deeper  jtorlitms  of  the  test.  This  condition  is  the  result  of 
do};eneration  of  the  /ooids,  or  at  least  their  anterior  portions.  Post  abdonu^iis  alone 
are  found  in  j;rcat  nun\bcrs  in  such  colonies.  Froipiontly  these  do  not  ditlcr  in  any 
respect,  either  in  t'orni.  size,  or  composition,  from  others  that  are  still  connected  with 
branchial  sacs.  I  have  not  bwn  able  to  follow  tho  process  of  disappearance,  either 
of  tho  thorax  or  of  the  soliditicatioi\  of  the  test  in  tho  i>arts  of  tho  lobes  containini; 
no  /.ooids.  If  is  very  jiossiblo  that  the  condition  of  the  tlnn'ax  as  1  have  described  it 
is  not  tyi>i<"al  for  tho  species,  but  is  a  result  of  the  rotrofjrossive  process  havinji^  alivatly 
sot  i',!.  Of  this,  however.  1  have  no  certain  i>roof.  I'xamination  of  the  free  post- 
abdomens  shows  them  to  be  densely  tilled  with  a  material  that  is  for  the  most  i>art 
nmlonbtedly  of  the  nature  of  food  yolk.  This  does  not  differ  in  any  essential  i)arfic 
ular  from  the  tood  material  that  is  tonnd  in  many  «'om]>onnd  ascidians.  When  fully 
elaborated  it  consists  of  an  enormous  nnndtor  of  snnill  j;ranules,  very  r(>,t;ular  in  si/o. 
form,  and  t>ptical  pn»porties.  They  are  abnost  porf«'ctly  spherical  and  are  hiyhlv 
refractive,  and  ]>ossess  a  slightly  yellowisli  tinjje. 

In  many  s]H>cies  those  jirani\los  can  be  easily  swn  to  bo  contained  in  th(>  meson- 
ohymatous  colls,  but  here  no  evidence  of  cell  .structure  in  connection  with  them  can 
bo  made  out  in  most  cases.  It  is  ]>robable  that  tho  cell  substance  has  become  wholly 
converted  into  the  j;raindcs.  lluniiih  Just  how  the  thing  is  acc<nnplishcd  is  ti(>t  clear, 
.since  the  bodies  into  which  tho  granules  are  a.i;>;ro};at«Hl  are  much  larger  than  the 
individual  mesenchyme  or  body  substance  cells  over  are.  and  at  tho  sanu>  time  they 
appear  to  be  too  doCinito  and  constant  in  form  to  i»crmit,  without  nnnh  nnsgiving.  the 
sn|»position  that  they  arc  torincd  froni  the  running  together  of  sovcd  cells.  Their 
form  approaches  spherical  in  almost  all  cases  where  they  are  not  nmlor  extormd  pres- 
sure tVom  some  cause.  Many  of  them  reach  a  diameter  of  ■l.T  or  .^O  u,  while  their  aver 
age  size  would  probably  bo  about  M  it.  rnmi  their  form  and  behavior  under  ju'cssuro 
c.f  the  cover  slip,  and  ft'om  what  is  known  of  tho  similar  Ixnlios  in  other  species,  it  is 
(piite  certain  that  each  one  p(»s,so.sses  an  e\ee«'dingly  thin  nn>mbranc.  Hut  this  is 
ditlicnlt  to  )>rovo  diicetly.  In  most,  it  not  in  all  (»f  these  tree  )vost -abdomens  jxu'titms 
of  the  mantle  containing  tho  characteristic  muscle  libers  ami  epithelial  cells  are 
present,  and  also  the  heart  and  tho  epicardiac  tubes  may  fi"«vpn>iitl\  be  found. 

Hut  tho  nn)st  interesting  facts  in  connection  with  them  relate  to  the  sexual  cells 
and  their  development.  In  many  of  the  abdomens,  ]>articularly  those  that  arc  least 
change<l  in  form  and  structun*,  tho  baiui  sha|>ed  ovary  is  f<nind  to  differ  in  no  rosi)ect 


TUNIOATA    OF   THK    rRllUl.OK    ISI,ANl»S. 


533 


•«  ooiidifioiis 
'>,v  tlu'  rtrst- 
ain  suftii'itMif 

ln'  lliorax  is 
IS  I<>  inak.>  il 
lio  <'oii(Jitioii 

all.  Uni  in 
'  tlx'  flioiax. 
'■■nly  iioniiiil 

Isol'  zodids. 
'Ily  (omid  ill 

«itli«lrii\vii 
li<>  rosiiit   of 
i>m«'iis  alono 
Jillor  in  any 
•n'l'fod  with 
aii<'(\  oidior 
•  <<>ntainin,i;' 
<loscril>«>(l  if 
injialivady 
'  tvoo  i>ost- 
o  most  jiart 
itial  partic- 
WluMl  fully 
iiJar  in  si/o. 
ar«'  liif^Iily 

tlio  inoson- 
li  flu'in  can 
inno  \vli(>lly 
<  inW  <I(>ar. 
'r  tiian  tlio 
'  lime  tlM>y 
siivinj;.  tho 
Us.    Their 
«MnaI  pros. 
(luMr  avor- 
'r  )>r<'ssuro 
>ooi(>s.  it  is 
<nf  tin's  is 
IS  Jtortions 

<'«^IIs  aro 

Ml. 

'xnal  cells 
t  an<  least 
110  respeot 


tronHli(>  condition  wliicli  it  ]m'sents  in  onliiiary  normal  zooids.  (Kif;. 'JS.  or.^  Tlieova, 
however,  many  oC  1  hem  at  least,  are  distinctly  amoeboid,  andatno  period  of  1  heir  exist 
eni'<>are  (hi\\  «>nveloped  by  either  a  foUieidar  ej)ithelium  or  "lest  "  <  «'lls  JM.  I  A\  \  \  I. 
Wffs,  '2W  2!V\'J!>".^  The  absence  of  tl\es(>  two  layers,  the  latter  of  which  in  jtarticnlat 
is  so  charaeterisfic  of  the  (nnieate  ovum,  is  notew<nthy.  !  know  of  no  other  instance 
of  the  kind  in  the  {jronp.  Tills  ]>ecnliarity  of  the  indivitlnal  ova  jiives  an  apjiearance 
to  the  ovary  as  a  whole  strikingly  ditVerent  from  that  of  the  ordinal  \  oxary  of  these 
animals.  The  ova  are  very  closely  i>acked  tojjether.  and  the  i>sc>idopodia  like  proc- 
esses, in  some  instances  quite  loiifj  and  narrow,  lock  tojjcthcr  and  overlai>  in  an 
intricate  way;  and  as  the  «'ytoplasui  is  «iuite  homogeneous  and  lefractile,  itariicularly 
in  the  smaller  and  middle  sized  ova.  the  ai>pearance  is,  as  remarked  abo\<'.  striking. 
Whether  <ir  not  this  amoeboid  condition  prevails  before  the  abdomen  is  separatc^l  from 
tiie  rest  of  the  zooid,  I  do  not  know;  but  in  all  probability  il  docs,  since  the  smaller 
ova  of  the  severed  abdomens  show  it  to  almost  as  great  a  degree  as  «h>  the  larger 
ones.  The  character  is.  however,  wholly  lost  before  maturation  takes  i>lac«'.  At 
least  this  is  the  case  so  far  a.s  my  observations  have  gone.  1  have  found  a  few  ova, 
one  of  which  is  shown  in  V\.  I,\  XN  VI,  tig.  ;<(>.  that  are  perfectly  splxMical.  and  as  the 
cytoidasm  of  these  is  entirely  filled  with  food  granules,  1  assume  that  they  are  nearly 
ready  to  undergo  the  maturaticm  changes. 

In  addition  to  the  amoeboid  form  of  the  ova,  they  show  the  sare  nature  to  a  still 
greater  extent  in  Wwxr  poirrr  of  iufiosiintj  oibrr  cills.  Figs. '_'!»  and  I'lV'tPl.  l-WNVI) 
illustrate  this.  That  the  small  cells  are  actually  contained  in  the  cytoplasm  of  t'le  ova, 
and  are  not  merely  situated  (Ui  the aurfaee,  may  be  shown  conclusively  by  isolating  the 
ova  and  so  manipulating  the  cover  slij*  as  to  cause  them  to  swim  about  ami  turn  over  in 
tlie  lluid  in  which  they  are  contained.  Such  ova  as  the  (Uics  tigund.  showing  the  cells 
in  various  stages  of  penetration  and  disintegration,  are  very  abundant.  Ova  are  easily 
found  in  which  as  many  as  five  or  six  of  the  ingested  cells  may  be  seen. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  satisfy  myself  as  to  the  nature  of  thes<>  cells.  Such 
iu.stances  as  that  shown  at  <i,  fig.  if'.V'.  where  the  cell  is  only  embedded  in  the  surface 
of  the  ovum,  gives  rise  to  the  suspicion  that  they  represent  either  the  t'ollicular 
epithelial  cells  or  the  "  test  "  cells,  characteristic  ol  the  ova  of  tunicales,  They  may 
also,  at  least  in  some  ea.scs,  be  vi>ry  young  ova.  Indeed  it  is  highly  pi-obable  that 
many  of  the  oro  orr  rotustniivil  hy  their  (^mipnnton^,  for  verinin  it  is  Ihol  only  o  smoll 
friK'lion  of  1hf  rntirf  numhir  lonttiin.J  in  «»m  oiniy  rm-  lirrrlop  inio  rmhryos.  I  ha\e 
.said  that  the  cytoplasm  of  the  smaller  and  middle  si/ed  ova  is  ipiitc  homogeneous 
and  rcfraetilc.  and  also  thet  in  the  older  ones  it  is  filled  with  food  granules.  Thcso 
granules  in  such  an  ovum  astheone  .shown  in  tig.  .'?<t.  for  example,  arc  not  recognizably 
difi'crent  from  those  alreatly  described  as  constituting  most  of  the  bulk  of  the  large 
bodies  which  I  have  said  fill  the  post  abdomen,  ami  which  are  in  all  prol>ability  yolk- 
laden  mesenehyine  cells. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  the  yolk  granules  s<'rv»>  jis  nutrinu'nt  f<n' the  growing 
ova  and  enduyos.  as  do  the  ingested  young  ova  and  "test"  cells  (  f».  It  is  true  I  have 
not  been  able  to  actually  observt'  the  ingestion  of  the  granules  by  the  ova.  but  tho 
tact  that  they  have  wholly  disappeareil  from  tlu>  cavities  in  which  the  embryos  are 
situated  by  the  time  the  fully  develoi>ed  tadpole  stage  is  reached  hardly  admits  of 
any  other  explanation.  My  failure  to  observe  the  ingestitui  of  the  granules  by  the 
gn>wing  ova  may  l>e  tlu"  to  tho  fact  that  the  i»n>ce*s  actually  docs  not  begin  until  a 


'i- 
■«■. 


I: 


;;  . 


■^m>mw]mmm>tC^:>^mSm 


11 

ill 


■il 


i|: 


^11 


534 


THE   FUR    SEALS    OF   THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


comparatively  late  stage  in  the  growth  of  the  latter.  If  such  be  the  case,  it  is  probably 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  young  ova  and  the  "test"  and  follicular  epithelial  cells 
furnish  a  more  accessible  and  an  ample  food  supply  for  the  ova  during  the  early- 
stages  of  their  growth.  This  would  result  not  only  from  the  fa<!t  tliat  the  ova  are 
held  in  the  ovary  for  a  time,  but  also  from  the  further  fact  that  the  niiisses  of  yolk 
granules  are,  as  already  pointed  out,  enveloped  by  a  membrane  at  the  time  when  the 
post-abdomen  is  sot  free  from  the  /.ooid. 

It  is  worthy  of  special  notice  in  this  connection  that  at  no  time  in  the  career  of 
the  growing  ovarian  ova  are  there,  so  far  as  my  observations  have  gone,  any  indica- 
tions of  amoeboid  or  other  changes  in  their  nuclei.  As  is  seen  by  refen^nce  to  liguro 
30,  V\.  LXXXVI,  the  germinativo  vesicle  presents  in  each  ctvuni  the  familiar  charac- 
teristics of  this  body  in  ovarian  ova,  and  this  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the 
ova  ai'e  acitively  ingesting  and  presunnibly  digesting  also. 

The  embryonic  stages  which  I  have  observed  are  the  early  cleavage  stages 
(1*1.  LXXXVI,  fig..'il);  late  morula  and  early  gas tru la  stages  (Hg.  .Si');  tally  devclojted 
tadpoles,  and  tiidpoles  in  whi<',h  the  ntetamorphosis  is  well  advanced  (tig.  ;{.'{).  I 
describe  the  last  two  of  these  first.  On  making  a  section  of  the  lobes  of  several  of  the 
(!()lonies,  jiackets  of  bodies,  a  few  of  which  are  shown  in  figure  27,  are  found  embedded 
in  the  semi  cartilaginous  test.  Cursory  examination  proves  the  bodies  to  be  embryos 
in  vaiions  stages  of  development.  In  one  capsule,  almost  perfei^tly  spherical, .'?  mm.  in 
diameter,  were  (!ontained  13  embryos;  in  another,  3.;>  mm.  in  diameter,  were  l(i 
embryos.  Others  examined  contained  fewer  than  the  first  mentioned,  but  none  more 
than  tlie  last.  The  embryos  are  very  loosely  packed  together  in  the  capsule,  an<l  tliey 
constitute  its  entire  contents,  so  that  after  they  are  picked  ont  the  capsule  is  entirely 
empty  and  its  interior. is  almost  as  regular  and  smooth  as  that  of  a  bullet  mold. 
The  capsules  are  perfectly  closed  at  all  points.  Concerning  the  embryos  themselves, 
not  much  need  be  said.  Figure  33  shows  one  in  which  the  metamorphosis  is  well 
advanced. 

The  structural  fact  of  most  interest  in  connection  with  the  full-grown  embryos  is 
the  thickness  and  the  composition  of  their  own  test.  A  general  idea  of  this  is  givei. 
by  figure  33  ts  (PI.  LXXXVI),  and  a  more  detailed  represeutation  is  sliown  by  fign- 
34.  The  interest  that  attaches  to  this  point  lies  in  the  probable  fact  that  some  of  tn 
elements  contained  in  the  test  are  unconsumed  remnants  of  the  extra  ovarian  portion, 
of  the  i)ost  abdomens  of  the  parent  zooids.  There  can  be  s(!arcely  a  doubt  that  such 
is  the  nature  of  the  bodies  shown  at  y%  figure  34.  These  have  the  form,  size,  and 
compo.sition  of  many  of  the  masses  of  yolk  granules  already  described  as  constituting 
so  large  a  i)art  of  the  bulk  of  the  recently  severed  post-abdomen.  In  another  part  of 
the  test  of  the  same  embryo  there  occurred  a  considerable  number  of  fibers  (Tl. 
LXXXVI,  fig.  34  wj.  /.)  which  so  strongly  resembled  the  ordinary  muscle  fibeis  of  tlui 
mantle  of  the  adult  that  I  should  not  have  thought  of  (luostioning  their  nature  but  for 
the  remarkable  position  occui)ied  by  them.  Strnctures  more  or  less  similar  both  to  the 
mas,ses  and  the  fibers  are  very  common  in  almost  every  embryo.  Most  of  these  <!ertainly 
belong  to  the  test  of  the  embryo  itself,  and  are  of  course  the  same  as  those  similarly 
situated  in  the  embryos  of  all  tunicates.  But  the  number  is  here  unusually  large,  and 
when  this  circumstance  is  considered  along  with  that  of  the  structure  of  the  ones 
described  above,  it  appears  almost  certain  that,  as  already  said,  .some  of  the  various 
bodies  contained  in  the  test  of  the  embryos  are  remnants  of  the  parent  zooids.    Whether 


TUNICATA   OP   THE   PRIBILOP   ISLANDS. 


535 


fc  is  probably 
thelial  cellH 
H  tlie  ciirly 
tlie  ova  iiie 
sses  of  yolk 
lie  when  tb« 

lie  career  of 
iiiiy  indica- 
H!c  to  tigma 
liar  charac- 
let  tliat  tli(* 

ii«e  stiifffs 
y'  «levclo|»e(l 
:'i^'.  ;{■■{).     I 

veral  of  tlic 
1  einbodded 
be  embryos 
fil,.$  mm.  ill 

',   Merc,   Hi 

Jioiio  iiion* 
e,  and  Micy 
»  is  entirely 
ullot  moid, 
ilicmsi'lves, 
osis  is  well 

embryos  is 
lis  is  {>ive!. 
"  ^y  liffH' 
OHIO  of  tii 
"I  ixntion, 
t  that  8ii(!h 
}  size,  and 
iiistitntiiifj 
her  part  of 
fibers  (PI. 
bersof  lh(« 
ire  but  for 
•oth  to  the 
P certainly 
I  similarly 
liirife,  and 
■  the  ones 
le  various 
Whether 


or  not  this  would  signify  that  the  test  of  the  embryo  serves  in  any  way  as  a  medium  of 
nutrition  T  do  not  know.  The  more  fact  of  the  presence  in  the  test  of  parental  sab- 
stance  that  might  be  used  for  food  by  the  embryo  would  not  prove  that  it  actually  is 
so  used.  Hoth  the  fibers  and  the  bodies  which  I  have  describc«l  and  figured  are,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  either  imbedded  in  or  only  slightly  beneath  the  surface  of  the  embry- 
onic test,  and  their  i)re8ence  there  may  signify  no  more,  so  far  as  the  nutrition  of  the 
embryo  is  concerned,  than  do  the  great  variety  of  foreign  bodies  that  may  be  found 
imliedded  in  the  test  of  almost  all  tunicates.  Nevertheless,  the  facts  as  presented 
do  undoubtedly  raise  this  very  interesting  question,  and  there  is  certainly  some  ground 
ft»r  suspecting  that  the  test  in  these  embryos  does  actually  play  a  part  in  the  nutritive 
function. 

All  the  developmental  stages  that  1  have  found  earlier  than  the  tadpole  were 
contained  in  a  single  post-abdomen.  This  had  evidently  been  ([iiite  recently  set  free 
from  the  zooid,  since  it  still  retained  nearly  its  I'sual  f<»rm  and  size.  It  was  4  mm.  long 
ami  (luite  narrow  as  compared  with  the  almost  perfectly  8[)herical  shape  assiuned  at 
a  later  time. 

It  only  remains  to  say  a  few  words  about  the  fertilization  of  the  ova.  I  have 
found  fully  developed  spermatozoa  in  several  postabdoiiiens,  but  not  in  any  of  those 
containing  embryos.  I  have,  however,  seen  so  few  post-abdoinens  with  embryos  in 
the  early  stages  of  development  that  I  would  not  venture  to  conclude  that  the  same 
individuals  never  do  contain  both  ripe  sperm  and  ova  at  the  same  time,  and  hence 
that  self-fertilization  does  not  take  place.  In  fact  it  appears  exceedingly  probable 
that  this  is  the  method  of  fertilization.  Certain  it  is  that  ripe  sperm  and  well 
developed  ovarian  ova  occur  together  in  the  same  abdomen,  and  it  is  difiicult  to 
«!oiiccive  either  that  self-fertilization  would  be  avoided  in  such  cases,  or  how  it  could 
be  accomplished  in  any  other  way  after  the  post-abdomens  have  become  set  free  and 
fully  and  deeply  imbedded,  as  they  do,  in  the  hard  test  of  the  colony. 

Ill  conclusion,  I  must  express  my  regrets  that  I  have  not  sufiicient  material  to 
make  possible  a  fuller  account  of  the  interesting  proi^esses  here  seen  in  outline  only. 
The  facts  are  sufficient,  however,  to  render  this  outline  quite  distinct,  and  we  may 
hope  that  opportunity  will  come  before  many  years  to  till  in  more  of  the  details. 

Berkeley,  February  17, 1898. 


KiK.  \. 
Kig.  •-'. 

Fi«.  15. 
Fig.  4. 

PiK-  •">• 
Fig.  (i. 
Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


Figs.  !» 
Fig.  II, 
Fig.  12 


EXPLANATION  OF  FIGURES. 

Thndrodoa  tiiherculala,  iiiitiiral  Hizc, 

Tim  l)rani'hial  luul  atrial  orifices  of  /*.  luhercalala,  with  tlioir  lidjari'iit  iiurts,  si'i'u  from  the 

iuHiiit^. 
Tbe  left  halt  of  the  branchial  sac  of  IK  liibervulaln,  seen  iVoiii  tho  insidu. 
Small  portion  of  the  branchial  sac  of  IK  liilwrculata,  from  the  insido. 
The  ovary,  in  place  on  the  mantle,  of  I).  Iiiheronlalii. 
(ibiicral  view  of  /*.  nuhpedunciilata,  natural  si/e. 
A  group  of  eleven  individuals  of  />.  siihpedunculala  attachiMl  to  a  fragim^nt  of  seaweed.     Two 

of  these  fused  together. 
Specimen  of  />.  tiibercniata  dissected  to  show  the  digestive  tract  and  ovary  in  outline.     The 

bands  at  x,  and  having  considerable  reseinblancu  to  the  ovary,  are  folds  in  t  he  mantle.    (See 

note  under  dsseription  of  species  in  the  text  relating  to  position  of  parts  in  this  figure.) 
and  10.  Styela  greeleyi. 
.  Hnnichial  sae  of  S.  greeleyi. 
,  Digestive  tract  and  sexual  organs  of  same  species. 


Mi 


i^i 


\  !i| 


u 


■  ''''■^'''»m-''''m^r:i<mniimmi  't^^rmmr* 


1  „ 


'  11 ,1 


II 


111 


i  I 


I 


536  IHE    FUR    SEALS    OF    THE    PKIIULOK    ISLANDS. 

Fig,  13.  Ilraiichiiil  tuntacles  of  ouuie. 

Fig.  14.  Culiiiiy  of  Polyclinum  glohonum,  witli  a  portion  cut  uwiiy.     Tbu  sniall  area  iit  /i  iiiilicattis 

al)out  the  distribution  of  tlio  /.ooidH,  aud  Hhows  tb<t  branchial  orifiuos,  tliougli  uiucb  more 

distinctly  tliun  tbey  cun  uctuiilly  bti  mn'n. 
Fig.  15.  A  Hiuglt)  zooid  of  sume  specifs. 
Fig.  It).  Atrial  lungnot  of  same,  seen  from  the  under  side. 
Figs.  17A  and  17H.  Two  Koctionud  (tolonies  of  I'olycliHiim  pannonum,  17A  sbowlng  tlie  zooids  in  thuir 

uorniul  form  and  position,  and  17Ii  tlie  dugonuratud  /ooidH.      I'lut  <lmracteristic  ragged 

surface  of  tlie  ctdony  is  shown  at  y,  17H. 
Fig.  18,  Portion  of  a  zooid  of  /'.  pannosum. 
Fig.  lit.  A  colony  of  -(;)/irfioj)8««./orrfoH«  with  an  Individual  of  Dendrodoa  giihpedutwiilatn,  I).  S.,  imbedded 

in  it. 
Fig.  20.  A  zooid  of  .t.jordani.     The  post-abdomen  uiitliniMl  in  tliis  specimen  is  unusnally  short. 
Figs.  21,  21A,  and  21B.     Portions  of  different  zooids  o(  Jmwoiioium  kincaidi.    21A  and  21H  drawn  ]i!ir- 

ticularly  to  show  the  equivocal  character  of  the  irregularities  in  the  stomach  walls. 
Fig.  22.  A  colony  of  AmaroKcium  snodiiransi.    The  specimcu  is  seen  from  its  base,  IJ,  and  one  of  its 

precipitous  edges,  on  which  latter  the  zooids  z  are  visible  through  the  semitraus)iarent  test. 
Fig.  23.  Stomach  and  small  portion  of  intestinal  loop  of  Amarouciinn  snodgraisi. 
Fig,  23A.  Anterior  end  of  zooid  of  same  species,  seen  from  inside. 
Fig.  23]t.  A  few  of  the  remarkably  long,  narrow  stigmata  of  same  species. 
Fig.  24.  A  colony  of  .tmarouciinn prihihrcnHe. 

Fig.  25.  A  single  zooid,  the  jjosterior  part  of  the  post-abdomen  wanting,  of  the  same  species. 
Fig.  20.  A  colony  of  Sjinoivitm  irrcgiilare. 
Fig.  27.  The  cut  surface  of  one  of  the  lobes  of  a  colony  of  same  species,  showing  the  packages  of 

embryos,  c,  imbedded  in  the  test. 
Fig.  28.  A  zooid  of  A',  irrcyularc, 

Platk  LXXXVI. 

Figs,  29,  29o,  and  29b.  Ovarian  ova  of  S.  irregnlare,  2il  and  2i)b  containing  ingested  cells,    .x  360. 

Fig.  30.  An  ovarian  ovum,  presumably  nearly  ready  for  maturation,     x  3(50. 

Fig.  31.  Two-celled  stage.     X  3(50. 

Fig.  32.  Morula?  early  gastrula  stage,     x  360. 

Fig.  33.  Embryo  well  advanced  in  uietaniorphosis.  This  from  one  of  the  cavities  containing  embryos 
only.     X  40, 

Fig.  34.  Small  portion  of  the  test  of  an  old  embryo.  The  cellular  masses,  x,  are  the  same  as  the 
bodies  shown  at  x,  tig.  33.  These  probably  belong  to  the  test  of  the  embryo  itself.  The 
mass  I/,  k.  is  iniliodded  in  the  test,  and  is  without  doubt  a  cluster  of  the  mesenobymatoiis 
yolk  containing  bodies  found  in  the  parental  post-abdomen,  m.  /.  appear  to  be  muscle 
iibors  derived  from  the  mantle  of  the  parent. 

BIULIO(JRAPHY. 
BoNNKVIK,  KllISTINK. 

1896.  Aseidiae  Simplices  og  Ascidiao  Compositae.  Den  Norske  Nordhavs-Expedition,  1K76-1S7S. 
XXIII.  Koologi. 

ElJWARDS,  Mii..<K. 

1846.     Observations  sur  los  .tscidii^s  coinposdos  dos  C<^tes  do  la  Mouche.     Mdmoires  de  I'Acadoniie 
royale  des  sciences  de  I'lnstitute  de  France.    T.  XVIII,  1846. 
OiAiii),  A. 

1872.     Kechercbes  sur  les  Ascidies  comiiosi^es,  on  Syuascidies.     Theses,  1872. 
Ha.n'cock,  Albany. 

1808.     On  the  Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  the  Tunioata.     Journal  Liuneau  Society — Zoology. 
Vol.  IX,  1808. 
Heller,  Caubil. 

1877.  Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Tunicaten  des  Adriatiscben  nnd  Mittolmeeres.  Ill  (1)  Abtbeil- 
ung.  Uenkschriften  d.  kais.  Akad.  d,  Wissenscb.  Wien,  Math.-naturwiss.  Classe.  Hd.  XXX VII, 
1877, 


i 


TUNICATA    Ol'    TlIK    rUIHll.OK    ISLANDS. 


537 


't  ft  iii(li('ii(*t!4 
^\^  iiiiicli  more 


•"ids  ill  (heir 
sriHtic  rajjjrod 

S.,  iiiiliwlded 

short. 

H  (Irawii  ](;ir- 
walls. 

kI  oho  of  its 
isjiiirout  tost. 


Bies. 
packages  of 


X3B0. 


Bg  embryos 

iitno  as  the 
tsolf.  Tho 
obymiitoiiH 
bo  miiBvh) 


1«76-1S78. 
'Aoad(5mie 


-JCool 


"sy. 


Abtheil- 
XXXVII, 


1882.   '  li.'port  on  tbo  Turiioata  .•oUe.'to.l  during  the  voyage  of  II.  M.  S.  f  7.af/<«;/n-  dmiii-  tlio  years 
1873-187('>.     Clialloiif^or  lii-ports,  Zoology,  Vol.  VI,  1HH2. 

188t)      Report  on  tho  Tmiicata.     Chall.iigor  Kxpedition,  I'art  II.     Asoidiae  ('oi.i!i..sitao,  18811. 

18'll      A  Uevisod  Cbissilication  of  the  Tunioata,  with  Dofmitioiis  of  the  Orders,  Suborders,  I'am- 
ilieH,  Subfamilies,  anil  (Jonera  and  Analytical  Keys  to  the  Species.     Linuoan  Society's  Journal- 
Zoology.  Vol.  XXIII,  1891. 
IIuitkkldt-Kaas,  II.  ^.,.„,    „     ,     . 

I89(i.     Synascidiae.     Don  Norsko  Nordhavs-Kxpedition,  1876-1878,  XXIII,  Zoologi. 

Kl.KK,  ,I011N.  ,      ,       1.      1  11- 

lK!t;!.     Oversigt  over  Norges  AHcidiir  simplices.     (Miristiania  Vidcnskabs-Selskabs  I'orhandlinger, 
No.  !l. 

LAIIII.LK,  1'.  .,.,.•  .ri  .uon 

1890.     Contributions  a  r.'tudi^  ai:atoini«ine  et  taxononuqiie  dos  Inniciers.      1  hrses,  l»,tO. 

MacLeay,  William  S.  , 

18'M      Anatomical  Observations  on  the  Natural  (jiroup  of 'rniu.ata,  with   Descriptions  of  three 
"  Species  Collected  iu  Fox  Chaun.d   During  the  late  Northern  Expedition.     Linnean  Society 
TrausactioiiN,  Vol.  XIV,  1821. 

SAVICNV,  .lULKS-CfoAK. 

181(i.     Mi^moirsurles  Aniinaux  sans  Vertfbros.     2d  I  artie,  181(>. 

"^1882.     Die  einfaclien  Ascidien  (Ascidiae  simplices)  des  (iolfes  v.m  Neap.  1.     Mittheil.  a.  d.  Zoolog. 
Station  i.w  Noapel.     IV  Ud.  4  Hft. 

AIJBKKVIATIONS  USKD  IN  TIIK  ILLU8TUAT10NS. 
I 

l^ Anterior,  or  8ii)honal  end. 

\\ Hase,  or  posterior  end. 

■I,  I Atrial  languot. 

•I,  o Atrial  orifice. 

a.t Atrial  tontacles. 

1>.  f lirancbial  folds. 

\,.  8 lirancbial  stigmata, 

br.  8 Hraiicbial  sac. 

l,r.  si Uranobial  siitlion, 

l,.t Hranchial  tentacles. 

,1.1 Dorsal  lamina. 

d.  t Dorsal  tubercle. 

omb Kmbryo. 

en'e "Kndocarps." 

up Kpicardiac  tubes. 

li Heart. 

i.l.v Internal  longitudinal  vessels. 

,y, c.  V Muscle  bands  of  circular  vessels. 

o.  <e < Ksophagoal  nioutb. 

0,1) Optic  ])igniont. 

<,, (Ksoplnigus. 

ov  ..  Ovary. 

p.  b I'eribranchial  baud. 

!• Koctuin. 

at Stomach. 

t 'restls. 

ti,  t.,  t.i,  ti- . .  -  Transverse  vessels  of  different  orders. 

ta Test,  or  cellulose  "mantle." 

v.d Vas  deferens. 

,.>li   Volk-containing  nuisenchymo  cells. 

1, Zooid. 


i 


i  ' 


Plate  LXXXVI. 


8YN0ICUM  X 


SVNOICUM  X  880 


■^^:^M5> 


SVNOICXJM  X 


.•.■f\'.A-i:ft!-"i-:  ,. 

..'.  ■•/.••j:';.»- ,■'?■■  ■■'■(^?'•■ '.',.>. 


^-^^i^ 


■-l^./>:i 


,*.■■.•-■?■ 


'■'■■■■'■':||p^'^'" 


SYNOICUM  X   360 


^m-^-'^-' 


^^^aijjUii'< 


SYNOICUM  X 


..:tf/;,r;...J!*».,     ;   •  sjr. 


it' 


1  ^1 


SYNOICUM  X  40 


\5 

i,-'  , 

» 

OB.  S 
7S. 

.:.i^:V- 

"■■•^■i%,';' '■*  i''^'"- 


>. /'^m ...>?;,•!,?:•: 


'tM'-i."Ji:^ 


'•'^^.-  ..... ''   ^ -.'#;•:' 


\  *^-  »■  \>  •.<■ 

N    ,-'  1',;  ■  ..»^ 
,  '■  * 


4^ 


?ix   *?    • 


•••'.% 


% 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  SYNOICUM  IRREGULARE. 


:  ii 


t  il.x'i.A  r,..i iiiiliti 


!    i 


XX.-THE  MOLLUSK  FAUNA  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS. 


Hy  Wii.MAM  H.  Dall. 
(Witli  a  map,) 


Tlic.  west  coiists  of  Aiuerit!u,  tiikou  tojjcthur  in  both  hiMiiispliures,  so  far  iis  the 
iiiolliisks  ui-*t  coiKrunicd  iiiiglit  be  regimlcd  hh  forming  one  yivnt  fauiial  region,  niodi 
hed  only  by  the  iutluonco  of  teniij'iriitiire.  In  praetice  it  is  divided  into  tinee  regions 
between  the  I'ohir  faunas:  The  Veruvlan,  whose  northern  limit  is  uanally  jtlacted  at 
Cape  J^janeo,  and  wiiose  extent  roughly  coincides  with  the  coast  washed  by  the 
Peruvian  current;  the  Mexican  or  Panamiv,  which  extends  from  Cape  Blanco  north- 
ward to  I'oint  Conception,  California,  though  until  lately  supposed  to  be  much  more 
restricted;  and  the  Orcf/oiiian,  which  includes  the  coast  northward  from  I'oint  Con- 
ception to  and  including  the  Aleutian  Islands  and  that  part  of  the  basin  of  Bering 
Hea  south  ol'  the  area  covered  by  pack  ice  in  winter.  The  I'ribilof  group  stands  on 
the  very  northern  verge  of  the  Oregonian  region.  The  latter  is  conveniently  subdi- 
vided into  three  provinces  or  subregions:  The  Vali/ornian,  from  Point  Conception  to 
Cape  Mendocino,  California;  the  Oretjonian  proper,  thence  northward  to  I\Iount  St. 
I'^lias  or  Yakutat  Bay;  and  the  A/cxtian,  extending  thence  westward  to  and  including 
the  Aleutiau  or  Gatherina  Archipelago  and  the  Commander  Islands.  The  most  north- 
ern outpost  of  the  Aleutian  province  is  the  Pribilof  group.  The  faunal  conditions  of 
Bering  Sea  are  somewhat  peculiar  and  require  a  particular  description.  They  are 
dependent  upon  b.athyinetrical  and  thermal  factors.  Contrary  to  the  traditions  of 
the  text-books,  as  I  have  elsewhere'  shown  at  length,  the  chief  current  of  this  sea  is  a 
drift  of  cold  water  southwjird,  which  is  particularly  marked  along  the  Kamchatkan 
coast.  On  the  northern  border  of  the  Pacitic,  south  of  the  peninsula  of  Alaska  and 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  the  tides  rise  toward  the  northward  and  westward,  while  a 
reflected  branch  of  the  .lapan  current  or  Kuro  Sivvo,  which  is  deflected  northward  from 
the  vicinity  of  Dixon  entrance,  in  north  latitude  5-/°,  feebly  reenforces  the  action  of  the 
tides  and  at  Hood  pours  through  the  passes  between  the  islands  during  summer  a 
certain  amount  of  water  having  a  temperature  between  '45'^  and  50°  F.,  which  has  a 
westerly  set.  This  flow  endures  only  for  about  a  third  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  and 
is  so  feeble  that  west  of  west  longitude  from  Greenwich  170°  it  can  not  be  discrimi- 
nated from  the  ordinary  flow  of  the  rising  tide.  A  few  fathoms  below  the  surface  the 
water  temperature  rarely  exceeds  40'^  F.,  which  is  the  mean  summer  temperature  of 


'Notes  on  AlaRl<a  ami  the  vicinity  of  Bering  Strait;  Am.  .lourn.  Sci.,  .Sd  ser.,  XXI,  pp.  104-111, 
with  map,  I'^ehniary,  1881;  ami  Appendix  No.  16,  iiop.  11.  S.  Coast  and  Geodetic;  Survey  for  1880;  The 
Currents  and  Touiperatnras  of  Boring  Son,  46  pp.,  4'\  2  maps  and  Hection,  Washington,  March,  1882. 

539 


I     !'■ 


i 


r>M) 


'iMK  i-'iii  sKAi.s  or   riii;  i'Kiiiii-oi'  islands. 


tlir  ;in'(i«'  wiitxT  of  I li«  vicinity  of  llfriii},'  Strait.  In  winter  llu'  wiilcr  ttMnpenitiirnH 
ruiiK«  Init  ii  IV>\v  (Ickitos  iibovo  tim  freezing  point  of  salt  water,  abont  -S    \<\ 

The  topOKra])liy  of  tin;  Huriiif;  S»a  basin  IniH  bttuii  elucidated  by  tlie  work  ol'  tliu 
Tnited  Htatus  IMsh  ConiniisHion  and  the  Uevenuu  Marine,  tbou^li  niiieli  remains  to  be 
dune.  In  ^'eneral,  the  soutlnv(^stel'n  part  of  the  sea  is  dee)>  on  both  sides  of  the 
Aleutian  Islands.  The  northern  and  oaHtern  parts  of  the  8(!a  arc  relatively  sluillow, 
forniinj;;  a  lar^'o  snbnnirine  ]ilateaii  covered  by  less  than  100  fathoms  of  water,  and 
over  a  yreat  part  of  its  tixtent  by  less  than  TtO  fathoms.  The  western  edjje  of  this 
plateau  is  sonuulistance  west  and  south  of  the  I'ribilof  j^roup,  and  the  mar^MU  between 
them  and  the  ])eninsnla  is  somewhat  deeply  endtayed,  so  that  tint  plateau  JoiiiH  dry 
land  on  the  south  not  far  from  the  western  end  of  the  ]ieiunsula. 

Uy  plattint;  the  jjositions  where  the  edfjo  of  the  i»ft(!k  ice  was  met  in  early  spring 
from  the  lojj  books  of  a  large  number  of  whale  shijts,  I  have  been  able  to  deterndne, 
approximately,  the  usual  extent  of  the  pack  in  winter.'  It  must  be  stated  that  the 
nuirgin  of  the  ice  ])ack  is  not  a  strictly  determinate  line,  but  is  fringed  with  more  or  less 
floating  and  broken  ice,  which  varies  in  position  with  the  prevailing  winds.  Occasions 
have  been  kn(»wn  when  long-eontinued  uortherly  winds  in  February  and  March  have 
carried  the  loose  ice  as  far  south  aa  the  northern  border  of  the  eastern  Aleutians,  tilling 
the  bays  of  Unalaska  with  the  drift  and  obstructing  navigation,  but  this  is  very  excep- 
tional. Usually  the  water  about  the  islands  is  free  of  obstructive  ice  thruughout  the 
year.  The  I'ribilof  group,  however,  lie  so  much  nearer  the  average  lindt  of  the  winter 
pack  that  few  winters  pass  when  the  shores  are  not,  for  at  least  a  short  period,  sur- 
rounded by  the  tloes,  and  sometimes  they  are  icebound  for  one  or  two  months. 

The  presence  of  tioe  ice  is  destructive  to  a  littoral  fauna  unless  the  aidinals  can 
retreat  into  the  dei>ths  of  the  sea  beyond  the  reach  of  ice.  For  this  ison  the  Arctic 
shores  and  the  beaches  of  the  I'ribilof  Islands  are  poorly  suppliei  ith  living  niol- 
lusks.  The  shores  of  the  Aleutians  have  a  fairly  rich  littoral  fauna,  ,  liough  for  some 
reason,  perhaps  the  scarcity  of  the  red  and  green  seaweeds  noted  by  botanists  all 
through  this  region,  there  is  a  general  scarcity  of  the  minuter,  mostly  phytophagous, 
forms  of  mollusks,  such  as  Iii»midae  and  the  like.  The  dredgings  of  the  Uinted  States 
Fish  Comnussion  have  chiefly  been  made  with  the  beam  trawl,  which  does  not  retain 
the  more  minute  species;  but  my  own,  doiuMvith  the  dredge,  also  failed  to  obtain 
any  large  number  of  small  mollusks,  so  wo  nniy  regard  the  fact  that  the  fauna  is  rather 
deticient  in  them  as  fairly  well  proved. 

The  shallow  waters  around  the  Aleutians  possess  a  well-marked  and  pretty 
uniform  fauna  of  some  two  or  three  hundred  species  of  mollusks,  a  certain  luunber  of 
which  arc  common  to  the  adjacent  continental  shores  and  the  I'ribilof  Islands.  This 
fauna  comprises  a  number  of  characsteristic  specries,  together  with  a  contingent  of 
Arctic  forms  and  a  certain  number  of  Oregoinan  types. 

The  work  of  the  Allmiromi,  however,  has  shown  that  another  fauna  exists  in 
Bering  Sea  largely  distinct  from  that  of  its  shores  and  widely  spread  over  the  great 
plateau  to  which  reference  has  been  nuide.  This  is  not  a  deep-sea  fauna,  for  the  water 
is  no  deeper,  and  often  shallower,  than  that  of  the  bays  and  harbors  of  the  Aleutians, 
in  which  but  few  of  its  component  species  are  found.  It  is  nuirkcd  by  a  rather  limited 
number  of  bivalves  and  an  unusual  predominance  of  si)ecies  of  Buccinmn,  Chrt/Hodomus, 
and  Stromhella  (or  Vol ntopHis).    My  study  of  this  fauna  has  not  progressed  far  enough 


'  Sue  iici'uiupauyiug  map. 


Tlir.    MOI.LISKS    OK   TIIK    IMMUILOF    ISLANDS. 


541 


'peiiidiroR 

ork  (.(■  tlio 
aiiiN  to  Ik, 
•'N  or  t||(, 
y  .sliiillow, 
nitt-r,  iind 
f<'  of  thJM 

JoiiiH  dry 


tu  oiiiiiiiomti^  itH  Hpt't'ivM,  many  of  wliicli  arc  iiuw,  clmracttMiHtii^,  ami  ptTiiliiii'.  A 
iiimiboi'  of  tlit>ni  lia\  <i  IttM'ii  ih'scnlx'il  ami  ll}>iir(i<l,'  )iiit  many  more  remain  to  hi'  \vorU<  il 
lip.  A  few  of  tluMii  I'iirMu'r  houIIi  th'Htiuml  into  tlic  Arciiihoiitlnil  r»';;ion  ami  fxl»Mi»l 
Mkmi'  rati^'«>  as  fur  mmth  as  Ww  (iaiapa^oH  IslamlH,  oil'  tliu  Month  Aii:orifan  coaHt,  hut 
tlir  ^TCiit  majority  st'ctm  to  he  limitiMl  to  tla^  lUnin^  Sea  platean. 

Ill  a  certiiin  Heiise  t!i(>  iiilialiitaiits  of  tliiH  plateau  iniKlit  l><^  M'KMr<l*'<l  an  forming 
part ot'Mie  fauna  of  the  I'riliilot's,  altlioii};li  never  t'oiiml  upon  the  lieaclies;  but  I  have 
in  the  ac<;ompaiiyiii;;  IIhI  of  I'rihilof  sholls  in  ImhMl  only  a  few  of  them  wliiiOi  have 
been  dredfieil  in  eomparativiOy  shallow  water  elose  to  th«  ishimlH.  They  are  markeil 
Willi  an  aHteriHk  to  distin^niish  tiiuiii  from  the  littoral  speeivs.  it  mifrlit  lie  eoiisitleretl 
proper  to  enumerate  as  belon^'iiiv:  to  the  I'ribilof  I'aiiiia  all  littoral  species  wliieh  have 
lieoii  foiiml  both  south  ami  north  from  llie  islamis,  as  a  tlioron;;li  search  woiihl  proliiibly 
reveal  them  somewhere  about  the  ;;roiiji.  ISiit  for  present  purposes  I  have  preferreil 
to  eataio^iie  only  such  species  as  liav(t  aetnaliy  been  (rolliM-ttMl  by  sou.  '  oii«)  on  the 
iHlaiuls,  thou^Hi  it  is  certain  that  liy  this  inethiMl  the  total  number  of  species  is  eon- 
sideralily  underrated. 

The  lirsl  collections  made  on  tlie  islamlH  were  ^fathered  by  Klia  WossneHsenski,  a 
preparator  of  the  Imperial  A(;ademy  of  Sciences  at  St.  I'eteiHburg,  who  was  sent  out 
for  tlie  purpose  of  obtaining  for  the  Zoological  Museum  a  full  representation  of  the 
fauna  ami  tlora  of  ItiisHiaii-Aineriea.  lie  spent  three  years  in  the  colony,  and  his 
shells  were  worked  up  liy  Middeiidortf  in  his  Malaeo/oolo;;:ia  Itossica  and  Kibirische 
Iteisc,  IS  I!)- 1 8.-)  I. 

No  other  collector  appeaiH  to  have  visited  :lie  l'ril)ilofs  for  many  years  in  IHIIH 
I  made  a  small  cidlection  from  the  beaclies  of  At.  (Jeorjie,  but  was  iimilile  to  <io  any 
ilredginn'.  in  1871  and  l.SSd  I  visited  St.  Paul  and  St.  (ieorye  and  did  a  little  dredg- 
inn,  but  with  scanty  results.  A  few  species  were  collected  by  Messrs.  II.  W.  Elliott 
and  William  ralmer  in  1880.  Later  the  work  of  the  AlhatroHs  for  the  ITnited  States 
Fish  Commission  resulted  in  rich  collections  from  the  ]ilateaii  reyion  of  JSerinj;;  Sea, 
but  very  few  specimens  were  actually  obtained  on  the  islands. 

The  followintj  list  includes  all  the  species  which  I  liave  beeu  able  to  determiii(>  as 
actually  collected  on  the  islands.  I  have  noted  in  se]iarate  columns  the  sjKH'ies  found 
on  St.  I*aul  and  St.  <leorj;e  and  have  ;;iven  in  parallel  ccdiimns  the  raiiye  of  these 
species  in  Japan,  on  the  Kamchatka  coast,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  the  Aleutian  chain, 
and  California.  Siiecies  collected  by  Wossnessenski  are  indicated  by  a  capital  W, 
others  noted  by  Middendorlf  with  an  M;  Palmer's  species  by  a  1';  those  collected  on 
tiie  voyage  of  tlie  Vvya  by  a  Y ;  tiie  Albatross  sliells  by  A ;  my  own  by  a  1),  and  others 
by  an  X. 

it  must  be  distinctly  understood  that  this  list  can  not  be  regarded  as  complete, 
since  none  of  the  collectors  made  thorough  search  on  shore  or  by  dredging.  I  lowever, 
the  catalogue  will  serve  ibr  a  beginning,  and  doubtless  includes  the  majority  of  the 
species  most  likely  to  be  found  on  the  shores  of  the  island. 

There  are  only  three  land  shells  known  from  the  group — a  /'«;<«,  iSxcchuu,  and  a 
Vit'  na — all  of  which  are  common  to  the   Kamchatka  coast  as  well  as  the  north 
eastern  (toast  of  Hering  Sea.    There  is  miu'h  probability  that  a  search  by  a  competent 
collector  would  reveal  several  small  species  of  ZonHMac,  I'lipidar,  etc. ;  and  probably 
IHsidium  exists  in  the  pools  of  St.  Paul,  as  it  does  on  many  of  the  Aleutians. 

'  Froc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  XIV,  pp.  lK(i-l!Ml,  ,1  uly  1»!)1 ;  uiiil  XVII,  pp.  700-713,  IBUu. 


' 'WWf«»»!MWiMBpi5;. 


in 


Si  ■■]  1 


542 


'niR    FUR    SEALS    OF    TlIK    PKIHILOF    ISLANDS 


Tlib  (ihariictoristic  iiiariiu>  furui8  of  the  fiuiiiu  arc  Chitoniilae,  limpets  and  Ihicei^ 
nidae,  of  whi<'li  several  highly  characteristic  forms  occur.  I  iiave  added  the  giant 
sijuid,  Oni/choteuthis,  as  I  have  heard  that  specimeus  have  been  cast  ashore  at  St. 
I'aiil,  tlioiigii  no  naturalist  has  seen  them.  Occurring  as  they  do  at  Unalaska,  it 
would  be  strange  if  they  did  not  also  extend  their  range  to  the  IMibilof  group.  A  few 
species  have  so  far  been  found  only  in  this  locality,  but  tl><>re  is  no  reason  to  sujtpose 
that  they  are  actually  restri(!ted  to  it.  Such  are  ('lirnsotlomiiK  insulrtris,  Stroiiiltilla 
/lafiiiis,  and  Ihritufiiis  friclri,  of  the  plateau  fauna;  and  Sfrombella  riillorhina  and 
liKeciinnii  fisHirri<uiu»i,ot'  the  shore  fauna.  St.  Paul  seems  to  be  the  source  of  nearly 
all  the  specimens  of  »S7roiH/wWrt  hvrhnji  IVlidd.,  which  have  hitlierto  been  collected. 
Altogether  SO  forms  are  known  from  the  group,  of  which  <»(!  Jiave  been  collected  on 
St.  Paul  aiul  4'J  on  St.  (Jeorge;  17  are  common  to  Oalifornia,  72  to  the  Aleutian 
islands,  VI  to  the  Arctic  fauna,  'A\  to  Kamchatka,  and  10  to  the  northern  islands  of 
.Tapan.  All  of  the  latter  are  common  to  the  American  shores,  so  it  can  not  be  said 
that  there  is  any  characteristically  Asiatic  element  in  the  fauna. 

For  (comparison,  I  have  added  a  similar  list  of  the  species  of  the  Commander 
Islands,  in  whitrh  we  have  a  squid,  one  land  shell,  one  fresh- water  shell,  and  one  chiton, 
wlii<!h  are  known  elsewhere  oidy  on  the  Asiatic  coasts,  a  proportion  out  of  74  si»ecies 
which  can  not  be  said  to  be  large.  Besides  the  nioUuslis  an  ascidian,  Holtinia  bnimji, 
was  described  by  me  from  St.  (leorge,  and  a  brachiopod,  Rlufuchonclla  (Urmithifris) 
jmttace<(,  is  abundant  at  timeis  on  the  beaches  of  St.  Paul  Island. 

I'ribilof  hUinds,  Herhiy  Sea. 
KAl  NAL  SUMMAKV. 


Siirries  ititintitieil. 


UnnKK. 


Oiiyi'lioteiit . 'a  robiiHtn  Unll 

Surcinoa  «'lir;,  sih  WrHtfrlund I* 

Vitrinivt'xillit  Murelel 1' 

I'lipu  ili'ciira  Ooiilil,  var . .  I 

t'ry|it(icliit<iii  StiOlcri  MUM W 

AiiiU'iilu  vostita  Sliy U 

AiuiiMilaPallasiiMidil 1> 

Trachycleiimiii  ruber  (L.)  Cpr i     1) 

TiiiiicrllaBiibmnmiureaMiiUl ' . 

Tonii  t'lla  aai'cbarina  Dall 1' 

Tou'cella  liiieata  WckmI O 

A cniaoa  mil ra  Kholi 

AcniaiMi  teHliidiiialis  Mull |     1> 

Ai'inaca  patina  vnr.  oibracca  DnII 

Al'Illal'aC'lllllill^i  live 

Ai'iiiiU'4V  Hy baritica  Dall 

Ai'inaca  apic^iiia  Dall 

Lt'iu'ta  t'oiH'(M)1  ricn  M  idd 

Vi'liit  ilia  I'oriai'tMi  PalliiH 

Vvlii li iia  cry |it(iKi>irn  M icid 

Crepiiliibi  eVaniliK  Kl idd 

Lit<iriiia  Hitkaiia  Pbil 

Litiiriiia  Hiibt«ii«br<>Ba  Midd 

llaliH'iiuolia  rctlexa  I)aU 

CiiiKiila  Martyni  Dall 

Acrv bia  tlava  Uoald 

Nat  ica  riiBHa  Gould 

Natira  clatiaa  Brad,  and  Sby 

Lunatia  pallida  lirod.  and  Sby 

Margarita  lielivina  Fabr 

Si'ala  (iriinlandira  Fabr 

Tritoni.iin  uregoiieniie  Kmlf 

Tricbutropis  iuaigui*  Midd 


X 

1) 


:r"x 

.      X 
.      X 


D 


X 
X 


X 
X 


s  6 

w  o 

o  1    S 

■1  I    -J 


M 
1) 
W 
X 


X 

1) 
1) 
1) 

V 

1) 
1) 
u 


•I  o 


D 
V 


W 


X 
X 

\ 


I) 
1) 

X 

u 


1> 


n 

X 

u 


D 
U 
I) 
U 


1> 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

I) 

1) 

I> 

I) 

1> 

1) 

I) 

i) 

1) 

1) 

1> 

1) 

u 

I) 

1) 

I) 

u 

1) 

I> 

I) 

I) 

I) 

1) 

» 

I) 

I> 

1) 

I) 

u 

D 

1) 

laiiiMJi 'ML  mmmm^imf^ 


l'«  giant 
'•e  iit  8r. 

ankii,  it 

inti  and 
neariy 

't(.'<l  oil 

^It'iitiiiii 
inds  of 
l)e  said 


e 

I 


I) 
I) 


1) 
u 


THK    MOLLUSKS    OF   TIIK    PKIIULOK    ISLANDS. 

I'Hbilof  luliiiidi,  Itcfimj  Nca— (^oii(imi«il. 
FAUNA  I,  Sl'MMAKY-roiitlimiMl. 


543 


1 

X 



1 

1 

'J 

2 

SiHtrii'K  iilfiitititMl. 

a 

t 

i  1 

1 

1 

w 
9 
V 

X 

it 

1» 

i 

3 

\ 

Trnplmn  1  >nUi  Kubt-lt 

X 

A 
W 
A 
W 
A 

'  x" 
I) 

X 
"Vi" 

a" 

X 

X 
D 

I) 

-X- 

"m" 



II 
I) 

Siplio/  Hltitiitarica  Midt' 

W 
A 
A 
X 
A 
\V 
1) 
A 
A 
A 
W 


A 
A 
It 

1) 

.     . 

Stroiiibi'llii  IteriiiKi  Midd     

1> 

1) 



Stroiutit^Ua  Middoiidorllii  Dull    

A 

A 

It 
It 
It 

I) 
1) 
IJ 
1) 





» 

It 
I) 

w 

X 
X 

w 

A 
A 

"x" 

X 
X 

I 

X 

1) 
1) 

X 

1) 
\v 

X 

w 
It 

I) 

X 

I) 
X 

1) 

'"•o" 
1) 
1) 

It 

It 
A 

It 
It 
II 
It 

Bfla  simplex  Midd 

a 

V 

Sjixicava  iii;;ti»*ii  L 

Mva  ti'iiiii;at:i  L 

Silii|ua  pat  111, L  Dixon 

1) 

x" 

V 

I) 

It 

SiUipia  iiifdia  tirav 

" 

1> 
I) 

It 
11 
.\ 
U 
It 
1) 
It 
It 
I> 
D 
It 
U 
It 

X 

LyoDflia  ureiiosa  Mnll 

X 

u 

X 

"x" 

MiuMtiiia  iiH'oiispiciia  Hrod.  mid  Sby    •- 

1) 

X 

X 

1) 

X 

i> 

'IVUiiin  altt'i'iiidfiitata  liriHi    

1) 

X 

1) 

X 

('anuuiii  Niiitallii  ('our 

i> 

.    ... 

;;;;;; 
T)" 
\v 
\v 

X 

1) 

(*ardiiiiu  islaiidivnit)  (iinrl  

1> 

X 

1> 

X 

1) 
I) 

I) 
o 

A 

Ant  arte  spini»iih'jita  Lrai'h 

D 
D 
D 
U 
1) 
U 
U 
U 

*Iiiii'tna  anitiliiHMita  4'uiir 

1) 

D 

I) 
X 

\v 
w 
w 



I) 

l*e»Hi'ii  i»)laiitliciiH  Mull       

D 

D 

i» 

i   w 

1) 

I) 

1) 

I) 

1) 

1) 

&Ii>iii<daria  vi'iuicoHa  Iklidd 

Total,  80  I'oniiH 

«« 

Vi 

10 

,11 

« 

72 

17 

I  i! 


544 


THE    FUK    SEALS   OP   THK    PRiniLOP    ISLANDS. 

Commander  Mauds,  ISerintj  Sea.' 
FAUNAL    BtJMMAItV. 


SpttciuH  iilHDtilleil. 


liange. 


J. 


(in:mtiin  iiiiinoiniH  Fal)r 

I.HHtolciitliiH  t'aliric'ii  ( t)  Livlit 

('.vliuliiiii  |ii'ci)>iii(|uit  Snrx 

A  I'oliiliii  iMiinlloaa  I. 

Uailliim  |iuciM>'ultort(li 

A unuthoilorm  iiilusii  Mull 

Llii)ax(Ai;rit»linta\)  Iiyperhiirt'iisWest 

Vitriiiiu'xilis  Mor , 

ll.valinn  radiatiilii  Alil 

CuiiiiluH  I'lilvim  var.  Mull 

I'aliilnnuli'ratn  var.  iiaupcr  <ilil 

I'lipilla  (lei'ora  (ild  .   

Limiiaea  uvata  Drap 

Liiiinaua  liiiiiiilia  Sav 

Siplioiiaria  tlierRJtrs  Ciir 

Tracliyrailsiaali'iitiia  I>all 

Tunicrlla  inariiiorea  Knbr 

'J'uuicella  Hubinariiuut^i  Mi<l<t. . . 

Traii'-ydiTinon  rubor  L 

Sohizuplax  brardlii  Dull 

I.niitnoliiton  oaiiri'llatim  Sbv 

l'laripbiii'ullaatim|)Hiiiii  (ild I   X 

Crvptochilon  MtellfH  Midd X 

Ai-iiiaen  pati.iii  KhcIi I... 

Acniaca  jielta  KhcIi ! . . . 

Vcliitiiia crvptospiia  M idd | . . . 

PiliHCtm  cuininoditB  Midd |... 

Crupidula  graiidis  Midd X 

I.iluriiiasitkana  I'hil {  X 

Litiirinn  var. subtciiebriisa  Midd j  X 

Litnrina  var.  atkaiia  Dall 

I/aciiiia  viiicta  MtK j   X 

Halocmii'lm  retleza  Dall 

XatiraiOa  11811  Brrel i  X 

Nativa  riisHa  ( >  Id 

Tai'livrliyiicliiiB  iTOHii.s  Coiitli X 

Triidiutrupia  JiiaigiiiK  Midd 

Trituiiiiim  urrguiu'iinn  Uedf I  X 


■^  ■a 


(1) 


.Sptti'iuH  iili'iitilioil. 


Range. 


X 

X    ' 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X    1| 

X 

.  ..  .   ! 

X 

....'; 

X 

X    Ij 

X 

....ij 

X 

....1 

X 

•  ••  > 

X 

.... 

X 

.... 

X 

X 

Ocrithiopsi.s  Htejiiognri  DnII 

Mjir^arila  li«liriiia  Falir' v 

Marjj:arila  vorlii-il'ora  Dall , 

Mai'Karila  vnri<Mwa  Mi){li , 

Purpura  Itina  Mart |  x 

'rnipliou  tniiicatiiH  Strojii 

Slriiiulivlla  var.  slrjiMfji'ii  Dall 

Trifoiiol'iiHiiH  kro.M^ri  Mnllrr 

('lir.VHodDiiiiiH  lii-;i1iiH  Mart 

(*lir'vHoiloiniis  MpU/.ln'r;;t'Usirt  U\o 

V'oliitliarpa  aiiipiilla(-t>a  Midd i 

Artt.vria  rtiNiu'ra  (IM 

Uiiruiiiiiin  tiiiiuo  (iray 

liuiM'iiiuiii  var. iiiori'liiaiiiiiii  KimlH'r , 

liiii'ciiiiim  perrraHHiiiii  Dall 

I'leiiriitoma  (Hrln)  viidaiea  Kliuli 1... 

Plfiirotoiiia  licriiiyi  Aur 

/irt'aa  rriHii'ttu  I. x 

IMiolndidoa  peiiita  Coiir '  x 

Sax  icava  riisiosa  L j  X 

Mya  triiiicata  L 

CuHpitlaria  var.  bcriii^i-iiHiH  Lim'Ik^ ... 

Silifjiia  ])atiila  Dixon 

SniHula  alaxkaiia  Dall 

Mac.oiiin  iniddmidnrlll  Dall ... 

Tapi'8  Htaiiiiiii'a  Cmir I  x 

Cardium  Kroiilaiidi<'iini  L {  X 

Cai'diiini  blaiidiiiii  (ild [... 

I'iBidiiiin  a<H|iiilatri'ali<  llald 

Mndiolaria  diwiirs  (iray i  x 

Modiidarla  Incividatn  (var.  !)  (jray ]... 

Modiolus  TiiodiohiH  L '. j  x 

MytiliiseduliH  I x 

Pm'ti'ii  alaskoiisia  Dall  . 

I'lMloib'HiriiiaiiiacroHi'liiama  Dexli j  X 


Total  74  npucica !  28  1  44 


V      a 


X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

X     :    A 

X  I  X 
X  I  X 
X  1  X 
X  i  X 
X 
X 


41 


(!)|.-.. 

\    X 

X 


17 


'Modilind  from  table  givon  bv  mo  in  I'roc.  \' .  S.  Nat.  Man.  for  ISXO.  llpport  on  llcriiiK  I-'<laiiil  MolliLsca,  pp.  i!l",  'J18, 
Dolobor,  18H«.    Cf.  also  these  Proei'iidiiigs  for  1HH4,  pp.  :I40  :I4». 

''Since  this  papor  was  prii|mri'd  a  piibliralion  ha.s  appeared  (Tror.  Mai.  Soi'  ,  of  London.  Ill,  ]i.  2».'),  Mar.,  189!))  on 
Some  MoUiisea  from  Bering  Sea,  by  Mr.  Kdgar  .\.  Sinitli,  of  the  Itritinli  MiiMoiim.  'I"hmo  were  eollected  liy  .Mr.  (I.  I*;.  II. 
Barrett- Hatnilton  (d'tlie  Bering  Sea'tNtnimiHsion,  at  the  Ooiiimaiider  Islands.  Tliey  I'ompi-i.se  (1)  as|iei'ii>s  of  IhninatnHtn'phfii 
not  .tjieiitleally  identilied;  (Jl  Asti/rit  niaaeea  (loiilil;  (:i)  ilaniaiila  heriiuifiinU  Siiiitli;  (1)  M.  aUmliiwalii  Siiiilh  (liotli 
dexiTibed  niiiler  the  generic  name  of  VaU'alella):  and  (!>)  Aciiuea  siihaiilira  Hall  llVom  (,'opper  Island).  This  liring.i  llie 
total  number  of  specieM  known  from  the  (Joiiimanilcr  Islands  up  to  77,  of  which  niiuibors  U  and  4  are  known  also  from  the 
Aleutians,  and  number  5  fruni  the  I'ribiluf  Islands,  the  Aleutians,  and  Japan, 


FOSSIL  MOLLUSKS  OF  ST.  PAUL  ISLAND. 

The  only  molluscan  fossils  known  in  the  group  come  from  St.  Paul  Taliind,  ami  I 
have  aildetl  an  extract  from  my  geological  report  on  the  Tertiary  coals  of  Alaska 
(Kepo-ton  Coal  and  Lignite  of  Alaska,  17th  Ann.  Hep.  IT.  S.  Gcol.  Survey,  188(J),  which 
summarizes  ail  that  is  known  of  them  up  to  the  present  time. 

On  the  ensterii  nido  of  Uio  puiiit  wliiuh  foriiiH  tlio  aoiithciisteni  o.Ytroiiio  of  tint  ijiltiixl  in  a  hint)'  or 
cruK  known  us  Uliiek  Blnft",  which,  aecortlhifr  t"  tlie  oliservatiinm  of  WosHiiessenHki  in  1H47-IS, 
iH  coinpustid  of  horizontal  hkyt^rn  of  a  hard  claystone,  with  othorn  iu  which  liintt  prepontleratoH, 
forming  a  piUo  gray,  flne-graini'd,  clayey  limestone,  or  in  which  a  cougloiiuM-ate  of  pebbles  of  volcanic 
origin  is  bonnd  togetlier  in  a  limy  matrix.'  0>  er  those  arc  layers  of  lilack  or  brown  volcanic  breccia 
and  vesicular  lava.    Thos<i  bhiIVs  rise  abruptly  to  a  heiglit  of  60  to  SO  feet  above  the  sea  at  their  base. 


'  Orcwingk,  Keitrag,  p.  190. 


.1 

a 

ii 

•^ 

-^    , 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X    : 

X    I.... 

I    X 

— :  X 

X 


X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

0,1 


17 


Kunirakll 


r 


-L l- 


T 


tl  '-T 


..^•-r^ 


■'■fi.  \ 

\ 


\  ^  ^\t 


rti  p 


—'  \ 


\ 


\ 

\ 


\ 


\ ,,- 


-r 


\ 


c 


o..A,A. 


4  __^ 


■»■»-  -irlBwJbar-- 


ALASKA  \ 

iND  ADJOINING   REGI(\n 
A-  B ,  Winter  ^  Limit  of  PaA  \ 
Ic  'I),»ununer  i^. Limit  of  Pack  \  -  -' 
The  Arrows  sKowDii^otionof  Curr\at« 

\,,-^ '-^^l' 

WH.D^ll 

Smithsuiiian  In^itution 
1866 


I 


iJ: 

! 

'i 

'■        ': 


!; 


THE    M0LLITSK8   OF   THE   PRIHII.OP    ISLANDS. 


545 


i 


From  tlie  limestono  and  urgillite  iiiurinu  tuogiltt  have  lieen  olitaiiiiMl  by  WimHiiuHHeiiBki,  Kllintt,  Dall, 
W.  Palmer,  »n<l  C.  1[.  TowiiNeiid,  of  which  u  collection  exists  in  the  National  MuHeiiiii,  iMiiiiiieratcil  in 
the  following  table.  About  twonty-eight  gpecies  arc  known  from  thit)  locality,  which  Ih  .stated  to  be 
the  only  spot  in  the  whole  ^ronp  where  any  foMsiliferous  rocks  occur,'  the  remainder  of  the  islands 
being  composed  of  volcanic^  rocks  and  alluvium  of  very  recent  origin. 

ObHerv/itions  made  in  IH'M  by  Mr.  ,F.  Stanley-Hrown,-'  special  agent  of  the  Troiisiiry  Department 
convinced  him  that  at  present  no4listiuct  traceof  any  limy  stratum  is  perceptible  in  the  lUack  Hhil)'. 
The  fossils  obtained  by  him  were  contained  in  rounded,  apparently  water-worn,  pebbles,  which  were 
indiscriminately  included  in  a  general  mait^i  of  volcanic  ashes  and  other  cru]ilivo  mutter  of  which 
the  bluff  is  formed.  No  extinct  species  appeared  in  the  collection  brought  back  by  Mr.  Stanlcy- 
Hrown,  while  several  are  noted  from  the  material  of  the  earlier  collections.  It  would  seem  possible 
that  pebbles  of  more  than  one  geological  epoch  may  be  included  in  the  mass,  or  that  the  wear  of  the 
waves  for  half  a  century  has  cut  away  enough  of  the  bluff  to  hide  or  destroy  the  limy  stratum 
referred  to  by  Grewingk  and  which  n)ay  have  been  of  limited  extent.  It  is  certain  that  from  an 
examination  solely  of  the  material  collected  in  l«9i  the  fossils  might  bo  referred  to  an  ago  as  late  as 
the  post-Pliocene,  which  would  not  agree  very  well  with  the  fauna  reported  by  Grewingk  and  others. 
The  fossils  collected  by  Mr.  Stanley-Hrown  and  not  included  in  the  earlier  collections  are  as  follows: 
Biiccinim  tenue  Gray  f,  li.  polare  Gray  ?,  Admcle  coiilhoiiyi  Joy  f,  Leda  sp.,  Yoldia  Hnntlula  Say, 
PHmdopijth'ma  grandis  Dall,  Cardium  ialandiciivt  (very  abundant),  Macoma  sahiilosa  Kpeugler,  and  a 
fragment  possibly  of  a  Ponopea.  All  those  occur  lying  at  moderate  depths  in  Bering  Sea,  adjacent 
to  the  islanil,  at  present. 

This  deposit  hus  been  discussed  by  Dr.  George  M.  Dawson,'  who  corroborates  Mr.  .Stanley. 
Hrown's  description  of  the  conditions  under  which  the  fossils  are  found,  but  regards  them  as  having 
been  detached  from  the  sea  bottom  by  a  volcanic  eruption,  with  the  products  of  which  they  were 
mixed,  and  therefore  docs  not  consider  them  as  tlxing  the  age  of  the  formation  in  which  they  occur 
but  only  as  repreaeutiug  beds  already  in  existence  at  the  time  of  the  eruption. 


^ 


COMMANDER  ISLANDS. 

On  the  C<munander  Islands,  west  of  the  Ah^utians,  rocks  of  the  same  age  probably  occur,  since 
on  Bering  Island  Stejneger  collected  some  specimens  of  a  conglomerated  hard  gravel  of  highly 
polished  pebbles  united  by  a  limy  cement,  containing  fragments  of  bivalves  (Saxicava?)  and  a  single 
piece  of  claystone  with  the  imprint  of  a  bivalve  not  yet  identified. 


I  Cf.  H.  W.  Elliott,  Condition  of  Affairs  in  Alaska,  1875,  p.  70. 
■  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Ill,  1H92,  p.  496. 
»  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  Vol.  V,  1895,  pp.  130-132. 
5947— PT  3 35 


546 


THE    FITR    HKAL8    OK     IH'-^    PUIHILOF    ISLANDS. 
Table  nhowiinj  runye  of  Jllack  JHitff  /omiila,' 


NuiiHi  of  HprcieH  itloiiUnrit. 

M 

1 

X 

A 

X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

s 

X* 

X 

si 

1 

1 

a 

u 

o 
ft 

1 

s 

% 

'x' 

a 
X 

1 

1 

M 
M 

'i 

MilMJIMlU. 

C'«l. 

I 

Cal. 

Rpcnnt. 

Jl.C. 

Oreg. 

X 

0«1. 

X 

N. 

a 

UlycyinoriH  kiu)h«>vurolH  (truwiiigk  . . . 
(}lv<!yiii<*i'irt  ]tiiiiiluM  Caiii'ud 

X 

x" 

X 

" 

X 

Nu<;iilii<Arilu)  eniiaiit  Ulriinl 

ViildiiL  IJmuliilib  Siiv.  viir 

X 

. ... 

' 

1 

X 

X 

X 
X 

* 

' 

, 

1 

X 

Cimliuiii  ileroratiim  (ircwinjik 

SwrriiH'rt  ui'onliiixliruH  Itock 

X 

X 

.... 

.... 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 

'riip«iH  Htiiiiiiiioft  Coni'ud 

X 

X 

.... 

.... 

.... 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Limonclm  sp 

.... 

.... 

X 

X 

PHtMulopytliinii  ^ratuliH  Dull        

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

V 

X 

X 

•  •• 

.... 

Tulliiui  friiridn  lirav  .- 

X 
X 

X 
X 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

Telliimaltrrnidi'iitHtaliriHl.  and  Sby.. 
MaGi>iiui  iiii<ldeiulorHi  Dull .   .         .   ... 

x" 

X' 

X 

X 

.... 

X 
X 

*l 

Macnina  inconspiciia  Brod.  and  Sby  . . . 
Maconia  Habulona  Spgl 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Kpiiiiriiyiii  ^I'aiulia  Dall 

" 

Suxicava  arotica  L 

>■ 

X 

X 

.... 

^ 

X 

X' 

X 

(*vlirliiia  (alba  liniwii  .')•  ■         

; 

Adnu'tn  rout  Iinnyl  Jay , 

ItiH'ciiiiiin  toiiuo  (Jrav 



1 

*"*l 

.... '.'.'.'. 

t 

X 

'"'I'"" 

X 

X       X 
X    '    X 

...  K... 

-.■ 

X 



Natica  idaiiHa  Jlrnd.  and  Sby 

X 

X 

Margarita  striata  ItnMl.and"  Sby 

X 
X 

X 



1 

1 

'TliiH  tiilili'  it  (lni'iv«(l  rliiclly  t'ruiu  a  tiililo  of  Alaukuu  XurUury  foHBila  uivuii  by  uie  in  Ibu  Huvuutuuutk  Annual  Bunt. 
V.  S.  Gm\.  Siirvty,  Turt  1,  1890. 


1  ;, 

1!  f 


Recent. 

- 

N. 

H. 

x' 

X 

X 

X 

X 
X 
X 

X 

x" 

•  ••• 

x' 
"x" 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

.... 

X 

.... 

X 

.... 

X 

X 

... 

XXI.-LIST  OF  INSECTS  HITHERTO  KNOWN  FROM  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS.' 


The  insect  fauna  of  the  Pribilof  Islands  is  still  most  iniperfiictly  known,  and  I  am 
not  aware  that  the  islands  have  ever  been  visited  by  an  e.xpert  entomologist.  Among 
the  liussian  explorers  and  visitors  of  Alaska  in  the  first  half  of  the  present  eentury, 
Wosnesenski  seems  to  be  the  only  one  who  collected  insects  on  the  Pribilof  Islands. 
They  are  still  preserved  in  the  Imperial  Museum  of  St.  Petersburg,  but  only  the 
Coleoptera  have  been  worked  np.^  After  the  acquisition  of  Alaska  by  the  United 
States  a  few  small  collections  of  insects  were  made  on  the  islands,  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing were  transmitted  to  the  Entomological  Department  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum : 
AccosHion  No. 23ti4ti,  recciv.Ml  April,  18iU,  'oll.icted  by  MeHsrs.  Klliott  uml  I'liliiior  in  l«!tO— »iu)  species 

of  iiiMects. 
Accession  No.  30147,  rticived  Jauiiary,  l«!Hi,  (tolloctoU  by  Messrs.  1'.  \V.  True  iiii.l  1>.  W.  I'reiiUss,  jr.,  in 

lHi).5— six  si>i'cics  of  insects. 
Aciession  No.  313;r>,  received  November,  IS'M,  collectod  by  Mr.  O.  E.  H.  liarrett-Haniilton,  of  Ireluiul,  in 

Iggg—twenty-two  species  of  insects  iiud  Aracliuids. 

The  only  general  observations  on  the  insect  fauna  of  the  islands  which  have  been 
recorded  are  those  by  Mr.  Henry  W.  Elliott,  published  in  Volume  VIII  of  the  Tenth 
Census  of  the  United  States,  1880  (1884),  page  12.  Unfortunately,  the  determination 
of  the  insects  given  by  him  is  guesswork,  and  his  collection  never  reached  the  Museum. 
Whatever  points  of  interest  there  are  in  his  remarks  are  incorporated  in  the  follow- 
ing list. 

The  small  size  of  the  Pribilof  Islands,  their  isolated  position,  and  the  inclement 
climatic  conditions  are  certainly  not  favorable  to  the  existence  of  a  rich  insect  fauna. 
Still,  according  to  a  very  moderate  estimate,  the  number  of  insects  on  the  islands 
will  amount  to  at  least  400  species.  Since  of  this  number  not  more  than  about  40 
can  be  enumerated  at  present,  it  is  evident  that  any  general  considerations  on  the 
character  of  this  fauna,  or  a  comparison  with  the  fatinas  of  Kamchatka,  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  and  the  mainland  of  Alaska  would  be  premature,  and  the  following  list  is 
herewith  given  without  further  comment : 

I  Compiled  by  E.  A.  Scliwarz,  of  the  Division  of  Entomology,  United  States  Dopartment  of  Agri- 
culture. 

■'  E.  MdnctrK's :  Sur  un  envoi  d'iusoctes  de  la  cftte  N.  ().  do  1' Amcriiiuo  ( Bull.  Acad.  d.  St.  Potcrsbourg, 

2, 1844). 

v.  von  Motschulsky :  Die  Kiifer  Uusslauds  (Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow.  18, 1845). 

C.  U.  von  Manuerheim :  Nachtriige  zur  Kiiferfanna  d.  Aleutischon  Inselu  und  der  lusel  Sitka,  I-lII 

(Bull.  8oo.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscow,  19, 1846;  25, 1852;  und  26, 1853). 

547 


ill! 


il; 


MS 


THK    Fin    SKAI.S   OV   THE    PUIUILOK    18I-ANI»H. 


I.  COhKOl'TKKA. 

Family  CAF^IABIDAE. 

Carabus  trunoatiooUla  KMcliHcliolt/.. 

NuinenMis  specimens  collected  by  Messrs.  Elliott  and  rainier  on  St.  Paul  in  1890 
and  also  by  Mr.  liarrott-IIaniiiton  on  St.  Paul  in  IS'.Hl.  Mr.  lOlliott  says  uf  this  beetle: 
"The  tainous  green  and  gold  (Jarabus  is  exceedingly  conunou,  crawling  everywhere," 
but  tails  to  reitord  tiie  food  habits.  The  s])ecies  is  known  from  the  Yukon  Hiver, 
"Sierra  Nevada.''  and  Kamchatka  and  ejwtern  Siberia.  The  specimens  from  St.  Paul 
8h(>w  great  variatiim  in  sculpture  and  color. 

Nebrla  bifaria  iMiiiiuh.  (curhoiiaria  Miiniili.). 

Originally  described  from  St.  Paul.  Two  sjieciniens  wore  also  found  there  by 
l'\  W.  True  and  1>.  W.  Prentiss,  jr.,  and  by  Mr.  liarrett-Ilauiilton.  It  is  known  to 
occur  in  Kamchatka  and  at  St.  Michael,  Alaska. 

Pelophlla  eschscboItKii  Maniih. 

One  specimen  collected  by  True  and  Prentiss.  Originally  described  from  Una- 
laska;  the  spe«'ios  is  also  known  from  Methy,  11.  B.  T. 

Patrobiis  septentrioniB  Do^- 

Six  spe<^imeus  from  St.  (ieorge  Island  colletited  by  True  and  Prentiss  and  one 
Bpecinieu  from  St.  Paul  collected  by  Marrett- Hamilton.  A  circumpolar  species, 
occurring  alstt  on  the  Alps  of  lOuroiie  and  in  the  Uocky  Mountains  of  North  America. 

PteroBtlcbuB  (PseudocryobiuB)  pinguedineua  lOBuhscholt/.. 

Originally  described  from  St.  Paid  Island;  also  known  from  the  Aleutian  Islands, 
Katliak,  and  Sitka. 

PteroBticbuB  (PBeudocryobius)  hyperboreuB  Mitnnli. 

Hitherto  recorded  only  from  St.  (Ieorge  Island. 
PteroBtlchuB  (PseudocryobiuB)  BimiUs  Miiuiili. 

Described  from  St.  George  Island;  known  also  from  St.  Stephens. 
PteroBtichuB  (PseudocryobiuB)  quadricolUs  Marinh. 

Described  from  St.  George  Island;  occurs  also  in  St.  Lawrence  Bay  (Peninsula  of 
Tschntsk). 
Pterosticbus  (PseudocryobiuB)  empetricola  l)ej. 

Eight  specimens  from  St.  Paul  Island,  collected  by  Barrett- Hamilton,  and  one 
specimen  from  St.  George  (True  and  Prentiss).  Widely  distributed  in  Alaska,  Hud- 
son Bay  territory,  Kamchatka,  and  Siberia. 

Pterosticbus  (Pseudocryobius)  ventricosus  UBchacholt/. 

One  specimen  from  St.  Paul  Island  (Barrett- Hamilton)  and  two  specimens  from 
St.  George  (True  and  Prentiss);  also  known  from  Unalaska  and  Sitka. 

Amara  hyperborea  Dej. 

Collected  by  Wosnessenski  on  St.  Paul  Island.  Widely  distributed  in  boreal 
America  and  boreal  Asia. 


'  Determined  by  Mr.  M.  L.  Linell. 


1N.SK(  I'S    OK    TIIK    I'Ulltll.OK    ISLANDS. 


r»4!» 


Family   DYTISCIDAE. 
IiaooophUus  deolpiena  l.cr. 

I'olh'cftod  by  WoHiu^Hscnaki  on  St.  (Iporuo.     Widiily  *)iHfcribiitiMl  in  w«Ht«Mii  NorMi 
America,  ucciirrin^'  iis  fur  uasi  as  KauHas. 


Family  H  Y  DF^OPH  1  LI  DAE. 
Beroana  maouloaua  Mannerhoiin. 

DoHCTihctl  tn»ni  Ht.  (feoifH!  Island;  also  nu-oriicd  IVoiii  Ihialaska. 
Ceroyoii  lateralla  MurHliitiii. 

Collected  on  Sf.  Paul  Island  by  WosM08.scnHki.    Occurs  along  tiic  I'acilic  coast  of 
North  America;  also  in  Siberia  and  tlic  niort;  boreal  |)art  of  Kurojie. 


in 


Family  SILPHIDAE. 
LyroBoma  opacum  Mannli. 

Collected  on  St.  Paul  Island  by  Woanessenski.     Also  known  from  the  Aleutian 
JBlands,  Bering  Island,  Copper  Island,  and  Kamchatka. 


Family  STAPH YLINIDAE. 
Hadrotua  crasaua  Mannb. 

Collected  on  Ht.  George  Island  by  VVosiiessenski.     A  nniritime  Bpecies  o<;curring 
along  the  coast  as  far  south  as  California. 

Tachinua  apterus  Mon. 

Found  on  St.  (Jeorge  Island  by  VVosnessenski. 
Olophrum  fiiscum  (<rav.  (latum  Miikliii). 

Found  on  St,  Oeorge  Island  by  VVosnessenski.     Also  known  from  thepenin.sulanf 
Keuai,  Alaska,  Siberia,  Caucasus  Mountains,  and  in  more  boreal  parts  of  Europe. 


! 


. 


Family   CH  R  YSOMELIDAE. 

« 

Chryaomela  aubsulcata  Maiinh. 

Described  from  St.  Paul  Island  (Wosnessenski),  from  which  lo(!ality  iVIessrs.  True 
and  Prentiss  forwarded  two  specimens.  Another  specimen  fr<tm  thci  same  collectors 
from  St.  (Teorge  Island.  This  remarkable  species  seems  to  be  peculiar  t«  the  Pribilof 
Islands. 

Family  AEGIALTIDAE. 

Aegialites  californica  MotHchnlttky. 

This  remarkable  spe<!ies  does  not  appear  to  be  rai-e  on  St.  Paul  Island,  for  in  the 
stomach  of  a  shore  bird,  Limosn  lapponira  (shot  on  Walrus  Island,  C  miles  distant  from 
St.  Paul  on  June  20),  wliich  was  examined  at  the  Department  of  Agri<Mdture  in  189(», 
uuraerons  specimens  were  found.  The  locrality,  "California,"  of  the  typical  specimen 
in  Motschulski's  <!ollection  is  extrenuily  donbtfid ;  the  sjjecies  is  known  to  occur  in  the 
peninsula  of  Kenai  and  in  Sitka. 


I    ! 


II 


'   iJ 


■..aiBMiUMwamii.nwgi/ , 


I    !'l 


i  i      it 


r»60  TIIR    I-M'R    SKAr-S   OF   TMK    Prrun.Ol     ISIiANDS 

II.  IIVMKNOI'TlCltA. 

Fnrnilv  CHALCIDIDAE. 
Trldymua  capreae  L,' 

Oiiu  H|  tori  mull  tVmiid  in  vial  with  tirkn  anil  lico  tbiind  on  tlio  fur  Heal  (Barrett- 
Fluniiltoii).  TIiIh  in  a  I'oiiiiiion  North  HiiroiKMin  npecioH  and  Ih  parttHitii;  in  liiptcrous 
{rallH  on  willow. 

Fnmily   IC  H  NEU  MON  IDAE. 
BxolytuB  H|i.' 

Koiir  apociniflnH  woni  uollotrtoil  l»y  Mr.  liarrott-IIainiltnn  on  St.  Paul  iHlaiid. 

Pezomachua  hji,' 

Two  HpecinienH  ironi  St.  Taiil  iKlaiid  colloctod  by  Mr.  Itarrett-llaniilton. 

Fnmily  APIDAE. 

Mr.  Klliott  (Report  on  tho  Soal  Islands  of  Alaska,  p.  Ili)  snya:  <»Tlio,  to  onr  eyes, 
familiar  form  of  the  biunblebee,  lioinhiis  borealis,  passiii);  from  tiowcr  to  (lower,  was 
rarely  seen;  bnt  a  few  avo  resident  here."  The  determination  must  bo  eonsidered 
doubtful  and  the  species  may  possibly  be  the  H.  geUilm  Gresson,  wliii'h  has  been 
described  from  the  Aleutian  Islands.  It  is  |)ossible,  also,  that  several  species  of 
liombun  may  occur  on  the  I'ribilof  Islands. 

III.  liEIMDOPTKUA. 

Suborder  LBPIDOPTERA  RHOPALOCERA. 

No  species  of  this  suborder  seem  to  be  recorded  from  Pribilof  Islands  and  none 
were  amonp^  the  collections  transmitted  to  the  Museum,  but  Mr.  Elliott  (1,  c.)  remarks 
that  "a  very  few  species  of  buttertiies,  principally  the  yellow  Nymplialiilae,  are 
represented  l)y  numerous  individuals."  The  yellow  butterllies  referred  to  are  unques- 
tionably Papilioiiids  of  the  genus  Colias,  several  sjiecies  of  which  are  recorded  from 
Alaska,  viz,  C.  hecln  Lef.,  (\  pnlneno  Linn.,  (\  cliippcira  lidw.  The  last  named  species 
is  almost  sure  to  occur  on  the  Pribilof  Islands. 

Suborder  LBPIDOPTERA  HETEROCBRA. 

None  are  recorded  from  the  islands,  though  various  families  are  undoubtedly  rep- 
resented. The  Museum  possesses  only  two  spe(;iiiiens  of  an  undetermined  Arctiid 
larva  collected  by  Harrett- Hamilton  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

IV.  O.'lt  .•  DIPTEUA. 

No  species  have  hitherto  been  described  from  the  Pribilof  Islands,  but  Mr.  Elliott 
(1.  c.)  records  some  interesting  notes  on  Diptera  which  are  incorporated  in  the  fol- 
lowing list.  Nine  species  of  this  order  (besides  a  single  larva)  were  collected  by 
Mr.  Barrett- namilton  on  St.  Paul  Island  and  have  been  determined  by  Mr.  D.  W. 
Goquillett. 


'  Dvtenuineil  by  Mr.  William  II.  AHliniead. 


in»k<;ts  ok  thk  I'luiui-oK  islands. 


Fnmilv   CULICIDAE. 


r.r»i 


Arcti(i  roploii*  w«>  notoHoiiH  on  arcniiiit  of  tlu^  provaleiice  of  mosqnitoos.  so  that 
tliu  abm>iuuM>r  tlu'  poHtH  on  tht^  I'rihilot'  iHlaiUtrt.  as  tioh'd  liy  Mr.  Klliott,  is  rt^rtainly  a 
tact  worth  rei^ordin^'.  liu  HayM:  "Tlioii,  attain,  pcrliupH  this  Ih  tho  only  phi«M>  in  all 
Alanka  wliero  man,  primitivo  and  civili/iMl,  jh  lutt  riirmMl  by  nioMipiitotis." 

Fnmilv  TIPUUIDAE. 
Triohooera  ap. 

A  ain);h<  apecinuMi  colloctod  by  Mr.  Itarrott-IIaniilton.    To  this  or  an  ailiiMl  Hprcii^s 

I  am  inclined  to  rofor  tho  ''gnat'*  mentioned  by  Mr.  Klliott  which  'Mlits  abont  in 

in  large  HwarniH,  but  it  iH  iaott'enHivc  and  acekH  nholter  in  the  grasH." 

Tlpulid. 

A  Hinglo  larva  from  Mr.  Harrntt- Hamilton's  (Collection  from  St.  I'aul  indicatt'H  a 
larger  HpecicH  tlnin  the  Trichocerajust  mentionetl. 

Family  MUSCIDAE. 

Calliphora  obsooena  EBchschoH/.. 

Four  Hpecimons  collooted  by  Mr.  Harrottnamilton;  originally  described  from 
UnalaHka  from  specimens  found  on  the  ocean  beach.  This  is  un(|iu;Htionably  the 
■'.lige  llesh  liy  inenti«>ned  by  Mr.  iOlliott,  bnt  quite  incorrectly  named  by  him  ISoni- 
hiflimmnior,  lie  says  that  it  ''appears  during  the  smnnier  and  sottlea  in  a  striking 
manner  upon  the  backs  of  the  loadng  initives  or  strings  itself  in  rows  of  millions 
uiHtn  the  long  grass  blades  which  tlourish  over  the  killing  grounds  {of  the  seals], 
especially  on  the  leaf  stalks  of  the  I'^lymus,  causing  this  vegetation  on  tln^  whole 
slaughtering  tleld  and  vicinity  to  fairly  drop  to  earth,  as  if  beaten  down  by  a  tornado 
of  wind  and  rain.  It  nnikes  the  landscape  look  as  though  it  had  molded  in  the  night, 
and  the  fungoid  spores  were  blue  and  gray."  The  larva  lives,  lu)  doubt,  in  tho 
carcasses  of  the  slaughtered  seals,  and  the  species  has  enormously  increase<l  in 
individuals  in  consequence  of  the  sealing  industry  on  the  islands. 

The  absence  of  the  common  house  fly,  Mttsca  domeHtica,  noted  by  Elliott,  deserves 
mention. 

Family  CORDYLURIDAE. 
Bcatophaga  aquallda  Moigcn. 

Three  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton.  Previously  known  from 
temperate  and  boreal  Kuroi>e  ami  North  America. 

Soatophaga  diadema  WiiMlonianti. 

Three  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton.  Previously  known  from 
Montevideo  (Uruguay)  and  Labrador. 

Scatophaga  dasythrlx  ]incker. 

Eleven  speiamens  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett-IIamilton.  The  type  locality  is  "  Ber- 
ing Straits."    No  other  locality  is  known  for  this  species. 

Scatophaga  ap. 

A  single  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett- Hamilton. 


•4': 


rii<''f\.'' 


tm 


■■T™:"i>!!»»9ls»r':; 


■'■tm^'V—wv.srmm^^fii..;  -..;!p*St<i 


552 


THE    FUR    SEAL8   OP   THE    PBIBH.OF    ISLANDS. 


t       ! 


n 


Blepharoptera  pectinator  Loew. 

Two  specimens  collected  by  Mr,  Harrett-Hainilton.  Widely  distributed  through- 
out North  America. 

Family  PH  YCODROMl  DAE. 
Coelops  Mgida  FiiUeii. 

One  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton.  This  is  a  maritime  species 
previously  known  from  Kurope  and  the  New  Kngland  Stateo. 

Family   BORBORIDAE. 
BorboniB  annulus  Walker. 

One  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton.  Type  locality,  Albany  Kiver, 
Hudson  Bay  Territory. 

V.  HHMIPTKRA. 

Family  CAPSIDAE. 
Orthocephalus  saltator  Halm. 

A  single  specimen  of  the  brachypterous  form  collected  on  St.  Paul  Island  by  Mr. 
Barrett-Hamilton.  No  other  Hemiptera  are  recorded  from  the  Pribilof  Islands, 
though  this  order,  and  more  especially  the  suborder  Homoi)tera,  is  no  doubt  repre- 
sented on  the  islands  by  a  number  of  species.  Mr.  Elliott  says  "the  Hydrocorisae 
occur  in  great  abundance,  skipi)ing  over  the  water  in  the  lakes  and  pools  everywhere," 
and  from  this  statement  we  suppose  that  one  or  several  of  the  aquatic  families  pos- 
sessing the  habit  mentioned  by  Mr.  Elliott  are  reprtjsented  on  the  islands. 

VI.  NEritOPTBRA. 

Family  PHRYGANEIDAE. 
LlmnophiluB  Hp. 

Two  specimens  from  St.  Paul  Island,  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton. 

Other  species  of  the  same  family,  as  well  as  representatives  of  some  other  fatiilies 
of  the  old  order  Neuroptera,  are  no  doubt  represented  on  the  islands.  Elliott  nen- 
uions  "a  single  dragon  tiy,  Perla  bicaudata,  Hitted  over  ths  lakes  and  ponds  ol  St. 
P..  111."  The  determination  is  of  course  erroneous  and  the  species  is  one  of  tuo 
Odonata. 

VII.  OPILIONIDA. 

A  single  not  yet  determined  specimen  is  among  the  collection  of  Mr.  Barrett 
Hamilton  from  St.  I'anl  Island. 

VIII.  ARACHNIDA. 

Family  LYCOSIDAE. 

Tyro  species,  Lyeosa  xepteiitrioiinUs  and  I'ardosa  prHita,  from  St.  George  Island 
are  recorded  by  Dr.  Marx  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc  Wash.,  II,  pp.  1!»0, 197),  but  U.k  'e  never 
been  described. 

Another  undetermined  species  of  this  order  from  St.  Paul,  and  represented  by 
six  specimens,  was  collected  by  Mr.  Barrett-Hamilton. 


INSKCTS   OF   THE   PKIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


553 


, 


Fw.  1. 


IX.  AOAKINA. 

Hy  Prof.    IlKKHKItT   OsllOHX. 

HaematopinuB  callorhini  Horbtirt  OHiiorii,  now  apeciex.     (Tyjie,  No,  3501,  IT. K.N. M.) 

Mead  but  slij^iitly  produced,  lt>8H  than  a  Heinicircle  in  front  of  the  antennae,  wider 
behind  the  antennae  than  in  front;  eyes  inconspicuous  or  wanting;  (h)i-sal  surfa.«!e  with 
a  very  strong  basally  swollen  lateral  bristle  and  a  number  of  stiff 
shorter  bristl^>"  or  spines  merging  anteriorly  into  short  blunt  spines; 
posterior  margin  subangular  and  projected  on  to  i)rothorax;  beneath 
with  long  slender  bristles  posteriorly  and  short  blunt  spines  anteriorly; 
antennae  five  jointed,  basal  Joint  very  large,  succeeding  joints  gratln- 
ally  diminishing  in  size  but  of  nearly  equal  length. 

Thorax  wider  than  long,  con<;ave  in  front  an«l  behind,  lateral  mar- 
gins rather  evenly  arcuate;  jtrothorax  i)roduced  posteriorly,  nearly 
reaching  abdomen ;  sutures  of  pro-  meso-  and  meta-  thorax  cctnverging 
near  posterior  margin,  posterioi'  margin  of  meso-  thoiax  strongly 
chitinous,  surface  bristly  and  spiny,  meso-  and  meta-  thorax  each  with 
larger  bristles.  No  sternal  i)late,  coxae  wide  apart,  and  surface  of  sternum  scantily 
armed  with  short  spines. 

Abdomen  widest  near  the  middle,  tai)ering  to  apex ;  set  with  short  stiff  spines  and 
bristly  hairs;  the  spiracles  o])ening  in  small  ])rominent  tubercles;  t>eneath  with  short 
spiny  hairs. 

Le^rs  nearly  uniform  in  size,  middle  and  posterior  ones  slightly  larger;  middle  and 
hind  tarsal  claws  fitting  into  a  .semicircular  cup  on  the  spur  of  tibia. 

(ienitalia  of  msile  hxated  dorsally,  most  apjmreiit from  above,  where  the  chitint)us 
structure  is  conspicuous,  especially  the  two  bars  converging  f  -ward  so  as  to  foiin  a 
triangle,  fron.  base  of  which,  at  ai)ex  of  abdomen,  the  protru.iing  penis  and  hooks 
appear  as  a  second  trinngle.     Length,  2  mm. 

This  si)ecies  falls  in  Iliicmatopiniin,  on  account  of  the  five-jointed  antennae  and 
8tru(;ture  of  sternum,  though  approaching  hjchiiiophtfiiriun  in  body  covering.     It   is 

jierhaps  nearest  pUi/rrim,  but  stands  i»retty  clearly  by  itself, 
and  nuiy  doubtless  be  referred  to  a  distinct  subgenus. 

Described  from  a  number  of  examples  from  the  northern 
fur  seal.  CitUorhinus  ursinvs,  from  Pribilof  Islands. 

Ixodes  arcticus  lleiliort()Hliorn,uewniiecieH.    (Typo,  Xo.HoOO,  IJ.S.N.M.) 

Flongate  oboval  slightly  (!ontr.acted  behind  the  middle, 
finely  transver.sely  striated;  dorsal  shield  deej) chestnut  brown, 
oval  exccjjt  where  truncated  to  join  head;  two  divergent  im- 
pressed lines  or  furrows  from  near  the  anterior  nnirgin  to 
behind  the  middle,  where  they  terminate  abruptly,  and  exter- 
nal to  which,  near  their  ends,  are  short,  impressed  lighter 
marks,  one  on  either  side.  I'alpi  ratlu'r  short,  blunt,  truncate  at  apex,  sharp  edged, 
flat,  and  somewhat  impressed  above;  legs  blackish  except  the  joii.:s,  long,  stn)ng. 
The  dorsum  of  the  expanded  abd(»men  has  two  deep  parallel  furrows  anteriorly  and 
three  posteriorly,  and  the  ventral  surface  has  the  ordinary  furrows  of  the  genus,  miujh 
as  ill  riciniis.  The  coK)r  of  the  alcoholic  specimens  is  a  testaceous  yellow.  Length 
ot  exi>anded  female,  (»  nun.     Length  of  dorsal  shield,  L-M  mm.;  width,  0.92  mm. 


Km. 


il' 


ymlmt 


laooi 


554 


THK    FUK    SEATiS    OP    THE    PUIBILOK    ISLANDS, 


This  species  appears  to  bo  closely  related  to  Lvodes  ricimis,  as  (letenninetl  for  me 
by  tlie  late  Dr.  George  Marx,  but  is  larger;  the  dorsal  shield  is  more  perfectly  oval 
and  larger;  the  legs  larger  and  much  blacker;  as  also  the  head  parts  and  the  ])alpi  are 
shorter,  more  truncate  at  apex,  and  the  spiracle  is  located  in  a  larger,  blacker  circle. 
These  points,  with  its  extreme  ditference  in  host,  warrant  its  description  as  a  distinct 
species.  The  description  is  from  a  single  female  which  appears  to  be  mature  and  fully 
ex]>anded,  but  not  distended  to  its  full  limit  by  development  of  eggs. 

Both  this  tiiik  and  the  louse  described  above  seem  to  have  been  encountered  here- 
tofore, as  I  find  in  Allen's  Monograph  of  the  Pinnipedia  (p.  .'{52)  the  following,  (juoted 
from  Klliott:  *  •  •  «The  seal,  in  common  with  all  animals,  is  preyed  upon  by  ver- 
min, a  species  of  louse  and  a  tick,  ])eculiar  to  itself,"  but  neither  of  them  api)ears  to 
iiave  been  te<'.hnically  described. 


! 


•t  h 


(1  for  me 
Jtly  oval 
talpi  are 
!r  circle, 
distinct 
n<l  fully 

Bd  hero- 
quoted 
by  ver- 

tears  to 


XXII.-LIST   OF  CRUSTACEA    KNOWN   TO   OCCUR  ON    AND   NEAR   THE 

PRIBILOF   ISLANDS 


My  Mauy  .1.  Katuiutn.i 
Second  Assintant  Cumtoi;  nirixwH  of  Marine  InvertihialeH,  V.  s.  SalUinul  Muxeiim. 


The  Oru8ta«'ea  occurring  at  tho  I'ribilof  Islauds  are  by  no  means  rostricted  to 
that  archipelago.  l''or  exanipb',  of  the  Hrachyura  or  true  cr.ibs,  11  una  conrctalKS  and 
VhionaceUs  opilio  are  ^ircuinpolar,  while  OregonUt  finicilis  and  lli/tts  Ijirntus  are  very 
coiiunon  in  the  North  Paciti(%  Tlie  hairy  crabs  or  horse  crabs,  TilmrsHits  and  I'JriiiKKrits, 
roach  their  Cnllest  development  in  Hering  Sea.  The  formei',  T.  chnrndoniis,  was  lirst 
recorded  by  Tilesiua,  the  Russian  naturalist,  from  specimens  (ioliected  by  Stcller  at 
A  vacua  li-'y,  Kamchatka,  wheie  it  o(!(urred  in  great  abundance,  an«l  wa«  used  Un- 
food  by  the  saiio'-s.     It  extends  southward  to  Oregon. 

The  three  triangular  anomuran  crabs,  fAfhodcs  birripcs,  DcrmnturHH  maniUil  and 
Jlapah)gitstc:r  firHinit^hii  are  distinctively  liering  Sea  s?i»ecies,  inliabiting  tiiat  body  of 
water  and  the  Aleutian.  Islands.  Nine  species  of  Nortii  ravilic  hermit  crabs  (rrt.'/"'"v) 
are  known  to  inhabit  the  sliores  of  the  I'ribilofs.  Most  of  these  are  of  iwmt  discov- 
ery.    Of  the  si.vtcen  shrimjjs  enumerated  eiglit  are  circunipolar. 

It  is  to  be  expected  that  a  more  thorough  study  of  the  lower  forms  of  Crustacea 
will  add  many  names  to  the  list  given  below. 

Oregcnia  gracilis  Dana.    2r>  to  2(>  latlioms;  U.  S.  Fish  Coniniissioii. 

Hyaa  ooarctatiiB  [.caoli.     2(»  to  ()2  latlioiim;  t^  S.  Fish  CominiHsidn. 

Hyas  lyratus  l»ana.     25  to  (i2  ratlioiim;  II.  S.  lUsli  ComminHion. 

CliionceceteB  opilio  {O.  Faliricius).    20  to  (!r>  fiitlioms;  U.  S.  Kisli  ('oiiimi«Hion. 

TelmesBiiH  chelragonuB  (TiloHiiis).     St.  I'aiil  Island;  Talnior  and  Klliott. 

Erimacrue  Isenbeokii  (HiaiKlt).    St.  Paul  Island;  I'alnicr  and  Klliott,    2!»  to  11  faMionis;  IT,  S.  FIhIi 

ConnnisHion. 
LlthodeabrevipeaMilnc-KdwartlH.     Younn.     St.  I'.wllsland;  Palmer  and  Klliott.     2;".  to  17  (utlionm; 

U.  S.  Fisli  ConiniiHsion. 
Dermatvrus  mandtii  Ifnindt.    2,".  I'athoniH ;  I.  S.  Fish  C'onunission. 
Hapalo'.aater  grebnitzkii  Sclii.lf.dW.    2.")  lathonm;  I'.  S.  Fish  ConnnirtHion. 
PaguruB  alaakenaia  lienodict.     St.  I'aiil  Island. 

Pagtirua  aleuticus  Konedict.     .">(•>  to  tl.')  lathonis;  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
Pagiirua  brandti  Hoiiddict.    (!,">  fathoms;  V.H.  Fish  Commission. 
Pagurua  confragoaiia  Itonedict.     57  to  65  fathoms;  U.  S.  Fish  Connnission. 
PaRurua  dalU  Honwliiit.    2(5  fathomM;  V.S.  Fish  Connnission. 

'Tho  lists  of   Anoninva  and  Iso|ioda  wore  nnido  from  sperlmrnH  determined  by  Dr.  .lami-s  F. 
Ueuedi<'t. 


«i 


AfiB 


THE   FUH    SEAI.S   OP   THE   PRIIULOP    ISLANDS. 


II  i 


Pagurua  rathbunl  Benedict.     17  to  fi'i  fathoms;  U.  S.  FihIi  Couiiuisgiun. 
PagiiruB  Bplendescens  Owen.     11  to  U2  I'atlioiiiH;  If.  S,  Fish  CoiniiiigHioii. 
Pagurua  trigouocheirus  (StinipHoii).    I'ti  to  57  fiitboiiiH;  U.  S.  Fisli  ConimisHion. 
PaguruB  undoBus  Ifeneilict.    2()fathoiim;  IT.  S.  Fisli  OoiimiisBion.    St.PiiiiI  Ulaiiil;  ralineriiiitl  Elliott. 
Crangon  communis,  Hp.  iiov.     tO  to  I'.'l  t'athoniH;  takr.a  at  'M  stations  liy  tlio  V  .S.  FihIi  C'oniniiHHioii 
Htoanier  Alhatross, 

Allied  to  C.  cratujon  {h.).  The  mo.st  notiooable  (liffereiices  are  as  follows:  Two 
median  spines  on  the  carapace,  considerably  in  front  of  tiio  middle;  rostrum  longer, 
more  slender  and  spatiilate;  eyes  larger;  tirst  to  fifth  abdominal  segments  each  with  a 
transverse  posterior  smooth  ilatt«ned  crest;  third  to  fiftli  segments  with  a  similar 
median  longitudinal  crest;  sixth  segment  with  two  prominent  blunt  longitu«linal  keels. 

DinwnsiotiH  of  female. — lieiigth  of  carapace  from  tip  of  rostrum,  IG  mm.;  widtii, 
11  mm.;  length  of  body  from  tip  of  rostrum  to  tip  of  telson,  (J4  mm. 

Ti/pe  hmtlitij.— hat.  .57°  4'  20"  N.,  long.  170°  62'  .'iO"  W.;  r,l  fatlioms,  station  .'{441 

rypen.—\L  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  22826. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  most  abuntlant  shrimps  iu  Bering  Sea.  It  can  not '« 
confused  with  C.  intermedhi  Stimpson,  in  which  the  posterior  of  the  median  spines  is 
at  the  middle  *  t^ie  "arapace,  and  in  which  the  tirst  two  abdomimil  segments  have  a 
median  carina. 

Crangon  intermedia     '     i^tsoii.     Iti  to  31  fathoms;  af  :t  stations  of  tlitt  .-tlhatross. 
Sclerooriaigon  Bharpi  Ortni.tun.     51  t'atlicnis;  Albatromi. 
Nectocrangon  lar  (Owen).    H3  to  IttiS  Cathonis;  30  stations  of  the  .ilbatrosH. 
Nectocraugon  craBsa,  h|i.  nov,     17  to  31  fathoms;  at  (t  stations  of  the  AVmtrosH. 

Allied  to  iV^.  aiaskcHsis  Kingsley  in  having  three  spines  on  the  median  line  of  the 
carapace  and  a  smaller  spine  or  spinule.just  behind  the  rostrum.  The  carapace  ditt'ers 
from  that  of  N.  alaskensis  in  being  shorter  and  broader.  All  the  abdominal  segments 
are  sculptured  and  keeled;  the  lirst  to  lifth  have  u  bli.ni  median  keel,  very  short  and 
hump-like  in  tlie  first  and  second  segments;  the  first  three  segments  have  transvcr2«i 
sulci;  the  keel  of  the  fifth  segment  disappears  toward  the  posterior  margin ;  the  sixth 
segment  is  much  shorter  than  hi  A',  alaskcnsis;  its  double  keel  is  not  continued  to 
the  posterior  margin,  and  this  margin  is  devoid  of  the  sharp  spines  present  in  N. 
aldskeHsis. 

Dimensions  of  female. — Length  of  carapace,  1.3  mm.;  width,  10.5  mm.;  h'ngth  of 
body  from  tip  of  rostrum  to  tip  of  telson,  4S.ij  mm. 

Type  localitt/.—hat.  57°  4'  N.,  loi.g.  170'=  24'  VV.;  20  fathoms,  station  .'55.57. 

Types.— V.  "s.  Nat.  Mus.,  No.  22827. 

Spirontocaris  spinuB  (SowtTby).    41  to  121  fathoms;  at  13  stations  of  thi'  .llliatroas. 
SpirontocariB  gaimardii  (Milue-Edwanls).    20  to  368  fatlioms;  at  17  stations. 
SpirontocariB  gibba  (Krilycr).     50  to  52  t'athonis;  at  2  stiitions. 

Bpirontocarin  barbata,  sp.  no\'. 

Carapace  with  two  spines  on  the  anterior  margin,  one  below  the  eye,  the  other 
at  the  middle  of  the  antenna.  Dorsal  carina  extending  to  the  posterior  third  of 
the  carapace.  Uostrum  about  one-third  longer  than  the  car.apace;  upper  margin 
straight,  armed  with  live  teeth,  one  of  which  is  on  the  (carapace  proper;  distal  two- 
fifths  of  npper  iimrgin  unarmed;  extremity  acute;  lower  limb  of  slight  depth  and 
tapering  tVom  near  the  base  to  the  tip,  armed  with  about  nine  small  teeth  and 
denticles,  diminishing  in  size  and  distance  apart,  toward  the  tip  of  the  rostrum. 


CRUSTACKA    OF    THE    PRIIULoV    TSLANHS. 


557 


Inner  iintennif  about  two  thirds  Icnjjth  of  rostnun.    Hviila  of  outer  iiMtcunn"  about 
seveu-cightlis  lengtli  of  rostrum.     Maxillipcjls  reiicbiug  ii  little  over  one-half  length 

of  rostrum. 

Abdomen  with  the  fourth,  tilth,  and  i)osteri(u-  half  of  the  third  segnuMit  cariiuited, 
the  carina  of  each  segment  prolonged  in  a  slender,  sharp  spine;  carina  of  third  segment 
with  a  subterminal  hump;  postero  lateral  angle  of  tifth  segment  armed  with  a  spine; 
posterior  margin  of  the  sixth  segment  armed  with  a  median  aiul  hiteral  spine,  also  a 
spinule  at  the  inferior  angle. 

IHmemions  o/ A«i«//'.— Length  of  carapace,  to  orbit,  lli  nun.;  length  to  tip  of  ros- 
trum, 19.«!  mm.;  length  of  body  from  tip  of  rostrum  to  tip  of  telson,  74.5  mm. 
Type  locality.— Lat.  56'=  18'  N.,  long.  l(K)o  38'  W.;  80  fathoms,  station  ;{497. 
Type.—U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  No.  li28:i.S. 
SpirontocariB  oamtschatica  (Stiiiipsou).    UO  lathc.ins;  iit  station  :143X,  Albatross. 
Spirontocaria  macllenta  (Krii.voi).    :W  fathoiiis;  station  3511. 
SpirontocariB  avina,  sp.  nov. 

Carapace  with  one  anterior  spine,  below  the  eye ;  lower  angle  with  a  minute  spinule. 
Anterioi-  half  of  carapace  dorsally  carinated:  a  small  spine  at  the  anterior  tifth;  in 
front  of  this  spine  arises  a  thin  arcuate  crest  which  forms  the  chief  part  of  the  rostrum. 
Kostruni  short,  extending  beyond  the  carapace  about  one  third  of  its  length,  but  not 
reaching  the  penult  joint  of  the  antennular  peduncle;  its  lamellate  «!rest,  half  of  which 
is  above  the  carapace,  is  armed  with  about  thirteen  small  crowded  spines;  extremity 
beak-like,  straight,  slightly  detlexod,  acute,  unarmed  above,  one  or  two  teeth  near  the 
end  below.  Antennulic  extending  considerably  beyond  the  antennal  scale.  Antennal 
peduncle  a  little  shorter  than  antennular  peduncle;  scale  extending  two  thirds  its 
length  beyond  the  rostrum.    Maxiljipeds  slightly  longer  than  antennal  scale.    Legs 

long  and  weak. 

Abdomen  smooth,  not  carinate;  third  segment  produced  ov«'r  the  fourth,  posterior 
margin  convex;  posterior  angle  of  fourth  segment  arme<l  with  a  spinule;  of  fifth  and 

sixth  with  a  spine. 

JHmnmons  of  fi'male.—hmgth  of  carapatie,  to  orbit, !»  mm.;  length  of  rostrum 

beyond  posterior  line  of  orbit,  '.i  mm.;  length  of  body  3r»  mm. 

Type  lomlity.—^ovth  of  Unalaska,  lat.  54^  (»0'  15"  N.,  long.  106°  53'  .50"  W.;  351 
fathoms,  station  3330. 

Types.— V>.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  >'o.  22820. 
SpirontocariB  polaria  (Sal.ino).     St.  Paul  Island  (  Hran<lt);  Willian.  Palmer,  .Inno  L'l,  ISflO. 
PandaluB  borealis  Krf.vor.    3ti  to  121  fathoms;  very  ab.m.lant;  tak.-n  at  31  statioiiM  l.y  tho  AlhaUons. 
PandaluB  montagui  Loach.     L'5  to  ll-M  fathoms;  takon  at  ■J2  statiouH-  Irss  abundant  than  the  last. 
PaudaluB  dapifer  Murdoch.     3()  to  50  fathoms;  at  3  stations. 
Rociuela  belliceps  (Stimpsou).    St.  Paul  Islaud;  1'.  W.  I'rue. 
ArcturuB  beriuganuB  Kenodict.     32  fathoms;  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
Idotea  ochotensiB  Hraiidt.     Seal  stomach.     St.  I'aul  Islaml;  K.  A.  I.ucas. 
Synidotea  biBCUBpida  (Oweu).    •!!•  to  t!2  fathoms;  V.  S.  I'isli  Commission. 
Syuidotea  nebulosa  l5eno<lict.    32  fathoms ;  U.  fS.  Fish  Commission. 
Anonyx  nugax  (Phipps).    Seal  stonuidi.     St.  Paul  Island;  F.  A.  l.ucas. 
Araphlpoda  of  family  LvBianasBidae.    .Seal  stomach.    St.  Paul  Island;  F.A.Lucas. 
BraucbipuB  sp.     St.  (ieor^je  Island;  F.A.Lucas. 


.i!w->iT»i»<-.  ■i*vmrK,im^$it--9grmmiiiimmt0" 


XXIII-A   LIST  OF  THE  PLANTS  OF  THE   PRIBILOF  ISLANDS,  BERING 
SEA.  WITH  NOTES  ON  THEIR  DISTRIBUTION. 


Uy  .lAMKs  M.  Macoitn 
AsaiHtanl  yatiiralM  lu  the  Oeoloijiial  Hitinu  of  Caimda. 


This  list  is  believed  to  inclndo  all  the  plants  that  have  been  found  on  the  Pribilof 
islands  since  their  discovery  in  178(i,    The  early  travelers  who  niaae  si  ch  complete 
collections  on  Unalaska  and  other  islands  of  the  Aleutian  ciiain  seem  to  have  spent 
very  little  time  on  the  Pribilof  Islands,  only  35  species  being  recorded  from  them  in 
Ledebonr's  Flora  Kossica.    I  have  been  able  to  Hnd  no  re(!ord  of  any  collection  hav- 
ing been  made  there  between  the  time  of  Ohamisso  and  Eschscholtz  and  the  purchase 
of  Alaska  by  the  United  States.    Mr.  Charles  Bryant,  in  1875,  made  a  large  collection 
on  the  Pribilof  Islands.    A  set  of  these  plants  is  in  the  United  States  National  Her- 
barium at  Washington,  and,  1  believe,  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  also.     In  1890  Kv. 
William  Palmer  collected  about  100  species  of  flowering  plants  there,  and  many 
mosses  and  lichens.    The  phaenogams  were  determined  by  Mr.  Theodor  Uolm,  the 
mosses  by  Dr.  Kindberg,  the  lichens  by  Mr.  Calkins.    In  1891  Dr.  C.  H.  Merriam,  one 
of  the  United  States  Bering  Sea  commissioners,  made  extensive  collections  (over  90 
species)  on  both  St.  Paul  and  St.  George  islands,  and  in  1892  published  a  list  of  the 
plants  he  had  collected.'     lu  1895  Messrs.  F.  W.  True  and  D.  W.  Prentiss,  jr.,  brought 
from  the  Pribilof  Islands  a  very  fine  collection  of  flowering  plants  (90  species).    Their 
specimens  are  the  best  I  have  seen  from  that  region.    They  were  determined  by  Dr. 
J.  N.  Eose  and  are  in  the  National  Herbarium  at  Washington. 

My  own  collections  were  made  in  the  years  1891,  1892, 1890,  and  1897,  principally 
on  St.  Paul  Island,  and  comprise  182  species  and  varieties  of  phaenerogams  and 
vascular  cryptogams.  In  1897  I  had  ample  time  at  my  disposal,  and  had  then  seen 
the  collections  of  other  visiters  to  the  islands,  so  that  I  was  able  to  greatly  extend 
the  luunber  of  species  collected  by  me  in  former  years.  Keference  is  made  in  the  text 
to  t»lie  species  that  I  failed  to  lind.  St.  George  Islaiul  has  never  been  well  botanized, 
and  future  collectors  on  that  island  will  probably  add  many  species  to  this  list. 

Through  the  court«sy  of  Mr.  ¥.  V.  Coville  and  Dr.  J.  N.  Rose,  the  curator  and 
assistant  curator  of  the  United  States  National  Herbarium,  I  have  been  enabled  to 
examine  all  the  Pribilof  Island  plants  in  that  herbarium,  and  have  admitted  no  species 
into  the  present  list  of  which  I  have  not  seen  specimens. 


I  ProceodiugH  of  the  Hiological  Society  of  Washiugton,  Vol,  VII,  pp.  133-150. 

559 


■.■■m!"-<^:mr!-inivem,^K<tffir*tt-r^-<fim-mmm^-' 


m^ 


aHmnnmi&mnvtm 


:1      ' 


' 


560 


THK    VVR    SKALS    OK    THK    PUIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


Kor  tlit^  us<>  of  books  lr«)in  tlu>ir  privutr  lihrarius  iiiul  rniicli  kindly  as8istaii('<>  in 
th«  piepaiiition  ol"  tills  paper  I  liavt'  to  tlnmk  my  tVinnds  Dr.  I'idw.  L,  (iieenc,  .Mr. 
Tlu'odor  Holm,  and  my  lather,  Prof.  il(»lin  Maroiin.  Mr.  Holm's  beautit'nl  and  rorreet 
fifjiires  of  now  species  were  made  alter  a  «'arel'nl  sludy  of  the  plants  they  represent. 
Spet'ies  wliieh  I  considered  new  have  been  «leseribed  by  specialists,  and  other  diflienlt 
species  have  been  snbmitted  to  botanists  who  have  nnule  a  special  study  of  the  groups 
to  which  they  belonj; — the  Oarices  to  Messrs.  Bailey,  Kukentiml,  llolm,  and  Wheeler, 
the  {jrasses  to  Prof.  Scribner — but  1  have  in  every  instance  piven  the  result  of  my 
own  work.  Where  I  have  failed  to  ajjree  with  others  who  have  examined  my  sjieci- 
mens  I  have  ^iven  the  result  of  their  inve.sti};ation  as  well  as  my  own. 

Dr.  Nils  C.  Kindborg.  Dr.  .1.  VV.  Kckfeldt,  VmUn-  .1.  S.  D.  Hranth,  and  Dr.  ('-. 
WarnstotV  have  verilied  or  (iorrected  my  determinations  of  the  cryptogams. 


IIUIKF    DKSOKIi'TlON    OK 


THK,    I'RiniLOK    ISLANDS   WITH    SPECIAL    RKFKIIKNCK    TO 
THKIR   VECSETATION. 


Dr.  Merriam's  descripti(Ui  of  the  natural  features  of  the  I'ribilof  Islands  is  so 
good  that  I  shall  not  attempt  to  improve  upon  it.     Me  says: 

'I'ho  I'riltilul'  ^niup  in  Koring  Sea  it)  about  .S'lO  IciloiiiuterH  (2\iO  iiiiloH)  iiurtli  of  tliu  Aleiitiiin  t'liiiiii 
mill  coiiipriHiw  tlit>  iHlaiKlH  St.  ruiil  mihI  St.  (icorgo,  Btsimnitcd  liy  about  M]  kiJoiiioterH  ( 10  niilt'S)  of 
Ht'iv,  iind  two  islets,  known  im  AViilrus  and  Otter  iHl.'inds,  ueiir  .St.  Taui.  .St.  I'aul  \h  tliu  largOHt,  niuan- 
uring  about  lilt.t  kilonioterH  (14  uiileH)  in  kMigtli  by  12  ktlometers  (7A  miles)  in  grvutust  breadtli.  St. 
(ieorgo  is  ii  littlo  lesH  than  !!).:<  kilonioters  (IL' miles)  in  length  by  a  little  more  than  8  kilomoturs  (5 
miles)  in  greatest  breadth.  The  highest  land  is  on  St.  (ieorgo,  where  a  procipitous  clitl'  fronting  the 
sea  and  a  hill  in  the  interior  exeoed  I'T.')  meters  (tHN)  feet).  The  highest  laml  on  St.  I'aul  is  a,  little 
over  183  meters  ()i(H)  feet).  The  group  is  of  voleauie  origin  and  the  general  surfaee  is  rolling  with 
preeipitiHis  elitVs  along  the  water  front  in  many  places,  alternating  with  broad  valleys  ami  basins. 
The  elitl's  predominate  on  .St.  Oeorge.  In  sunnuer  the  islands  are  almost  constantly  enveloped  in  fog. 
The  atmosphere  is  saturated  (the  wet  and  dry  bulbs  registering  the  sanui)  and  the  teni])eratnre  is 
uniformly  low,  the  thermometer  ranging  from  7    <'.  ( 15  '  V.)  to  Jl'  ('.  (18    F. ),  or  rarely  U)   V.  (,">0    K. ). 

The  sandy  shores  and  dunes  of  tlie  I'ribilof  Islands  .support  a  very  scant  vegeta- 
tion. Covlilearia  offiiinalitt,  Aremiriu  pcploliics,  and  Eltjmus  mollis  are  the  characteristic 
8pe(!ics.  Lnthyrm  marUhnun  and  MertenitUi  maritima,  though  not  rare,  are  far  from 
common,  and  these  five  species  are  the  only  shore  ])lants  that  were  seen.  A  few  plants 
■that  are  not  of  general  distribution  grow  on  clitls  near  the  sea.  Among  these  are 
Uraba  hirta,  Senodraba<irnndis,  Arabia  nmhigua,  i^tujina  iiniutci  imi\  Saxijranahracfeahi. 
Near  the  village  on  St.  Paul  Island  and  elsewhere  on  the  lower  levels  on  both  islands 
the  ponds  and  lakes  are  surrounded  by  mud  Hats,  on  which  a  number  of  species  grow 
that  are  not  found  elsewhere.  The  commonest  of  these  are  Kanunviilus  lii/perhorius, 
h'anuiu'uluii  rcptunti,  Monfia  fontatia,  Stellaria  liunii/una,  an«l  I'otentillu  miscrina. 
Chrysanthemum  arctirum  is  sometimes  found  with  them,  but  is  commoner  in  wet  places 
on  higher  levels,  especially  on  8t.  George  Island. 

The  number  of  bog  and  marsh  plants  is  very  small,  though  many  of  the  species 
that  grow  elsewhere  are  also  found  on  the  damp,  boggy  spots  that  are  so  character- 
istic of  both  islands.  There  is  but  one  true  bog  on  St.  Paul  Island,  several  on  St. 
(Teorg(\  On  these  h'lihns  vhamaemorus,  Saxi/raga  hirculus,  Pcdivularis  sudetica,  and 
PetasiUx  J'riijida  grow  in  profusion,  but  they  are  all  found  on  other  parts  of  the  island. 

The  greater  part  of  the  surfiu;e  of  both  islands  is  tundra-like  and  much  resembles 
the  barren  grounds  of  arctic  America.    The  commonest  plants  throughout  the  wind- 


gs& 


THK    I'LANTS   OF   THR    PRIUILOF    I8I<ANI)S. 


5(11 


blown  and  elevated  parts  of  the  ialands  are  Silenti  acaulis,  Arenar'ut  niavrortirpa,  and 
Kritrichuim  vhnmiittonls,  all  forming  cusliionH  a  foot  nr  nuire  in  diameter,  hhitrema 
edwunhily  Popai'vr  radivatitm,  Heum  roniiii,  Potentilla  rillomi,  Arhmisia  iiloln(htfi(t, 
Vumpitnuht  losioetirim,  I'cdiculariH  htntimlorfii,  and  Ptiliviihiris  ItuutUi.  On  the  more 
exposed  plaees  and  of  not  nearly  so  general  distribntion  are  Vnnlamhic  lullidi/olia, 
Ijj/clinin  apeUtIa,  Vhrytioiiplcniiim  hirhujlanum,  Stui/ruija  ilanirica,  Sa-vi/raf/ti  strpi/l- 
Hfoh'a,  Aster  sihirivus,  and  OvntiaiM  glaueit. 

(irassy  banks  and  npland  meadows  are  frequent,  generally  near  the  sea,  and  on 
these  grow  many  species  that  are  not  found  on  the  bleaker  and  more  elevated  ])arts 
of  tlie  islands.  Conspicuous  among  these  are  Ranuneiilua  oltaioiiN,  lianuHciilKs 
EscliHchoUziif  Valeriana  vapitata,  Taraxacum  officinale  var.  liridinn,  two  species  of 
Poleuumium  and  Pedieidaris  rertieillata.  Claytonia  sartiientosa,  Vinla  linuisdorfii, 
(hntiaua  friyitla,  and  lYimula  crimia  are  sometimes  found  with  the  above  species, 
but  are  more  common  in  damp  sheltered  places  among  the  rocks  in  the  interior  of 
St.  I'aul  Island.  On  one  bank  near  a  little  pond  at  the  southwest  end  of  8t.  I'anI 
Island  I  found  ('optin  tri/olia,  Oeranium  erianthum,  Arnica  unnlankeiiHis,  and  ]'eroniea 
stelhri,  not  seen  elsewhere  on  the  Pribilof  Islands. 

There  are  many  level  areas  of  considerable  extent  on  both  islands,  called  by  Dr. 
Merriam  "moss-bogs,"  but  no  true  bog  plants  are  found  on  them,  though  the  soil  is 
saturated  with  water  and  covered  with  a  thick  carpet  of  moss,  priiu;ipal]y  Ihipnum 
and  Raeomitriun — little  Sphatjnum.  No  plants  are  found  on  these  areas  that  do  not 
grow  on  the  higher  and  drier  ground,  though  Kmpetrum  nigrum  is  in  such  places 
more  abundant  than  elsewhere. 

Special  reference  has  been  nmde  to  but  a  small  part  of  the  whole  number  of 
species  on  the  islands,  but  those  nanu>d  give,  it  is  hoped,  a  geiu'ral  idea  of  the  nature 
of  the  vegetation.  Many  of  the  commoner  species  have  not  been  mentioned  and  no 
grasses  or  cari(!es  have  been  referred  to,  but  the  relative  abundance,  and  generally 
the  habitat,  of  each  species  is  given  elsewhere.  . 

OEOaUAl'IIIOAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE   PHAENOGAMS  AND  VASCULAR  CRYl'TOtJAMS 
KNOWN  TO  OCCUR  ON  THE  I'RIIULOP  ISLANDS. 

Nt)  part  of  this  paper  has  been  prepared  more  thoroughly  and  carefully  than  that 
showing  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  plants  found  on  the  I'ribilof  lslan<ls. 
Some  of  the  plants  may  have  a  wider  range  than  I  have  indicated,  but  I  have  in  all 
cases  good  authority  for  the  occurrence  of  siieciies  in  the  districts  1  have  referred 
them  to.  The  authorities  consulted  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  list  itself.  This 
part  of  my  paper  was  written  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Theodor  llolm.  Mr.  Holm  has 
collected  from  (Jrceidand  eastward  to  Nova  Zembla,  I  from  Labrador  and  Hudson 
Bay  westward  to  Hering  Straits  and  Kamchatka. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  list  itself,  the  great  majority  of  the  plants  found  on  the 
I'ribilof  Islands  are  circumpolar  in  their  range,  and  in  this  respect  the  flora  of  the 
Pribilof  Islands  atVords  a  marked  contrast  to  that  of  the  Commander  Islands,  in 
nearly  the  same  latitude,  on  the  west  side  of  Bering  Sea,  Many  of  the  species  are 
the  same  on  both  groups  of  islands,  but  on  the  Commander  Islands  the  number  of 
species  that  are  essentially  Asiatic  far  exceeds  the  number  of  those  on  the  Pribilof 
Islands  that  are  distinctly  American. 
QMl—va  A 30 


I 


"''ffwmmm.mm'**.'m!>(mm!m4  ■ 


5G2 


THE    Pint    SEALS    OF    THE    PKIHILOK    ISIiANhS 


i  .' 


ANNOTATED  LIST  OF  SPECIES. 

IMIAENOOAM8. 

1.  Anemone  riohardaoni,  Hook. 

Very  abuiitlaiit  ainoiit;  moss  and  t^craHH.  KloworiiiK  in  .liinu  und  di'Vcult  to 
discover  later  in  tliu  si^ason.  Spcuiniens  colliM-ted  witli  iindurgroiind  HtuniH  IVoin  I! 
to  .'<  feet  long. 

2.  Ranunouliin  triohophyllus,  (.'haix. 

Found  in  only  one  locality  on  St.  Paul  lAlaud— a.sniall  lake  near  tlicvillaK».  The 
water  in  tbiH  lake  varies  in  depth  in  ditlerent  y«ar.s,  and  three  litrnis  have  Immmi 
collet^ted  there — the  typical,  the  Hubterrestrial  (var.  vatupitomiM),  and  "  the  dwarf  form 
with  (iapillary,  Habby  leaves"  (var.  confer voUh a). 

3.  Ranunculus  hyperboreus,  I{<>ttl>. 

Ciunnion  by  lakes  and  on  mud  tiats  ou  Itoth  i.slands.  (ienerally  aH.sociated  with 
Montia  fontann. 

4.  Ranunculus  pygiuaeus,  Witlil. 

8t.  Pan]  Inland.    Collected  only  by  Mr.  William  Palmer. 

5.  Ranunculus  reptaus,  1^. 

Common  by  ponds  and  lakes  on  both  islands. 

6.  Ranunculus  pallasii,  Srlil. 

Growing  in  Sfthajpiinn  by  a  small  ]>oih1  on  St.  (leorge  Island. 

7.  Ranunculus  altaicua,  liiixni. 

Common  in  upland  meadows  on  both  islands.  The  specimens  from  these  i.slands 
have  been  generally  referred  to  li.  nivalin^  but  in  the  writer's  o])inion  are  not  that 
s|)ecies. 

8.  Ranunculus  eschscholtzii,  Sriil. 

Not  rare  on  St.  Paul  Island  on  grassy  banks  where  the  snow  lies  late  in  the  spriuf;-. 

9.  Coptis  trifolia,  Siilisb. 

Two  specimens  of  this  species  were  found  in  189G  on  a  grassy  bank  near  the  south 
end  of  St.  Paul  Island. 

10.  Aconitum  delphinifolium,  ]>C . 

From  3  or  4  inches  high  on  bleak  uplauds  to  2  feet  high  among  grass  near  the 
sea  level.    Common  on  both  islands. 

11.  Papaver  radicatum,  Kottb. 

/'.  niidivaiite,  Ti.  var.  arclicum,  Klktiii. 

Common  on  both  islands.  The  (lowers  of  this  poppy  are  on  the  Pribilof  Islands 
larger  and  more  showy  than  I  have' seen  them  elsewhere.  Murbeck  has  shown  (fide 
Botaniske  Litteraturblade,  No.  13,  p.  208)  that  the  arctic  poppy  so  generally  referred 
to  P.  nudicmile  is  not  that  species. 

12.  Papaver  macounii,  Oreene,  Pittonia,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  247.     (Plate  LXXXVIII.) 

Perennial,  scapose,  the  very  stout  atiapes  often  a  foot  high  in  fruit,  three  or  four 
times  surpassing  the  tuft  of  leaves,  hirsute  hispid;  leaves,  even  the  jtetioles,  com]>ara- 
tively  devoid  of  hairiness,  sometimes  wholly  glabrous;  leaf  outline  ovate  rather  than 
obovate,  the  pinnae  oblong  lanceolate  to  almost  linear;  petals  4  (rarely  5),  round 


TIIK    I'LANTH    OF   THE    I'RiniLoF    ISLANDS. 


r)«>3 


ohovat*,  eroHdentato,  often  lA  iiicheH  long,  yellow,  tiMlin^  groiMiisli;  pods  1  inch  long, 
narrow,  clavate  oblong,  4  to  5  angled,  liiHpid  except  on  tlie  prominent  anglcH  or  ribs. 

KaHily  <liHtinct  t'roin  all  other  boreal  poppicH  by  itH  narrow  capsules,  wliit^h  are 
abnost  acute  by  the  ascending  ])osition  of  the  4  or  5  rays  of  the  stigma,  thus  apitroxi- 
nuiting  the  scarcely  tenable  genns  McconopaiH. 

This  b«;autiful  l«»ppy  flowers  about  two  weeks  later  than  /'.  riulirntnm.  It  was 
while  collecting  the  latt«r  species  in  1807  that  the  ajithor's  attention  was  uttract«'<l  by 
the  leaves  of  /'.  mKmunii,  which  dill'er  in  color  as  well  as  shape,  etc.,  from  those  of 
J',  rniliratum.  Visiting  tlm  same  spot  later,  /'.  radicaiitm  was  found  witii  ripened  seeds, 
while  /'.  maeoKuii  was  only  in  (lower.  It  was  frnind  in  abnndantu^  later  in  the  season 
on  other  parts  of  St.  Paul  Island. 

13.  Corydalie  pauciflora,  Pora. 

Not  un(;omnion  on  St.  Paul  Island,  generally  in  moss.  Flowering  early  it  is  soon 
hidden  by  grass  and  the  foliage  of  other  jdants. 

14.  Nasturtium  palustre  IXJ. 

Among  Mr.  Palmer's  ])lants  from  St.  Paul  Island  were  specimens  of  this  species. 
Aft«'r  carefully  looking  for  it  in  all  loiralities  where  it  was  likely  to  grow  Itnt  without 
dis<M>vering  it,  I  am  forced  t^t  the  conclnsion  that  Mr.  Palmer's  specimens  were  col- 
lected elsewhere.    As  1  may  be  mistaken  in  this,  however,  I  include  it  in  tliti  list. 

15.  Draba  hirta,  }j. 

th-aha  iiiruiui,  Merriaiii's  List. 

Oommon  on  the  edges  of  cliffs  and  on  sandy  slopes,  St.  Paul  Ishnxl. 

16.  Draba  -wahlenbergii,  llurtin. 

Hare  on  exposed  hilltops  on  St.  Paul  island. 

17.  Nesodraba  grandis,  (ireoiin,  I'ittonia,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  253.    (I'lato  KXXXIX.) 

Itraha  gramUs,  Liiii^atlurtt'. 

Peduncles  about  twice  the  length  of  the  central  tuft  of  leaves  and  r>  t,o  10  in(dies 
high;  pods  nearly  3  lines  broad  and  from  orbicular  to  oval,  on  ascending  jtcdicels  of 
one-half  to  three-fimrths  inch  long. 

Common  on  dampish  rocks  and  cliHs  on  both  islands. 

This  is  without  doubt  Cochlearia  spathulata  bC,  collected  on  St.  (ieorge  and 
St.  Paul  islands  by  Chamisso  and  Eschscholtx.  Fruiting  specimens  are  in  general 
■ippearance  much  more  like  a  Cochlearia  than  a  Draba. 

18.  Eutrema  edwardsii,  K.  Dr. 

Not  rare  on  uplands ;  generally  growing  among  moss 

19.  Cochlearia  officinalis,  L. 

Common  on  both  islands. 

20.  Cardamiue  bellidifolia,  L. 

Hare  on  the  most  exposed  parts  of  the  inte-  tx-  tf  both  islands. 

21.  Cardamiue  pratensis,  L. 

Common  by  pcmda  on  both  islands. 

22.  Cardamiue  umbellata,  Greene,  Pittoniu,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  154.     (Plate  XC.) 

Stems  several,  10  to  20  inches  high  from  slender  horizontal  rootstocks,  erect,  spar- 
ingly leafy  to  the  summit,  the  herbage  glabrous;  all  the  leaves  pinnate,  the  lowest 


sw:"w»w«?»,-*»Hr'ir 


-t-JMiJiUJ.MIlB5 


564 


THE    FUR    SKAI,8    OF   TIIR    I>KIItILOF    ISLANDS. 


with  frniii  3  to  5  rounded  or  oval,  tli«  upper  with  5  or  7  more  elongated,  leahetH,  thene 
all  entire  or  very  sparingly  toothed;  flowers  few,  suiall,  white,  often  3  to  5  only  and 
from  rorymbose  to  Hubund)ellato;  Htamennd;  pods  ereet  (on  pedicels  of  about  one-lmlf 
in(;h),  a^out  three-fourths  lino  wide,  threefourthH  to  1  inch  long  including  the  promi- 
nent beak;  valves  not  clastic;  seeds  about  S  or  0  unditr  each  valve,  rather  large. 

Hpecies  somewhat  nearly  allie<l  to  th«^  Californian  <L  lireweri. 

\'ery  common  in  damp  places  on  both  islands,  ('ollected  in  a  great  variety  of 
fornsH,  according  to  habitat,  but  nil  answering  well  to  Dr.  Greene's  description. 

33.  Cardamine  hirsuta,  L. 

A  small  perennial  plant  much  resembling  the  lCuro|MMin  V.  inlermeiUa  has  been 
referred  here.     It  is  rare  on  8t.  Paul  Island. 

24.  Arabia  amblgua,  DO. 

Not  rare  on  gravelly,  rocky,  and  sandy  banks,  St.  I'aul  Island. 
29.  Viola  langadorfli,  Fisili. 

Common  on  hillHJtles  and  in  dupr(>ssion.s  <in  both  islands. 

26.  Viola  paluatris,  L. 

Rare  on  damp  banks  on  8t.  Paul  Island. 

27.  Bilene  aoaulis,  L. 

Common  on  exposed  hillsides  on  both  islands, 

28.  Lycbnia  apetala,  L.,  viir.  glabra,  Ki'grl. 

Common  on  uplands  on  St.  Paul  Island.  The  St.  Paul  Island  ])lanls  are  widely 
ditl'erent  from  typical  L.  apetitla  and  )>robably  constitute  a  good  species. 

29.  Arenaria  macrocarpa,  I'lirHh. 

Forming  large  cushions  on  the  u|)lands  on  bi»th  islands. 

30.  Arenaria  arctica,  Stov. 

With  the  last  on  St.  Paul  Island,  but  nuich  more  common. 

31.  Arenaria  peploides,  L. 

Common  on  both  islands. 

32.  Stellaria  media,  Smith. 

Common  on  low  grounds  near  the  villages  on  both  islands. 

33.  Stellaria  borealis,  Higel. 

S.  criiHxtfoUa,  Merrium'H  Lmt. 

liather  rare  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

34.  Stellaria  borealis,  lUgcl,  var.  corallina,  Feiizl. 

Damp  places  on  St.  Paul  Island.    Common. 

35.  Stellavla  calycantha,  Bong. 

Rather  rare  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

3S.  Stellaria  longipea,  (iultlie,  var.  laeta,  T.  and  0. 

A  few  immature  specimens  of  what  I  believe  to  be  this  variety  wore  collected  on 
St.  Paul  Island  in  1891.  Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson,  liowever,  thinks  them  a  form  of  (S'. 
rtisci/olia,  Willd. 


> 

1 


TlIK   PLANTS   OK    TIIK    I'UIBII-OF    ISI.ANUK. 


666 


its,  these 
>nly  and 
oiio-lialf 

0  pi'omi' 

rj,'«. 

(vriety  of 
tn. 

1  an  hnoii 


3  widely 


cted  on 
a  of  A". 


37.  Cerastlum  alpliium,  I.. 

Common  on  lioth  inlands.  Very  variable,  according  to  habitat.  <\  anrnae,  included 
in  Dr.  Merriam's  liht  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Vascy,  ccuild  not  be  found  in  the  United 
Htates  Nati(Huil  Herbarium  at  Washington  and  has  been  excluded.  The  specimenH 
so  named  were  probably  a  forni  of  V.  alinnim, 

38.  Sagiiia  linnaei,  I'riNl. 

Common  on  earth  and  nwks  on  both  ishinds. 

39.  Sagiiia  nivalis,  Fr. 

Hare  on  St.  Taul  Islantl. 

40.  Sagina . 

A  lew  specimens  of  a  nunute  caryophyllaceous  plant  were  collected  on  St.  (ieorge 
Ishmd  by  Mr.  Trevor  Kincaid  in  18{)7.  Dr.  Kobinson,  to  whom  the  specimens  were 
submitted,  de«idcd  that  it  was  diH'ereiit  from  any  caryophyll  known  to  him,  but  tlie 
material  was  too  poor  to  base  a  new  species  upon.  Though  tlnuight  by  Dr.  Uobinson 
to  bo  an  Arenaria,  I  agree  with  Mr.  Holm,  who  also  examined  the  speciuums,  that  they 
shoidd  be  referred  to  Sujiiuo. 

41.  Claytonla  sarmentOBa,  ('.  A.  Meyt^r. 

r.  arctiva,  Morrliuii'H  LiHt. 
Common  on  both  islands,  .generally  witli  Viola,  lanyndorJii. 

42.  Moutia  foiitana,  I'. 

Common  on  mud  Hats  and  damp  rocks  on  both  islands. 

43.  Oeraiilum  erianthum,  IX'. 

On  a  grassy  bank  by  a  pond  near  the  wtuth  end  of  St.  I'aul  Island. 

44.  Lupiuua  nootkateiislB,  l>(m. 

One  of  the  most  conspuiuous  aiul  characteristic  plants  on  the  I'ribilof  Islands. 

45.  Lathyrus  maritimuB,  Bigel.  viir.  aleutious,  Greuiio. 

On  beaches  and  among  sand  duues  on  both  islands. 

46.  RubUB  chamaemoruB,  \i. 

In  boggy  places  on  both  islands. 

47.  RubUB  BtellatuB,  Kinith. 

Upland  niemlows  and  on  sandy  soil  on  both  islands. 

48.  RubuB  arcticuB,  li. 

Not  so  common  as  tlie  last,  but  not  rare  on  either  island.  Specimens  easily  sep- 
arable from  either  species  were  collected  in  18!)7,  but  as  they  may  possibly  be  the 
result  of  hybridization  between  R.  arvticus  and  K.  stellatm  no  attemi»t  to  describe 
them  has  been  made. 

49.  Oeum  rossil,  8oriiiK<'. 

Hillsides  and  uplands  on  both  islands. 

50.  Sibbaldia  procumbens,  L. 

Rare  on  exposed  banks  and  in  the  interior  of  St.  Paul  island. 

51.  Fotentilla  anserina,  L. 

liy  ponds  and  marshes  on  both  islands. 


I,  ji 


; 


i  i 


"^"^""'^^r^^mmmi'i--  ■<^---mmmim^*i^'^mm^^^^ 


mflis. 


K    I 


!    .,1 


I 


t 


666 


THE    FUR   SEALS    OF    THE    PBIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


53 


54 


52.  Fotentilla  iTragiformia,  Wilhl.  f.  viUosa,  Pull. 

Comtnon  on  rocky  biiiiks  on  both  islands. 
Fotentilla  emargiuata,  I'lirsh. 

KxpoKed  hillsides  on  both  islands. 
Comarum  palustre,  L. 

Marshy  places  and  by  bo>j;s  and  (londs  on  both  islands. 

55.  Saxifraga  hieracifolia,  WiililHt.  Kit. 

Not  uncommon  in  damp  mossy  places  on  both  islands. 

56.  Saxifraga  davuiica,  L. 

Hare  on  cx|)t>sed  slopes  on  both  islands. 

57.  Saxifraga  stellaris,  L..  var.  comosa,  I'oir. 

Kare  «tn  hifjh  interior  of  St.  (leorj^e  Island. 

53.  Saxifraga  nelsoniana,  Don. 

A  common  and  variable  Saxifrage,  generally  referred  to  .S.  punctata,  L..  is  found 
on  shores  and  islands  throughout  the  Bering  Sea  region,  but  a  comparistui  of  this 
plant  with  Morrison's  figure,  to  which  hinnaeus  refers,  shows  tluit  it  is  not  S.  punctata. 

59.  Saxifraga  serpylllfolia,  I'urRh. 

.S'.  vhri/naiithn,  Mcrriain's  list. 

Not  rare  on  expose:!  parts  of  interior  of  St.  Paul  Island. 

60.  Saxifraga  bracteata,  Don. 

Common  on  damp  rocks  on  both  islands. 

61.  Saxifraga  hirciilus,  L. 

In  boggy  places,  St.  I'anl  Island. 

62.  Saxifraga  birculuB,  !<.,  var.  alpina,  Kn^lnr,  Mon.  Sax.,  p.  121. 

Low,  2  or  ;{  inches  high,  densely  cacspitose,  the  leaves  broader  Mian  in  the  tyjie, 
subspatulate,  petals  larger,  deep  yellow.  With  Vhrpsosplrnium  Inrinyianum  on  the 
more  exposed  hillsides  in  the  interior  and  toward  the  northwest  end  of  St.  I'aul 
Island. 

63.  Chrysoaplenium  beringianum,  Hose,  Hot.  Oaz.,  Vol,  XXIII,  p.  275.     (Plntc  CXl.^ 

"Rootstock  2.5  to  />  cm.  long  (?),  creeping,  sending  otf  many  long  librous  roots; 
rad.i(;al  leaves  and  stems  several,  spreading  and  forming  a  dense  rosette;  radical 
leaves  small;  petiole  slender,  1.3  to  4.5  cm.  long,  broader  at  base,  the  margins  (espe 
cially  below)  ciliate  with  long  purplish  hairs;  blade  reniform,  (5  to  11  i<.m.  Ijroad,  1  tofl- 
crcnate,  crenations  sometimes  gland-tipped,  thickish,  pale,  and  glabrous  below,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  or  somewhat  pilose  above;  stem  2.5  i«<  5  cm.  high,  naked  or 
bearing  a  single  leaf  below  the  involucre;  'nvolucral  leaves  several,  entire  or  .'$  crenatc, 
extending  beyond  the  Howers;  calyx  .")  to  0  mm.  broad,  l-lobed,  purplish  or  becoming 
so;  se))als  ^-ery  broad,  nearly  orbicular,  roumled  at  apex ;  disk  very  promiirnt,  strongly 
S-lobed;  fruiting  calyx  turbinate,!  mm.  high;  capsule  2-horn)>d,  <i  to  10  seeded;  seeds 
obh)ng,  (Ko  mm.  long,  shining,  delicately  reticulated. 

This  species  has  been  confused  with  ^'.  alteruifolium,  from  which  it  .ippears  to  be 
abundantly  distinct.  C.  alternif'olium  differs  in  its  habit  in  lacking  the  thickish  root- 
Stocks  and  possessing  only  slender  stolons  and  iiliforin  roots;  in  its  larger,  usually 


THE    PLANTS   OF    THE    PRIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


Bsa: 


much  larger,  leaves  inort',  immeroiitt  and  generally  double  <n«!natioiis,  the  smaller 
indentations  containing  a  gland,  or  when  simply  crenate  each  creuatioii  glandtin|ted, 
thin,  membranaceous  in  texture,  (when  dry)  paler  in  color;  petioles  with  margins 
usually  glabrous  but  sometimes  ciliate  with  a  few  white  iuiirs. 

Onr  form,  which  resembles  C.  tctrondrum  im  the  si/e  and  shape  ol"  the  leaves,  has 
H  stamens  instead  of  •.,  purpi*^  insttsad  of  greenish  Howers,  larger  and  delinite  seeds 
((>  to   10  instead  of  ."50  to  50),  stroiiger-lobed  disk,  and  appait»nMy  diflers  also  in  its 

habit." 

Abundant  on  disintegrated  scoria  in  the  interior  of  St.  l'*ul  Ishiud. 

64.  CbryBospleniuin  alternifoUutn,  K. 

A  few  specimens  were  collected  ou  St.  George  Island  in  1807  by  Mr.  Trevor 
Kincaid 

65.  Parnassla  kotzebuei,  Ohimi.  and  Schl. 

Not  rare  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

66.  Hippuris  vulgaris,  L. 

Common  on  St.  (leorge  Island,  rarer  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

67.  Bpilobiiim  clavatum,  Tn^loase. 

Hather  rare  with  Uentiana  tenclla  on  bare  spots  on  low  hills.  The  H.  nna(iallidi- 
folium  of  Dr.  Merriani's  list  seems  to  be  referable  hero. 

68.  Epilobium  behringianum,  Ilaiisskn, 

Not  rare  in  damp,  springy  [daces  on  both  islands. 

69.  Epilobium  spicatUTU,  Lain. 

Not  noted  intil  1897,  when  plants  were  found  iu  several  places  <»n  St.  Paul  Island. 
It  is  doubtful  if  it  ever  nvatures  its  seed  there,  as  the  oidy  Hpecimen  seen  iu  bloom 
was  collected  by  Mr.  Kincai«l  September  I,  very  soon  after  which  date  all  plants  are 
frozen. 

70.  Iiigusticum  scoticum,  L. 

(!«>mmon  in  upland  meadows  and  on  hillsides  on  both  islands. 

71.  Selinum  henthaml,  Hook. 

(lommon  on  both  islands. 

72.  Cofilopiureum  gmelini,  I.rdclv. 

Ileraclriim  liinatum  of  Morriiiin'w  list. 
\ery  abundant  on  both  islands.     The  "  poochka"  of  the  natives  on  the  Pribilof 
Islands,  and  cateu  by  tliem  as  Uvrndcxim  lanatnm  is  eaten  elsewhere. 

73.  CornuB  suecica,  L. 

i".  t((i«/n«Ay'Hsi«,  Morriam's  list. 
Not  rare  on  grassy  and  mossy  slopes  on  either  island. 

74.  Galium  trlfidum,  I-. 

Wet  banks  of  ponds  on  f:^!.  Paul  Island. 

75.  Valeriana  capitata,  I'all. 

Oonnnon  in  mea<lows  and  on  damp,  grassy  slopes  on  both  islamls.  V.  itylmHca, 
rec(»rded  iu  Dr.  Merriam's  list  as  having  been  collected  on  St.  Paul  Island  by  Mr. 
Tiiwnsend,  has  been  excluded. 


Higg^ 


6(iH 


I'llE    VVH    KKALS    OK    THK    I'RIIULOF    ISLANDS. 


I 


76.  Anter  sibiricua,  L. 

('Oininoii  ill  cxpoaod  placcH  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

77.  Achillea  millefolium,  L. 

(/Oininoiii  on  both  islands. 

78.  Chrysaiitbemum  arcticuin,  K. 

Low  saline  meadows  and  on  damp  uplands.     (Common  on  botli  islands. 

79.  Artemisia  glob" '.aria,  Cham. 

Common  on  barren  moors  and  hilltops  on  both  islands. 

80.  Artemisia  novegica,  Kriea,  vai'.  pacifiua,  (tray. 

Common  on  both  islands. 

81.  Artemisia  richardsoniaua,  IIxhh. 

liaro  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

82.  Artemisia  vulgaris,   I..,  vur.  tilesii,  liuilol). 

('ommon  on  hillsides  on  both  islands. 

83.  Arnica  uualaskeiisis,   l.t^sn. 

A  few  plants  in  one  locality  near  the  south  end  of  St.  Paul  Island. 

84.  Petasites  frigida,  l-'rirH. 

By  all  i»oiids  ar.d  boyf^y  places  on  both  islands. 

85.  Senecio  pseudo-arnica,   Less. 

Sandy  .shores  and  sand  diiiu^s  on  both  islands. 

86.  Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber,  \'iir.  lividum,  Koch. 

Oominoii  on  grassy  sloi)es  and  rocky  banks  ou  both  islands. 

87.  Campanula  viniflora,   K. 

('oinmon  anions  mo.ss  on  the  lower  hills  on  St.  Paul  Island.     C  pilosaof  !Mer 
riam's  list  has  been  excluded,  as  no  specimens  could  be  l<)uu<l  in  the  Hnited  States 
National  llerbarium,  and  it  has  been  reported  by  no  one  else. 

88.  Campanula  lasiocarpa,  Cliain. 

On  gi'i^^y  banks  and  upland.s.  Common  on  both  islands  and  very  variahUt. 
Small  specimens  collected  in  18!M>  in  }j;eneral  apitearance  are  widely  dilVereiit  from 
typical  plants,  but  closer  examination  shows  that  except  as  to  .size  they  dill'cr  only  in 
being  le.ss  jtilo.se  on  the  calyx  and  lessi  ciliate  along  the  petioles. 

89.  Pyrola  minor,  L. 

Rare  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

90.  Armeria  vulgaris,  Willi! 

('omnum  ou  both  islaixls. 

91.  Primula  ezimia,  (in^iitio,  Pittoiiia,  V»il.  Ill,  p.  'J.M.     (I'liitt?  .\(U1.) 

liootstock  .simi)h.';  scape,  G  to  16  ir'ches  higli,  twice  or  thrice  exceeding  the  foliage; 
spatulatcoblong  oi  oblanceolate  leaves  tliiii,  glabrous,  entire  or  obscurely  creuato  or 
dentate;  ui)per  portion  of  the  scape,  aiul  more  particularly  the  pediceks,  densely  whitc- 
farinoso;  umbel  few-llowered  and  somewhat  onesided,  the  tlowers  inclining  one  way; 
calyx  cleft  to  the  middle  or  a  little  more,  the  segments  oblong-linear,  scarcely  acute; 


THK    I'LANTS    <)K    THK    PliimHtF    ISLANDS. 


5(1!) 


corollji  very  largo,  rich  black  purijlo,  its  scgmciits  (Mitire  or  soinewhat  crosc,  not  oinar- 
ginato.     Usually  rclcrred  to  P.  nivalin. 

Very  coinnioii  on  St.  Taul  Island,  flowering  a  little  later  tlian  /'.  maooiinii,  but  in 
bloom  for  a  much  longer  period,    liarer  on  St.  (Jeorge. 

92.  Primula  macounii,  (rroeiio,  I'ittoiiia,  Vol.  Ill,  jip.  251  uiiil  L'KO.     (I'liito  X<!III.) 

Stouter  than  the  last;  tlie  rootstock  branched,  and  the  scapes  and  leal"  clusters 
thus  tutted  forming  a  mass;  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  entir«',  glabrous,  tlie 
intlorescence  slightly  glandular,  but  without  a  traee  of  farinose  indiiment;  umbels 
many-tiowered  and  perfectly  e(|uilateral;  calyx  cleft  well  below  the  middle,  its  broiid 
segments  oval,  or,  if  narrower,  somewhat  spatulate-obloug;  coi-olia  much  as  in  the 
preceding,  but  of  a  lighter  purple. 

More  nearly  related  to  l\  jmrryi  than  to  /'.  nivalis.  The  foliage  in  this  last  is  of 
much  thinner  texture,  much  more  conspicuously  veiny,  even  reti(!ulately  venulose, 
the  reticulations  showing  central  glaiulular  dots.  The  dried  leaf  is  so  thin  as  to  be 
perfectly  translucent,  and  its  margin  is  finely  dentate,  as  Pallas's  tigure  shows.  I  Jut 
in  /'.  iiarounii  the  leaves  are  thick,  complet.ely  oi>a<[ue  when  dry,  scanudy  veiny,  not 
in  the  least  reticulate  or  dotted;  nor  is  there  any  triu'e  of  farinose  indument. 

Very  abundant  on  St.  (leorge  Island,  flowering  and  maturing  earlier  than  the 
last.  In  living  ])lauts  the  flowers  are  much  lighter  in  color  in  /'.  cviiiiia  than  in 
/'.  iiKirointii,  varying  mu(;h,  however,  in  dried  sjiecimens. 

93.  Androsace  villosa,   L.  , 

(Common  on  the  slopes  of  the  lower  hills  ou  both  islands. 

94.  Trieutalia  europaea,  \j.,  vur.  arctlca,  liOdol). 

Never  abundant,  but  found  in  many  jdaces  on  botii  islands. 

95.  Qeiitiana  teiiella,  Kottli. 

Rather  rare  on  St.  I'aul  Islaiul.  Found  only  on  a  few  bare  spots  on  low  hills. 
Flowers  oehioleucous  or  blue. 

96.  Gentiaua  frigida,  ]Ii>eiili<'. 

Common  on  both  islands 

97.  Oentiaua  glauca,  I'lilhis. 

Hare  ou  the  most  e.vposetl  piaiWK  on  Itoth  islands. 

98.  Polemonium  caeriileutn,  Ij.,  var.  graiicUflortim,  li<t(iel>. 

Abundant  on  the  slopes  of  the  lower  hills  on  both  ishiiida. 

99.  Polemonium  pulchellum,  ltuii);i',  var.  macranthiim,  l.i-ili'Ii. 

Often  with  the  last,  but  also  on  the  more  exi»o»e<l  hillsides.  Whitetlowcred 
plants  very  ctmimon. 

100.  Britrichium  chamiBBonis,  A.  DC. 
(./ommon  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

101.  MeiteiiBia  maritima,  Don. 

Not  rare  along  the  seashore  on  both  islands. 

102.  Veronica  aerpyllifolia,  I.. 
Si)ringy  jthices,  St.  i'aul  Ishind, 


• 

II 


:ii 


570 


TMK,    FIJK'    SKAIjS    OK    TMK    I'KIIULOK    ISLANDS. 


103.  Veronica  stelleri,  I'lill. 

(Iriiasy  banks  by  ii  pond  near  the  south  end  of  St.  Paul  Island. 

104.  Pedicularis  verticillata,  L. 
('onimon  on  both  islands. 

105.  Pedicularis  sudetica,  Willil. 

Not  rare  about  nuirshes  on  Ht.  I'aul  Island. 

106.  Pedicularis  langsdorfii,  FiMcli. 
Hillsides  and  uplands  on  both  islands. 

107.  Pedicularis  lauata,  Willil. 

Common  with  the  last  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

108.  Euphrasia  offlcinalia,  L. 

Onti  l(i(!ality  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

109.  Gyuandra  gmelini,  Chain,  ami  Schl. 
Katlier  rare  on  both  islands. 

110.  Oynandra  stelleri,  ('ham.  iiiiil  ScJil. 
Bare  on  St.  IMu!  Island. 

111.  Koenigia  islandica,  L. 
Uatlior  rare  on  both  islands 

112.  Polygonxim  viviparum,  L. 
Common  on  both  i.slands. 

113.  Polygonum  macounii,  .1.  K.  Small,     (rintn  XCIV.) 

PercMinial  by  a  horizontal  (tliart'y  HMttstimk.  Foliafic.  brif^ht  {j;rcen,  ^labr«>us  or 
iH'arly  .so.  Stems  usually  several  together, ;{  to  i  dm.  tall,  simple,  leafy  to  the  top; 
leaves  basal  and  eauline;  blades  oblony,  5  to  iL'cm.  hmg,  obtuse,  more  or  less  strongly 
revoliit*!,  sometimes  minutely  pubescent  beneath,  marginal  nerves  promiiu^nt;  the 
basiil  and  lower  cauline  leaves  long  petioled,  the  upper  cauline  short  petioled  or 
nearly  sessile;  ochreae  very  thin,  ."» to  8  cm.  long  on  the  lower  ])art  of  the  stem,  1  to  4 
cm.  long  on  the  upper  parts;  raceme  .>  to  .'{.5  cm.  long,  short  peduneled,  the  lower 
part  producing  numerous  conic  bulblets  n  to  <»  mm.  huig,  continuous;  pedicMs  about 
1  or  l.r>  mm.  long;  ochreolae  very  thin,  acute;  perianth  pink,  '2  to  2.~>  mm.  long;  seg- 
ments oval  or  rhond)ic  oval,  obtuse;  tilameiits  straj)  shajjcd;  ovary  oval,  .'5-angled; 
styles  i5-piirted;  a(!henes  not  seen.  A  remarkable  s|»ecies  of  Polygonum,  in  habit 
like  a  gigantic  P.  riviparnm.  Besides  its  much  more  robust  habit,  the  c(>m[)act  raceme, 
with  its  large  ocreolae  and  very  small  calices,  serve  as  a  ready  moans  of  distinguishing 
between  the  two  species. 

In  boggy  ground  near  a  ditch  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

Intermediate  between  /'.  n'l'J/xn/fw,  L.,  and  /'.  bistorta,  L.;  perhaps  a  hybrid 
between  these  .species  or  /'.  rivipnrnm  and  /'.  bist(h-foii{ts,  Pursh,  though  ditl'ering 
widely  from  both  and  oi'  much  larger  size  than  oith«;r.  Mr.  Holm's  ex(rellent  drawing 
is  of  a  snuill  specimen;  the  average  height  is  from  IS  to  .'{(>  inches. 

114.  Polygonum  bistorta,  L. 

By  a  litthi  brook  near  Zapadni  rookery,  St.  (George  Island.  SiKMiimens  were  not 
colle(!ted  and,  though  recorded  under  the  above  name,  the  specimens  seen  wore 
probab'y  /'.  histortohlcs,  Pursh. 


THE    PliANTS    OF   THK    PKIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


571 


lis.  OxytU  reniformis,  Ilook. 

Ooinmou  ir.  tlainp  niviiios  or  on  damp  8»H)t8  on  hillsides  on  both  islands. 

116.  Rumex  £  cetosella,  Ij. 

On  sandy  soil  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

117.  Sallz  arctica,  I'all. 

The  (!omniou  willow  on  l>oth  islands. 

118.  Salix  arctica,  Pall.,  vur.  oboordata,  Aiidnrs. 
Barer  than  the  last. 

119.  Salix  pbylicoides,  Aixl. 

Collected  on  Bogoslov  Hill  by  Dr.  Merriain. 

120.  Salix  reticulata,  L. 

Common  on  hillsides  and  nplatids  on  both  islands. 

121.  Salix  diplodictya,  'I'raiitv. 

Not  rare  on  St.  I'aul  Island.     Determined  by  Mr.  V.  A.  Rydborg. 

122.  Salix  ovalifolia,  Tiaiitv. 
Rare  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

123.  Salix  rotundata,  Uytlberg  MS. 

A  little  willow,  very  abundant  on  a  hillside  near  the  village  on  St.  Paul,  has  been 
collected  there  every  year  since  1801.  Mr.  M.  S.  Bebb  determined  specimens  collected 
in  1891  and  1892,  and  wrote  that  he  believed  them  to  be  intermediate  between  S. 
rotundi/olia  and  S.  omUfoUa.  Mr.  Theo.  Holm,  who  examined  specimens  collected  in 
1897,  considered  them  to  be  Salir  return,  L.,  forma,  rotundi/nlia,  Trautv.,  while  Mr. 
P.  A.  Rydberg  believes  them  to  bo  new.  Lundstriim,  to  whom  specimens  were  sent, 
has  at  this  writing  not  yet  reported  on  them.  This  is,  1  believes  the  same  plant  of 
which  Mr.  Bebb  wrote  Dr.  Merriam  "  intermetliato  between  N.arvtica  and  S.  ovali- 
folia—may  possibly  be  a  hybrid."  I  can  not  think  it  a  hybrid.  Distributed  from 
the  herbarium  of  the  (ieological  Survey  of  Canada  as  No.  IG646. 

124.  Bmpetrum  nigrum,  L. 
Common  on  both  islands. 

125.  StreptopuB  amplexifolius,  DC. 
In  ravines  on  both  islands. 

126.  FritiUaria  kamtschatcensiB,  Ker. 

In  wet  ground,  generally  by  rivulets  and  brooks.    Common  on  St.  Ceorge  Island ; 
in  one  locality  only  (Tolstoi)  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

127.  Lloydia  serotiiia,  Keicli. 

Very  abundant  (tn  parts  ol  St.  Paul  Island,  but  tlowering  early  and  soon  liidden 
by  grass. 

128.  Juncus  balticus,  Dutli.,  var.  haenkii  (Moy.),  Kr.  Hiich. 
Common  in  nnirsliy  pliMies  on  both  islands. 

129.  Jiuicus  biglumis,  L. 

Not  rare  ou  either  island. 


I'  i 


'M.'»''HM>,iH''i'?  ifii  umMimaf .     -It**"' 


sfejjj^^f~  ■ 


I 


I:    i      r 


I  I 


672 


TIIK    FUK    SKAL.K    Ot'   TIIK    I'RUIILol''    ISLANDS. 


130.  Ijiizula  arcuata,  lliiok.,  vur.  uiialaschkenais,  l<'r.  Hiich. 
Kxi>ose(i  liilltopH  uii  both  ishuulH. 

131.  Iiuzula  coiifusa,  IJudb.,  v:ir.  latifolla,  Kiii^li. 

With  tlio  hist,  but  also  on  h)wer  Icvtils  on  boMi  isluiidH. 

132.  Luzula  campestris,  Duhv.,  var.  multiflora,  CttlukovHky. 

/-.  raiiijieiitriH,  vur.  Hiidtlini,  Mt'rriani'H  list. 

Haiiiu  distribution  us  thii  last,  but  not  quito  so  abundant. 

133.  Potamogeton  filiformis,  Tura. 

In  a  Hhalh)w  pond  on  iSt.  Paul  Ishmd. 

134.  Eriopborum  polystacbyoii,  L. 

In  boggy  pliicus  on  iSt.  Paul  Ishunl. 

135.  Ei'iophoriim  vagiiiatuni,  K. 
Hogs  on  8t.  (Icoi-go  Ishmd. 

136.  Carez  leiocarpa,  V.  A.  Moy«r. 

( )n  boggy  tundra  on  St.  < ieorgf  Ishmd.  Not  iiirr.  ( Mi  a  giassy  bank  near  a  poiul 
on  St.  I'aul  Island. 

137.  Carex  pyrenaica,  Mcyor. 

Young  plants  of  what  I  bclicvo  to  bo  this  spocios  were  found  growing  with  tho 
last  on  St.  Paul  Island.  My  plants  answer  well  on«»ugli  to  Meyer's  <lescrii)tion  of 
C.  mirropotla,  which,  according  to  Uoott,  is  identical  with  (\  pyrvnaica.  Herb.  No. 
t«i(»ll. 

138.  Carex  norvegica,  Suhk. 

Collected  on  St.  Paul  Island  by  Dr.  Merriani. 

139.  Carex  lagopina,  Wulil. 

Common  on  both  islands.    The  var.  (irtirHenecnn  in  bogs. 

140.  Carex  lagopina,  Walil.,  var.  longisquama,  (>e<i.  Kiikciil.lial. 

Sldkes,  4  to  (>,  more  elongate  than  in  typical  ('.  I  -fiopina.  Scales  a  little  longer 
than  the  perigynia,  broadly  hyaline  on  the  margins.  Mossy  uplands,  St.  I'aul  Island. 
Herb.  No.  16020. 

141.  Carex  pribylovensis,  .1 .  M.  Macoiiii. 

Culm,  <*{()  to  40  cm.  high;  spikes,  3  to  I;  ovate,  roundish  in  a  «lense  head;  utrieu- 
lus  broadly  ovate,  very  shortly  beaked;  scales  broad  and  almost  obtuse,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  utriculi.  Intermediate  between  (\  l<i(fi>piiio  and  ('.  ijlarmsa,  to  the 
latter  of  which  species  this  plant  has  been  referred  by  Professor  liailey.  Herb.  No. 
lOUOi). 

142.  Carex  gmelini,  Hook, 
('ommon  on  both  islands. 

143.  Carex  vulgaris,  Fries. 

An  almost  typical  form  of  this  species  is  comnion  on  low  Hats  where  water  lies 
late  in  the  spring.  Specimens  nearly  approaching  tlu',  var.  tur/osu,  Fries  (Herb.  No. 
KKilU),  were  collected  in  a  nnirsh  on  St.  Paul  Island.  Those  have  been  identified  as 
<J.  ruhiaris  var.  hifpn-bort-a  by  Professor  Bailey  and  C.  limtilo  by  Mr.  Kukenthal.  The 
rhi/.ome  strong;  scales  black;  perigynium  nerveless;  and  in  these  respect"  '".^y  agree 


THK    IMiANTS    OK    'I'HK    PRIIIII.OF    ISLANDS. 


57:5 


with  G.limula,  Frioa,  but  tlie  leaves  are  narrower  iiii.l   llu>,  short  im'.Iuih'1«m1  spikes 

erect. 

144.  Carex  salina,  Wnlil. 

Tliis  species,  in  one  or  otlier  of  its  many  f«>nns,  is  eoninion  on  liotii  islands.  Tiie 
commonest  of  these  is  <!.  mlintt,  siibsi>.  n,xin<l,(l>i,  VVahl.,  var.  liaem<itol,i>is,  Drej., 
whicli  gvnwH  everywliere  on  grassy  u|>lan»ls.  The  form  thnleiisin.  Th.  Fries  (Herb. 
No.  l(i<518),  was  eollecte.l  in  a  slifjhtly  saline  marsh.  With  it  {,'rew  the  var.  suhspa 
thacea,  Wormskj.  (Herb.  No.  UMilO).  The  varietal  determinations  niven  above  were 
made  by  Mr.  Kukentbal. 

The  Carcv  ri(ji<la  hUjehvii  of  Dr.  Merriam's  list  I  iMilieve  to  be  this  species,  tiiouKh 

1  have  not  seen  his  specimens. 
•  145.  Carex  cryptocarpa,  C.  A.  Mo)«r. 
<  kininion  on  both  islands. 

146.  Carex  macroohaeta,  «'.  A.  M^yor. 

V.  pudiicnrpa,  H.  \ir. 
Common  on  both  islands;  the  form  {iraoilior  found  in  one  locality  «Hily. 

147.  Carex  macrochaeta,  C  A.  Moy.r,  var.  subrigida,  <J.o.  Kiikciill.iil. 

Low,  culm  and  leaves  rather  broad  and  very  riyid,  the  leaves  Umm^v  than  the 
culm;  the  h)we8t  spike  female  at  the  base;  all  the  spikes  hm^er  and  much  narrower 
tluin'inthe  type,  club-shaped,  rather  loose  llowered  toward  the  base;  scales  hardly 
or  not  at  all  aristate.     Herb.  No.  UiOl.J. 

I'erhaps  a  hybrid  between  <K  mmroilmeta  and  (!.  lutematolvins,  though  as  these 
species  belong  to  two  dilVerent  sections  and  there  is  little  evidence  of  hybridi/.at  ion 
apart  from  the  general  appearance  of  the  |)la.nt,  I   pr.^fer  to  a<lopt  the  name  given  it 
by  Mr.  Kukentbal. 
148.  Carex  membranopaota.  Bailey,  Hull.  T...r.  Hot.  (Jliil.,  Vol.  X\,  )..  l-'H,  ISJKt. 

Very  abundant  in  a  large  depression  around  a  pond  on  St.  I'aul  Island,  Tins 
carex  at  least  where  found  by  me,  grows  in  clumps  and  is  decumbent  in  habit,  cover 
iiig  an  area  of  from  24  to  30  inches  in  diameter.  Dried  siiecimens  give  no  iiint  that 
the  l)lant  is  not  erect  in  habit;  but  the  tV.ct  is  that  on  St.  Paul  Island,  at  least,  it  li.-s 
(lit  on  the  .nonnd,  even  when  very  youn.-..  At  nuiturity  the  wlude  plant  is  Ire.piently 
covered  by" the  surrounding  herbage,  lljrb.  No.  l(HiO.S,  distributed  as  ('.  compavta, 
11.  Br.     The  ('.  nnxntiliH  of  Dr.  Merriam's  list  I  take  to  be  this  species. 

149.  Carex  rariflora,  Smith. 

Collected  by  Mr.  Palmer  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

150.  Hierocliloa  borealls,  U.  and  S. 
Not  rare  on  either  island. 

151.  H;ieroobloa  pauciflora,  K.  Hi'. 
li-Mif  on  St.  Paid  Island. 

152.  Alopeourus  alpinus,  Smith. 
Common  on  both  islands. 

153.  Alopecurus  howelUi,  Viimy,  var.  merrlami,  Heal. 

On  bare  ground  that  has  been  used  as  hauling  grounds  by  seals.    ( '.rows  in  dense 
clumps;  decumbent  in  habit.    Not  seen  elsewhere  than  on  dry,  i>are  ground. 


Ill 


.•^^HF^f^MT.fS^^--:, 


^ '  !m'i*lwiaiiijipiiii  V-'i^iiwP^^^^ 


574 


TIIK    VVU    SEALS   OF    THE    I'RIHII.OF    ISliANUS. 


i 


1  = 


154.  Fhleum  alpinum,  L. 
Coiniiion  on  both  islnmls. 

155.  Phippaia  algida,  li.  Kr. 

Collected  on  St.  Paul  Island  by  Mr.  Palmer  in  18iU,  and  a  I'ew  HpucinienH  by  myself 
on  Mie  same  island  in  18U7. 

156.  Arctogrostia  latifolia,  (irigel). 
('Oninion  on  both  islands. 

157.  Arctogiostis  latifolia,  (iriNcli.,  vnr. 

Plants  referred  hero  were  named  ^l.  nnindinrtcea  (Trin.)  by  Professor  Htnibner, 
but  I  can  not  agree  with  him  that  they  are  that  species.  In  default  of  snflicient 
I'-uropean  material  for  compariaon  I  prefer  to  leave  my  jdant  without  a  name  for  the 
present.     Herb.  No.  1(J032. 

158.  CalamagroBtia  purpuraaceiia,  Vasi'y. 

Rare  on  Si.  Paul  Island.     Named  C.  arvtiva  by  Vasey  in  1892. 

159.  Calamagroatia  deaohampaioidea,  Trin. 

Very  abnn<lant  where  found,  but  hntal  in  its  distribution. 

160.  Deachampaia  caeapitoaa,  Heiuiv.,  var.  arctica,  Vastly. 
Very  abundant  on  both  islands, 

161.  Triaetum  aubapicatum,  1*.  H. 
N'ery  abundant  on  both  islands. 

162.  Poa  arctica,  R.  lir. 

Variable  but  common  on  both  islands. 

163.  Poa  caeaia,  Smith. 

A  form  of  this  species  wiis  collected  on  St.  CJeorge  Island, 

164.  Poa  ghimaria,  'I'liii. 

liare  on  St.  Paul  Island. 
365.  Dupontia  pailoaantha,  liiipr. 

Common  in  marshes  on  both  islands. 

166.  Arctopbila  effuaa,  Laiige. 

Not  rare  on  either  island.  The  A.  fulra  of  Dr.  Merriam's  list  differs  somewhat 
from  other  si)ecimens  collected  on  the  I'ribilof  Islands,  but  seems  to  be  this  species. 

167.  Olyceria  anguatata.  Fries. 

Common  on  both  islands,  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  the  seal  r<M)keries  and 
hauling  grounds. 

168.  Olyceria  vilfoldea,  ( Aiuln. )  Fries. 

Abundant  on  saline  mud  Hats,  but  no  (lowering  ])lant.s  found.  N<»t  before  known 
from  Alaska. 

169.  Featuca  rubra,  L. 

Common  on  both  islands,  but  variable,  the  var.  barbata,  I  hick.,  being  very  rare, 
and  a  form  near  F.  rieharthoni  hardly  less  so. 

170.  Featuca  ovina,  L.,  var.  violacea  (Gaud.),  Griaeb. 
Common  on  sandy  soil  on  St.  Paul  Island. 


TllK    I'LANTS    OF    TIIK    I'I{lltlU)K    ISLANItS. 


■•7  a 


myself 


ribiier, 
lliciuiit 
or  tlie 


iVllilt 

)s. 
and 


own 


are. 


171.  Elymua  moUis,  I'rin. 

Very  coiuinon  on  both  JRlanda. 

172.  ElymuB  villoBisBlmus,  Scribii. 

Culms  stout, ."?  tlni.  high,  from  (MeepiiiK  root-stocks;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  narrow, 
as  lontj  as  the  culm;  !«iaves  of  the  fulm  comparatively  short  ((>  to  1.'5  cm.)  and  broad 
(()  to  10  mm.).  Spikes  ((vatcoblong,  5  to  (i  cm.  long.  Si)ikclefs  densely  villous,  !">  to 
li()  mm.  long,  li  to .'{ llowtMcd.  Kmpty  glumes  uiirrowly  lanceolate,  aciiminiilo,  .'{nerved, 
about  as  long  as  the  llorets,  «lensely  silky  villous  on  the  back.  Third  glume.  V2  to  ir» 
mm.  high,  i»-nerved,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.  I'alea  about  as  long  as  the  glumo, 
2  toothed,  hairy  on  the  sides  and  back,  ciliate  on  the  keels,  rachilla  densely  pubescent. 
Common  in  depressions  on  grassy  uplands.  Crowing  with  VaUtiiina  vapitata, 
Viola  laniiHdorfii,  Kiihvs  stvllntus,  and  such  plants. 

173.  Equisetum  arveiise,  I<. 
Common  on  both  islands. 

174.  Equisetum  Bcirpoides,  Mirlix. 
(^Mumon  on  both  islands. 

175.  Equisetum  variegatuni,  Sililt>i<  li. 

Abundant  at  the  north  end  of  Ht.  Paul  Island. 

176.  Botrychium  lunaria,  Swart/. 

Hare  among  sand  dtines  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

177.  Phegopteris  polypodloides,  K<o. 

Collected  on  St.  (xcorge  Island  by  Messrs.  True  and  Prentiss,  and  on  St.  Paul  by 
Mr.  Palmer. 

178.  Asplenium  fllix-foemina,  Hernli. 

Not  rare  in  the  interior  of  St.  I'aul  Island. 

179.  Aspidium  spinulosum,  Swiirtz,  viir.  dilatatum,  Hook. 
Common  on  both  islands. 

180.  Aspidium  filix-mas,  Swartz. 
Rare  on  St.  (leorge  Islan«l. 

181.  Cystopteris  fragilis,  Heriih. 
Common  on  both  islands. 

Two  ferns,  Pohfpodium  vuhiare,  L.,  and  Aspidium  louchitis,  Swartz,  supposed  to 
have  been  coUec^ted  on  tlie  Pribilof  Islands  by  Mr.  C.  11.  Townsend,  are  included  in 
Dr.  Merriam's  list,  but  as  the  specimens  are  not  in  the  United  Stiites  National  Her- 
barinm  and  no  one  else  has  collected  these  spei-ies  on  the  Pribilof  Islands,  they  have 
been  excluded  from  this  list.    They  are  both  common  at  I'nalaska. 

182.  Lycopodium  selago,  i^.  - 
Common  on  both  islands. 

183.  Iiycopodium  alpiiium,  I.. 

Rocky  uplands  on  St.  Paul  Island. 

184.  Lycopodium  amiotinum,  L.,  var.  pungens,  Spreiig. 
liarren  uplands  on  St.  Paul  Island. 


,1 


i  i 


i   ! 


r  * 

i-    ; 


i     i 


I,    \ 


11 


57(5 


THE    PUK   SEALS   OK   THE   PlillULOF    ISLANliS. 


MUSCI. 


Sphagnum  flmbriatum  Wilx.,  var.  arotlcum,  O.  .Ii'iimoii. 

Tills  variety  uiid  tlu^  Hiriii  /itxceHvenx,  WariiHt.,  riM'onln-l  by  l>r.  Mt^rriaiii.  N<> 
locality.    8t.  I'uiil  iHlaiitl.    (J.  M.  Mactmii.) 

Sphagnum  girgeiishoiiil,  Uiihh. 

'^"(Ctcy  spots,  St.  (looi-fru  Island.    (.1.  M.  Ma4;oiin.) 
Sphagnum  lindbergli,  Hrbpr.,  vur.  mlorophyllum,  roriiui  braohydaayolada  WiiniNt. 

Kecorded  by  Dr.  Murrinin.    No  locality.    Ht.  Paul  Island.    (.1.  M.  Macoiin.) 
Sphagnum  riparium,  AouKstr. 

Hojfs,  8t.  (}uoi'gft  Island.     (J.  M.  Macouii;  Dr.  Mtirriaiii.) 
Sphagnum  aquarroaum,  I'eiH.,  vur.  imbricatuni,  Schp. 

Bo{js,  St.  (leorgc  Island.  (.1.  M.  Macoun.)  Dr.  Merriani  records  the  form  hracliy. 
anoclaila  W'arnst.     No  locality. 

Sphagnum  aquarroaum,  PerH.,  viir.  aenii-aquarroaum  Kiinb. 

St.   I'aul   Island.      (J.   M.  Ma^'oun.)      St.  Oeorgo  Island.      (.1.  M.  Matroun;  Dr. 
Merriain.) 

Dicrano^velaia  criapula,  LiiiiU). 

On  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.    (J.  M.  Macoun;  Palmer.) 

Oncophorua  wahlenbergil,  Kriil. 

On  the  ground,  St.  (leorge  Islantl.     (Dr.  Merriam;  .1.  M.  Macoun;  Palmer.) 

Dicranella  rufeacena,  Scliiiiip. 

On  earth,  St.  Paul  Island.    (J.  M.  Macoun.) 

Dicranum  moUe,  Wiln. 

Crevices  of  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (J.  M.  Macoun.) 

Dicranum  atrictum,  Schloieh. 

St.  l*aul  Island.    (J.  M.  Macoun.) 

Dicranum  elongatum,  Rchleicli. 

St.  Paul  Island.    (Dr.  Merriam.) 

Campylopua  achimperi,  Milde. 

On  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.    (.1.  M.  Macoun.) 

Ceratodon  purpureua,  Hriil. 

On  earth,  St.  Paul  Island.    (Dr.  Merriam;  J.  M.  Macoun;  Palmer.) 

Ceratodon  heterophylla,  Kindb.    Ott.  Nat.,  Vol.  V,  p.  17!). 

Agrees  with  Ceratodon  purpurcus  iu  the  shape  of  the  capsule  and  the  stem  leaves, 
the  not  excurrent  costa  and  the  revolvable  annulus,  but  the  capsule  is  often  more 
curved  and  distinctly  strumose;  agrees  with  Cem<or/oncoHicM«  (Hampe.)  in  the  perist«). 
mial  teeth  having  few  articulations;  ditt'ers  from  both  in  the  blunt  perichetial  leaves; 
is  also  very  peculiar  in  the  short,  concave,  suboval  leaves  of  the  long  shoots. 

Common  on  earth,  St.  Paul  Island.    (J.  M.  Macoun.)     First  collected  in  IHiU. 


Tin;    PLANTS    Ol'    THK    I'KIBIKOl"    ISLANDS. 


577 


Didymodon  badeii-powellii,  Kimlli.     <  »tt.  Niil.,  Vol.  V,  p.  I7!t. 

Dinars  ridiu  IHdnniinlon  nihvlhiK  in  tlio  dioecious  iiiliorcHreiuT,  tin- blunt,  roiiu-, 
very  siiort  lid,  scivieely  one  littii  of  tlie  oapsule,  and  the  dliitinclly  dentatr  leaves  (an 
in  IHdnmoiloiKilpitjciiiiii,  V'eiit.).  Tiie  tnlts  are  conipaet,  about  li  cm.  IukIi,  tiie  leaves 
levolute  nearly  all  around,  sliort -aeuminate,  the  lower  pale  br«>wn,  peiieliotial  ones 
loiifjer  aeniinnate  or  subulate  entire.  The  <;apsules  are  (unripe)  n)ore  or  less  curved, 
the  pedicel  pale  red. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (.1.  M.  .Maeoun.)     KirHt  collected  in  IHUl 

Desmatodon  latifolius,  Kritl. 

8t.  Paul  Island.     (Palmer.) 
Desmatodon  systilius,  Mr.  iiiul  Sell. 

St, Paid  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam.) 

I  have  seen  neither  Mr.  Palmer's  nor  Dr.  Merriam's  specimens  of  Prxmalodim,  but 
believe  them  to  be  both  l>.  Uuifolius  wiiich  />.  .sjistiltm  nearly  approaches.      />.  lotijh- 
liiis  is  common  at  rnalaski^. 
Orimmia  apocarpa,  llodw. 

On  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (.1.  M.  Maeoun.) 

Racoinitrlum  lanugiuoBum,  liiid. 

On  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam;  Palmer;  .1.  M.  Macnii.) 

Racomitriuin  miorocarpiira,  I'-rid. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam.)     Probably  the  next. 
Racomitrium  miciocaipum,  Urid..  var.  palmeri,  Kimlh.;  Miicmii,  Cut.  Ciiii.  riimlH,  Vol.  VI,  j..  L't)7. 

DilVers  in  the  leaves  bein}--  lony  subulate,  hairless,  tlie  upiier  cells  loiifjer  and 
more  confluent,  the  alar  ones  large  and  rectangular,  the  capsule  shorter  pedicellate. 
DilVers  also  from  the  related  liMcomitrium  nmhtUim  in  the  deeply  cK^ft  peiistomial 
teeth,  the  narrow  leaf  cells,  etc.  (Palmer;  .1.  M.  ."^lacoun.)  First  collected  by  .Mr. 
Palmer  in  1S!»0. 
Orthotriohuin  laevigatuni,  /.elt. 

Kocks,  St.  Paul  Islaiul.     (Dr.  Merriam;  .1.  M.  Maeoun.) 
Orthotrichum  mloroplephaie,  Scliiiiip. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam.) 
Tetraplodon  mnioides,  l!r.  hikI  Sob. 

Wet  banks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam;  .1.  M.  Maeoun.) 
Splachnum  wormskioldli  (Home,),  Kindli. 

St.  (ie«»rge  Island.     (.).  M.  Maeoun.) 
Bartramia  itliyphylla,  lirid. 

Crevices  of  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam;  J.  M,  Maeoun.) 

Bartramia  pomlformis,  lltdw. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Palmer.) 

Philoiiotis  foutana,  Itriil. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam;  .1.  M.  Maeoun.) 
5947— i-r  I! 'JT 


578 


TIIK    KlIR   SKALS    (»!■'    TIIK    I'lillllLOK    ISLANDS. 


I 


Webera  polymorpha,  Scliini]).  var.  braohy  carpa,  Kiiitlli. 

CreviuvH  ut* (lamp  rurkH,  8t.  lleorgu  iHliiiitl.    (.1.  M.  Miu-ouii.) 
'Webera  miorocaulon,  ('.  M.uml  Kiiiilli. 

St.  Gourf^e  IhIjiimI. 
Webera  nutans,  llrdw. 

On  uarth,  iSt.  L'aiil  Island.     (.1.  M.  Macoini;  I'alnitM-.) 
Webera  ououUata,  Seliiiii|i. 

OruvicuH  of  I'uukH,  St.  I'luil  iMlaiid.     (Dr.  Murriaiii;  il.  M.  Macoiin.) 
AVebera  oanalioulata,  ('.  M.  iiiiil  Kimllt.  viir.  iniorocarpa,  KIikIIi. 

Separated  from  the  Hpucies  only  by  itu  Huialler  capHuiu.  St.  I'aul  luland.  (tl.  M. 
Uiwxmn.) 

Webera  cruda,  8cliiiii|i. 

Crevices  of  rocks,  St.  Taul  Island.     (J.  M.  Macuun;  L'aliuer.) 
Webera  albioans,  Scliiiiii). 

Um  rooks,  St.  I'aul  Island.     (.1.  M.  Macuiin.) 
Bryum  arctioum,  llr.  uml  S<-li. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriaiu.) 
Bryum  pendulum,  •S('hiiii|i. 

On  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.    (Dr.  Merriuni;  .1.  M.  Mwoun.) 
Bryum  incUnatum,  Kr.  itiul  iScli. 

St.  Paul  Island.    (Dr.  Merriani.) 
Bryum  froudei,  Kinill>.,  Ott.  Nut.,  Vol.  V,  p.  IKO. 

Uabit  of  Wehera  nututut.    Ajjrecs  witli  lUyinn  iiicliiiiitmn  in  the  synoe«;ious  intio 
rescence  and  tite  symmetric  capsule,  et<'. ;  dittors  in  the  leaves  being  loii;r-iicumin,i*^e, 
cells  long  and  narrow,  the  upper  sublinear  (nearly  as  in   Webera),  costa  very  long 
excurreut,  peristoniial  segments  <|uite  frettfroin  the  teeth,  spores  smaller,  scarcely  0.(12 
mm.;  the  cilia  are  wanting. 

(Jrevices  of  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (.1.  M.  ^laciniu.)     First  collected  in  l.S!>l, 

Bryum  brachyneuron,  Kiiidb.,  Ott.  Nat.,  \tt\.  V,  \>.  ISO. 

Agrees  with  liyrum  iwmJuliim  in  the  synoe<!ious  intloreseence,  the  peristomes 
orange,  the  segments  adhering  to  the  teeth,  the  apiculate  lid  and  the  large  spores 
(about  0.04  mm.);  differs  in  the  deeurrent  leaves,  short-ovate,  the  costa  broad,  abbre- 
viate, not  excurrent,  the  sterile  shoots  bearing  globose  buds  (gemmae),  the  very  much 
broader  i>eristomial  teeth.  Stem  red,  very  short,  the  pedicel  about  1  cnj.  long  oi' 
shorter,  often  scarcely  emerging  above  the  tufts;  costa  of  the  lowest  leaves  red,  per- 
eurrent  (mly  in  the  leaves  of  the  shoots  and  the  perichetial  ones;  capsule  ventricose, 
short-necked  constricted  below  the  mouth.  Jiryum  falluj:,  Milde.,  resembling  it  in 
habit,  is  dioecious;  the  segments  are  free,  the  spores  snniller.  Jiryum  laeuntrf  ditf'ers 
in  not  having  deeurrent  leaves,  the  capsule  not  being  constricted  below  the  mouth,  the 
pedicel  longer,  the  peristome  pale,  etc. 

Orovices  of  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (J.  M.  Macouu.)     Pirst  collected  in  1891. 

Bryum  argeuteum,  L. 

Common  on  earth,  St.  Paul  Island.     (J.  M.  Macoun.) 


THK    PLANTW    Ol'    THK    IMIIBILOF    lBl,AN|tS. 


r>7!> 


Brytiiu  obtusifolluiu,  liiiiill>. 

Ht.  I'uiil  lsiiiii*t.  (raliiii-r.) 
Biyum  erythiophyllum,  Khiilli. 

St.  Paul  Ishiiid.  (I'aliiit-r.) 
Milium  HubgloboBum,  III.  .hkI  sch. 

St.  I'aiil  Ishi'iti,     (Dr.  Mciiiain.j 

PBilopllum  arctloiim,  Hriil. 

(Jdiiimoii  oiicaitli  oil  Si.  I'aiil  Island.     (.1.  M.  Macomi;  I'aliiuT.) 

Pogoiiatiim  dentatum,  llr<" 

On  earth,  St.  I'aullslaiHl.     (.1.  M.  Ma»!uuii.) 

Pogoiiattini  alpinuni,  Kouhl. 

On  i-arth  and  rocks,  St.  I'uiii  Island.     (Dr.  Mturiani;  I'alincr;  .1.  M.  Macoiiii.) 

Pogoiiatum  alpiiium,  K'oilil.  vur.  aepteiitrloiiale,  Uiiil. 

Ou  rocks,  St,  Tai'l  and  St.  (icorjic  islands.     (,l.  M.  MsMoiin.) 
Pogonatum  alplnuin,  h'oohl.  viu.  microdontluni,  Kiiidli. 

Se|>anitcd  from  thf,  species  by  its  nearly  entire  or  indistinctly  dewticulate  leaves. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Palmer;  .1.  M.  iMacoiin.) 
Polytricbum  strictuni,  IliinkH. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam.)     Perhaps  the  next. 

Polytrichum  boreale,  KIikHi. 

DilVeriuK  from  the  nearly  allied  /'.  hjUKrhoniim  principally  in  the  leaves  heing 
distinctly  dentate  above;   the  ;.pe.\  hyaline  in  the  upper  part,  red  in  the  lower. 

St.  Paul  island.     (J.  M.  Maeoun.) 
Brachytheciuni  albicans,  Hr.  iiiiti  Scli. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Palmer.) 
Brachytheclum  rlvulare,  Hr.  ami  S<li. 

St.  Paul  Island.    (Ur.  Merriam.) 
Eurhynohlum  vaucheri,  (Sdiiiiiii. ). 

On  rocks,  St.  (jeorge  Island.     (.1.  M.  Macoun.) 
Plagiothecium  pulchellum,  Mr.  and  Scli. 

On  other  moss.    St.  Paul  Island.     (.1.  M.  Macoun.) 
Hypuum  luiciuatum,  lledw. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (.1.  M.  Macoun.) 
Calliergo.'i  cordifolium,  lleilw. 

St.  Paul  Island.     (J.  M.  Macoun.) 
Hylocomium  spleudens,  Si-liiini). 

St.  Paul  Island.     (Dr.  Merriam;  Palmer.) 
Hylocomium  alaskauum,  Si^hiiii)). 

St.  Paul  Island.    (J.  M.  Mac«)un.) 
Hylocomium  squarrosum,  Schiiiiii. 

St.  Paul  Island.    (Dr.  Merriam;  Palmer;  J.  M.  Macoun.) 


^XM^nS*"-***^ . 


■i^z"''fmmm^9imrrm^':t-„ 


I 


H      ' 


; 


I 

I       I 


ryxo 


riii;  iM'K  sKAi.s  <»K   riir,  I'ltiiiii.or  islanks. 


Hylocoiniiitii  tilqiiotitiiii,  Sil p 

St.  I'iiiil  Island.     (Mr.  Mcniui»i:   r:iliiit'r.) 

IIKIVV  in  Ai;. 
Diplophylliiiii  tnxKoliiiiit,  N(>on. 

SI.  I'aiil  Isliiiul.     (Dr.  Mitrnaiii;  .1.  M.  Mai-iiiiii.) 
Hoibeitii  aduiica,  S.  I',  (iiiiv. 

St.  I'aiii  Islinul.     (I>r.  Morriain. ' 
Oviiiiioniitiiiim  cDtnlloidoH,  N<>iw 

St.  riiiil  Island.     (I>r.  MtM-riaiu;  .1.  M.  >!a<Miiin  ' 

MCIIl'INS      CuM.I'CriOl)    '.iN     .1.    M.     MAl'iiliN). 

Rainaliiiii  otlnpirla'  it,  i  Acli 

On  rot'lvs  and  curtli.  St.  I'anl   Uliind.     (irm-ilis;  ulliliiilu  I  lo  7  cm.:  s|ioi'af,  lu  to 
II  mik. 

Rainalina  polymoiplia,  Aili. 

On  rocks.  St.  I'linl  Islanti.      Ac*/'"  /'""■  nn/in  iiniroili us  l.olio  inloniliir. 
Cotiaiia  aotileata.  .  Srlui'ii.  i,  I'l 

On  cartli,  St.  Paul  Island. 
Call  aria  aictica.  (llnnU.K 

On  ciirtli.  St.  i'anl  Island. 
Cetiaiia  islaiidica,  (l..i  Arli. 

Nory  coii'.mon  and  vaiialdciin  Itolh  islainliS;   liu'  Idnns  unn-iliKuml  lohusin  ;;r(i\Mnn 
with  tlu<  t.vpo. 

Cetiaiia  islaiidica  v:ii'.  delisoei,  (lloi. K 

Oomnion  oi\  St.  Paul  Island. 
Cetiaiia  cucullata.  i  Itrll.  \  Ai  li. 

On  earth.  St.  Paul  Island. 
Cetraria  nivalis,  il..),  Ai'li. 

On  oarth  on  both  islands. 
Cetiaiia  fahliiiiensiB.  «l..t,  Si'li:ii>r. 

On  rocks,  St.  Paul  I.sland. 
Cetiaiia  lacuiiosa.  Acli. 

On  rocks  and  earth  on  hoili  i.HiiuulM. 
Alectoria  jubata,  il..K  vmp.  chalybaefonmis.    \i'li. 

On  earth  on  rocks.  St.  I'aul  Isiand. 
Atectoiie  divpigeiis,  Wulili  nli. 

.Mixed  witli  the  last.     Mtiliiln  •  hlon'niiiit  nilnsvil. 
Alectoria  thulensis,  I'r.  Kihh. 

Coimuon  on  earth  on  li(>th  islands. 
Theloacliistea  lycliueus,  i  Nyl.  .  var.  py§:maeuB.  I'r. 

Kare  on  ri»cks,  St.  Paul  island. 


i 


I 


10  t< 


'niK  M.AN'i'H  i»r   rill,  i'kiiui.ok  islands.  M\ 

Pniinnliii    Hnxa».iHn,  (I-. )  I'r. 

< 'iiiniiioii  oil  rocks  iiiid  rai'tJi  on  liolli  iHliinilH:   fn^iiMMiUy  round  iiluioriniilly  c-oloi'fd 
IVoni  rnl  hrowii  t.o  n  hoiinliriil  violtM.      An  isiilitfroiiH  lonn  on  i  Mith.  St. <iforKi>  iHliintl. 

Pniiiioliii  HHxntlllH,  (I..),  I'r.,  mu  .  niilnnt^i,  Nyl. 

(Ml  rocks,  HI,.  (><M)i-{j;o  iHliintl. 
i>nriiielln  pliyB<ic1e»,  Arli.,  viir.  vil.lM»;«,  Arh. 

On  oiiiMi,  81,.  I'liiii  IkIiiimI. 

UiiiliiHon'in  iiiKlfnia,  Nyl 

On  rock.s  on  liolli   islaiiils,  Noh. 'J7  iiml   -H.     (!lili>rciiliii>  xlniliim  rorliriih:  iilliriiiH 
si»'iuminin  lulmsiit,  nllfiiiiH  iion  muldliir. 
Umbilical  l.-i  nyllniUio.'i,  il.i,  IIi'Iih  ,  vm.  clnlinoni,  Mivipii. 

On  rocks  on  hoth  isliunls. 

Uiiibilicailii  oiomi,  Acli 

On  rocks  on  ItoMi  islands. 

UinliillCRiia  proboHciitloa,  (I,,  i,  SI.  nli 
On  rocks  on  liolli  ishi.nds. 

Sticta  liiiltn,  Ai'ii. 

On  d:ini|i  rocks,  SI.  I':inl  Isliind. 

Polllpera  apthoBa,  il-.),  Ilnllrn 

On  and  in  wide  crcviccH  ul'  <l:Mn|>  locks  on  Itotii  ishinds. 

Polt.iKOia  caiiina,  (L.  i,  lliilViii 

On  moss  on  Itotli  isliiinls. 

Polt.iKoia  caniiia,  (I,.),  vio.  Hponglona,  I  ink 
With  tli»  last,  Inil.  not  so  coininon. 

I'nitigeia  caiiiiia,  lliiHiii.,  v.ii.  Bpinia,  ,\vU. 

In  ii  diMisc  lutt,  of  moss  wliicli  it,  divided,  SI,.  I'iinl  Isliind. 

Solorliia  ciocen,  (I..),  Arh. 

On  (Mirth  and  nx^ks,  SI.  I'iuil  Island, 

Pannaria  bruniiea,  (Sw.i,  MiiMH. 

On  earth  and  rocks,  St,  Ocor{,'e  Isliind. 

Placodiiim  elegaiiB,  (l.iiiK.),  I><'. 

I  tare  on  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island. 

Lecanota  veiitosa,  (I.,  i.  Arh. 

On  rocks,  St.  <icorji(i  Island. 

Lecaiiora  tartarea,  1 1.,  i.  Ach. 

Coinnion  and  variable  on  rocks  on  lioih  islands. 

liflcanora  tartarea,  A<  li.,  viir.  frigida,  iSw. ). 
Coninion  on  rockH,  St.  Tanl  Island. 

Lecaiiora  oculata,  i  MirkH.),  Arh. 

On  rocks,  St.  I'aiil  Islainl. 
Iiecaiiora  ooulata,  1 1  >i'  U». ).  Adi.,  vui .  gonatodes,  Arh. 

On  locks,  St.  Paul  Island.     (Irvstit  l.ninioni  Inrfiiriar,  hulio  hitrsrit  rt  rhInrrnMn 
rulienrit. 


I 


m 


582 


TIIK    \'VH    SKALS    OK    TlIK    I'UIItlLOK    ISl.ANDS. 


Lecanora  saxicola,  Sriinnr. 

SpetiiuHMis  wliicli  insiy  provo  to  i«|in's«»iil  .i  new  sitccics  liiive  Immmi  provisioiially 
icIrmMl  Iierp  by  Mr.  I>i-iiiit]i. 

Pertwsarii^S|).  (  f ). 

Oil  rooks,  HI.  (i«M>r{;('  IhIjiikI. 
Pertusaria  panygra  (Arli.)  Tli.  I'r. 

On  rocks,  St.  Paul  Island.     Sporae solittnitir  liio  to  liximilc.  U»iii.,  :ii>  li>  Co  mi);,  lid, 
{Friistulinii  nitervm  ilii  (dhrum  nlia  eninfa.)     Thalliis  <■  l;iilin/<rf  hnnuilnliis. 

Stereocaiilon  coralloidea,  l''r. 

On  rocks,  St.  raul  islanil. 
Pilophoius  robusttis,  Turk. 

Under  ov«Mlian{{in}i  rotrks,  St.  i'liid  Island. 
Cladonia  alcicoruis,  Kloork. 

Under  damp  overliaii^nn};  rocks,  St.  I'anl  Island. 
Cladonia  decorticata,  Klixtrk. 

On  eartli  and  rofks,  St.  I'anl  Island. 
Cladonia  pyxidata,  (I.,  i.  I'r. 

On  earth  on  liotli  islands. 
Cladonia  degenerans,  Tuck. 

On  earth,  St.  I'anl  Island. 

Cladonia  gracilis.  (I..).  N.\  I.  ^:ii'.  elongata,  Kr. 

Hare  on  St.  I'anl  Island.     The  lorui  mofnu-irnK,  'rnek.,  is  still  rarer. 

Cladonia  fnicat.i,  IIikIh.  vac.  racemoaa,  I'l. 

On  earth  on  hotli  Islands. 
Cladonia  furcata,  llixls.  v:ir.  fiiibulata,  I'l. 

On  earth  on  both  islands. 

Cladonia  laiigiferina,  llofl'iii. 

Ctnnmon  on  earth  on  both  ishinda. 

Cladonia  rangiferina,  IlolViii.  var.  sylvatica.  I-. 
On  earth,  St.  (ieorge  Islainl. 

Cladonia  rangiferina,  lldll'iii.  v:ir.  alpeHtris,  I., 
('oininon  on  earth  on  both  islainls. 

Cladonia  uncinalis,  I'r.  vui'.  tnrgeBcens,  I'r. 
On  earth,  St.  I'anl  island. 

Cladonia  cornucopioides,  (I..K  I'r. 

Coniinon  on  earth  on  both  islands. 

Cladonia  bellidiflora,  (Ach.),  Soliiior. 

Contnion  on  earth  on  both  islands. 

Bphaerophorum  globiferum,  IX'. 

On  rocks  on  both  islands.     Miilullii  J.  vnrrnlescit. 

Spbaerophorum  fragile,  I'ers, 

On  r<H!ks,  nii.xed  with  Lvvanora  tnrhimi. 


. 


THE    I'liANTS    OK    THR    l'IMHII.<»K    ISLANDS 


5s;{ 


iotiiilly 


//.-.  hit. 


Thamnolia  vennictilaris,  I'r. 

(JomiiuMi  on  <nirtli  <»ii  both  islands.     Tin*  form  ymcUcsccns  is  rare  on  earth  ou 
rocks,  St.  Paul  Isiaml. 
Normaiidia  Jaetevirens,  rum.  iiiitl  Hon-. 

Anion^r  tufts  of  moss,  on  St.  (iHU-jio  Island. 

Heterotheoium  sanguirarium,  (l->.  '''"t 
On  nx^ks  on  both  islands. 

Lecidea  h|i.  (  f). 

On  rocrks,  St.  Cieorfjo  Island. 

Lecidea  x\>.  (  H. 

On  ro<ks,  St.  (IcorKi'  island. 

Buellia  geographica,  (I,. ),  Tin  k. 

On  rocks,  St.  (icorgc  Island. 

Buellia  alpicola,  Walil. 

On  .ocks,  St.  (icor}?c  Island. 

Buellia  sp.  (f). 

On  rocks,  St.  (icorv;c  Island. 

Venicarria  hj>.  i  ?). 

On  rocks,  St.  (icoiRC  Ishind. 

NoTK.— The  chciniiial  reactions,  mcasun^niPiits  of  spores,  etc.,  arc  by  Mr.  .1.  S.  I). 
Hranth,  of  Snoittrui>,  Denmark. 

LinUKNS    .  (.-  .,K,«"rKl.    ON    ST.    VAl  1.    ISLAND    IN     IS'.H    HY    WILLIAM    I«ALMKU    AND 

1)KTHIIM!NED    UV    MR.   \V.   \V.  OALKINS. 

Cladouia  furcata,  I'l'. 
Pycnothalia  cladinoides,  Nyl. 
Cladouia  rangiferina,  llolVni. 
Cladonia  paplllaria,  Iloilin. 
Theeloschistea  lychneus,  Nyl. 
Umbilicariahyporea,  ll<>IVm. 

Stereocaulon  ooralloides,  Kr. 
Cladonia  fimbriata,  I'r. 
Lecanoia  thamnites,  Tuck. 

KUNOL 
Clitocybe  cyathiformis,  I'r. 

On  earth,  St.  I'aul  Island. 
Clitocybe  diatreta,  Vr. 

On  earth,  St.  I'aul  Island. 
Clitocybe  laccata,  Si'o]!. 

Oti  earth,  St.  Paul  Island. 
RuBSUla  iiigrodiBca,  I'k.     N.w  nixrien.  .  ^   ,  ,      ,  ,  ,     , 

Pileus  thin,conv<'x  <.r  nearly  plane,  viscid  when  youne  and  moist,  black  or  black- 
ish on  the  disk,  purplish-red  or  dark  red  (m  the  even  nnirfrin;  lamellae  thin,  entno, 
subdistant,  narrowed  toward  the  .stem,  whitish;  stem  nearly  e.pial,  white  or  -  itiflh; 
spores  white,  sub}-lob(.se,  0.0(»0;$r>  to  (l.dtMtir.  inch  long;  cystidia  \)mi  to  (MMI24  inch 
long,  pointed  at  the  apex. 

Pileus  1  to  1.5  inches  broad;  stem  1  to  l.r.  inches  Ions,  -'  to  4  lines  thick. 


rimn  irii"HiiiiHiiiiiiwi|Mn>i(iiiifn>wili»  '^ 


%   I 


t     11 


084 


T!1K    VVR    HEAI.8    OK    TIIK    PUIBILOF    ISLANDS. 


OtiflxpoRiul  liillRulcB  iiiiionjfC'liuloiiias  and  otiior  lidi<>iiH,  8t.  Paul  Island,  Heptom- 
ber  IS,  181X5.     (J.  M.  Macoiin.) 

This  species  is  appamntly  r«lattMi  to  h'./allnx,  from  wliic.ii  it.  may  l)«  soparattMl  by 
its  darker  colorod  |>il«us  with  itsovtiii  ma!-(;iii  and  by  its  larg«M- spores.  Its  nunuM-oiis 
conical -pointed  cystidia  project  sJiglitiy  from  the  cdj^c  of  the  lamellae.  Having'  seen 
only  dry  specimens,  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether  the  Havorof  the  fresh  plant  is  mild 
or  acrid. 

Flammula  fiilvella,  I'k.     Now  s)iccicH. 

I'ileiis  thin,  convex  or  nearly  plane,  glabrous,  snbtawny,  the  marfjin  (lellexed  or 
incurved,  tiesh  whitish;  lamellao  thin,  subdistant,  adnate  or  sli};htly  decurrent,  some 
what  tawny,  inclining  to  ochnweous-tawny;  stem  equal,  solid,  tibrillose  or  tibrillose 
s«)Mamnlose,  colored  like  the  pihjus;  spores  elliptical,  (MKH)')  inch  long,  0.<HK>  broad. 

I'ileus  (!  to  i'J  lines  broswl;  stem  about  1  inch  lonfj,  1.")  to  -  lines  thick. 

Low  ground,  St.  I'aul  Island,  September,  18!Mi.     (J.  M.  Macoun.j 

IIavni;>  seen  dried  specimens  only,  it  is  not  possible  to  ;,'ive  the  <u>iors  of  the  fresh 
l»lant  nor  of  the  young  lamellae.  The  |»lants  are  apparently  closely  gregarious  in 
mode  of  growth.  It  is  jmssilde  that  the  pilens  may  be  slightly  viscid  when  fresh,  but 
this  could  not  be  sat. sfact.4»rlly  ascertained,  and  therefore  the  trilM'  to  which  the  species 
belongs  is  uncertain. 

CortinariuB ' 

On  earth,  8t.  Paul  Island. 
Nalavieaf 

On  earth,  St.  Paul  Island. 

(Irixiniphiral  iliHlrihiilion  nj'thi  /ilKH'iioiiiimn  and  ranrutar  criiiilofiaiiiH  ktiiiirii  tit  oniiron  the  I'rihilof  lulanih. 


Anpiiinno  rirhanlnnni,  nimk i... 

Uaniinc'iiliiH  trlciiplivlliiH.  ('Iiiiix ( 

Kuiiiiiii'iihiH  tmlliiHir, Si'lil '... 

■  tail iini'iiliin  liyp<irlMir<MiH,  liuttli f 

Uiiiiiiiiinliiii  pjrtfiiiiU'iiM,  Walil '    | 

Uaiiiinriilim  riiiiUiin,  1. I  4- 

HiiiiiiiirnliiH  alliiicua  l.axiii 

Itanmii'iiliiHeHrlmclioUiEii,  S<*1|| 

<  'iipt is  trlliilia  Siillsl) 

Ai'iiiiiliiiii(li'l|iliiiiif(iHiiiii,  DC 

I*a|iitv(T  rail ii-nl mil.  Kottb 

I'njinvKi'  iiiai'iiiinii.Onitiiu 

I  'or\  ilallH  paiK'iHiira  I'ern 

Nantiirtiiiiii  paliiHtriv  \W- 

NrsiHtralitt  ^raniliM,  liri.4*i)» 

Dralm  lilrta.  I 

Dralm  wahli'iilHT^il.  Unrtin 

KiilriMiiiii'ilH'anlHii,  li.  Ilr 

( 'iirlili'arin  iitHiiiiallii.  L 

rnnlniiiiiia  lH>lliiliriilia,  \i 

raiilniiiino  pinii  i;ni».  I. 

('anlaiiiino  iiiiilii'llatn,  lirwiii'  

Arabia  nnilni'iia    UC    

Viiita  laii|iii(liirlli.  Fmcli 

Sili'iiraraiilis.  I. 

I.M  liiiiiia|»ilala  Ij 

Atuuai  la  lutt  .iicuriia,  I'lirili 


1.2  "=  '   i 

\  a  \  a  ,  — 
1   t  I  3   '  ii 

J     5      f 


•1  I  S 

"  1  ^ 

'5  " 

E  e 

1  I  'A 


+  I  I-  !  +  !  +  I  +  I 


+  1+1   t 


I   (^ 


+ 
+ 


../  + 
-I  I   I- 


+     I 

I 
I 


+ 
I 

+ 
1 

+ 
I 
^ 

+ 
I 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 


+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 


THK    PLANTS    <iP    TIIK    PRIIill.OK    ISLANDS. 


nK6 


(leoflraphiriil  iliHlriliiilinn  nf  the  /i/iueww/iiHH  nml  nimiilnr  irjijilminm^.  rlr. — ('uiiliiiiietL 


I 

a 
■"I 

a 
•3 

C 

o 


4,  I.? 


I 


Arcnnrlii  iirrticB.  S»ov. 
AnMtiiria  pupldiiloH,  1.  . 
Stt'lliiriti  iiMHihi. Siiiilli . 

Stcllariii  liiiri'HiiH,  lliui'l ; I 

SU'lliiriii  liiimiluwu.  Itdltli I  +      + 

Sli'lliiriu  Iiiiii;i|irH,  <iiililii'.  vnr.  Iii€>tu,  Wuh '   ^-       I 

(.'iniHliiini  1111111111111.  I. +      + 

Siiijiiia  linniii'i,  I'rt'Hl +      .. 

Sauimt  iiivnIiM.  \'r I     ■■■ 

(.  .ivliiiiia  MunuriitoHii,  (;.  A.  Mcyrr 

Moiitln  rmilaiia,  I \ 

<iiTaiiiiHii  fi-iantlniin,  IMI  . .  , 

l.ii|tiiiiiH  iKMilkatriiHiri,  Unn 

liatlivrimiiiariliiiiiiM,  lli;;i>l..  \Br.  ali'iiliiii*.  (iri'tnin '   

liiiliUHrliaiiuii'iiiiinm,  I. I  +      + 

ItiiliiiHiili'llatiis.  Siiiilli 


!  I  ' 


IviiliiisarrlldiiK.  I I  + 


lit'Mtii  niHHi 


i.Svr 


I 


Sililiulilia  iiriHMiiiilii'iiH.  I 

I'liliMililla  aiiHi'Hiia.  I. +      -I 

('■aiuiniiii  palimtro,  It t        I 

I'lilfiililla  tiaK'f<>i"ii».  Willil.  f.  \  illiwa,  Pall  ' 

I'niriitillai'iiiargiiiula,  I'lirnli '    I        f 

Saxil'iaiia  liii'racilcilinWalilrtl.  ami  Kit |  -\-       I 

SaxilVayailaviirifa,  I* 

Saxitiauii  Nlrllaiis,  1..  var.  iiijaiwa,  Idir |    1     

Sa X i I'lUfja  tirixnii iaiia.  I >< m 

SnxiriiiHaMiiiiyllil"'ia.  I'msli •• 

Saxit'ratza  Itrai-ti-ula.  Poll 

Sjixilra^a  liiri-iiliiH,  L i    I        I 

KaxHVaKa  liirciiliiH.  I..  VHr.  alpiiia.  Kiit'l I 

riirvMOHpliMiiuin  'M'riiiulaiiiiiii.J.  N.  Ktmr 

nir.VHOHpli'iiiinn  ulti'rniriiliiiiii.  I< --'  +      I 

I'arimHHia  kiil/,i'liuri,Cliaiii.aiiil  Srlil  I        I 

llippiiris  viilKaiix.  1 1  4        I 

Kpiloltiiiiii  i-lavatiiiii.  'I'l't'li-art^ 

Kpiliiliiiiiii  lirlirinuiniiniii,  llansHkii ' 

Kiiilobiiiin  HpU'atiini.  Lam |  -I        t 

LiUUHlk'uni  Hi'ttliciiiii,  |j , + 

Snriiiiiin  lii'iillianii,  Wat  ..  ]    I        I 

riH'iopliit't'iiin  ^invlliii,  Li^ilttli \ i 

{ 'iirmiH  Hiiecicn,  \t i I 

tinliiim  Irilliliiiii, I. i 

ValiM'iaiia  lapitata.  I'all \    I-    ■  ■■ 


•!   I 


i.    5 
-1  I  y. 


i  ' 


I  I  + 


+ 
+ 


Ai4t<*r  Hihiric 


.  \. 


Acliillai>aiiiilli'l'i>liiiin.  I. I    i 

( 'iii'vnaiit  hi'iiuiiii  ant  ii'iiin.  I + 

Ai't)>iiiUiaKl<>''"Iot''"' *''''"" 

Aiti<iiiUiani>r\i>'.'ii'a.  V'r'w*  var.  piicilli'a. (liuv j  — 

Arti'iiiiHia riilianlsoiiiana.  Ilci<>k — 

Art<^iiiiHia  viiluuriH,  \,,  \'ar.  tilcHii,  laMlt'lt 

Arnien  iinalaHKtMiMiH,  \a 


PfltiiHiIra  t'i'iuiila,  Fi'ii'H 

Si'ii<Mii>  pneialoariiiiMi,  I.nnn 

TarnxiM'um  otliriiialn,  Welier  var.  lividiiin,  Kcii'li 

I'anipaiinlu  iiiiillora,  I 

< lainpaniila  laHiiicarpa.  < 'liain 

I'yiola  mi  nor.  \, 

Ariimria  viilyai'iM.  Willil  .,..'. 

I'riinnla  maritiiiili,  timi'iii' 

I'rliiiiila  rxi'iiiii,  ( Jiwiin 

AmlroHaiK  villimii,  I,  

Trit'iitallH  fliit^imna,  I.,  var.  arrlira.  l/'rluli 

lliMitiaiiat^'iii'lla,  Until) 

(Si'iiliaiiafriiiidn.  Mai'iiki<  — 

liKiiliaiia  claiiia,  Pallaa 

I'nlt'imitiiiiia  <'aenil«*iim.  L.  \'ar.  uraiiililldnim.  I.rtlrli     

Pnlfiiiniiiniii  iMilrliflliiin.  Iliinul.,  var.  inacraiilhnm,  IitMllt. 

KrltrirltiiMh  rnamiMHiiiiiH  A.  UU 

MtTtcimiaiiiaritima.  lion  

ViTKiiifa Hi-rnvllH'olia, !. 

ViTonira  hUuIitI,  Pall 

I'ltiliriilartH  vcrlli^illata,  I.   


+ 


-I    I 


.1    I-  i    I- 


+ 
+ 


(■  I    t- 


I    I 


III 


I 

t- 
1 

)• 
+ 


1 
I 
+ 

+ 
1- 

1- 
-t- 
+ 
+ 
I 
I- 


+ 
I 

+ 
I- 
+ 
+ 
+ 


..    


+ 

I- 

+ 


I- 


I 
I 

+ 
+ 
+ 
I 
•I 


+ 
+ 
I- 
+ 
+ 
I- 
+ 
1 
I- 
I- 
I- 
+ 

I 
+ 

+ 
I 

+ 


I- 
I- 
I 
I- 

I- 
I- 

+ 

I- 
+ 


! 


mA 


■L';.-i!r.rsi,r.is^  — T^ 


I  ;  ;'t 


r).SG  THE    KIR    SKALS    Oi'    TIIK    PBIBILOP    ISLANDS. 

(IrogniftUieal  ilintrihiilinn  of  tin  iilnieiiojiiimx  and  riisculnr  vrjiittoijiimi,  iti: — Coiitiniieil. 


<9 

3 

"i 

a 

1 

1 

"a 
t 

a 

u 

r 

y. 

& 

\i 


+ 


\'pi\W\i\imt  snili'tira,  Willcl 

rtolii'iilnriH  l.iiiuHdiirlii,  I'imli 

r.'iliiiilaiislai;iila.  Wllld 

Kiipliriisiiiotliriiiiilis,  L  - 

(■yiiarilrii  gitii'liiii,  < 'ham.  and  nchl    

tiyiiaiiilia  Hti'llci'i.Cliaiii.aiicI  Silil i 

l\'iu'iii;;ia  islaiKliin,  I I    | 

rolyjioiMitii  \'ivipiiniiii.  1. I    i 

roly^ohiiin  inarniiiiii,  J.  K.  Small .,, 

rolx'^oniim  hlHlniia,  I. ,  -f- 

<l\\  riiirinifiirmis.  Iliink |    i    i 

l£iimr\  art'ttiMt'lla.  I -j-    ... 

Salix  airtiiH.  I'all -{      + 

Salix  iilivliriiiili'M,  Anil 

Siilixrntii'iilata.  h i    i  + 

HaliYovalil'iilia.  Tiaiill 

Km|K'lriim  iii;;nim,  I .        | 

KritilKwia  kamlHcliati-i-iiHis,  Kit 

I.liivilla  NiTiitiiiij.  Kiiili I     •■• 

Sti'i''|it<i|>'iHaiii|ilr\ili>liiis.  ix; I    ;    I 

.liiiiiiiH  liilliriis.  IMli.  \ar.  Ilai'iikii,  (Mf.v) 

•  I|1IU-M^4  li.);linul.>4,  I .' +  1    t- 

Lii/.iila'.rruatn.  I  look.  \:\v.  \imi\ni*in*i\Ms,  Itiicli 

1.11/ Mia  riHil'iiHa.  I.iinlli.  var.  latit'olia.  Itiii'li 

l.n/til'i4-am|tcNti'iH,  Orsv .  var.  smlflira.  Crlak 

l'':;.'|ilioi'nm  |iol\  itarlivon.  I. |    '    \ 

l-'riojiliiM'iini  \a;;iiiatiiin,  L j    \    I    i 

(.'anx  Ic'iocai'iia.  ('.  .\.  Miijir 

CaifX  iiovr^ica,  Sflik ' 

<'ari'X  la;,'oiiiiia,  W'ahl + 

<'ari>x;;miiliii.  Hook 

rart'X  \  iilpiriM.  l*'rii'rtantl  varn :    f    ;    j 

Can'xcniilorania.f'.  .\.  MiyiT + 

(.'ait'X  Ha'lina.   \\  a  hi.  antl  \ai'» 

('ar*'X  iiiarrofliarta.  ( '.  .\   Mi'yiT 


+ 


I- 
-I- 
•I- 
+ 
+    ■ 

'V'l 


+ 
I 
+ 


I 

I 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
•I 


I  I  I 


f- 
+ 


+ 

1- 
I 


I- 
+ 
I- 
■I- 
■I- 


+ 


-)• 


I 


<  'HT-i'X  ini'mlii*am)|iarttt.  llailry I 

•  ari'X  1','ii'illoi'a.  Smllh '. | 

4'aiTx  Ha \ at  His.  I t 

llit'i-orliloa  lioi-falis,  K.  aial  .S 

Ilifi-ochloA  paiiritjoi-a.  K.  llr i 

AIopociirriH  at|iliiiis.  Smith 

AloiH'i'iiriiH  liowi'llii,  V.  var.  iiiiTrhimi,  ScrMi 

I'hii'iim  alpiiiiiiii,  I 

AirtanroMliH  lalil<'lia,  lirisli .^ 

<  'alama^frostis  jniriuirasct'im.  \' .' 

1  .alamaj^roKti.s  (lrti(*liatn|isloitli't4.  Triii 

Ui'si  ham|isiarap.spitoHa.  Iirau\ .  \ar.  nnftira,  Trin 

'rT-isi',*,iim  HiiliHpifatiim,  IJt'am |     4- 

l'hippHiiiai;:lcla,  li.Hr j-  I    |    1    | 

I'oiiii.rtica,  I!,  llr ;  + 

I'liiK  aiwia,  Smith |  -1-  ]... 

PoauliiriiariH,  Trii)  ■ 
Ar.  topliihii'li'iisa.  \.: 


+ 
I 


t- 


•••    + 


I 

+ 
■I- 
+ 


+ 


+ 
+ 


...| 


■)-  i    I-  I    I 


I- 


I 


a.  I.aiiao 

!>npniitia  pHilosaiitha,  Kiipr 

(rlynriaaniiiiKtata.  I'rit!* 

til\i-«'ria  vill'oitlra  f  Aiidr.),  I'^iirs 

KrstiK-ariihra,  I. 

l>'t'Ntnrao\  ina,  I 

KlymiiR  mollis.  Trin 

Kl\  iiiiiH  villoniHHimiis,  Srriliii 

Ki|'niHi>tiiiiuirM'iiH<',  I (-  I    \ 

l':t)iiWt'tiiiii  Hi-irpiiith'M.  .Mit-lix I  4   I    I 

Ki|iiiHt'tMm  varit■^alllm,  Srhleich 1    ( 

Itotryi'hium  liinaria.  Swart/ !■•"'  "*" 

rin'yoptrrl.H  itolypotiioidi'M,  Ki-t* i... 

AHpTi'iiiiim  tillv^foiMiiiiia,  lii'i'iih  . 


I 


piniilosiim.  Swart/. 1    | 


AmJiIiI 

Asjiidinin  l''ilixMan 
CNHliipliTiii  traKiliN.  Iliriili. 
Lt.X'copmliiim  Hclauo.  I, 


l.yropiHliiim  alpitnim,  1 + 


Lyt!oJHMliiiiii  aiiiioliiiMm.  I. 


I' 


I-  !  + 

I-  i... 


I 
I 

+ 
+ 


+ 

+ 


+ 
I 


I-    1 


+   + 


+ 
I 


+ 

^ 

-(- 
(- 
+ 
+ 

+ 
t- 
I- 
+ 


+ 


+ 
-( 
I- 

I 


I 

+ 


THE    PLANTS    oi'    TlIK    PUIIULOK    ISLANDS. 


Ml 


+  I     ' 

■I-         H 


-t 
I 

I 

+ 

t 


+   i     + 

:::i::;: 

+ 1  + 


+ 

1- 

1     + 

+ 

!    ^ 

1- 

-t- 

1- 

1    1- 

•1- 

1   + 

+ 

.. 

+ 

1 

H 

1- 

t 

■*- 

.... 

1 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+■ 

!•' 

1 

+ 

!■ 

+ 

K 

+ 

- 

+ 

h 

+ 
I 


+ 
+ 
+ 


% 


AnilOIJITIKS  I'OIJ  THK   (iKOOUAI'IIICAr-   DISIUIIUITION   OK  TlIK    I'LANTS  MKNTIONKD 

IN  THK  KoKK<iOIN(i  LIST. 

nKlii.lN,  Al<i.:  Kiii'lviixliT  iiiHunilnito  uikIit  <l«ii  Nvi<iiHk:t  oxpfltlilioiioii  till  (frti'iilnixl  18M:)  (OelVerMlf^t 

KkI.  Sv.  Vet.  Akiul.  I'orliillur,  IWl). 
lii.vn,  M.  N.:  N'orp's  I'lurii.  CliriHtlmilii,  istil-l«7t>. 
ItroiiKNAi',  I'll.  ANi>  KoCKK,  \V.  <  >. :  (ii-fiiHsiJlliiiizon   OHtKniiilimdH,  /wcilf    liriilHrlin  NordpollUlirt, 

Hri'ini'ii,  IS":.'. 
(MiAMissii,  A.  UK:  Dr  |>litnliH  in  ospeililiniiit  ohNnrvittiH  iliHsnrcri'  (MT^jiliii',  Ari-li<'a)<  i|iiiii-  nii|iitkiiiiI. 

(LiniiMiMi,  Vol.  )i,  IKIl). 
FuiEs,  Til.  M. :  Oiii  llocifii  IhIjiiiiIh  fitii<Tnptiii-vo);«t!itiiiii  (Ool'viM'Hifit   Kj;l.  Sv.  \i>».  Akiul.  KorlHll^rr, 

I  SKI). 
(iKi'iM.liNh,  ('int.:  iHlanilH  riiiru,  Co|imiliiii;tMi,  I8SI. 
IIahtman,  C.  .1.:  riiiiiilliuk  i  SkuniliiiuviciiH  Flora,  Storklioliii,  ISTO. 
Hakt/,  N.  :  KiiiK^ro-riiiiioi'd);  KiirkryiitoKuiiivr  fr»  NorclimMtriinliiiiil  og  Aii;;iii!i<;H:iliK  (Mi'ilil.  imi  (in'iii- 

laiiil,  vol.  IS,  ('o)ionh:iK(*ii,  I'*!''"'). 
lliioKKit,  .1.  |). :  OiitliiiOH  of  tlie  DiHtribnt.ioii  of  Arctic  i'laiits.     (Triiim.  Linn.  Snr.,  vol.  L':i.  IStU.) 
IIdokkii,  .1.  I>. :  Flora  Itorcali  AiiK'rifitiia.     Loniloii,  IKIO. 
lloi.M,  TllK.o. :  Novaia  /I'liilJa'M  Vegetation.     ( l)i.iiii])liiia-Tof;ti>ts  /.ool.-ltol.  rilhyttc.     < 'o|)<'iilia)r*<ii, 

ISK'.. ) 
lliii.M,  TlIK.)). :  ItHitriiKe  /or  Flora  WcstKriinlantlH.     (F.iiKlei'H  Itotan.  .Iitlirliilclicr,  \'ol.  \'III.     L<>ip/i){, 

IK87.) 
K.iKi.i.MAN,  F.  It. :  <>m  Koniiiiaiiilir8ki-<l'',iTnaM  l''niii-ro)riiiiilloi':i.  (  \'i-);ii-K\pnililr.  N'ltti'iiNk.  lakltaj;..  \  ol. 

IV.     Stoikholni,  IS.V..) 
K.iKi.i.MAN,  F.   li. :    l''aii((n));ani<tr  Iran   Novnia   /.niiiljn,  \Va.i);at8i'li  ocli  (Mialiarova.     i  \'fu:i-F,xp«<lit. 

V«!t.i'n«k.  Ailxitfii.) 
K.iKi.i.MAX,  F.  I{. :  SiliiriNka  NorilkiintciiM  Fanoro);aiii(lorii.     ( Vcpi-Kxpcdil.  Vrtcnsk.  Arlielcii.) 
K.iKi.i.MAN,  I'.   I{. :  Faut'ro^aiiilloran  |>aa  Novajii  St'iiilja  orli  WaJ^atHcli.      ( V<<Ka-l''.\piMlil.    \'ctrinHk. 

Arlx'lcn.) 
K.IKI.I.MAN,  F.  \l. :  Asiatixkn  llcriiiKsiinilH-kiiHtenH  I'aiioroic^anillora.    ( Vc^a-F.xpoilit.  VplciiMk.  Arlmttm.) 
Lamik,  ,1. :  ('oiiHpcctus  I'lorac  (iroi'lanilicai*.     (.Mcilil.  oin  (irniilanil.     '.'openlia<;t>n,  IKSO.) 
Lkiikiiui  u,  C.  F. :  Flora  L'ossica      Stiitt;;art,  ISII-IS.'ill. 
Macoi'n,  .liiilN:  Oatalo^iie  of  Canadian  I'laiits.     Montreal,  ISKI-lSiK). 
Maximovuz,  (!aki.  .loll :  I'riiiiitian  Florae  Amnroiisis.     St.  l'et«rBliiir>;,  I8."i!(. 
.Mkiikiam,  C.  llAlir:  Plants  of  the  I'riliilof  Islands.     Iteriii^;  Sea.     il'roeeed.  Iliol.  .'^o*-.     WasbiliKtoli, 

I  Sit'.) 
.Miiiiu,  N.:  Forsii;;  til  en  islandsk  Natnrliistorio.     Copeidia^eii,  ITSC. 
Na  iiioiLST,  A.  (<.:  Nya  Hidraj^  till   Kaniiedoineii  oiii  SpetHl>erf{eii.s  Kiirlviixter.     (Kjil.  Sv.   Veteiisk. 

Akad.  Ildlsr.,  vol.  20.     Stoekholip,  ISfti.) 
Ki  I'ltKi'iir,  F.  .1. :  Syiiiliolae  ad  liiHtoriani  et  /reo^rapliiani  plantariiin   l{o.s8ii'ariiiii.     St.   PetersliiirK, 

ISIIi. 
SiK.iNKiiKK,  Lkoniiakd:  Notes  on  the  Plaiitn  of  the  (Niinniander  Islands.     (I'ror.  |i.  S.  Nat.  Mn.s.,  \'ol. 

VII,  iss,-..) 
STlo'iMKKi.T,  II.  F.  (>. :  IslaudH  Kiirlviixter,  hetraktailu  fran  v.'ixtueoijratisk  oeli  tlorislixk  Hyiipiinkt. 

((FtVerHiKl  K^l.  Sv.  Vet.  Ak;!'..  FilrhdlKr.,  IH84.) 
TKArxv  Hi'TKli,  F.  I\'.;  Ineronienta  '/lorae  I'liaeno(;ainao  KoHsicae.     St.  I'eterslHir<»,  1882. 
TltAiTVKTTKK,  K.  K. :   Die  Pllaii/enfre<i);raphi8hen   X'tMlifiltniHse  des  F.iiropiii.sohen   KiiHslands.      KiRa, 

IKI!t. 
TUAirr\K.Til<;it,  K.  II. :  Syllatms  |ilautanim  Silnriae  lioreale-orientalisa  I  ire.  Alex.  Kiiiikb  Fil.  lectariiin. 

St.  I'eterslmr)?,  IS88. 
TKAtrrvKiTKU,  K.   K. :    Kossiae  Arrticae  plantas  ((iiasdain  a  peret^rinatorilins  variia  in   varlis  loeis 

leetan.     St.  retorsliniK,  18S0. 
TUAirvK.rrKli,  K.  I{.;  Flora  terrae  Tseiinktsrhornni.     St.  l'olers!iiii>;,  1878. 
TKAriNKn'KU,  K.  H. :  I'lantan  Sibirtae  borealis  a1>  A.  ('/ekanovski  et  F.  Mneller  leotas.     St.  IViiers- 

linrj;.  1877. 
TitAtirvKn'Rit,  K.  1!.;  C'onspi'etns  Florae  InHnlaniin  Nowaja  Senilja. 
TriiNioii,  L.  M.:  Coiitribntions  to  the  N:itnral  History  of  Alaska.     WaHhlii^rtoii,  l8Mi. 
WAlll.KNiiK.mi,  <L  :  Flora  Lapponiea.     Herlin,  1812. 


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PtAtt  LXXXVIII. 


PAPAVER   MACOUNII   Grceno.     Natural  sue. 

((,  Thi^  pistil,  slaiiii'iis,  iiiiil  a  prliil.  (,,  The  Iniit. 

Piinvn  by  Tlii'o.  Mdlm. 


m 


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I 


Plate  l.XXXIX 


tMl/   *!#/'  (^Y 


FRUITING    SPECIMEN   OF    NESODRABA  GRANDIS  iLangsd  I  Grc 
lPra«ii  l.y  TIm'.'    II. .I'm. 


-^'s'mm^m''-^v..>^^.H-}m^'^i^i^i^.^--  pwm«mm-: 


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CARDAMINE    UMBELLAIA   Grefii.'.     NjIumI   :.,(.. 
II.  lliiwiT,  mHxiiill<'il         ''.  KImvv.i-  Willi  pcliils  ii'iiion'il.  iiiiiKiiilli'il. 

liniHii  liy  rlii''i    lloliii 


I'i'lul.  iiiuKiiiliril. 


mmm 


Platf  XCI. 


CHRYSOSPLENIU'vl  BERINGlANUM  Rns,.. 

Kin.  II.  II  plain,  iialiinil  sizt-:  li^.  Ii.  b'al'.  I'liliiiv'''!  ■.Mi.iiii.'iiTs;  i|/.  ,■.  iMilai-ui'il  V  diaiiiiMHi-s-  il^r  ./ 
IIowit;  (1m;.  <•.  siMMiiii' lit' llii'sanii';  hi,'.  A.  Ilii- MmviT  as  shlm  Cniin  aliuvr;  lij.'.  i/.  ii\ai-v  :  (/.  . .  ^.  .iii.l  i/. 
i'iilai-t."'il  "i  liianii'ii'r'-*:  lii;, /,,  .<i.i.il,  ..nlai'K'i'il  l."i  illaiiu'liM-s. 

Drawn  lij   T.  .\.  \Val|ui|i' 


n 


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II 


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13    it:    I 


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Plate  XCII. 


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"RlMULA   EXIMIA  Gn........     Plant  mtu.nl  ai;. 

Inwni  liy  'I'lii'ii.  Ilciliii 


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I'lAll      XCIII. 


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PRIMULA  MACOUNII  Gfoon..      Nitu..il  !,i/<v 

,,,    Iniil  ■      V.-;;.-li.livsli,„,l. 

lUiiuii  ii.v  'I'lu'ii    H.'liii. 


Plate  XCIV. 


,^'-^'^7yujr-.<^'t^r^tA^  eOC  . 


i      ' 


I, 


POLYGONUM  MACOUNII  Small. 
Drawn  i,j  Tlit-cj.  Hulm. 


XXIV -ALGAE  OF  THE  PRIBILOF  ISLANDS. 


ll.V    Wll  I.IAM    A.    SK.lt  111:1.1.,    I'll.    It., 

I'ro/MKor  iif  lliiltiHji  in  Ihe  I'nhcrHilii  of  I'aliJ'urnia. 


A  V(M-y  coiiHidorabIc  region,  (^oiitaiiiiii^  iiiiiiiy  cliaraotcriHtic  spvcuss  and  ilJHtiiuttly 
inarkud  oil'  troiii  ad,j«tiiiiii{(  rc^rioiia,  is  that  (^\t(!IldillK  troin  Vcsho,  and  tlii^  8t%i  of 
Okhotsk,  urouiid  to  thu  oast,  tliroii;;h  thu  Iteriii^^  Hva,  tlif  Aluiitian  Ishiiids,  and  tho 
various  arcliipdagouH  lyiiij;'  ah)ii).;  i\\v>  northwcHtrrii  sliorit  of  North  Aiiiui-i(;a  to  tlie 
iStraitH  of  Juan  du  Kiira  and  Pii^ct  Sound.  Uuinotu  and  littlu  known  as  tliiu  rci^ion 
is,  yi;t  thu  al;^au  havu  htn^i:  bvun  a  inatttT  <if  study,  (iiiiulin,  in  his  llistoria  Fucoruni, 
in  1708,  described  a  numlu*!'  of  forms  fi-oin  Kani<*iiatka  and  thu  ad.ioininj^  districts.  It 
was  not  until  l.sr>l,  however,  tliat  any  detailed  acc(Mint  of  even  the  alf,'ae  of  tiio 
Okhotsk  iSea  was  published.  In  that  year  appeared  the  work  of  Uuprecht  (1<S,')1), 
since  whicli  nothing  has  been  written  about  the  algae  of  this  region.  Uuprecht,  how 
ever,  tloes  not  restri«'t  his  enumeration  exclusively  to  the  forms  of  the  Okhotsk,  but 
mentions  (piite  freely  localities  all  over  the  worhl,  and  among  them  the  island  of 
St.  I'aiil  of  the  I'ribilof  group.  The  various  Russian  expeditions  brought  back  many 
seaweeds  among  their  collections.  These  were  studied  by  I'ostels  and  Uuprecht  at 
St.  Petersburg,  and  the  results  Dually  given  to  the  world  in  a  magnificent  volume, 
the  lllnstrationos  Algarum,  in  the  year  1<S4().  This  account  deals  almost  entirely 
with  the  North  American  coast  from  ITnalaska  to  Monterey.  Un]>recht  also  ]uiblislied 
two  other  papers  on  algae  from  the  North  I'acillc  (ISl.S  and  1S5L») — Merters  letters, 
publi.shed  in  1829,  give  graphic  descriptions  of  a  number  of  the  larger  and  more 
curious  species  of  northwestern  America.  The  algae  of  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca 
have  been  enumerated  by  W.  11.  Harvey  (18(»2),  and,  finally,  the  Bering  Sea  forms 
have  received  revision  aiul  augmentation  at  the  hands  of  Kjellinan  (188!)).  Of  all 
the  literature  of  the  algae  of  the  entire  region  there  remains  to  be  menticmed  only  two 
small  papers  by  Okamura  (1801a  and  1801b),  mentioning  certain  species  from  the 
Kuril  Islands  and  from  Yesso,  and  a  paper  by  Kiirlow  (188(5),  crediting  two  species 
to  the  island  of  St.  Paul.  These  are  all  the  works  dealing  with  the  species  of  this 
inunediate  region  as  far  as  they  are  known  to  the  writer.  While  they  treat  in  a 
general  way  of  the  species  of  the  region,  they  do  not,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Okhotsk  flora  and  the  ])apcr  of  Karh»w  noted  above,  mention  the  Pribilof  Islands  in 
particular.  l{ui>reclit,  however,  as  mentioned  above,  has  given  a  number  of  species 
as  occurring  at  St.  Paul,  and  the  writer  has  attempted  to  bring  together  in  this 
account  all  these  references,  in  order  that  a  beginning  nuiy  be  nuide  in  the  work  of 
exploiting  the  marine  flora  of  these  islands. 

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THE    VITR   SEALS   OP  THE   PBIBILOF   ISLANDS. 


1    1 


This  collections  accessible  to  the  writer  hsive  been  those  niiule  by  Messrs.  (Ireeley 
aud  Siiodgrass,  under  the  direction  of  President  Jordan,  whicli  consist  of  tliree  jars 
of  seaweeds  preserved  in  formalin.  Besides  these,  there  were  accessible  to  the  writer 
for  examination  two  othc>r  small  collections,  vi/.,  a  few  species  obtained  for  the  late 
Prof.  D.  O.  Eaton  thiiough  the  courtesy  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Comi>auy  about 
1877,  which  I  have  been  able  to  reexamine  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  A.  W.  Kvans 
of  Yale  University,  and  a  collection  by  Charles  H.  Townsend,  of  the  United  States 
Fish  Comnussion  steamer  AVmtrosH,  in  18D5,  made  at  the  request  of  the  writer  and  at 
the  direction  of  the  Tnited  beates  Conunissioner  of  Fisheries.  Tiie  AUmtrons  collection 
has  been  made  available  for  this  account  through  the  permission  of  Commissioner 
Bowers. 

The  present  enumeraiion,  then,  includes  all  that  can  be  determined  from  these 
three  collections,  as  well  as  information  concerning  any  additional  species  credited  to 
the  islands  but  not  represented  in  the  collections.  In  this  way  the  writer  has  hoped 
to  bring  together  all  that  is  reliably  known  about  the  marine  ilora  of  this  group  of 
islands,  for  it  has  been  suspected  that  the  shores  of  Bering  Sea  are  destitute  of  algae 
altogether  (cf.  14uprecht,  1851,  \).  li03,  and  Merrilield,  1875,  p.  5()),  i.  e.,  north  of  the 
Aleutian  Islands,  with  which,  however,  Uui>recht  reckons  the  I'ribilofs.  Dall  (1875) 
and  Kjellman  (1889)  oppose  this  view,  and  Konyam  or  Penkegnei  Bay,  St.  Lawrence 
Bay,  and  Port  Clarence  have  tioras  very  similar  to  that  of  the  Okhotsk  and  the  Aleu- 
tians. St.  Paul,  likewise,  has  a  very  similar  tlora,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  annexed 
list. 

CYANOPHYCEAE. 

No  specimens  of  blue-green  algae  have  been  found  in  the  collections,  either  free  or 
attached  to  the  others.  No  members  of  this  group  are  mentioned  either  by  Kuprecht 
(1852)  or  by  Kjellman  (1889). 


t  '111 


CHLOROPHYCEAE. 
Frasiola  criepa  (Lightf.)  Ag. 

This  species  is  (;onimonly  found  covering  recently  vacated  or  little-used  portions 
of  the  seal  rookeries,  according  to  the  note  attached  to  a  specimen  collected  at  the 
Reef  rookery  on  St.  Paul  Island  by  1».  W.  lOvermann  July  20,  1892,  and  sent  from  the 
United  States  National  Herbarium  to  the  writer. 

Cbaetomorpba  melagouiuni  var.  typica  KJulliii.     KJelliiian,  lli'riugghalVutM  Alglloru;  55,  188!),' 

Only  a  few  fragments  of  a  Chaetomorpha  exist  in  the  collections,  but  both  in  those 
of  the  Albatross  and  of  Greeley  and  Snodgrass.  They  seem  to  belong  to  this  species. 
(St.  Lawrence  Island  and  Port  Clarence.)^ 

Cladophora  mertensii  U^opr-)  ]>(3-tuiii.  f 

Conferva  mirteiisii  Uiipi.,  Tuuge  Och. ;  403,  1851. 

There  is  only  one  Cladophora  ])re8ent  in  the  «!ollections  of  (ireeley  and  Snodgrass, 
and  that,  a  single  specimen  too  imperfect  to  determine  at  all  satisfactorily.  It  was 
submitted  to  Profo8.sor  Farlow,  of  Harvard  University,  who  replies  that  it  agrees  best 
with  this  species,  but  is  by  no  means  certainly  to  be  referred  to  it. 

'  Only  literiiture  to  localitius  in  Heriiig  Sou  proper  in  quoted. 

-The  loculitiuM  iudoMed  iu  piirunthuMeM  allow  additiuual  distrihutiou  vvithiu  Boriug  Sc'i-  ttruper. 


ALGAE   OP  THE   PRIHILOP   ISLANDS. 


591 


" 


MonoBtroma  splendens  (Rupr.)  Wittr.    KJollmau,  lieringsliatVets  Al);llorn;  54,  18X3. 
(Jim  and  Ulraria  splendena  liiipr.,  Tiiiifie  Ocli. ;   41(1,  isr.l. 

This  tiue  species  must  be  fairly  abimdaut  upuii  the  ishuid,  as  it  is  represented  in 
both  the  collections  by  a  comparatively  large  number  of  examples.  All  the  specimens 
are  of  a  deep  brown  color,  more  like  that  of  an  old  I'uuctaria  than  of  a  member  of 
this  geuus.    (Bering  Island.) 

PHAEOPHYCEAE. 

Dictyosiphon  hippuroides  (Lyngb.)  Kiltit.     KJellmaii,  ISvriiip;shafvetH  AlKtloni;  fiO,  IS8!). 

A  rather  slender  form  of  this  species  occurs  in  the  material  of  Messrs.  Greely 
ami  iSuodgrass.    (Kouyam  Bay  and  Bering  Island.) 

Mesogloia  ? 

A  considerable  quantity  of  a  sterile  plant  occurs  in  the  collections  of  Messrs. 
Greely  and  Snodgrass,  but  as  it  is  sterile  it  is  impossible  to  tell  with  certainty 
even  the  genus.  Further,  Kjellman  does  uot  mention  any  member  of  this  group  as 
occurring  in  the  Bering  Sea. 

Desmarestia  aculeata  (L.)  Laiiiour,    Kjelliiiun,  Ilurin^sbittVuts  Algllora;  50, 188!). 

This  species  occurs  in  rather  typical  form  in  the  collections  of  Messrs.  Greely 
and  Snodgrass,  but  it  also  approaches  at  times  the  broader  />.  latifrons.  A  somewhat 
more  terete  form  is  occasionally  found  in  algae  from  various  parts  of  Bering  Sea,  and 
may  be  what  Kuprecht  has  called  Spintilaria  intermedia  var.  teretifoUa  in  the  Okhotsk 
llora,  and  credited  by  him  to  St.  Paul  Islaud.  (St.  Lawrence  Bay,  and  St.  Lawrence 
Island.) 

Scytosiphon  lomentarius  Lyngb.  J.  G.  Ag.     Kjulhuan,  ncringNhat'vutH  Algllora ;  4!),  188!). 

Abundant  in  all  the  coUectious,  and  in  excellent  fruit.  (Kouyam  Bay,  Port 
Clarence,  Bering  Island.) 

Aualipua  fusiformis  Kjellm.    Kjellmau,  BeriugsliafvelB  Algllora;  4!l,  pi.  7,  f.  5-12, 18S!t. 

There  is  a  considerable  quantity  of  this  species  in  the  collections  biiuight  ba«!k 
by  President  Jordan.  The  material  is  in  excellent  fruit  also,  so  that  there  can  be  no 
doubt  but  that  these  specimens  are  of  the  same  species  as  KJellnum's.  When  <»ld 
and  the  tips  of  the  upright  fruiting  portions  are  worn  away,  the  i)lant  looks  very 
much  like  a  bunch  of  short  eroded  fronds  of  ticfitosiphon  lovientanus,  but  they  are,  of 
course,  provided  with  the  characteristic  basal  layer,  such  as  no  Scytosijihon  is  known 
to  possess.  This,  iiowever,  is  sometinuns  so  inconspicuous  that  at  first  sight  a 
specimen  might  be  passed  over,  when  a  thorough  examination  would  reveal  its 
identity.  All  the  specimens  examined  |K)s.ses8e(l  tiu(!  unilocular  sporangia,  which  is 
unknown  in  t^cytosiphon. 

This  locality  extends  the  range  of  this  species  to  the  American  side  o{  the  Bering 
Sea.    (Bering  Islaud.) 

Laminaria  longipes  Bory,    Uuprocht,  Taiige  Och. ;  L'32, 351,  1851,    Kjolliiiaii,  lieringHbafvotH  Algllora, 
13,1889.    (Plate  XCV.) 

This  species  receives  its  present  specific  name  from  J.  G.  Agardh  ( 18«7,  pp.  20, 27), 
who,  while  uncertain,  feels  that  it  is  the  best  thing  to  do  under  the  circumstances. 
Kjellmau  has  followed  him,  referring  the  species  back  again  to  the  genus  Laminaria, 
where  it  most  certainly  belongs  if  the  plant  which  the  writer  has  received  and  which 


:  H 


'''^^^mifmw'r  ^f«w^:.>f,.>mvt:mmmifm'*i.'-^_<^mm!timm^^j 


592 


THK    FUR   SEALS   OF   THE   PRIHILOP   ISLANDS. 


) 


I! 


!  i  I 
1  ' 


iiRrees  tUoroughly  with  the  duscriptioim  of  Agardli  and  of  Areschouy  (1883),  e8pe(;ially 
with  that  of  the  hitter,  is  the  same  as  KjeUinaii'B.  Tlie  plaut  was  well  known  to 
Uuprecht  (1851,  232  and  351),  who  has  }?iven  it  two  additional  names,  Laminaria 
repent!  and  LesHon'm  repens,  while  Agardii  has  refeired  it  to  the  genus  Arthrothammm. 
Our  itlaut,  however,  is  eertainly  not  a  member  of  this  latter  genus,  for  it  lacks  alto- 
gether the  uharacteristie  auricles  at  the  base  of  the  blade;  and  the  folds  (at  the  base 
of  the  bla4e)  described  by  Agardh  may  very  likely  be  nothing  more  than  the  products 
of  imperfect  drying.  The  plant  has  a  most  striking  resemblance  to  Laminaria 
sindairii  in  habit,  so  much  so,  that  it  can  not  be  told  from  certain  forms  of  that 
sitecies  until  an  iuvestigatiou  into  the  character  and  distribution  of  the  muciferous 
canals  is  made.  Then  it  is  seen  that  there  are  no  canals  at  all  in  the  stipe,  while 
those  in  the  blade  are  large  and  frequent,  as  is  shown  in  the  figure  of  the  cross 
section  on  the  plate  attai^hed  to  this  article.  The  habit  is  also  well  represented  in 
the  plate,  and  the  rhizome  shows  especially  well.  It  is  the  rhizome  that  gives  it  the 
particular  resemblance  to  Laminaria  ninvlairii,  and  is  a  characteristic  shared  with 
it  only  by  L.  japoniea  and  L.  rodriquczii  (cf.  Bornet,  1888,  p.  2),  besides  the  species 
mentioned.  Bornet  mentions  (1.  c,  p.  2)  also  L.  bongardiana,  but  the  writer  has  not 
seen  any  specimens  of  that  species  thus  provided.  Areschoug  also  includes  this 
last  species  among  the  rhizomatous  Laminariae,  but  only  as  to  the  "forma  subHesHilis.''^ 
Ij.  longipcH  was  collected  by  Messrs.  Greeley  and  Snodgrass,  but  the  spe(;imens  are  all 
sterile.    (Bering  Island.) 

Laminaria  digitata  is  credited  by  Uuprecht  to  St.  Paul,  but  it  is  uncertain  .just 
which  one  of  the  digitate  forms  of  modern  writers  he  had  before  him  (cf.  also  Kjell- 
man,  1890,  p.  170). 

Agarum  turner!  1*.  and  U.     Ruprccht,  Taii^rtt  Oeh. ;  :.'14,  isril.     Kjolhnan,  KeriugHliafvuts  Al^tlora; 
42,  1«89. 

A  portion  of  a  frond  Is  present  in  tiie  collection  received  from  President  Jordan 
and  Uuprecht  mentions  it  as  well  from  St.  Paul  Island.  (Konyam  Bay;  St.  Lawrence 
Bay;  St.  Lawrence  Island.) 

Thalassiophylltun  clathrus  (Umul.)  Rami  R.     KjuUiiiau,  KeriiiKslial'vi^tH  AlgUora;  42,  1880. 

Only  two  specimens  of  this  niagniticent  plant  are  known  to  me  from  St.  Paul 
Island,  t>ne  of  which  is  in  Herb.  Eaton  at  Yale  University  and  the  other  in  Herb. 
Farlow  at  Harvard  University.  They  were  both  procured  for  Professor  Eaton  by  the 
Alaska  Conmiercial  Company  in  1877.    (Bering  Island.) 

Nereocystis  luetkeana  1'.  iuid  H. 

This  species  is  unknown  with  certainty  from  the  Bering  Sea.  Kjellmann  does  not 
mention  it  nor  does  Uuprecht  in  the  Ochotsk  flora,  but  Dall  (1875,  p.  KJO)  speaks  of 
the  "  Bull-Head  Kelp"  at  the  Pribilof  Islands,  with  the  suggestion  that  it  is  Nereocystis. 
It  certainly  extends  as  tar  north  as  Uualaska  and  may  very  likely  range  as  far  up  as 
the  Pribilof  group. 

Alaria  praelonga  K.jelliu.f    Kjellinau,  Herinj^HliafvutB  Algllura;  ;^,  PI.  4, 1889. 

A  few  specimens  of  an  Alaria  were  collected  by  Mr.  Townsend  in  1805,  which 
seem  to  belong  to  this  species,  although  they  have  also  the  characters  of  yl.  angusta, 
A.  crinpa,  and  even  of  ^l.  lanveolata;  in  fact,  it  is  very  diflicult  for  the  writer  to 
determine  how  these  four  species  differ  essentially  from  one  another.  Uuprecht  also 
mentions  an  Alaria  as  occurring  at  St.  Paul  (1851,  p.  360),  but  without  referring  the 
forms  to  any  now  recognizable  species.    (Bering  Island.) 


ALGAE    OF    THIC    I'lilBIl.OF    ISLANDS. 


r)!)3 


FucuB  platycarpuB  Thiir.  1 

A  single  specimen  of  Fiivus  exists  in  the  Joidan  eollcctiou  and  seems  tu  the 
writer  to  come  nearer  to  the  species  noted  above  tliau  to  any  otlier.  Yet  it  does  not 
seem  to  be  lierniaphrodite,  while  F.platycarpiiK^usivMy  plainly  liermaiihroditc,  does 
seem  at  times  to  be  dioecious.  It  certainly  appears  to  be  diflerent  from  t\  eruntscens, 
the  only  species  known  with  certainty  from  Berin}^'  Sea. 


RHODOPHYCEAE. 

Porphyra  laciniata,  viii.  umbilicalis  Ag. 

The  specimens  leferred  to  this  species  are  in  the  collection  received  from  the 
Albatross  expedition  of  1895.  There  are  several  of  them,  but  none  of  them  are  in 
fruit  or  show  reproductive  bodies  of  either  kind.  The  fronds  are  c(ni8picuousiy  unibili- 
cate,  dark  purple,  monostromatic,  with  cells  elongated  pi'ri)endicularly  to  the  surface 
of  the  frond.  lu  every  way  they  are  ditt'erent  from  IHphdcnna  r<iri<(jatum  Kjellm. 
and  agree  exactly  witu  the  plate  of  0.  Agardh  (1828,  Taf.  L'O).  especially  with  iignres 
a,  d,  and  e;  for  a  zone,  just  within  the  margin  in  our  plants,  is  extremely  deii(|ues 
cent,  and  the  cells  thus  loosened  reproduce  figure  d  exactly,  as  well  as  answer  to  the 
description  given  in  the  text.  No  form  like  this  has  been  seen  ou  tlie  Ciiiifornia  coast 
by  the  writer,  nor  does  Kjellmau  mention  other  than  the  species  noted  above,  viz,  D. 
variegntum,  from  Bering  Sea. 
Iiidaea  laminarioidea  formii  parvula  KJeUm.     Kjellm.iu,  IJeringshafvetn  Algttora;  31,  l«X9. 

A  number  of  specimens  of  a  very  dwarf  form  of  this  common  species  of  tlie  west 
coast  of  North  America  were  found  in  the  collections  received  from  President  Jordan, 
and  although  they  were  much  gelatinized  on  a(!couut  of  their  stay  in  the  formalin, 
yet  they  still  retained  sutKcient  of  their  form  and  structure  to  be  readily  recognizable 
as  belonging  to  the  particular  form  described  by  KJellman,  This  form  is  not  found 
upon  the  California  coast.  Jioth  cystocarpic  and  tetrasporic  specimens  are  in  the  col- 
lection from  St.  Paul.  (Bering  Island.) 
ChondniB  platynua  (Ag.)  .J.  Ag.  i    K.jelltiiiiii,  HoriiigsliatVets  Alglloru;  \V2,  imt. 

A  considerable  number  of  specimens  of  a  Choudrus  were  (lollected  by  .Messrs. 
Greeley  and  Suodgrass  and  all  are  in  cystocari)ic  (toudition.  They  answer  fairly  well 
the  description  given  for  C.  plotyms  in  J.  G.  Agardh's  Species  Algarum  (187G,  p,  178). 
It  is  also  the  species  reported  by  Kjellmau  from  the  northern  i>art  of  the  Bering  Sea. 
(Konyam  Bay  and  Port  Clarence.) 
Oymnogougrus  faBtigiatus,  var.  crassior  Hnpr.     Hupieclit,  Taiige  Ocli. ;  32(),  isril. 

The  only  information  regarding  this  plant  comes  from  the  reference  quoted  above 
and  what  Schmitz  (1893,  p,  394)  has  to  say  of  it  in  connection  with  ^terrovoliu-  crassior. 
It  seems  certainly  allied  to  Ahn/vldtia  plimtu,  but  is,  perhaps,  distinct. 
CaUophyllis  variegata  (Hory)  Kiietzf    Huprecht,  Tango  OcL. ;  2(i2, 1^51. 

Euprecht  says  (1.  c.)  tiiat  a  CaUophyUis  occurs  at  St,  Paul  Island  which  is  near 
to  this  species. 

RbodophylliB  dichotoma  (Lopech.)  (iobi.    K.jiOliuan,  HeiiiigsliafvetH  AlgUoia;  27,  IKsi). 
Ciliariafusca  Uupr,,  Tango  Ocli. ;  251, 1851. 

Known  to  occur  at  St.  Paul  only  through  l{ui)recht's  reference.     (Bering  Island.) 

5947_PX3 38 


r)!)4 


TIIK    I'l'K    SKAI,S    OK    TIIK    PRIUIl.OK    ISLANDS. 


I 

;    I 
I    1 


I 


Ptilota  asplenioides  (Turn.)  Af{.  No.  «L'.     I'liilnw,  Aiiili'isoii,  mid  Kiii-on,  \h^.  Kxsicc.  Am.  Mor.,  No. ml;. 
K.iolliiiaii,  lleringahitfvctH  Algllora;  32, 18S!). 

I'liiiiitiria  asplenioidiS  Hiipr..  Tanjje  Ocli. ;  21(2,  18.51. 

Tliis  laiffcst,  coarsest,  iiiul  deepest-colored  sjtecies  of  all  the  genus  occura  in  all 
the  collections  from  St.  Paul  and  is  further  credited  to  it  by  Kuprecht.  It  must  be 
almndant  aloiiy  its  shores  and  <!onstitnte  its  most  characteristic  species.  (Bering 
Islainl.) 

Ptilota  peotinata  ((iiiiin.)  KjrIIiii.     Kjt'Ilinan,  HurinKslinfveiM  Alfjllora;  .S2,  188!). 

Specimens  of  this  species  occur  in  tlie  collection  nnide  for  Prof.  1).  C.  Eaton  by  the 
Alaska  Commercial  Company  in  1877.     (St.  Lawrence  Island.) 

Ptilota  filiciiia  (Rnpr.)  .1.  Ag. 

A  few  specimens  of  what  seems  to  be  this  species  oircur  both  in  tJie  collections  of 
the  AUmlroHs  and  those  received  frou  President  .Jordan.  It  is  not  always  easy  to 
tell  this  species  from  /'.  plumosa  or  P.  nerrata. 

Odontiialia  kamtscbatica  (Kupr.)  J.  Ag.    Kjolliiian,  HeiiiifjHlial'vets  AlKllora;  2;>,  188!>. 
Atoiiuiria  knmlnvhntica  Uii))i'.,  Tan;;o  Ooh. ;  211,232,  18.">I. 

Known  to  occur  at  St.  Paul  oidy  through  the  reference  in  Kuprecht. 
Rhodomela  floccoBa  (Ksi).)  Ag.     Kjclliiiaiin,  Herinnsliafvctn  Algllora;  21,  1889. 

The  forms  referred  to  this  species  from  St.  Paul  are  by  no  means  near  the  type  of 
the  species.  They  are  very  much  more  slender  than  the  ordinary  Californian  ibrm, 
resembling  li.  li/copodioidfti  in  this  respect,  but  approaching  A*,  luriv  in  others,  so  that 
the  species  as  now  understood  and  ranging  from  San  Diego  to  Bering  Island  jire-sents 
an  inlinite  variety  of  forms  as  regards  cjoarseness  or  fineness  and  even  as  regards  the 
flattening  of  its  branches,  the  character  upon  which  its  claim  to  specitic  rank  princi- 
pally rests.    (Boring  Island.) 

Rhodomelalarix  ('rum.)  Ag.     Kjflluiau,  lioriiigshafvcts  Algllora;  21,  188U. 
Fuicaria  iarijc  Kuprocht,  Taiige  Ocli. ;  219, 1851. 

Known  from  St.  Paul  only  through  this  reference  of  Kuprecht's.  (St.  Lawrence 
Island  and  Port  Clarence.) 

Nitophyllum  ruprechtianum  .1.  Ag.  f 

Two  more  or  less  imperfect  s]>ecimens  of  a  large  NiloithyUum  of  the  JMrt/ofllossum 
section,  but  ]U'ovided  with  neither  cystocarps  nor  sori,  jnobably  belong  here.  In  the 
absence  of  any  kind  of  reproductive  bodies,  however,  it  is  impossible  to  tell  with 
certainty.    They  were  colle«!ted  by  IMessrs.  (ireeley  and  Snodgrass. 

Nitophyllum  rutheuicum  (P.  anil  \i.)  Kjellm.     Kjellmau,  Beringshafvets  Algllora;  2,"),  I>1.  I,  1'.  11, 
12,  18S9. 

Tlie  si)ecimen8  referred  to  this  si)ecies  were  seen  in  Herb.  Farlow  at  Harvard 
University  and  were  collected  at  St.  Paul  Island  by  Mr.  White.  They  are  young  and 
more  or  less  incomplete  plants;  consequently  they  do  not  show  the  habit  very  well. 
This  is,  however,  quite  variable,  judging  from  Kjellman's  figures  (I.e.).  The  sjteci- 
niens  of  Mr.  White  are  tetrasporic  and  have  microscopic  veins,  at  least  Jit  the  base. 
With  the  exception  of  tlie  veins,  they  resemble  very  closely  N.  s^wctabile  1).  C.  Eaton, 
of  the  Californian  coast.    (Bering  Island.) 

Delesseria  crasslfolia  Hujir.     Kuprecht,  Tango  Och. ;  232,  18.")1.     Farlow,  Proc.  Aiiht.  Acad.,  21;  173, 
1886. 
D.  erassifoUa  is  a  large  and  ai>parently  characteristic  species  of  the   Pribilof 


J 


Al,(iAK    UK     rHK    I'RiniLOK    ISLANDS. 


5115 


Islands,  available  to  tlio-  writer  in  all  tliree  collecjtions,  viz,  from  the  (iollcction  sent  to 
rrot«'8sor  Eaton  in  1S77  by  tl.t!  Alaska  (Joninien^ial  Company,  by  the  Alhatross  exite- 
dition  of  IS!*."),  and  also  by  a  considerable  number  of  specimens  in  the  collection  i)ro- 
eured  l»y  President  .Uadan.  It  seems  to  the  writer  that  the  chief  danger  in  connec- 
tion with  this  species  mi;^ht  possibly  be  in  confusing  it  with  /).  midilendorjii  liupr.,  as 
the  (ireely  and  Snodgrass  specimens  are  generally  proliferate  from  the  midrib  and 
often  tasciculately  so.  The  lateral  nerves,  however,  are  much  more  prominent  than 
seems  to  be  the  case  in  /).  miiltlcnilnrjii. 

Delesseria  spiuulosa  (Kiiiir.)  .1.  Aj;.       , 

I).  hirinnUiiiii.  rar.  HphniloHii  l>ii)>ro('ht/,   Tiiiiijc  Ocli. ;  L'll,  IS.'iI. 

Uupreclit's  reference  is  all  that  is  known  concerning  the  occurrence  of  this  species 
at  Ht.  Paul  Island.     It  grows  ui>on  the  blade  of  A<i(inuii  fin-ueri. 
Delesseria  complaiiata  Kn]>r.     Knniiu'lit,  Timgo  Och.;  215,  isni. 

(Irows  on  I'tilota  anideniuidvs,  at  St.  Paul  Island,  according  to  Kuprecht. 
Delesseria  juergensii  .1.  Afj..     Fnrlow,  I'roc.  Amor.  Acail.,  21;   ITU,  IWti. 

Farlow  says  (1.  c.)  that  this  species  occurs  in  the  collections  sent  to  i'rofessor 

Eaton  ill  1.S77. 

Constantinea  rosa  marina  ((iniol.)  1'.  iiiid  K,     Uniiroclit,  Tango  Ocli.;  282,  XH'A.     Kjclliiiiiu,  licriii;^- 
Blmfvots  Alstloni;  80.  IHSil. 

Tiiis  interesting  form  occurs  from  St.  Paul  Island,  in  the  collection  sent  to  Pro- 
fessor Eaton.  The  specimens  do  net  answer  exactly  to  the  description  in  J.  Agardh's 
"  Epicrisis,"  but  they  do  answer  to  (hnelin's  figure.    (Bering  Island.) 

Amphiroa  cretaoea  (P.  and  K.)  Aroacli.     Kjolliiian,  HorinKsliutvets  Alfjfloni;  20,  18H!I. 

Altliough  Dall  (1875,  p.  lOIJ)  speaks  of  a  Coralline  /one  about  the  islands,  the 
collections  contain  only  few  and  imperfect  specimens  of  these  forms.  Consequently 
it  has  been  impossible  to  give  any  satisfactory  account  of  the  species  of  this  family. 
The  present  determinations  must  be  looked  upon  as  unsatisfactory,  but  as  the  best  at 
present  possible.  Only  two  specimens  of  .1.  cretttrcn  are  available  to  the  writer,  and 
these  are  both  iiii])erfect  and  sterile.  (Port  Clarence;  St.  Lawremie  Island;  Bering 
Island.) 
Arthrocardia  froudescens  (P.  mikI  K'.)  Arcsoh.     K.ii'llm:iii,  niTinKshafvots  Alfjllora;  20,  ISSil. 

Only  two  <»r  three  fragments  are  available,  couseijueutly  the  exact  determination 
must  reuiaiu  in  doubt.    ( Bering  Island.) 


Lithophyllum • 

Several  specMincns  of  a  species  of  this  genus  occmr  on  the  spe(^iniens  of  yl*7//ro- 
card'ui  mentioned  above,  but  they  are  all  sterile. 

Lithothamnion . 

Several  specimens  of  this  genus  are  present  in  the  collection  obtained  by  Presi- 
dent .lordan,  but  tlit^y  are  young  and  sterile,  so  that  no  certain  disposition  can  be  made 
of  tliem.    They  grew  ui»on  pebbles. 

Universh'v  ov  Califobnia, 

Berkeley,  €al.,  Decern  her  !),  i.s'.'W. 


■  "'«»!Bti«!WS''«!t»'»'.y!qBR-if,! 


596 


} 


t     i 

1* 


i  :ii 


TIIK    FUI{    SKAl.S    OF    THK    PKIUILOK    ISLANDS. 


KXI'I-ANATKIN  OK  I'LATH  XOV. 


A  rlumi>  <ii  i>liint»  (if  Lamitiarhi  lonyipis  liiiry  uliont  natural  si/o  aiitl  a  trausvorsr  soi'lioii  (liroiiKli 
the  bladu  of  olio  of  tlit^  lar<;cHt  H|io(:iinciis,  iiiucli  iiiaKuiticil.  TIiIh  hIiowh  the  sliuiu*,  relative  Hue,  uuil 
cliaracteriBtit^  liositioii  of  the  large  iiiuciferoiiH  caiiaLs. 

laST  OK  WOKICS  HKKKKUi:!)  TO. 
AOAKDII,  C. 

1828.     Icoiios  .Vlgai'inii  Kiiro|)i'aruiii.     (Leipsii'..) 

AdAKDll,  J.  (i. 

1867.     Do  Lamiiiariois  syiiiliolis  otl'ort.     (LuniVs  Univcrsitots  Arsskrift,  vol.4.) 
1870.     .Species,  Genera  et  Ordiucs  Algariuu,  vol.  H.     Kpicrisia  Floridcarnni.     (I.ni|i8ii'.) 
AuKsciiofc,  .1.  E. 

1883.  ObservationcH  Phycologicao,  I'articula  i|uartu.  He  LaniinariaceisnounulliM,  (AvtaHegiae 
Societatis  Upsalioii.siH,  sor.  H,  vol.  11.) 

HuKNKT,  E. 

1888.     Koto  »ur  uuo  Nouvt'lle  Espi'ce  do  Lauiinaire  dc  la  Moditerranre.     (Itiilletin  do  la  So('i<^t6 
Hotanique  de  France,  vol.  'AT>, ) 
Dai.l,  W.  H. 

1875.     Arctic  Marine  Vegetation.     (^Nature,  vol.  1"J,  p.  lt)6.) 
Fahlow,  W.G. 

1886.  Note!-  on  Arctic  Algao;  based  principally  on  collections  made  at  Ungava  Bay  by  Mr.  I..  M. 
Turner.     (Proceedings  of  the  American  Academy  of  .\rts  and  Sciences,  vol.21.) 
Faklow,  \V.  G.,  Andkuson,  C.  L.,  and  Eaton,  D.  C. 

1887-1889.  Algae  Amorieao-Horealis  I'.xsiecatac.  Fa.sc.  1-5.     (Boston.) 
Gmeun,  S.  G. 

17ti8.  Historia  Kucorum.     (St.  Petersburg.) 

IIAUVEY.W.  H. 

1802.  Notice  of  a  Collection  of  Algao  made  on  the  Northwest  Coast  of  North  America,  chiefly  at 
Vanrouvers  Island,  by  David  Lyall.  (.lourual  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Linuaeau  Society, 
Botany,  vol.6.) 

K.IKI.I.MAX,  K.  K. 

188H.  The  Algae  of  the  Arctic  Sea.     Ovongliga  Svenska  Vetouskaps-Akademiens  Handlingar,  vol. 

20,  No.  5. ) 
188!t.  Oin  Heringshafvets  Algliora.     (Kongliga  Svenska  ^'eten8kaps-Akadelnicns  Handlingar,  vol. 

23,  No.  8.) 
18!M).  ITebor  die   Bezieliungen   der  I'lora  des    lleriug-Meeres  v.n   der  des  Ochotskischen  Meeres. 
(Botauisches  Centralblatt,  II ;  107-170. 198, 199.) 
Mekuimeld.  Maky  p. 

1875.  Arctic  Marine  Vegetation.     (Nature,  12;  55-58.) 
Mehtens,  H. 

1H29.  Uebor  vorschiedi-ne  Fucns  Arten ;  jiiul  Uebcr  cin  Kxcursion  anf  den  Gipfel  des  Worstovoi  bei 
Ncu-Archangel.     (Linnaea,  vol.  4.) 
Okamvua,  K. 

1891a.  Uemarks  on  Some  Algae  from  Hokkaido.     (The  Botanical  Magazine  of  Tokyo,  vol.5;  fide 

Kef.  in  La  Nuova  Notarisia,  vol.  4, 1893. ) 
1891b.  Algao  from  the  Kuril  Islands.     (The  Botanical  Magazine  of  Tokyo,  vol.5;  tide  lief,  in  La 
Nuova  Notarisia,  Vol.  4, 1893.) 
PosTKi.s  and  Bl'I'Kecht. 

1840.  Illustrationes  Algarum.     (St.  Petersburg.) 
Rn-REcirr,  K.J. 

1848.  Bemcrkungeii  uebor  den  Ban  und  das  Wachsthum  eiuigcr  grosson  Algon-Staeuinie,  (M<>in- 
oires  de  I'Acadeniie  do  St.  Petersburg,  6;  59-70,  pi.  17.) 

1851.  Tango  ties  Ochotskischen  Aleeres.      (Dr.   A.  Th.  Middendorff's  Sibirische   Reise,  Baud   1, 

Theil2.) 

1852.  Ncue  odor  unvollstaendigo  bekannte  Ptlanzcn  ausdemNoerdlicheu  ThuilodcaStilleu Oceana. 

(Memoirea  de  I'Academio  do  St.  Petersburg,  7 ;  57-82,  pi.  1-8.) 
SCHMITZ,  I\ 

1893.  Die  Gattung  Actinococcus.    (Flora,  77;  367-418,  pL  7.) 


Plate  XCV. 


LAMINARIA  LONGIPES. 
Cliinip  of  plants,  and  miss  si'ctioii  tliiiiiitjii  a  blade. 


1!   ' 


i 


; 


TTNTDKX 


AciiiitliiH  liiKiriii :i5r>,  :Wi2,  3til.  Il'l! 

Ac'iiriiiiviif  I'liliilcilN ."),");! 

A(;iiilli()(loriH  jiiloHii ."ill 

iK'iiiili.s,  Sil<Mio ."itll,  ,"i(!l,  TiSI 

ucciiiiler,  rodotluicim 171 

Acoriiiii  viilgiiiis IIH 

iicctostOla,  K'lJiiu^x r)71, 5^<t( 

A  <;  hi  I  lea  inilloriijiuni ."liS,  5X5 

aciinMiscriiniH,  I'odotlKicus 17:! 

Aoiiiii'a  a|ii('inii "il'J 

ciiniliigi r)l2 

mltni 512 

patina iVM 

|iatiiiii  var.  ochraciMi 542 

pelta 511 

Hjliariliia 542 

toMtiuliiialis 512 

Acoiiilniii  (lelphinitbliiiin 5ti2.5SI 

acrolcpis,  Madoiinis 487 

Acrjbia  (lava 512 

aciilenta,  Cetrarca 580 

Dt'smarestia 591 

aciilnatUH,  (iastei'osteiis 444 

aciiticcps,  Oxycottus 467, 4'>8 

acuto-roHtral.a,  nalinioptcni 352 

Admeto  couthouji 545, 54(i 

aduiica,  llerberta 5H0 

vEgialitescalilbrnica 549 

yEgialit  is  Ncinipaliiiuta ;f55, 362. 363, 408 

^Egialitida' 549 

iludidia  papillosa .54 1 

a'8oiila]iiiiH,  AlepisauniH 442 

l'lasy"du3 142 

Africa,  sealing  oil'  west  coiist 31S 

Aganiodistonnwn 117 

Agaiiioueuia 164 

bicolor 118 

Agaruni  tiirncri 592,  595 

Ago  attaiiifd  hy  seals 51 

Ages  of  seals  taken  by  the  IJora  Siewerd  . .       306 

agassizii,  Liparis 476 

Lycodalepis 50 

Agcliylostonia 164 

diiudeuale 16 1 


l'a«i'. 

iiggregatii,  Styel;i  ,">|  1 

Agnes  Mi;l  Iniiiilil,  sclioiiMei  294 

Agonid:!' 470 

AgdiiiiH  barliiini 170 

eataplirnetiis 174 

Alinleldlia  plieiitM  .5!I3 

iiix.  ralliLsinii 472.  .504 

.Miiiia  uiigiista .592 

crispa ,"i92 

lanceolata 59:J 

prielongii .592 

aliiseaniis,  Argyrnsomiis I3i!,  495,  499 

Aniiiiodvtes M'A 

.<i'liast()lobiis 145 

Xeiioeliinis I7i 

Alaska  ('(inimercial  Cimipany  327 

ala.skaiia,  Spisiila 513 

ala.skauinii,  llyl(ieiiniiiii]i  579 

alaskensis,  Neelocrangdu .5,56 

I'agunis 5.53 

alba,  Cyliclma ,5.1(( 

Albatioss,  stuaiiiei' 62, 

265.  268.  272,  285,  301.  321,  323,  143,  485,  499,  503 

Albatross,  .«liort-tailed 381 

Albatrossia  pi'Ctoralis Ml 

albatiossis,  ( tsnicrus |;i9 

albicans,  Miachytlicciiiiii  ."."9 

Webera 578 

albigularis.  Myndes 317 

Albino  seals 96 

Alea ;!64 

torda H69 

alcieornis,  Cladoiiiii ri82 

Alcidic 364,384 

distribution  of  ill  North  America 369 

Alcinic liCii 

Aleetoria  diverg-jiis 580 

.jubata,  var.  chalybieConiiis 580 

tliiileiisis 580 

Aloctritis  alectroloplius ,(82 

alectrolophiis,  Alectrias 482 

Alepisaunis  lescnlapiiis 142 

aleutensis,  Lyconec^tes 484 

aleutianus,  Sebastodes 415,446 

597 


608 


INUI'.X. 


!1^'l 


i  11' 


iilnitira,  Hiijii in.") 

Ti'iicliyrmlHiB 511 

Altiuliiiii  Niilirenio'ii ;((;;;,  ;t(!i 

aloiiticiiH,  l'ii){iiriiH .").V> 

Cottim Kil 

Alexanilor,  A.  II  r.ll.  (II,  (i2,  L'K". 

(  riiise  oil  tlie  l>ora  Sinuriil 2Nr> 

Alexaiiilor,  Mclmoimr L'L'ti 

I.Djr  or SA,  L':.« 

Algii-  til'  rrlliilol'  InIuiiiIn ."iSK 

iil<;i<lii,  riii|ii>Nia ."i7l,  "iKii 

AH,  JOM  1(IC'1<H JliS 

Allu  :nil 

All.wille :»!!» 

Alleu,  Dr.. I.  A 1,  10,  i:i, ;t()7,  I'JiP 

I'lii'-Hcal   liiiiitiiiK   ill   Southern    lifiiii- 
Hpheie HO" 

Allinii' :it;!» 

Allyii,  ('apt.  (iiinloii  I, :il!t 

AloiMM'iirilH  alpiliiis Tn'X  "iXti 

Iiowellii,  viir.  nierriaini ."i7:i, .W(i 

Alepcephalidii' !:!."> 

alpinola,  Hiu'Uia HKi 

aliiinnin,  t'erastiiim .")(!."),  'iS't 

LycopoUimii 'il'j,  TiHr. 

Phleiiiii •"  I .  .V'ti 

Pogoiiatuni ri7!t 

al|iinus,  Alopocurus .• 573, 5><t! 

altaicuB,  KanuiiciiliiH  5(il,  .502,  .5S4 

alteriiideiitata,  Tellina 5  Hi,  .54(5 

alleriiit'oliiiiu,  ChiysoBploiiimii 5(i(!,  5H5 

altivfllis,  SiOiastolobus 115 

Alton,  schooner,  loj^  of -'.5.5,  2,5(i 

Aliitus,  Seliiistoes 145 

Amara  calilVirnica l'7!t 

hyperborea 548 

insignia -7it 

Aniarouciiini  argus.   .524 

ilubiuni 12M 

Kincaidi •')11.  •">21,5;i(> 

niutabile ii'2H 

pribilovense 528,53(5 

snoilgrassi r>27,  TiltO 

anibigua,  Arabi.s 5(iO,  504, 584 

Amiciila  pallasii  542 

rcstita 542 

Aiiimodrannissamlwlcliensis.  3.55,  3()2,  363,  370, 422 

Aniniodytidie 443 

Animody tes  alasoauns 443 

personatus 443,  I!I8 

toliianiis 4!li) 

amienus,  GonatiiN 514 

Amphtjioda 557 

Anipbipods 85 

Amphiroa  eretacea 595 

aiiiplexilbliiis,  Streptopiis 571, 580 


I'liKe. 

MiiipliiM,  (  iiriiodjieiiH 278 

ain|iiillaeea,  \  oliitoliar|ia ,543 

Anaconda,  NcliooiitM',  moiiIh  taUeii 233 

AnalipiiN  riisiCorniis .5itl 

Allan  |p(PHch:iH X..5,  ;i62,  303,  304,  380 

peiicliipe 3.5.5,  301,  302,  303,  380 

aiiaKallidil'iiIiiiiii,  Kpllobiiiiii ,507 

Aiiarliichadidie 484 

AinuliicliM.s  jeptiirns 484 

oriontallH 481 

Alliitiilie : 350,  378 

AiiciMtiiilepiN  Miagnim 543 

Aiicyjosloiiiii 104 

Androsaco  villoHa .50i>,  .585 

AiienioiM!  ricliardsoiii .502,584 

aiiKiiillaris,  Liiiiipeniis 4«3 

aiiy;iiNta,  Alaria .592 

anjiuNtala,  (ilyccria ,571,  58(5 

aii^'iiHtil'oliiiiii,  I'h'itiiiliiiiiii 283 

Aiiiko.  .>t(liiioii<>r 298 

AiiisaUis 103,  100,  128,  138,  101 

Ani.saiclius > .|8I 

Anna  Matilda,  Nchooner,  loj;  ol' 2,58 

Aiiiiio  Algar,  mhooner,  logol' 200 

Annie  Mooie,  schooner 287 

aniiiilns,  ISorboriis 5.52 

A  111  my  X  niigix 557 

AnoplanhiiH  .'itropiirpineiis 482,483 

Aiiortliiiiii  alaitconsis 3.55,301,  362, 3;i3 

AiiseriH 378 

Aplidiopsis 523 

.joidani 511.  521, 536 

inntabile 512 

sarsii 511,  ,524 

aiiocarpa,  (Iriniinia .577 

aptenis,  Tachinu.s 549 

apthosa.  I'eltigera 581 

Aiabis  anibigua .560,  i"(i4,584 

Aiiichnida 552 

Arelii.stes 45-t 

Ardiistcs  jdiiniariuN 4.54 

Aiiser  albil'roiiH  ganibuli 3,55, 362,  Sbu 

anscriua,  I'otcntilla .5(50,50.5,585 

Anthony,  A.  W 206,  270,  277, 280 

AiithusiicnuilvaiiicuH 35.5,362,303 

Antiinora  iiiiciolepis 487 

Aorta,  abdoiuinal 15 

apetala,  Lychnis .501 

Apliriza .364 

apicina,  Acnnea 542 

Aphid:e ,550 

Arctic  I'ox 348 

avctica,  Areuaria 564,585 

Calaiiiafjiostis .574 

Cetraria 580 

Ueschanipsia  cicspitosa 574,686 


ts::^-ff*f=n^'-  j^bhsss--.-  s 


INltKX. 


r)9ii 


I 'one. 
L'78 

r.in 

."lit  I 

ii;i,  ;iK(» 

-.(17 

IMI 

•184 

.      181 

■>(i,  ;t7« 
r.i;t 
hA 

i!»,  585 

J2,581 

483 

592 

ri.ri«(j 

1'83 

2!t8 

i8,  1(11 

48-1 

L'r,8 

2(iO 
1'87 

5r>2 

r.r.7 


47!t 

r»r»T 

:.(i5 

.  ■>«,-. 


arliiM.  (iny  toil  ill •''"•' 

I'oii ri74,r.8ti 

Siilix  571.. ■|8l! 

SlIXI.MVil •"'"! 

'rriniiliiliH  t'liniini'ii !>l'9'  •**•' 

iirrticinii,  itrjuiii •"'"'^ 

(■lirynaullioiiimii .".(10,  5(58,  r.H6 

l'ii|mv(!r  iimlU'iiiili' "'''- 

l'Nll0|lillllll •"'''* 

S|ilitigiiiiiii  rmiliii(!iitii 57(> 

arctiriiH,  Ixo(l(«H •'■'•' 

If iiliiis fid.-.,  .-.8.-. 

Ari'tii('e|ihaliis  iiimlriiliH.  looUnry  im   Ldliott 

Ulimd -"' 

l.liililipii -'-. -T'' 

towimt'iHli '.'(id,  2(l!t.27(M"71,277 

Arct ">{•'•>'*'■'''  iiriinillnuci'ii i57l 

liitiloliii .^7^,580 

An  toidiilaiilViiHii 574.  ."^'d 

liilvii ■"•'?' 

Anl()Hcoi»us,iiip«ni(!ii» 

ArrtiiniN  lioriiiKiiinis 

Ai't'iiiiria 

iirctioa 

jntiTiirt'H 3.-..-..  ;t»!3, 1170,  IdH,  40i> 

iiimnx'arpa •'>6\,  T'dl,  .W4 

iiielaiiocepliala '"  ' 

monnclla ;!(i8,4tW,412 

peploidcs ,-.(!(),  r.lil.r.84 

Arciiariidu' ""* 

areiuma,  Lyoiiaia .-.Hi, -)4(! 

argi^ntouui,  Ifryiiiii    ....   •">78 

Ar^nntina •"^ 

Arncntiiudu^ '''■' 

ai'nns,  Ainaroucinm '"'-'l 

ArKjrocottuB  zaiideri '•'" 

Argyrosomns  alaHcaiiiis 430,  4(t-.,  4i(!t 

artedi  ""' 

■    lanrottic ^■^*'' 

liicldiiH ■"*•' 

personat  118 '*''" 

pnsilluB '*'.  ii' t 

Aniieria  viilfjaris ^^^-  ''^3 

Aruica  iiiialaskonsis 3G1,  .-)68.  .-.85 

Arrival  of  bulls ■*■' 

of  cows •13 

of  2-year  (dd  oow.s i^^  1" 

Arrivals,  euiuinary  of 5'' 

artedi,  ArKyioHoniii.s 196 

Artt'diidlns  pacilions 154 

Artedius  lateralis 15d 

Arteiid,iia  j;lt>l»'''i'''" .->(il,5()8 

novefjii'a.  vav.  pacilica ")tJ8,  ".8.5 

riehardsoniiiua •"'()8,  ,-.85 

vulgaris -     ri(»8, 585 

Arteries,  systemic 


14 


I'lij:.*. 

Aitliroiimliiv  fiondi'Mceiit 5!I5 

Artliri.tliiiiiiiiiiH -.   .       -'JL* 

iiruiidiiiiK^oa,  ArctonroHtiH .-.74 

arveiisc,  Cerastliilii "'(IS 

l'.i|iiiMntiiiii ,'75,.'>8(l 

AHniridx   IKI,  Kll,  103 

AHcMiidia '"<' 

Asniim '.«•,  Id3. 

Kit,.  11)7.  lid.  117,  IL'2.  121,  125,  Idl,  Mil 

iieim ld« 

iiiiKiilivalviB 112,121,  122.123.  121.  I2fl 

iiiioMia KM! 

j.i.M.loi-   1(11,108,  lOil,  111.138-142 

iiilidii 105 

biillicisn ll)!l,  110,  111,  112  157 

capsiilaiia 107,  lid,  1 17,  110,  120.  I3S,  Kil 

conoccpliiiluN 127.  I2.M30.  132 

(ItTipieiLs 100, 

105,  107.  l(l!l-12l>,  138,  13it,  114,  1,54,  1.-.7,  158 

d.dpliiiii 108, 120, 

121,  122,  123. 124,  12.'.,  12(!,  l,-.9,  Ido,  Id2-1(;3 

ilc'Ipllilil  fjiiuglitiri 102 

.hi;;(.llis 117.140 

liiiHHuiiiierii   103, 

108,  ll'l>.  IL'.i.  121.  12.5,  12d.  127,  128,  161-1(>2 

I'perliiiii  118 

lialiiM.ris 108,  147-151 

KiiliPUtliniii  107,  121,  122.  126, 14»-14(i 

lol.iiliitii 108,  122,  I5tt-1G1,  102.  103 

liiiiibri.M.idfs 103,104 

iiiiiritiiiiii     Ill 

oHcnlata 100.  105,  loii,  108, 

IDit,  110.  112.  113,  120,  141.  147.  151-l.-(i»,  160 

patiigonirii 107,  143-144 

phocir 105 

plioeariini 105 

rytiiiir 100,  108, 1(!3,  KM 

.siuiilis \0X.  100,  110, 144,  lit!,  147 

.simpl.x 107,  111, 

112, 120-120.  127,  128. 130.  131.132,  134, 
138,  130,  112,  144.  14.5,  14d.  Idl,  lt;2,  lli3 

spiiuligcrii 1 12,  l(iO 

tiibilerii   105 

typicii  ..    102,  108,  Ud,  125,  120,  127-138,  161, 1(52 

Aseidiir  ('oiii]ic>sit:i' 511 

Awcidiii'  .siinplices 511 

AHliniead,  \V.  II.,  Ilyiiinioptera  i.f  I'ribilols.       ,550 

Asio  acuipitriuus 355,  362, 3()3,  3(51,  41!( 

Aspasiu,  corvetti' 314 

iispcr,  HcxagniiiiiiKis 448,  44!l.  151,  4,52,  153 

iispera,  Liinauda 401 

Aspleiiiiiiii  (ilix-fii'iiiliiii  575,586 

aspli'iioides,  riuinaria .594 

Aspldiiim  tilix-iiiuN .575,  58(> 

lunchitis .575 

spiuulosuiii,  viir.  diliitatiiiii ,575,586 


<iOO 


INDKX. 


Pan.'. 

AHpidojihoroidrH  l>iirt.()'ii  .175 

;;iiiilht'ri 175 

inoniiis 175 

iisplonioidcs,  I'tilotii r>!(|,  5!l5 

Astiirto  liori'iiliH TiKi 

seniiHiilriitM ."ilH 

AHtrr  siliiiii'iis ."itil.  5('iS. 585 

AHtrolytcs  Ceiii'sti'iiliM I5t) 

iii)tiiHi)il()liiH  150 

Astyiis  riisiicca  511 

Atli«'roHlli<!8  Hto:iiiii,s. ISH.  50S 

iilkimii,  l.itiii'iiiii 514 

AtoiniiriM  kuiiilscliaticii 5ill 

Atopo^iistt'iiiuriniliiicii 52lt 

Ahiplcx  |ialiiiri'i L'SI! 

;itroi)iir])iii(Mis,  AiioiiliircliiiH 4S1',  If*;} 

Auklist,  I'iiriMinct ;15><, ;iM5 

(Irostcd 1)85 

l.t'UHt ;i«7 

Auks iMIl 

Miii'iintiniM,  Atopofjiisti'i- r)2It 

aiiriintiiiiii,  rdl.vi'liiium 521 

llllITll,  I.MIIllU'tlll Kil 

Aimtrnliii,  Hculiii};  oil' 31(i 

.■iuslrnliN,  Si>{illiii:i  523 

Aiitopsifs 8(5,  87 

Avit'iiimM  of  llif  rribilof  Isliimls ;i,"i5 

aviuii,  S|iir()iito('iiris 557 

axilliiris,  Cott.iis 500 

Myoxi)t'ri)litiliiH  KiG,  5(M) 

liaehoi,  Ilclojis 27il 

Kacliolors,  licnliiif; ;i2it,  IW7 

.*<ti>iiiaclis  ol' (i I 

liaili'ii-powellii,  Diilyniotlim 577 

liacri,  Hnt'cintiin  cyaiKMiin 543 

liairtl,  S.  r ;MiO,  127 

I'aii.T  l.y 128 

Itiila'iia  nisfrata.     ^^V(■  Itala'iioptora  rostra- 
trt.) 

Hala-iia  siclmldii 353 

llalii'iioiitt'ia 107 

lialn'iioptcra  aciilo  rust  rat  a 352 

daviilHoni 352 

rostrata 121, 122, 121.  12(1 

Sild.aldii 121 

vcdil'onv    352 

Itaiiks,  Nathan 280 

HaiinUter,  II.  M.,  paper  by 128 

liarbata,  I>stura  rubra .574 

I'allasina 471 

Spinuitocaris .5.">(! 

barbatii.s  ^ypbagonus 504 

barbidiCcr,  Uliiiiiili|i»riB 478 

barkani,  Ajionns 470 

HarriMi  cows Ill,  50 

Barrett-Hamilton 02, 8!) 


I'nce. 

bartoiii,  Aspidophonddcm 475 

llartraiiiia  ithyjjbylk- .577 

poiiiiforiniH .577 

batliybitia,  lli.stiidiraiirhiis 433,435 

Hath\a)r<»><>'4  uifiripiiiiiiM 475 

KatliyiagUH  boreal  is 441 

llatliyiiiasterida' 47!) 

li.atbyiiiasti'r  signatiis 47!t 

Heaii,  Itartou,  A .5!t 

Itoan,  Dr.T.  II 300 

I'aiior  by 429 

boaiii.  'I'rifi'lops 4.55 

Hear,  Polar 351 

li(da  Himplcx .543 

boliriiiKiaiiMiii,  Kiiilobiiitii ,5(>7,  .585 

btdlircps.  K'oi'iiKiIla  .5.57 

btdlidillora.Cladoiiia .582 

liidlidil'olia,  Cardaiiiitif .501 ,  503,  .584 

Itidii^ra  It'iK'as.  {Sec  Delpliiiiapturiis  leiicaa.) 

bciitbaiiii.  S(dinuiii .507 

Iti-rinj;  Soa,  seal  in},'  in 223, 224,  233,  308 

bt'riiiH'aiius.  Arctiiri(s 5.57 

bcriuj^iaiiiini,  C'lirysosploniiiiii 501, 500,  .585 

berinijeiisis,  Margarita 544 

beriiij;!,  I'lonrotunia .543 

bcriiiKi  Stronibclla ,542.  .543 

Hcriiigins  IVickd ,542, 543 

llorosns  niaiMiIo.sus .549 

llerycida' 445 

Mi'tsy ,  sidiocUK'i ;<09 

]{ibliograpby : 

Alga' .596 

rarasitivs  171 

I'laiits .587 

Tmiicata  .530 

bicaiidata,  I'erla .552 

Idfornis,  Icidiis 4.53 

biciispida,  Synidote.'i ,5.57 

bifaria,  Nebria 548 

bigolovli,  Carex  rigida 573 

biglniiiis,  .Iniicus 571,586 

bilincata,  l.epidopsctta 491,508 

bilobiis,  llistioi'ottiis 468 

binata,  Piniis  insignis  var 283 

Uirds 299,301 

Of  (iuadalupo  Island 2(!5, 278 

Of  I'ribilof  Islands 3.55, 373 

Additions  to  North  American  fauna 3()1 

Annotatfd  list 373 

HrcedingofspeoicB 302 

Check  list  of 355 

(icograjthical  distribution 303 

Migration 369 

Hare  specimens 361 

Stomach  contents .300 

Types  mi 


] 


INDEX. 


(101 


I'nee. 

175 

577 

r.77 

iH,  i;t5 

175 

141 

479 

47!t 

5!» 

.'{60 

42<J 

4.55 

:m 

r.43 

i7, 585 

.5.57 

582 

i:t,  584 

.5fi7 

:i,  ;w8 

557 

(i,  585 

544 

.543 

2,  513 

2,  .543 

.549 

445 

;W9 

.596 

171 

587 

53(5 

.55y 

Birds  and  mials 2!I5 

IJirth 41!,  47.  55,  5(i.  r.7 

liJMou,  Knoi)lir.V8 158 

biHiiinoBim,  (iastrriiNtciis Ill 

liiHtorta,  Polygonum 570, 58(! 

liistortoidoH,  Pol.VK<>nniii 570 

Kiting.  ciMiHc  of  dvatliH  in  pups 89 

blandnni,  (-'ardinni 543 

lUcnnicottuH  gloltici'jiH 467 

lUenniida'  479 

lilenniua  dolicliogastor 482 

polyaftocephaliis 479 

ta-nia 180,  481 

lilenniopliidinin  petropaiili 480 

Hli'pbaroptcra  ixictinator 5,52 

Hlepsias  cirrliosus 468 

ventricosus 157 

ISlindncss 95 

Blind  pups 87,95 

Blood,  oU'ert  on  seals 71 

in  Unoinariated  pnps 78 

Blue-back  436 

Blue  fox 3;t9.:i4l),348 

Broudiiig 342 

Cat.h 343 

Foodiug 342 

Killiugof 311 

Bogoslovius  clarki 187 

firinisquamiB 488 

BolttMiia  elegans 511.518 

Bonibus  boi-ealis 5.50 

geliduB 550 

BonibyliuH  major 551 

l)on;;ardiana,  Laminaria 5!)2 

Borboridii' 552 

Borborns  aunulus 5.52 

borealu,  Poly trictuni 579 

borealis,  Astarto 516 

liatbylagUH HI 

Bombus 550 

llieroohloa .573,586 

Icfdinns 451 

Mai  va 282 

Pandalus 557 

Stellaria .561.. 584 

Tursio 3,53 

Venoricardia 513 

BoreogaduH  saida 487,  ,506 

Borgos,  Jamea 270 

Bothriocepbalidn'  . .   100, 167 

Bothriocopkalina' 167 

Bothriocephalus 99, 100,  103. 1(i7 

latus lt>7 

sp lliS 

Bothrocara  mollis 485 

pusilla 485 


1  tot  ry  ell  ill  Ml  liiuaria 575,  .580 

r.otrvoglossnni .594 

BowlicacI,  sclioonor,  lug  of 2,55, 2.56, 257 

l!(>wli<!;id  wli:il(^ 352 

bra(li\riiii)a,  Wobcra  polyniorpha ,578 

liiacliydasycladii,  Sphagnum  micropliylluiii 

liiidbiTgii .576 

Itnicliytliccium  .alliicmis .579 

briicliyni'iiron,  Bryum 578 

Brat'Iiyopsis  rostiatiis 170,471 

scgaliciisis 471 

llrarliyraiiipliiis  cravori 369 

liypol.'uciiH 369 

kittlitzii 369 

niarnioratus 369 

Bracliytlicciiim  rivulaiti ,.79 

bnictcata,  Saxifi  iiga ,560,  ,566,  ,585 

Brain  of  Callorliiiius  iiislniis 23-27 

(Joiiipariitivo  tables 40 

Of  Hyina 37 

<  )f  MoiiiKilius  tropicalis 35 

or  Phoca 38,  .39 

Of  I'boca  vitiilina 27 

Of  Scaliou  35 

Of  I'rsiis  anic.ricanns 30,38 

Of  I'r.sus  marl  limns 37 

Of  ZaloplniH  californiauuH 31,  39 

Miancliipiis  sp .5.57 

Brandegce,  T.  S 280 

Branding,  tixperinHiiits  in 325,  328,  337 

Instruments  usod 326,  329,  333 

Marks  used 326 

M<tIiods 326 

Pups  for 326,  33,5, 338 

Koals  brauiltMl 338 

Wouiuls  from 327, 526 

braudtii,  I'aguriis .555 

.Schizoidax 544 

Braiita  lauadnusis  minima 3.55,362,363,381 

Breeding  of  blue  fo\ 342 

Breed iiig  habits  of  seals 43 

Breuda,  schocuier,  log  of 2.59,  303 

brevipoH.  Lithodes .5,55 

Lyeodes 484 

breweri,  Cavdamino .5(U 

British  Columbia  ve.ssols,  ciiteli  of 261 

Brodiaea  eapitata 283 

Bi'yoslenuna  polyaetoeepbalum 479 

Bruises,  cause  of  death  in  ])upB 86 

brunueii,  Mayuea 485 

Pannaria 581 

Bryant,  Captiiin 43,93 

Bryant,  W,  !•; 266 

bryojiorus,  Sj)rutell()ides 435 

I  Bryostemma  i)olya(tocephalns  as  food  for 

niurros 391 


9iy 


I  I 


lli 


i: 


•I    ■!( 
i    I 


(502 


INDEX. 


Kry mil  iirctiriiiii r>78 

ariri'Utoiini 57« 

bracliy  niMiroii r>7« 

orythropliylluiii 57S 

fiillax 57H 

IVoiului iuH 

iiiclinutiim 578 

Ijicustro  578 

ohtiiHit'dlitiiii 578 

jiuikIiiIuiii 578 

Huboiiiilm Hit 

Kiicciiiidii' 512 

Biicciiiiiui 510 

Kl'U'ialo 513 

eyanoiini  V.  iiiorcliianiiiii 5i;! 

cyanciim  v.  baeri 5  Hi 

li.sliorianiiin 512, 5  Hi 

pli'ctnim 546 

jtolaro 545, 54(5 

t«Miiie 54;i,  545,  51(> 

HiHl.liiigtoii,  Capt.  .las.  W 308,  312, 314, 315 

Hiiollia  alpicola 583 

geoj^raphica 583 

Hp.(f) .-.83 

liiilln,  lightiiij^  among 44 

gray 5 

violence  to  cows (10 

younj; 45 

liiirku  and  I'arwell 270 

ISutuo  boroalis  caliiniH 278 

Cactus  goodricliii 282 

on'sar,  Lucilia 280 

Cicsia  Poa 574, 58t> 

Cii'spitosns,  Kanunciilim  tricliopliylliis 502 

Caillina  pacilica "144 

Calcariiis  lapponicu.s  nluscenBis 355, 

3G1,  362,  363, 422, 431 

Calico  Nahnon 436 

Calidria  aronaria 370 

calil'ornica,  .Kjj;ialites .54!) 

Aiiiara 279 

Kila^ro 282 

Marptiisa 279 

Miiahilis 283 

Porityle 283 

Callior^rf'.i  cortlilbliuni .■>79 

Callipliora  obscu'na .551 

voniitoria 280 

CallilepHiH  iuHiilaris 279 

pinto 279 

Ca"     .ihyllisvariegata .593 

crtUiiiliina,  Stroiiibella 542, .513 

callorbiiii,  lin'niatopinus Ciii'S 

TlnTobruinus 440 

CallorhinuB 2,  39,  103, 107 

alaHcanus 2, 4 


Callorbinns  ciirilonsis 2 

ursinus 2,  21,  103,  IO!t,  16,5,  .553 

('alli)taiia  iirsiiKi  350 

callyoilon,  Ncoliparis 475 

Calainafjrostis  artica 571 

(loscbanipsoideu 571,. 58 1 

)(nr|iur.'iscoii8 574, 586 

Calimoina  soniila'vo 279 

calnrus,  liuteo  liorcalis ii78 

calycanlba,  .'"iti'llana 5(!4 

Canipannlalasiocarpa 5i!l,  5(18,  ,585 

nnillora 568,  ,585 

campliorata.  Kranstn'ia 282 

Canipliylopim  Hrhiiiipcri 576 

',  caiutscliatica,  Si.irontocaiis ,5,57 

caintscliaticii.s,  HntoHphriiuH 434 

j  canaliciilatns,  IccitiM 4.53 

■  caiiccllatiiH,  Lcptodiiton 514 

CandlclJHb 439 

can  ilia,  I'cltigera ,581 

capitata,  lirodia'a 283 

^'alel'iana 561, 567. 57,5,  ,585 

caprea',  Tridyiiiiis ,550 

Capnida' 5.52 

Capsiilaria 103 

Caiabidic 548 

Caraliiis  trinicaticollis 518 

carbonaria,  Ncbria 518 

Cardamiiiobclliditblia 561,  563,584 

brewcri .564 

hirsiita 561 

prateiisis 563,  584 

innliellata 563,584 

Cardiiiiii  blanduiii 513 

docoratiim 546 

islandieuni 513,  .545,546 

niittalli 543 

CMieproctiis  colletti 478 

ecteiies 478 

gdatinosns 478 

iiit'laiiiirus 478 

osteutniii 478 

pliiisiiia 478 

hIiiiu.s 477 

spectrum 478 

Carox  crypt ocaipa .573, ,586 

fjmoliiii 572,586 

bn'iiialolepis 573 

lagojiiiia 572,586 

lagopiiia,  var.  longiHtjuaiiia 572 

Iciocarpa .572.  .586 

limnla 572,  .573 

iiiacroebii'ta 573, 58(i 

,  niacrodiM'ta,  var.  subrigida 573 

iiiembranopacta 573, 586 

niicropuda 572 


4 


INDKX. 


603 


I'aK.. 


..  nr. 
. .     r.7 1 

r.Tl,58l 

r.74,  rm 

■ .  L'Til 
.  .  L'78 
. .       !-)(!! 

."i(>,s,  r.«r. 
"MIS,  nsf) 

.  -       r>57 

4;u 

..       514 

.     .);«( 

.     ,wi 

2«3 
'■>7r),  585 
.       550 

552 

m\ 

.      548 
.       548 
.       518 
5(i:!,  5S4 
.       5(i4 
.       5G4 
r.{i;{,  584 
■■>()3,584 
513 
.       5lti 
')45.  540 
.       543 
478 
478 
478 
478 
478 
478 
477 
478 
p73,  58(! 
72, 580 
573 
72, 580 
572 
72. 5S(i 
72,573 


» 


I'lige.    , 

C'lirox  iinrveRirii 572,  580 

])0(l(>c'iiri)ii """^ 

jiribyloVfiiB' ■ '"^ 

pyrciiaivu •"- 

iiirillora ^"!'.  i'^"  ; 

ri(;iilii  l>iu<'l<'vii - "''^  : 

Hiiliua 573,.->80  ' 

Niiliiiii,  Hiibsi).  cuHpidiita,  var.  liiciiiato- 

kpis '"'"•< 

HaxiitiliH 57:'..  580 

viilKaris •'''-■  •"'^'' 

vulgaris  var.  hy|i(;il)orca 572 

C.irlotta  ( 'i)x,  McliooiitT -"'7 

Caroline,  Hclioouer --■' 

CariKulacus  ampins -'*^ 

Carroll,  Dr.  .I.J '!' 

catapliractiis,  Ajjoniis 47 1 

Gastorosteus 1 1;>.  II  t.  4!t8 

Catlieriue,  srUooner ''1'' 

Catostoiiiidir '•'•' 

Catostomus  catostomuB '35 

cauriinis,  SebaBtodcs 445 

cavilrons,  llniiitriptenis 4.53 

C.  1>.  Kaiid,  Hcliooiier -*^!* 

Ccutauroa  inoliti'iiBis -83 

Ceiitronotiis  pictus 481 

ceplialiiB,  Taraliparis 47il 

Cepiihus  (■oliiiiil>a 355.  302,  303.  30!).  38!l 

gr.vlle :<•!!' 

inaiiiltii 30l,30it 

Ccrastiuin  alpinnm 505,  ,58i> 

arveiiHo •'''•' 

Coratopottus  direraiiH 158.  I5!l 

lucasi ij^] 

Coratoil()i\  coiiicus ••"" 

hotorophylla •">"t> 

piirpurcns •"'^•' 

Cercyon  lateralis* 54!l 

('(Morhiiicaiuonocerata I^'>'' 

Cutraria  aciileata •'•'^0 

arctira ^8" 

cuciiUata '">'^" 

I'abliincuBls •"'*^f 

islauilica '"'8'* 

islandica  var.  dtvlisoei 580 

lacuiioBa •'''^" 

uivalia '-^^^ 

Cha'toiiiorplia  ini'lagoniuiii  \  ar.  typica 5!I0 

Chalcididii' '"'iJO 

(•lialci>{;nuuiiia,  Theraj;rii 480.  .507 

Chaliiiura '"^^ 

challenger!,  Macdonaldia 443 

chalyliafforinis,  Aloctoria jiil>ata 5S0 

chainaon\(>rU8,  Kulius 500,  505,  585 

chainissouis,  Eritricliius. 5t>l, 50!), 585 

Chauliodontida' •--■      441 


Page. 

(!liaradriidir 407 

CharadriuB  doininiciiH  I'nlvns 355, 

301,  303.  370.  107 

j)luviiilis 301 

Cliasp.  (icor.uo  \V.,  soalH  killed  by 200.  270 

Check  r.st  of  the  birds 3,55 

choiragoiuiH,  Telini'SKns 555 

Clii'iiopodiiini  inuiale -83 

Chile,  sealinjioll'  coast  of 307,311 

Chioud'Cetos  opilio 5.55 

chippewa.  Colias 550 

ChiroliipuM  jaiioiiicus 470 

Chiropsis  neliiilosiis 1 18 

CbiriiM  licxajiraiiimus 4.53 

ordiiiatiiH 44!) 

tri;irnininii.s 148 

chinis,  Xiphisti'S 482 

Chitoiiidii' 512 

I  liloropliyci'H' 5!)0 

Chonilriis  phityniis 503 

ChryHantheMniiii  arctiuiMii .500,  .508.  .5S5 

chrysi.s,  Siiocinca 542 

Chrysodoniiis 540 

I'ortifat  lis 543 

{ viir.  ?)  lonniniiiis 543 

insiihiris 512.  543 

liiMtus 543 

Chrysoincia  siibsiih  nta 51!) 

Chry Homclichi'   42.5,  .54!) 

Chrysosplciiiiim  alternil'olinni 500,  .5(i7, 585 

lii'riiiginiiiMU  501,500,508 

tetraudrum 507 

Chum  salmon 430 

chrysaiitha,  SMxilVa;nii '-       5(i0 

cicntariuni,  Krodiuni 282 

Ciliaria  liisci 5!)3 

ciliatns,  ICiiincpbelus 440 

."'t'liastiiiles 447 

cinercus,  Miicronrns 487 

(Miigiila  niartyiii 512 

circinata,  I'lcurotoiiia 513 

Circnhitioii 12,  13,  14,  1.5,10,  17,18 


rirrhosiis,  lilepsias  . 

Cladonia  alcicorriis. 

bellidilliira 


108 

582 

582 

lornni'opioidt's 582 

582 

,582 

,583 

583 

,582 

• .582 

.581 

583 


dt'corticata 

dcgeiierans  

limbricata 

fiircata 

I'lircata,  var.  raii'nio.sa 

t'nrcata,  var.  siibniata " 

gracilis,  var,  elongata 

pa|)ilhiria 

jiyxidata 582 

raugileriua 582, 583 


; 


noi 


INDKX. 


('liiilDiiiii  rinitiiriTiiin,  viir.  iilpcNtriH ',X'J 

rimniri'liiiii,  Mir.  N,\  htitirii TiHU 

inK'iniiliN,  viir.  ( utjji'NcciiH TiSl! 

rliiilMiiiiiloH,  ryi'iiolliiiliiv fiKI 

CIlKlopllOI'M  llll'I'toilNli r,i)() 

elm  k.  (iooix<»  A  . .   'J.  I.\  47,  Ml,  (i4!,  (ill,  7:1,  S!l,  111!.".,  Illlil 

rlinUi.  lloKOsloviiis ,|,S7 

.■^iilmii |;t7 

cliitlinm,  'riialiiNNiii|ili,vlluin TiiiL' 

fliiiisii,  Niit.irii ML',  rill.rtlti 

cliivii,  .Slyi'lil 517 

claviitiiiii,  l'',|iiloliiiiiii .")(i7,  Mti 

rliivinor,  Miu)|ilii\n |.^S 

(' lay  ton  ill  iiii'tica  Mm 

HarmiMiliiNa ."iiil,  "ili."),  .fi,'>i.'> 

Cliloi'y  1>«  cy.'itlr.roniii.t iVSIl 

»liat  1  i>tii r.s;t 

lai'i'alii TiKt 

Clnpoa 10;i 

liallani i:tr> 

(Mii|u'i(l.'i-  i;i,'i 

r'liipi'il'iirniiN,  ("i>n'j;i)tnis |;||| 

("lyiucni:!.     (Si«  rroiIclpliiiiiiN.) 

coari'latiis,  llvMH Kt't 

rociMiioUH,  l.ycddos IS") 

CocoN  iHlaiul "JtlS 

I '•'>■''>  K'*'"*  "" 

('ii'hli'.iria  KlVuMiialtii aCK) 

spatliiilata ,'iliH 

( 'ix'lnpN  friniila "iSL' 

Coillisli (i2 

('ii'liipliii'<Miiil  niiu'liiii   ,"i(i7,  r>K"> 

('irlota\is  luurirati ;J7!I 

piiiii'tnlala l.'7'.l 

Coinilo.  .1.  1" ;t(!0 

l>ap>M'  liy 4L'S 

Oolapttvs  iiilipiliMis L'7S 

('|||a^<pi(ll<a  cnpri'sfi'iis 'JTJI 

("olciipt*  ra ,M7 

Colias  I'liippowa iViO 

lu'fliv 'wO 

pa1n>i)o ,V)0 

I'ollt'tti,  Careproi'tiis MS 

I'olof  of  I'lir  Hoals L' 

ol"  iiianatcK  ^l\lly final !8;t 

I'lianiics  ill  seals l,  ,"> 

Colynilms  liolbullii aV.,  ;f(il,  <HX\,  MSI! 

«'omar\nii  i>alii8tro otiti, ,")8.') 

(onuT.  (irorjjti nil',  liM,  lUo,  lUli 

I'oiiiosa,  Sa\il'iaf;a  sli-Ilaris 5t>(>,  .'iS,") 

Coniinaiulor  Islands 51"! 

ComniandiT  IslamlsiiiollusUs 5-11 

I'omnioilns,  I'iliscus oil 

(  ommnnis,  I'lirysoiloiuus ,"ii;t 

(■•ranniin Boi) 

riioiMiirt Itoli 


I'oinplaiiala.  lii'lcHsi'i'la [i!l,"i 

CiiliiHoiiiyia  iiiaci'llai  ia  L'SO 

roiu'oiilri'a,  lip.-di, niJ 

roni'iiliir,  1  .,\  roiirs IHl 

(,'ondilioii  orsiiitls  taUiMi  liy  Dora  Siiiwcrd   .       :i(l| 

()oiil'(<r\a  inri'trliHii ri!IO 

ronlri'voidi-s,  It'niinninliis  IricliopliylliiH titi'J 

roiiriiiyosHiiH,  I'aniiniH .^,")ri 

coniriis,  Crralodon ,''i7(i 

Conkliii,  W.A til 

('oiioci'pliallda- IL'S 

CoiHM'i'idialnM WJ,  KKI,  IL'H 

lypicns KKI.  IL'7,  V2H.  11!!>,  i:ii!.  1(11 

ninsdliriniiH,  I'lpilo 27S 

ronNlaiitliioa  rosa  niitrina riiio 

coiislrllalns,  lli-\u;;raiiiiiioH i.M 

Coiiiiliis  I'lilviiN Till 

Copper  iNland,  di-atlm  ol'  pups  on HH 

('<ipUs  (rilolia ".(11,  r.iiii,  ,W,I 

Copiiliilion r>r>,  1S!I 

<'oi|nilli'lt.  I).  W.,  Dipli'iaol  rribilolH 550 

oor.illina,  .'^(cllaiiii  liorcaliH .Mil 

roiiilloidt's,  (iyniiioinili'iiini oSd 

Sicii'ocanlon f>S2,  5H;1 

(•ordirojiiiin.  ('allii>rj;on 57!' 

Corilyliii'idM- 551 

<"oft'j;(>nnN  cliiprlt'orniis 41111 

Urnnii'otti 4;i5,  4!tl 

ni'Isoni    I!t| 

(|iiadiilat<>i'alis 4;t(l 

coriacra,  Vcliit iiia 54-' 

('oi'iiioianl,  Kod-laiMMJ ;i,"i!t,  ;t7;t 

Corinis  siii'i'ica .5(17,  .5S5 

niialasUiMisis 5(17 

ciiiniiliica,  1,,'iinna Illl 

cinniiiopioidcs,  Clailoiiia WJ 

CortinariiiH 5HI 

Coiwin,  sclioonrr IKt,  liiili 

I'orydalis  panoillora 5(i;t,  584 

Cotiida'   1.5;« 

Col  Ins  ali'iitii'iis 4(11 

axillaiiM ,5(H) 

iliM'iiHtrcnsis Ilill 

liiiiiiilis 4(iU 

inarnioratiis 4(1H 

mcrtciiNii I(i;t,  Kill 

iiiinntnti Kil 

iiiiniT Kht 

nivosiis nil 

lilaty  I'uplialiis Kill 

liulyacanthocnplialiiH 4(12 

i|uadri('orniH 502 

soorpi  IIS 1(12 

ta'iiioptonis 4(i2,  4(!7 

I  rarhiirns 4,")7 

Cones,  Dr.  Klliott aiH) 


INDKX. 


(105 


i;i 

r>ir.,rii(i 
r.;t 


r.(i 

17 

:iiK 

mm 


('(iiicH,  Kr.  KllioM.,  |iii|iriH  liy 

I'otllll.  lit'  hi'iiIh 

CoUlltiillK  III'  HI'M'H 

roiitliiMivi,  Ailiiii'ti' 

(!owH,  iivi'iii>{r  niiniliiM'  in  Iiiiioiiih  .... 

Iiiiiniii ••'••'''" 

imi.Hird :»-'«.:i:!K 

<  iiiiHi'H  of  ileatli "I 

ini|iii'Kiiiil<>il ■'■' 

liiiiiliiiK  of W, 5tl, r.7 

liili'HiiiK ""•  "l'''' 

roiiuli  liiinilliii);  of !" 

Hiiiiiriiivry  of  iiriivulH 

llir(ii'-.V(iiii'-ol<l 

('(ix,<,'ii|i(..  Ilonry 

('riilm  iiH  food 

Crtiiic,  \AMi'i  Uiowii 

('I'iniKoii  coiiimiinlH ■•      ■''•''"• 

rriiiiKoii •'•''• 

iiitiiriiuiilia '"'• 

cniHH.i,  Noc(o(M'imKOii ^'•"'" 

('riiHHifoliii,  I »()l«HH(<ria  •"'"• 

Htolliiria ■"'''' 

cruHHior,  ( i.viiinoKoiiKiiiH  fiiHl i^iftt hh ■'>'>''i 

criiHHUH,  lliiilrofim  •'"• 

<'r«|ii(liila  K''""l'** Till.',  all 

(^rrtiHcn,  Aiiipliiroa '■*•' 

cilNpiilii,  |)iriiiiiow(^iHiii ^>^*> 

(JtM,\  vdint'i'  iiiiiim.voiiNli IHK 

uroitia,  Soloiiiiii •'*^1 

orotalitiiiH,  l.yiiHciiH 1*<I 

Ciowl.'.v,  < 'lii'if  AkciiI  .1 .  H :' • ' 

criHjia,  Alalia ^''*~ 

I'liiHioia  •"'"•' 

ormla,  Wolmia '''^ 

CiiiHlaffii  of  I'liliilol  iNlaiiils Tiria 

(JriiHiiMwiiiH nit,  (i:i,  L':il,;i(i{) 

CrymopliiliiH  fiiiicariim :(.">">,  'M'i,  :i<'l,  ^i^O,  liiilt 

<;ry  |itnriiiitilio(li(lii> '*^ ' 

Ciyiifocliit.on  Hti^lloii •"»'-> '"''1 

<!iy|(tosi>ira,  Vrliitiiia riia.rdl 

CryHtalliclilIiyH  <y(;losHf;"i'i ''^'^ 

iiiiriiliiliH '•7<> 

cryNtalliimiii,  M«mciiil)ryaiitli<!iiniiii -'H'-' 

cryiitorarpa,  (lairx '7'f,  aXti 

(JiK^lioo,  SilMifian '"• 

CiKiili.lir "" 

ciKiillatu,  (lofraria •"'^" 

NVrlxTa "''^ 

Cnciilim  canonis  trloplioiiiiM..H">.'>,  ;((il,  :«!2,  'M",%  U'.t 

viiiiiin;;!,  Aciini'a 

Onlifidii' 

(■iipit'HCi;iiH,  CohiMpitlca 

ciiriliiH,  Salmo 

Curlew,  brisllo-tliigliud 

Eskiiiiu 


I'.iKi. 

Ciiilinv,  lliiilminian '"^ 

cUHpiilnfii,  Itaiiiiiliiia !"'**" 

( 'yaiiopliyfir   ••!••' 

ryJilllirolllliH,  (■Jilor.vlM' f'**'' 

(!\i'loriliyn(;liUH  pHiltiuuluH i^'"', 

;»;2, :ni:;, :!f'i!i, ;ixi,:;s:,,,  ly.i 

(Jyf^liiptriTiilitliyH  vriilriooHiiH IT.") 

(/'yrlopfrrlilic ''7> 

CyclopliTolilcM  t;y riiiopw H") 

cylopiiH.  N  roll  pill  JH I7<i 

(^yrloHliniiiii,  (.'yHtiillif.liMiyH t"" 

IJpariM •''".  '■'7 

CyrloHiorit)  iiiicroiloii til 

Cyliiliiiinillm ■''"' 

propirii|iia '^'" 

Cypn'HHiiH  niiiMlaliiprn.HiM ^'**'' 

•jk; 

i~H 
117 
1(17 

,  ir,r> 
r>75 
I  or. 
:{7o 
:i(;o 

511 

5;i(t 


,,  .2 

r,r.i 
•>~u 

;i7(i 

107 


iiiiicroriHpa 

rypHi^lm  iiH,  l'i()({iiiiiiiH. 

{■ysUvj-rruH 

(!ynlopliora 

iiiHl.ifa IIHI.IKI,  I." 

(lyHtoploriH  franili« 

DiKiiitis 

liiililaaciitii 

Hall,  W.II 

oil  ('oiiiiiihikWm'  ImIiiiiiIh  inolliiHkH. .    

cm  iiioIIiihK  I'aiiiui  of  rrlliilofs 


pnpcTH  liy '^'■^^<  4''^" 


Itallia  poctoiali.H 

iliilli,  l'a«iiniH 

'I'roplioii 

DalliidM' 

Diiiiipirr 

diipifiT,  raiidiilii.'H 

DllHSCottll.H  HCliK<'l' 

(liiHytlirl.x,  Hcafophiii^ii 

ilavidHoni,  l!al;iiio|)tein 

DaviclHon'H  l.cH.scT  Koniiial  . 
(laviiiirii.  KaxifiaKu  ... 


li: 


ni:i 

1 1;-. 

:iO!t 

r..->7 

r.r.1 

:ir,'j 

:!,-.2 

r.(ii, 

Doath.     (SVe  Mortality  ) 

( 'aiiHOH  of '^1 

7!»,  H2,  8;i,  «4,  K5,  8t!,  !)0,  !)1,  !C',  'Xi,  ill 

from  HhIi  luiiH! "2 

iliMMinraminiiH,  lli'xajframino.H 41!',  151 

(ItMa'^lrriiHlH,  (,'ottiis I'i'! 

(IccipieiiH,  l.acropliiliiH 'lilt 

detorii,  I'lipilla •"'" 

(IrcoratiiTii,  Cardium  '>^^> 

decorti<'ata,  Clailoiiia •"•>*- 

diformis,  lleliotropis iiP 

(l(!Ht'iieranH,(iailoiiia ••82 

Delano,  ('apt.  A 30!t.:m,:fll 

DplesNoria  licriiiniana  var.  Npiiiulosa 5ft5 

cuinplanata ^''^•> 


G0() 


INDEX. 


1      ! 


|l 


!•: 


\i 


l'a«e. 

l)<!loHm'iiii.jiii'i';;cii8ii ii'X> 

tTiissi  I'ol  iii rijll 

iiiiddoiMlorlii 5yr> 

S|)iiiul<i8ii  ,->!r) 

ili'liHcici,  C'otniiia  i.slandira .">«(» 

ITiiibilicarin  cyliiidrica ,")MI 

U<'lcile|ii8  vir^^atiis 4SI 

I)olpliiii:i|itei'n» 107 

l<Mir;is KIT,  l--'l,ll.'.|,  rJti,  lU 

tlclplihiit'oliiuii.  AuDiiitiiin 5(!2,  ")SI 

Di'liihiiiiis 107,  KK  IL'H,  llil' 

ania/oniciis.     (Nee  luia  fiooll'royi.) 

delpliis rJ7, 12!) 

t'orsteri lli,") 

f{aii};etieus,     (Sir  J'lataiiisla  ^f.iiigotieii.  i 
pliixM'na.     (iSVc  I'lioiM'iia  iilioi'iriin.) 

sp IJl,  126,  127 

livnilrodoa  glaudaria 513,  'Ai 

Nubpcduiicnluta .">1 1,  .M  1, 5',\'>,  '>'M\ 

tiilierculata 511,  512,510 

dt'iitatiiiii,  I'ogouatuiu 57!) 

deutf\,  ( Ksiiienis i;i<»,  493, 497, 49« 

Ui-ntitioii,  iiTegiilaritiosin 9, 10 

l>oriiiatiini«  iiiandtii ,555 

Deniii'stes  vuliiiiiuB 27!) 

l)(i8cliaiui)Hia  Ciispitipsii,  V!ir.  arrticii .574,58(i 

d<!Bcbaiiip8oid(!s,  Calaiiiaj,'ro8tis 574.  5S4 

Desuiaicstia  aruloata ,591 

litifVoiis ,591 

Desmatodon  latilolius 577 

s.vstiliiis 577 

<lia|diaua,  Hternoptyx 442 

diapturiis,  Kiircim.-iiiim 4HI 

diaticta,  Clitiicybe .5S3 

diceiaim,  I'eratorottii.s 458,  4.59 

dicbotoiiia,  Khodopbyllis ,593 

DicrauellaruCescens .57(> 

Dicraiioweisia  crispiila . .    570 

DicrMniiiu  olougatiiui 57t) 

iiiollo 570 

strictiiin 576 

Dirtyosipbon  )>'  .puioidcs .591 

Didyiiiodon  alpij^ciius ,577 

badcii-powellii .577 

rubclliis 577 

Digestion 05 

digitatn,  hamiiiavia 592 

digitatus,  ].y('od('8 484 

dilatatiiiii,  Aspidum  s|iiiiulo8um 575,  .5S0 

diadt'iiin,  JSoatophaga 551 

l)ioinedeid.r  381 

Diomcdea  albatrus 3.55,  362,  363,  .381 

Dipludeniia  variugatiiin 593  | 

diplodictya,  Saiix 571  j 

Diplopbyllum  taxifolimn .5X0 

Diptera 550 


1  »iroctor,  adiooiier.  catcb  of 250 

Di.seiisc 9l.il5,96 

DiNsi'ftions.  Hiimmury  of 98 

DistoiiiM  <aiiii)ula 102 

IiiBti'iliiition  of  I'liiriiogaiii.s  oil  tho  I'i'ibilof 

l.-<laii(l» 5til 

div('i};(iis,  Alixtoria .580 

])()i'liiiims 104 

trigoiioccpbalii.t 164 

(bideiiii  ilrmi,  Occa 470,471 

Doglisli 434 

1  )og  salmon 436 

dolirbogaster,  iSleiiniiis 482 

I'bolis 481 

liolpbin 127,  161 

doiiicstica,  .Miisia 551 

1  )ora  Sicwcid,  ages  of  si-als  takoii  by 306 

Catrb 305 

(  oiiilition  of  seals  taken  by 304 

Ciiiisoof 285-30(> 

Position  of 305 

dorsali.s,  MncroiiniH 487 

Draba  granilis 563 

liirta 5(>0, 563, 584 

iiicaiia .563 

wablenbcrgii ,563,  ,584 

Urosopliila  .'<p 280 

Drowning  canso  of  jiups'  death 83, 84, 85 

dii1)inin.Ainaroiu'inin 528 

Duck,  Aniericau  inergansfr 378 

Kiirojieau  widgtMin 380 

(ireen- winged  teal 380 

llailei|iiiii 378,379 

Mallard 380 

(Jid  s(in.i\v 357, 378 

racilif  eider 380 

I'intail 370 

Shoveler 370 

Steller's  eider 379 

Dudley,  W,  K.,  plants  of  Guadalupe  Island.       280 

Diigoiig  dugoii 108, 148 

Diipoiitia  psilosantba 574,  .58(i 

dybowskii,  I'liolulapbiis       480 

Dy I istidie  549 

Kagle.Clift' 418 

Kchiiit'iilitliirius ,553 

Kcbiniirby  nclius 129 

iiipitatiiB 102 

ei'teiios,  ('arepioctils 478 

odiilis.  Krytbiea 283 

My  tilus 513 

edwardsii,  Kutreina .561, 563, 584 

effiisa,  Arctophila .574, 586 

Kider,  I'aoilie 380 

Steller's  379 

Klanura  forlicata 465 


'  i  ■ 


Page, 
....  250 
.  !tl,!t5,!t(i 
!l« 
l(t' 
•  ilot' 
....   5(U 

. . . .   r.«o 

■ . . .   Kit 

ItiJ 

■  170,  171 

.  - . .  r.u 

....   136 
....   IHH 
...   481 
.  11'7,  im 
...   551 
...   306 
. . .   305 
...   304 
.  -'85-306 
305 
- . .   487 
. . .   563 
[>,  563, 584 
. . .   563 
.  563,584 
...   280 
83,  84,  85 
. . .   528 
...   378 
. .   380 
- .   380 
378,  379 
..   380 
3.".7, 378 
..   380 
..   370 
-.   370 

379 

1.   280 

108, 148 

574,586 

. .   480 

549 
..  418 
.   553 

129 

102 
.   478 

283 
.  513 
563, 584 
574, 586 
.  380 
.  379 
.   455 


INDKX. 


I'liBC 

elaNBoiloii,  llippoglos*'"'''*'* ^^^ 

oloijuns,  HoHcniii 511,518 

eli'K!i'i«.  IMiKMidiinii 581 

Klcf{''"lH  iiiiVMj;ii 487,  507 

Klcphiiiit  Seal ''i<J5 

Eli/a,  Schooner 309 

Klliot,  D.  G.,l)ii(l  (lisi'ussioiiby 430 

Klliott,  Henry  W *'^, 

45, 52,  100.  321.  328,  347, 355, 357.  360,  370 

Papers  by 1-'H,429 

elongata,  Cladonia  gracilis 582 

<!l<>u<;atiiiii,  Difranuni 576 

Klyuiiis  mollis 5(iO 

villosissiiiius •57,5,  .586 

einarginala,  PottMitilla 5(i(),  .585 

enibry uni,  Oxycottiis 468 

eniory,  I'eritylc '■^^'•^ 

einpetricola,   I'soudocryobius 518 

Pterosticlins 548 

Kmpotrnni  nigrum 561,  .571, 586 

Enedriiis  iiebiilosiis '. 4>*3 

Knicouetta  slcUori 355,  362. 363,  361, 379 

Euophrys  bison 4i)8 

cla  vifji-r t-''8 

Enterprise,  schooner 297,  298 

Entosplicniis  canitschaticns 43 1 

tridcntatiis 434 

Epilobinm  aiiajj;allidit'olinni 567 

behrinniauiini 567,585 

clavatuni 567,  .585 

spicatnni 567, 585 

Epincphelus  ciliatus 146 

Eppingcr, . I.,  schooner 243 

Ei|nisetnin  arveuso .575,586 

scirpoi<lcs  575.  .581) 

variegatnin 57.5.  .586 

Erysipelas,  cause  of  dcatli 89 

Erennctes  imsillns 35.5, 362, 363, 405 

erianthuni.  Geranium 561,  .56.5.  585 

Ericarasalmonea 435 

Eriguatbus  barbatus 109, 

110,  111,  114. 146. 152.  153. 1,54, 155,  1.57 

Eriiuacrus  iscnbeckii 555 

Eriophornm  ]iolystachyon. 572,586 

vaginatiini 572,586 

Eristnlis  tcnax 279 

Eritrichinin  aunnstilbliiini 283 

chauiissonis 561,  569,  585 

Erniani  ( A<ila)  Xucula 546 

Erodinm  cicntariuni 282 

moschatnm 282 

erosa,  I'mliilicaria 581 

erosuB, 'raclivrhyuchus 544 

Erytliaa  ediilis 283 

erytbrophy  Hum,  Ury  am 579 

Eschsbcoltzia  ramosa 281 


607 


J'nKC 


OHcbscholt/.ii,  Pelopbila 518 

Kaniinciilns 562,  58 1 

Kiilachon 439 

Enmetopias 102,103,107,108 

stellcri 103,  109, 110,  113.  1.52, 158, 3.50 

Euiuicrotremns  orbis 475 

Enpeodes  volneris 279 

Euphrasia  offlcimilis 570,  586 

Eurliyucbiuni  vaucheri 579 

euryops,  Icdus 153 

Eutrema  ed  wards! i 561,563.  584 

evanescens.  Eucus 593 

Exiremoiit ••'• 

e.xilis,  Vitrina 512,  .514 

oximia.  Primula 561,  .568,  .569.  .585 

Exolytns  sp 550 

cxtensus.  Lycodapus 486 

Eye.  disease  of 95 

fabricii,  Lcstoteutbis 5 1 1 

Lumpenus '**•* 

falilunensis,  Cetraria 580 

Falco  pcrcgrinus  anatum 3.55,  362,  363.  419 

rusticolus  gy rfalco 3.55.  362.  363,  4 18 

sparverius -"8 

I'alconida' 118 

Falkland  Islands,  catch 308 

close  season 308 

sealing  on 307,  308 

fallax,  Bry urn 578 

Kussula 584 

Falling  from  elitt's,  cause  of  death  in  pups  .         88 

Falling  rocks,  cause  of  death  in  pups 88 

Fanning,  Capt.  Edward  A 309 

Fanning,  ('apt,  Ednnind 311 

Fanning's  Voyage 273,311,  316 

Farmer,  Elmer  E,,  Electrical   Experiments 

in  braiuliug  seals 333 

fasciata,  Histriophoca 351 

fasciatus,  Pholis 480 

fastigatus  crassior,  Gyranogongrus ,593 

Favorite,  schooner 22() 

Feather  downs  in  Aiuitida' 356.  378 

Calcarius  alascensis 431 

Passerina  townsendi 424,431 

Pbalacrocorax 356,374,375,431 

Triuga  ptilocnemis 402 

Tubinares 381 

Uiia 390,  392,  431 

Feeding  of  blue  fox 342 


Feeding,  fre(|ueney  of 

grounds  

Feet 

Females,  death  rate  . . 

fertility  of 

in  heat  

interest  in  young 


63 
65 
1.2 
51 
50 
46 
74 


i  . 

u 

J! 


i 


'    i\ 


i    \ 


(lOS 


INDKX. 


I'omilirs,  inatiiiii     ...    (S 

iiiiMiln  r  tiiKi'ti  ill  lS!t,"i  IKi ,V> 

.si.'l' I.li 

l«<rlll  liLiIiil'r  ill II 

Miiiiij;  :i|)in<:ir HI 

t'iMii'sliiilis,  AMirolytcM IMi 

I'VrtiUtN .  I'i'iiiiilcM ."ill 

niiili'H ,"iO 

IVNtiiiii  m  inn  vidhuoit ."i7 1, r>S(i 

KoMtiiiM   iii'liiinlM>iii TiTI 

iiiliia 57 1 ,  .">,St'i 

niliru  \  :ii .  liarli.ita      ."'Tl 

Kctiis.  avow  111  111' IS 

llioasiiriMiiiMilH  of T 

rilano  iiilircuiiii'.i "JSJ 

l''ilitri;i  liirnlur IIS 

liliiiiin,  riilol:i     :>!>! 

lilil'oniiis.  rotiiiiii<K('ti>ii r>7- 

lilix  ru'iiiilia,  .\8]ilriiiiiiu ."m."!,  .">S(i 

liliv  inns,  As|iiiliniii .">7r>, rv*<li 

liniluiratii,  Clailoniii .">S;> 

I'iiirli.  Alt'iitian  rusy  iL't! 

linninnuaiiii.s.  ll<>KOHluviii8 ISS 

lisrlu'iiannni,  lliu'riniini         ;M1.',  ."ilS 

I'isli,  riorm  A.,  Ilio  brain  nf  tlu'  I'lir  noiil      .         ;.'l 

Kislics  ol' Aii'tii-  Alasl%a 11';! 

Itpviiin  Si'ii li'ii 

I'isli  liiiin>  1  ansii  ordcalli !•!' 

I'ish  as  I'.i.xl .".!•,  lil',  Ii7.  lis.  L",ll,  ■-•'.M,  •Jltli 

of  (Jiiailaliiiii>  Islaml -77 

I'islui  iivs  not  alVi'>    nl  by  seals (i(> 

I'issnrt's  of  bi-ain '.'I!, 

•-'"•,  -'ti.  L'7.  :.'s,  'Jii,  ;>(>,  :ii, :!.,  :v. ;!,".,  ;!7.  ;>s,  ic 

Klaiiiniiila  l'iilv(>lla oSI 

llava,  AiT.vbia M'J 

tloroosa,  It'hoiloniolii r>tM 

lloriliiiiiila,  I'Uaiolia 'JS;! 

Ilin'lnosa.  l.iot'\iiia Ml! 

K.  M.  Sinitli,  si'iioomn- -'SI",  JIKi 

I'om'i,  (ioorj«o :!ii' 

fontaiia,  Moiitia r>li(>,  r>(i-,  ."ilio,  riS,"> 

I'hilonotis .''77 

Kooil  of  seals .".ll,  2!tL',  L'!M,  ;!lM 

in  lioiiiifj  Sea til 

olV  .Inpan  niast ill 

in  Noith  I'lu-ilio liJ 

tables  of  s|ii>ci(>s  eati'n (17,  (iS 

of  y  (iiiuj; .V.I,  111) 

Konl,  Jolii\  l>.,  lojj  k«'|it  b\ L'L'I! 

fill  lii'aliis,  (.'lnysoiloiiins 5l;t 

fortii'ata,  Klaiuiitt l.'o 

Kiukotl-tiiili'il  |iotvi>l .iS;i 

lox,  Aictu- :tis 

biiio :iU',;!is 

rtMl :iM 

wliitf 'MX 


I'.IUH. 

i'o\.<s.  food ai'.'.a-iti 

lakon  on  I'ribi  lof 810 

Irani  I'm  III  18,  I'otiMililla I'llltl,  i'lSTi 

fianili',  S|ilia(<ro|i|ioriiin Titt.' 

I'i'«f;ilis,  Cystoiili'iis 675 

sirouilu'lla MU 

l'iain'.'.s,lii.  Dr.  V aS(t 

■''riinlvonia  K>'"iii'ill'"'i' -'*l 

rraiiM-iia  camiiliorata 'JHi 

Fratncnlik  luriica   !Jlt!( 

arrtira  (ilacialis   Mllil 

roriiii'iilata :l.Vi,  'Mii,  'Miii,  lUiil,  ;1SI 

l''rali'niilina'   HliK 

I'ltMiiiliis,  Sariitor 174 

friolci,  U.-riiiKiiis ' .Ml', .Mil 

I'liKioa,  I 'oi'lops iVrJ 

lioiitiaiia  ritii.iMHi, r«sri 

l.ci-anoia  laitari'u 581 

Maronia lA't 

Totasitos .MiS,  ."iK^ 

Tullinu ."ill! 

I'rinjjilliila- i'J'J 

I'rilillaria  kanilscliatconsis ■'■|7 1 ,  .'iSli 

fiomU'i,  jiniim 578 

fi'oniUvsi'iMis,  Ai'llirucarilia 5115 

I  loini/oniik -H'J 

fmviisis,  'l'luirai;ra fiOi 

I'lilva,  Aiotopliila B71 

I'lih  lid,  roniiliis    541 

l'iiiii;o..*iiiii,  rolyclinniii 510 

I'liriiinaiiiis  ill:i)itoi'iiM -184 

I'liriis  i>\ aiiiMOim 5!tU 

|ilaly(<al'|iiis 5!l!l 

I  iiliiiar,  IJodfifi's 3SL> 

I'lilinains  glaiialis  roiljicisii li.'i.'i,  Itlil',  Hiil),  !I81} 

fiilvolla,  I'laniinnla .581 

riiiiui .58:t 

I'lir  ill  Kuril  Nkiiid  si'uls ;i 

ill  I'liliilof  l.slanil  soals I) 

in  Itolilicn  Island  soals !l 

fnrcata,  Cladoiila 58H 

litsaria    103,1,51' 

ositilata 151 

filsra,  Ciliaria 5!l.'l 

liLsi't'sfous,  S|ilia!j;niiiii 57ll 

ftisiMini,  Oloplirnm 5l!t 

Knscaria  larix 5!tl 

fiisiCorniis,  An«li])ns 5!il 

liadickr ISli 

tiudiis  iiiacroi'oiilialiis lO'.l,  I  111,  I,«<|!,  ri07,  .50S 

(iailiify,  f "apt.  K.  M L'70.  •J7:!,  ;tl:J 

Kaiiiiaritii,  Spirontooaris 5.5ti 

nil  via,  rmliniis 278 

(lalapii^os  lt*laii(ls :2li8 

Crttih  of  seals U'7:i,:tll 

iSi-alsof 1572,310 


iM>i;\. 


CO!) 


1 1  •.',;!  Ill 
.sto 

57;-. 
.Ml' 

:'si 

L'SJ 

;it;!i 
>!•,  ;is.i 

171 

i-'.r.ijt 

r.8i 
r.4,-. 

r.it! 

7i,r>S(i 

578 
5115 

aKj 

W)7 

571 

r.i  I 

,M!t 
IS  I 

r>!i;i 
Mt:i 

r.8i 
r.s;t 

3 
8 

3 

r.8;t 
>3, 1  re 

151 

5!i;t 
r)7ti 
ni'i 
r>iM 
r>!ii 

ISli 

7,  r.(w 
:i,3ia 

5,">«i 

U78 

I'tW 
t,3H 
!,  310 


({iilisitii.H,  ti\  miiMniiilliiiN 

(iuliiiiii  IrltUluiii    

^illlirii.  Sili'iii' , 

(iiii-roi'di. ('ii|>iikiii  

(illHd'roslttiilii' .  .  . 

(illNlorostlMIH  lllMlll'UlllH 

lliN|lill»sUN 

('iktuplirai'tiiH  

(■iitit|ilil';irliis  williiuiiNOliI . 

lliiviiltiliN 

iii.srul|itiiM    

iiiirioi'<>|iliiililH 

Hl'I'lUllIN 

(jitviiilir 

Olivia  iiiliiiimii  

iiii'lii'ii 

(il'tltU'V.  Htl'llllll'l' 

j;i«l:iliiiiwilH,  ('iin>|ii'iirliiH  .... 


...  itKi, r.iM 

.  .  .  .    ri<i7,  "«N."' 
'-'81 

.  .       !i:i 

n:i 

lit 

Ill 

li:i,  III.  i!)s 
Ill 


118 

tiW 

til 

I'.tS 

38:! 

3:m">,  :it!i,:it>;i,  ;is:i 
3".".,  :!)«i,;!iii,;;8:i 

-'7ti 

I7S 


frcltdllN,    lllllllllll.l iV>l> 

(ionliiuiu  :rij;iilii  ....    'illl,  rHi'.l,  bXt 

KlitiU'iv .'ill  I .  'ilMi,  :>Sit 

(i>iu>iia Ml.  r.(i!t,  r.8r. 

HtMimii|ihU';i,  lliiollinii ri83 

(iiiDKnipliical  tlistlihlltion  iif  riililldl'  liiiiU         Mtill 

(icriiiiiiiiu  I'liuiilliiim      .   "ilil,  i'livi,  ,"i8;. 

(trriiiaii  \ ohsoI,  m'i/mti  nl' L'Jt 

(ii'.staliim.  iioiiod  ol. .    .  Ill 

(Jruiii  riisHJi Tilil,  riliT),  r>8ri 

Hibliii,  8|iiriiiitoi'i(riH rifiii 

gibliHt,  IU<mil<<|)iilii|iiH ir>7 

t;il>l<UN,  l.l|iiiriH 171! 

j»illn'ili,  l'<i(l(itlu<i'iiH 173,  171 

(iilln'it,  l>i'.  ('.  II.,  Hull  iilciitlliiMl  by    -'77 

Kislii'B  III'  lU'riii^  Sou 133 

(iiliii  uiiilticuiilis  iiiilli't'iiliii 1'83 

iu'\  iiiii  ;iS3 

dill,  'riuuiil(in> 1 

Hir^oimliiiiiii,  S|iIiiikiiiiiu  Twli 

j;lill)iii,  l.yi  Iniis  M|n't:ilii        ri(il,"«8l 

({laciiili'  Itiu't'iiiiiiii 513 

({liuialiH,  l.ioiim'tta I!M,  l!C',  r.0!» 

j-lailiatoi-,  ttira 3ii3 

jjlaiularia,  |)fii(li't)iUia r>l3,  511 

Klaiicu,  (ioiitiniia 5i!l,  5ti!t.  5N5 

({luiifii.M,  Khai'liiaiHH'li's 353 

St'liaiiloili'N 117 

(iloliin>i>liala  iiiolas l(i- 

(iloliicoplialuN  sviiiinal.     v^'''  (ilolii('0|>lial<i 

IIII<|UN.  1 

fjloliirojis,  llliMiuicottii.s Ili7,  It'S 

Kloliironiiii,  S)>lia'ii)i>lioniiu   58- 

f;l(ili(iNUiii,  I'olyi'liiiinii 511,518,531! 

f;liil>uhiria,  ArlomiHia  5lil,.5ri8, 5K'> 

^liiiiiaiiH,  I'lia. .    571,  ."■SI! 

Cilj'ooria  aiij^iislata 571,  58tl 

vili'oiiloa 571,581! 

5U.l7_l.T  ,{ ;{«» 


INlK.'. 

lilM'y  incriN  kaHliin  altilll 5l)i 

|imIiiIiin      ,V||! 

<ily|itiit'ii|ilialiiH /arlilniH [K 

^iiu'liiii,  t'al.x  57L',">8I 

('orlopliiioiitii    .'iti7,  i"i8,'i 

Uiililili  I'll','!  c,  Nrli(iiiiii<r,  1(>K  i>r 'JliO 

iiixhvll.  I>aiii>il  laili'il        ;t7l 

I'acill.'   |(»r. 

(iolrl  |:t8 

);4iiiatiiilt>N,  l.oraiiiira  ociilata ',581 

liiMialiiN  aiiiiii'iiiiH 1111,511 

jjiioilni.  I'lilulitliys -l.si 

KiHiilrii'liii,  rai'liiH   L'SU' 

(JociHi',  Aiiii'iicaii  « liili'  iVoiilcd  ;tsil 

('ai'Ulinn 381 

r.iii|it<ror 371,381 

tiiirltalcli  rii(il>cry ,VJ,  ."iii,  80,  8."i 

j;olliiiHrlia.  OlK'nl'liyUt'llilM .    I3(!,  4!I7 

jjrarilcsri'im,  I'an's  la^(i|iiiia    57- 

riiaiiiiiulia  vi'iiiiiriilarls ,'i8:i 

^•ruiiliN,  Coliaria  islauiliia     ,'.S|) 

t  ti'o^oiiia • ,V>5 

KiaiiiliM,  ('i't<)iiiliila  ,V|J, 511 

Piiilia ,"it!;! 

KciiiK'i'ly  ia   ,"i  It! 

Ni'siiili'alia 5li3,  ,581 

i'.NKinliipv  tliinu 5 '5 

j;ruiiililli>ra,  r'raiiUniia  l.'8l 

Klaiiilitltii'iiiii,  I'lili'iiioiiiiiiii  raiuliiinii.  . .  .   .'>liil.  ,'i85 

(iray.Mr  ;Il>7 

>{iayl,  l't<nlylr  '.'8;! 

(ii'i'lii'.  llolliiicH's   ;i8;t 

);r<il>iiil/Uii,  llapulii;rast»r    ."i,Vi 

I'hiiliitopiiH |,S(I 

( J  iTclry .  .\ .  \V   77 

Uroi'Icy  i,  Slyola 511,  ,">l(i,  517,  535 

(ilorii,  I'lol".  (hallo-.  II •J7ti,  L'77,  L'Stt 

(iroono.  I'l'dl".  I'M  waul  1, u'Sll 

(il'ojjaiiiiiiN  iialiiit>  of  HoaJM     7(1,71 

(iriiiiiiiia  apiioarpa 577 

(irimlois I,  i; 

Unioiilaiidii  a.  Srala ;>VJ 

ftriioiilaiidiciiN,  .Sorripos ,"i|3 

(inis  oaiuidoiisia 3,55,  3(13,  3!I8,  5Ui 

()i\\  Uiis  ^andoliipoiii  .s 27!' 

(iiiadaliipo  Island l.'(i.5,  l'l!7,  27ti 

IlirdNiH '.'78 

1  'isli  cidlortud ■.'77 

liisi'ils  and  Hpidol'B l'7!I 

I'laiitN l.'8l> 

Oiiti'li  iil'.s.-aJM JH!tL'70 

."*oals L'iKi,  L>(W 

Soa  liiMii* l'ti7 

l^p idols  ami  iiiNoris •J7!' 

(iiiadiiliipu  Soal,  doM(  riptinii  of •J7I 

^MiadaliipoiiNo,  'I'uliniiin 28U 


GIO 


INDEX. 


¥    ' 


I 


Ki)ailiilii|ii'iiHiN,  ('y|ir<>M8ii?i 2K1 

<irjlluH UTl) 

Sill  piiK'trH •J^H 

(iililliMiiot,  |iiK''<>ii IIH!( 

(iy  rliilion 118 

Oyriniclifli.VN  iimi\  triMiiim 17!t 

j:yriii()|is,  <  'yrlo|itoroi(l('M ITri 

Hill  tut  iiH,  lliixiiKrniiiiiioH tril 

(Jiill,  Point  ItijiTinv ;15S,  ;i9r) 

(tuiiiicniiH  rii1)t>niiniiH    IHl 

^unthi'i'i.  ANpidciphorniilcK 47,'! 

flyiiiiiiit'imtliiiN  galiMitim .liiO,  501 

pintillit;ur ItiO,  BOM 

(iymiK'lis  BtiKiiiii 48"! 

viridis 185 

(tyiiino^n-.i^riis  fiistiK'"tii»,  viiv.  criWHioi' 503 

liyiiinoiiiitriiiin  coiiilloidoH 580 

( iynmiclrii  };iiu'liiii 570, 58(i 

Htollori 570,  .'i8() 

Iliilii'oi'i'Htiiiu  II.  Hji.  ? ^70 

Hiiilrotiia  I  TiiHsiis .">l!l 

Iin>nmtolopi8,  ( 'iircx 5711 

liii'iniitolcpiB,  Carox  Hiiliiia  niHpiilata 57H 

lla'inatojiiiius  callorliiiii 5.");t 

liii'iikii,  .Imu'iiN  liallU'iiH 571,  58(1 

ilaliM'etus  l(Mii'(ir<>plialiiN  alaNctMiois M,"5, 

atii',  ;i(i;i,  418 

Haliclui'liiH 107,  108 

Kiypns 1(>!»,  111,1 15,  15L»,  155 

lialicoro  cctaioa ll!t 

iiiilira 151 

llalkott,  Aiiilrow 10,  15 

Halorniiclia  ri'liexa ,'>42,  .541 

lianiliiii,  rodotliocns 47l' 

Haiisoii,  1..  .1 2'X) 

Ilnpnlogastor  j;ii'lmit/ii .555 

I  larbor  i)orpoiso 'X>'.i 

Harbor  seal H51 

Harelda  li yenialis ;r>,5.  m2,  :(78 

1  lareiim   4:!.  45, 52,  .53, 00 

avcragi'  nuinlicr  of  cows 5;t 

condition  of .52 

llaritwcn.f'apl.C'liarlos 2(18,270,273 

hai'pa,  Iloliotroiiis  deforniis ,54;) 

llartiug.J,  K„  paper  liy 428.  42it 

llDssall,  A.  H 35 

Hasaler,  United  Statea  Coast  Survey  .steamer .      2(55 

Ilawk.duck 41it 

Hayko  VM 

Heart  of  seal 12 

of  Kytina 

lieela,  t'olias 550 

heliciiia,  Margarita ,542 

Heliotropis  deformis 513 

I  lelops  liachei 279 

Lolveolua,  Myodos 347  i 


I'liKX. 

lleniiiepidotilH 4.50 

gililiHJ  457 

Jordan! 157 

heniilepldotiiN  457,4.58 

tileHil 157 

lleliotropiN  ileformiH  var,  linrpa 543 

lleiiioptera 5.52 

Ueniitri])teriiH  eavifroiiH 453 

lleiiii/onia  I'rnteHeens 282 

I  lepaticii' 580 

lleracluiiiii  liinatinii 5(>7 

llerbcrta  admiea 580 

Herding  of  liaelieliUH 32it,  337 

Kxperiments  in 32.5, 321t.  33(1 

herendeenii,  Siplio 513 

Herring,  I'aeilic 435 

liursi'lieliniiH,  l.ipariM ,504 

lleiHilia,  brig 313 

lleteraetitis  incaniiH 355,3(13,370.407 

Hcterorlieilus 107 

tiinicatiiM 107 

lieteropliy  11a,  Ceratodon 57(1 

lletenitlieriiiin  Hangiiinariiini 583 

lioxaroruiH,  Oiieocottim 4(17,503,511 

lli'xagiamniida' 418 

llexagrainmoH  uBpcr 418,449,451,452,  4.53 

deeagraniiiiiiH 119,  451 

hexagrainniiiH 44.8,  451 

lagocephaliiH 4.50,  4.52 

oetogianiniUH 448,  149,  1.50,  4.52 

ordinatiiK 419 

otakii 451,4.53 

Mealier  ... : 453 

Htelleri 418 

HiipereilioHUs 452,453 

Iie\agraminu8,  (.'liiriiH 453 

I.abrax  448 

Hieroehloa  borealis 573, 58(1 

paiieitlora 573, 58(1 

bierat'ifolia,  Saxifiaga ,5(1(1,585 

Hip])iiri8  vnlgari.s ,5(17,  ,585 

IlippogloHsina  490 

ni])|i(>^lossoideH  ulasHodou 488,  489 

baniiltoni 489 

robimtUH 489 

llippoglosNns  bippoglosHiis 508 

hy  poglo88ii8 488 

liipiiuroides,  Dictyosipbon 591 

birculiis,  .Saxifraga .5(10, 5C() 

Saxifraga,  var.  alpina 685 

birsiita,  Cardauiiue 564,  udO,  585 

liirta.  1  traba 5(iO,  563, 684 

Iliruudinidu' 422 

Hiruiido  erythrogastra  uualuscLkeusis 3,55, 

362,  363 
Histiobranchus  butby blue 435, 443 


■  I     'M  .l^^"'"«l»^^' 


INDEX. 


(Ill 


m 


IliNtidcottim  l>ilolm» Itix 

llmti  ioniniH  liixtrioiiirim irM,  HtCI,  lllil,  It'll 

lliHti'i(i|iliiM'ii  fuHi'iiitii 1151 

I  IixIkhiiii,  ( 'upt,.  N -'21! 

Iliiliirc'tir  rc^rioii mill,  Util 

liiiliiiiK'laN,  l'ar.'ili|iui'iH 17!) 

Iliiiii(>|iluia  .V>2 

lliiii|ii'r,  Clip  til  ill  (!,  I( ;12H 

lloi'ili'iiiM  111  mi  II II  Ml 'JXli 

Ilosncliia  oiiiitliopim 'JX2 

IloiisM  inoiisti ItIM 

liiini)iliiirU  Hiiliiioii 1117 

liUMiiriiMii,  Stclliiriii 500 

liuiiilliM,  CoKiiH U'l'J 

l.iiiiiiiia  511 

limit,  (irornc   M L'70 

lliiiiii'i'H,  liiiliiiim L'Mti, 

W~,  •JHH.  2h|l,  L'iHt,  L'!»l,  •'!!(;,  2UH.  :!(l5 

wlliti' L'KC,  L'S?,  L'KS,  L'iM,  L'lMI,  L'llS,  .'tdl 

ut  (lismlviiiitiijin 305 

Ilmitin^'in  Koiitlicni  lliMiiispliorit IKIT-IIL'O 

llviilinii  riuliiitiilii 511 

llyus  ('(nirctiitiiH  ,555 

Ijintim 555 

MydiDciiiiNii' ,551' 

llydrodiimiiliH lOS 

KiKiiH I0«,  ll!»,  151,  iti;; 


Ntcllori 

IIy<lrii|)lilli(lir 

Ilycnii,  liiaiii  of 

Ilyldciiiniiiiii  iilaNkaiinin. 

HplllldrllM 

Hi|iiinTOHmii 


100 

.5I!» 

;i7 

57!t 

57'J 

.'S7!t 

f  rii|iiutnini 580 

Ilyiiiciioptoia 550 

liyjiciliori'H,  Aiiiiira 5I« 

Cari'x  viilKaris 572 

hypcrlKiromii,  I'olytrichiiiii 57!t 

liypcrliorciiH,  l.iiiiax 511 

rHciuldcrydbiiiN 5IN 

I'ttToNtit'liiiH 518 

Kaiiiinculiis ,5fiO,  5t!2,  58 1 

Ilypoioodon  107 

lOHtllltllH  IL'I,  121 

IlyiniMiii ,501 

Ilypimiii  itnciiiatmn .570 

liyp()i;lcisnu8,  llyiiofjIosHUH 188 

liyporoa,  riiildlioaiia .5«3 

Ilypsu;{iiiiiin  <|iiadricornis 175 

nystero-«]ulepHy !M! 

IccliniiHbon-ali.s .151 

k'oluB  bic'oriiis 15;^ 

caiialicnlatiiH  153 

t'Hi'yops 4.51! 

Hpinifjei' 1.53 

viciiialis 1.53 


I'liUr. 

li'lilicuiiiniiidii' .5,50 

Iddli'ii  iprliiilciisiH  557 

iiiiliriialmii,  ,'<pliiiKiniiii  Ni|iiai"iiNiiiM 57l! 

Iiii'iiiui,  liralia 503 

I'l'iitylr 281' 

iiirliiiiitmn,  lliymii 578 

iil('oiiHpi(Miii,  .Miirdiiiii 513 

I  ml  inns  im  seal  limitiTH 280, 

2H7,  2NX,  2H!»,  2!H),  201,  2!M),  20S,  305 

IndiiHlry,  HrliddiiiT 315 

iiHTmi.H,  ANpiddpliiirdid(>N 175 


liitlaiiiiiiatidii  df  lidwnlH  >ii  |inpH 


87 


fiiia  nodlViciyi    107 


illMCIlIplllH,  (illHtt'ldstllHH 

liiHrrtH  iind  Npidi-i'H  nf  (•iiadaliipc  Nliiiid. 

liiNcitH  df  (lir  I'riliiloC  Nlaiids 

iiiNiniiis,  Aniarii 

'I'rirlioti'dpiH 

Iimtiiitt,  lidiiiinj; 


1!W 

,       270 

517 

27!t 

-.12,511 

70 

liiHtrmiu-ntM  in  l)riindiii>,'  3211,  32!t,  333 

iiiNiiliiriH,  CallilcpHiM 'JT.t 

('lirvSdddiiiiiH 512,513 

.Imiio i;78 

Iiitelli;;()in'd  id'  hcsiiIh CO,  72,73 

intcriiiedia,  Crnnfjnoii .5.50 

iiittTiiiptii,  Kiijn 135 

liih'Htinc,  iKMiiatddcN  in  nimiiII 70 

IntcHtini's 11,  101 

ill  I  run !);(!)',  .''idniMtddoH .|.|5 

irrrK'ilaii),  Syiioiciini 511,5:;o,  531,  .5:t2,  .530 

Iridiiii  liiiiiiiiaiiddcs  t'driiia  parviilii 503 

iHon'Mukii,  Kii niacins •■,55 

iHlaiidica,  Cetriiiiii  580 

KdciiiKia .570,  .580 

irtlandirmii,  (iirdimii 513,  .545,  ,510 

itliypliylla,  ISartraiiiia 577 

Ixodes  iirctirns ,r,5;( 

riciiiiiH ,554 

.ImniT,  Ldiijj-tailcd 393 

rarasitir  393 

roiuarinc 303 

.lames  O.  >S wan,  Hchodiior 200 

.Jane  (»  'ly,  Hclidoni  r,  lo^  of 2.58 

Jaok,  MyoxdccplmliiH 402,  KM,  100 

jiipoiiirii,  Laniiiiaiia 592 

ArctdHcdpim  479 

Chiidlopliiis 479 

I'ercis 475 

,l(diiisdii,  Martin  N ,59 

Jdidiin,  1).  S 2,89,325,330,339 

Itliif  I'dx  df  I'liliilof  UlandM 339 

.Ididaii,  1>.  S,,aud  C'liirk,(i.  A.,  practical  cx- 
perinient  in  Orandiuj;  and  herding  Heali. .       325 

SjiecieH  of  CallorhiniiH -J 

.lordan,  D.  8..  and   fiillicrt,  ('.  II.,  lishea   of 
IJcriug  .'^ua 433 


T 


612 


IN  I  MIX. 


I 


I'HliC. 

Jordaiii.  AiilidiojiBis 511.  r>l.'l, .'.;»! 

ll<'iiiilo|ii(|()tiis 457 

Uiin<|iilliiH , 479 

Jnild,  SjivcBtiT  I) :«)() 

.luilKe,  .Iiiiiies It'iS,  M 1 

ltriiii(Uii]:{  on  St.  ( iuiir){o 33H 

Jiier){*'iiHii,  DelcsHuria 51(5 

.luuco  liisiiluris 278 

.liinrim  ItiiliriiH.  var.  hii'iikii .'>71.5XI) 

biKliimiH 571,  .">8(! 

Kiulink  Hiiielt 43!) 

Kaloj; 4(>5 

Kaiiitchatkn  biiIiiioii  truut 4M7 

kaiiitHcbatieiiHiH.  rritilluria 5T\,'Mi 

kaiutBchutlia,  Atoiiiaria ''>!M 

(Ulonthalia .591 

kanbevai'oHl,  (ilycviiierin .54ti 

Kiithganl,  Caiituin 2L'4,  L'"{l 

Krlp mi 

Kciiuurlia  grandis .54it 

Keiinerlyiagrandis 5lti 

kuiiiiiuutti,  Cori'goiniH 135,  494 

Kei'gueluii  Laud,  sualiug  uii 310 

ki'ta,  Oucoi'bynchiiH 430 

KidiieyH  -  • 

Killer  whalf 3.53 

caiiHi!  ol'  IMl)l^<'  death 92, 93 

Iireseuce  of 288 

kiitcaidi,  Anittroucinm 511,  .524, 536 

King  Halniou 430 

kisiitch,  Oncorliyiicbus 43ti 

Kittiwake  gull,  racllio 390 

Ked  logged 397 

Kitovi  rookery 7.5,  8«,  89, 92 

l)n]»8  branded 3L'(i 

Kd'nigia  iHlundica 570, 580 

kot/ebnei,  Paruas.siu 507, 585 

Krynitzkia  niaritiniu 283 

Krause,  Arthur  and  Aurel,  paper  by 429 

Krasuaja  Kyba 430 

kroyeri,  Tritonofusus .543 

Krynitzkia  raniosissiiua 283 

kundacba,  .Saluio 438 

Salveliuus 438 

Kuril  IsIandH,  seals  of 3 

vessels  lost 231 

Labrax  bexagraniuius 448,  453 

luccata,  Clitocybc 583 

Laccopbilus  decipiens 549 

Lacuna  vincta 544 

Incunosa,  Cetraria 580 

liL'teviruns,  Normaudia 5«3 

be  vigatuni,  Orthotricbuni 577 

Lageuorbynchus 107, 125, 131 

albirostris 121,124 

lagocupbalus,  llexagrammos 450, 452 


Vuge. 

lagopina,  ( 'arox .572,  .58»J 

lagopuN.  Vulpes 348 

l.audnarlabongardiana 5IK) 

digitata 6«a 

Japouiea 693 

lougipes 591,  .592,  .5!»6 

ropuiiH 592 

rodrigue/.ii 593 

Ninclairii 592 

l.auMia  cornuMoa 434 

Laniputra  anri'a 434 

lauata,  I'edicularis 561,570,580 

lanatuni,  Ileraclenni 507 

lan('L'(data,  Alaria 592 

I.nudiugofcowH 53 

langNdortii,  I'edicularis ,561 

Viola 561, 5(M,  565, 570,  .575,  .584,  .586 

lauuginoHuni,  Kaconiitriuni 577 

lar,  Xectocrnngon .5.56 

largba,  I'hoca 351 

l.aridic 394 

larix,  Kiiscaria ,594 

libodonida .594 

Lams  barroviauus 355,  362,  363, 395 

glaiicescens 355,  362, 363, 394 

glaucUB 308 

occideutalis 278 

Mcbistisagus 35.".       .',  363, 394 

warneckl 301 

laslocarpa,  Cauipaunla 501,568.585 

lateralis,  Artedlns 456 

Cercy ou  549 

Latbyrus  niarltiuins 500,565.585 

laticeps,  Moyalocottus 407 

latifolia,  Arctiigrostis 574.580 

Lu/ula  I'onfusa 572,  .580 

latifolius,  Pcsiuatiidon 57T 

latifrons,  Desniarestia 591 

Laura,  HcbooLer 205 

laureti.'i-,  Argyrosonius 436 

lauriua,  Ubus 282 

lauta,  Trimorotropis 279 

Lecancra  oculata 581 

oculata,  var.  gonatodes 581 

Baxicola .582 

tartarea 581, 582 

tartarea,  var.  frigida 581 

tliamnitcB 583 

veuto.f  a 581 

Lecidca8p.(f) 583 

Leda 545 

leiocarpa,  Carcx 572, 586 

Lemming,  Pribilof 346 

Leminua  nigripes 346 

ub(<QsiB 340 

Lepeta  concontrica 542 


INDKX 


Gi;{ 


I'liKr. 

Lt|ti(li)pMtt«ii  liilliifBta l!M.r.OH 

l,i'|)iilii|iti<in ,">() 

liutorureni 550 

I'liopiiliicrra 550 

l.oiilocliltoii  rHiii'plliitim 511 

l.o|itorliiiiis  iiiiKMiliitiiH \h;'. 

I.cptoiiyx  iiiiinut'lnm 157 

li^ptoi'liyiicliiiN,  Hiiri'itor 171 

lc)>tiiriiy,  AiiiirhlclinH 181 

MauroiiniH 187 

LeHHoiiiii  M'|i«iiH 591.' 

I^eHtotoiitliis  fulirii'ii 511 

LtMhotreinim  iiiiiticiiH  175 

IfiicichthyH,  SteluxIiiH 4!t(i 

Iciirdiiiii'iiis,  Salino IH8 

MalvHliiiiiH 138 

l<!ii('o])Huniiii,  \aniio)ii'iirliiiiia Ill 

Lt'iu'ostictt)  ^riHeoiiuc'lia H55,  'Mi'2.  UliU.  ll'tl 

L)'iii'()((loMNiiH  fitillieus 1 10 

LIbbie,  HcLooncr "Jit? 

Llcli«ii8 580 

collected  <»n  St.  ruiil  ImIuuiI 58;t 

liigUHticiiiii  Hcoticiim 5(i7, 585 

liiiiii,  I'lirpiirn 54H 

Liiiiimilii  iiHppia 191 

proboHcidea 191 

liiiiatiila,  Yoldia 515, 5J;l 

Miiiax  (Agrioliiiiax)  liyliurbDmiH .541 

Liiaicola- 398 

Liiiiiiii'a  luimilU 541 

ovata 514 

Liiiiiiophilii8  Hp 552 

LiiiioHa  lappunica 549 

lapponica  liaiieri 355,  3(i3,  371,  105 

liinula,  Carox 571.',  573 

Liiidalil,  Capt.  Caleb 312 

liii(!ata,  Touicella .542 

Linell,  M.  L.,  Colcopteva  of  Piibllols 548 

liiiita,  Sticta .581 

liiinii!i,  Sagina  500,  .5(k5,  ,585 

Liucoiicha  sp 540 

Liocy ma  fliictuosa 513,  .5 10 

Liopsotta  glacialis 491.  492. 509 

obaciira 492 

lilparidiila' 475 

I^iparia  agaasi/.l  I 470 

cyclostignm 470,  477 

f'bbus 470 

herscheliium 470, 504 

piilcbellim 476 

tiinicata 476 

stelleri 475 

liratiis,  ('hrysodoiinis 543 

LitbodflS  brevipes 555 

Litorina  var.  atkana 544 

sitkana .542,544 


I'nui'. 

Mtorlna  RubtinnliroHii 512-511 

l.lvt'i'  of  Hi'al 12 

livlihiiii,  'I'araxiic Illciiiali' 501 

l.loyilia  Hoi'otlna ,571,  ,580 

I. olios  Island.  rnoUrry  on 271,  3ii8,  ;!|;i 

'  ,)rality.  instinct  of 70 

Log  liookM  of  pelagic  HtNilt'i's  251-201 

lunrliltiH,  Aspidinni , .575 

Longipenni's ;(!i;i 

longipi^K,  l.aniiiiaria .591,  ,592.  590 

Btellaria ,-,('.4,  ,585 

longiM(|nania,  Carex  lagopina    572 

I.onjrn|,ni-,  Alaskan 357,  422 

1.0011,  blai'k  tbroatrd ;|s3 

yellow-billdd ;inn 

I.Ota  coiiiiiiiiniH lis 

iiiacnloga 4hO 

Louis  olsfii.  Nuhoonei' 292,303 

l.ove  of  oH'Niiring 72,71 

l.ticas,  1",  A 1,  39,  99,  102,  357,  300 

llrceding  liabits  of  I'ribilof  fiir  seal. .    .        43 

CaiiNns  of  mortality  among  scala 75 

licntition  of  I'nr  uoal 9 

Food  of  nortbeni  I'lir  aeaU  .59 

Main  divisioiiH  of  !'iniiip<>dia I 

Mental  traits  of  Pribilof  fur  seal 09 

Scal-lisb 140 

Incasi.  ( 'eratotottiis 4,')U 

iHciduH,  .VrgyroHounis  |y,-, 

Lucilia  cirsar 280 

Lncina  auutiliueata ,"i4;{ 

liiciiBtre,  Hryum 578 

luetkcana,  XeieocyHtis .592 

liigubriH,  Plectrointm 145 

I.nkanin  rookery,  rows  braiulud ,320 

IiupM  branded .50,  75,  326 

l.nnipeniis  angnillaii.s 483 

niackayi 483 

mt'diiis 183,  484 

nnbiliis 4,S3 

Innaria,  liotrychiiiiii  575, 580 

I.nnatia  pallida 512,  ,546 

l.nnda  cirrliata ,355.  302,  363,  309,  ,381 

Lupinus  iiootkatensiH 505,  .585 

Lilt/,  Lieut.  .1.  K 360,  429 

IvU/.nla  ai'iMiata  var.  iinala.schkenHiH 572,  .580 

iani|ieKtris  var.  innltitiora 572,  .580 

confiisa  var.  latifolia 572.  .586 

Lycenchelys 481 

lycbneus,  ThcloschistcM .580,  ,583 

Lychnis  apetala  501 

apetala,  var.  glabra 504, 584 

Lycisciis  crotaliuna 484 

Lycodalcpis  agassi/.ii 505 

polaris 506 

tiiuicatnH 505 


614 


liNDEX. 


m 


Ly<'o»liilt'i>iH  tiinicri 18.",  r)(r>,  "iCX! 

Lycodiipodidii' I8(> 

liycodaims  cxtensus tsfi 

piirviccps ISO 

Lycodj'8  brovi|i«i.s  181 

concolor -tS  I 

cocciiicus 18") 

digitiitns 184 

piiloiiris INI,  .18ri 

I.yconei'tcs  aleiitiuisis 181 

lycoi)<)dioi(l»'8,  Kliodoiiiida 5it4 

I^ycopodiinu  alpiiiniii .')"">,  58ti 

nnnotiiiuni  var.  jinnj^ens T)?.').  ,")8() 

scln;;» "i7r>,  58(5 

liji  jsidii' 552 

Lycosa  sfiiitciitrlonalis .5,52 

sp 27!< 

Ly,s()iiia  arenosa  5i;i,  ,5I(! 

lyratus,  llyas 5,55 

I., yroHoina  0|ia('iiiii   510 

Ijy.siaiiassidii' 557 

Macait.iu-y.  I.oid ;U8 

Mai  ilonaldiachallciigcri  Il;i 

inacollaria,  Coiiisoinyia 280 

iiiacil<M)ta.  .'?i)rioiitoi'ai-is .557 

iiiackiiyi.  l.uiiipiMius 481) 

mackcn/ioi,  Stoiiodus IlKi 

Macoiiia  l'i'l';ida 541! 

iiicoiiH)iiciia .541! 

iiiiildfiidorril 5l;f,  5I(> 

iiasiita 543 

salmlosa .545,  511! 

Ma.oiin,  Mr..!.  M 75, 9H 

1'lantn  of  I'riliilot'  Islamla 5,5!' 

inacuniiii.  I'apaver 5ii2,  .5();i,  ,58 1 

I'olynDinini .570.  5815 

riimiila 5(1!), 585 

iiiacraiithiiiii,  rolenioniiim  |iiil.  Iivlliim  .. .  .5ti!),  585 

macTDcarpa,  Arenaria 5(il 

cypiosaus 281! 

macrocoplialus.  (iadiis 48il,  .507, 508 

niaii'oceras,  t'laddiiiafjraiMlis 582 

macnxliM'ta,  Caivx 571!,  ,58li 

inacroilaclyla,  Ocoanoilroina  Iducorlma 278 

XlatTorhinns  aiigustirostris 10!t,  112, 157 

iiiacroscliisma,  Pododt'.'<iniis 513 

Mncroui'idii' 187 

Macrciunis  aci()It'pl.s 187 

<'iiu'ieu8  ..   487 

doTsalitt 487 

It'ptiinm 187 

inaciilatiiH,  Lcptoclimi.s 183 

maciiloseriatus,  Hcxagramiium 151 

iiiaciilnsa,  Lota I8i! 

iimonlosus,  lieriisiis 5I!1 

iuagnu8,  Aiit'istrolt'pis 543 


Pnge. 

iiuirjiiu.s,  Xcniatoniirns 487 

iiinjor,  Itntnliyliiis  ..  , 551 

MalaroccplialiiH 487 

Mnlacocot  t  im  zominis 4G8 

MalcH,  fertility  of 50 

inatiiro 45 

iiuiuImm'  (>r 53 

sizo 3,  I,  (i 

Mallard 380 

Mallotus  villdsus I3!t,  l!»3,  4!)7 

maliiia,  .S\lvcliiins 438, 4!I7 

.Malva  borcalis 282 

Maiiinial.s  of  I'riliilnf  Islands 345 

Maiiatro  ( h'ytir.a ) 182-201 

AlaiiatiiH  iiHiiif^uis lC(i 

iiiaiidtii.  Di'riiia turns .5,")5 

Map.s,  rojjort  on  rookery 321-324 

JIargarita  allidliiieata 514 

Itprinfif'nsis ,544 

liclicina  542 

sp 540 

striata 5 1(> 

marina  rosa.  Coiistantinea 5!'5 

niaritinia,  Krynit/kia 283 

Mcrton.sia .500,  .5(>il,  5K5 

niaritiiuus.  LalliyruH 500, 5(i.5, 585 

marniorata,  I'lca 4,53 

in.'innori'a,  'I'onicclla 541 

mart y 111,  C insula .512 

mariiKiraliis,  C'ottns 403 

Mari)tiisa  califoriiica 270 

Mary  I'.llen,  selinoniir 225 

M;iK(iit.  sfliooiier,  log  of 2.50 

matznbara',  SpliasI odes' 410 

Seliastielithys   41.5,440 

Mand  S.,  scliooner 280 

maxill.iris,  Mnraiioides 180 

I'holis 480 

Mayiiea  bniiinoa 485 

McDonald,  Hon.  .Marshall 285 

Measiirenu>iits  of  seals 3,  4,  7 

MeconopNis 503 

media,  Siliipia 613 

Stellaria .504, 581 

mediii.H,  Liimpenus 4 S3,  481 

mednius,  Myoxoceplialns 4!'5 

Megaloeotliis  laticeps 407,503 

])latyet>phaln8 107 

Megaplera  versabilis .       3,53 

melai^oninin,  ('ha'tonior|)iia 590 

mel.inolonens,  MieropiiH 278 

melanontictus,  rHettichtliys :.       400 

iiielannnis,  t'areproitns 478 

meliteiisis,  Ceiitaurua 283 

Melleti.s  papilio 4.55 

momlirauopacta,  Carox 573, 58(j 


INDKX. 


(J  15 


i. 


Tago. 

Moiideiihivll,  .  r.  Tliomns  C ;!22 

Meiitiil  traits  of  seals (ill 

M<!iitxelia  inicriiiithii 2H'2 

Mur(j;!iiiser,  Aiiu'ricaii ;!78 

anud'ic'iiniiH 35"),  3()2,  li(i3, 378 

Mo.rriiini,  Dr.  (Ml Ml,  tW,  (i  1.271,  3(10, 36(! 

iiuM'i'iami,  Aloi)e<'urus  liowisllii 573, 58(! 

Mcrti'iisia  maritiina 5(W,  5Ci>,  tiKt 

uicrteiisii,  C'ladDphora 590 

Couferva 5iM» 

Cottns .I(i3,  KKi 

Morula  iuigrati;ria 355,  3()2,  303,  120 

Mcsoiiiliryanfaemmii  crystallinuiii 282 

Mos()f;loia  ! ,5!11 

M"80f;raiuma  s]) i>7!) 

Mcsoptiles ;!,5(i,  421,131 

Mesoi)iisoli(ln8 ItO 

olif;oil<in 410 

protio.sus 440 

Miakiuka 475 

iiticraiitba,  Meutzolia 282 

miiTooarpa,  Wcbera  canaliciilata 578 

microrarpum,  Itacuiiiitriniii 577 

inicrocaiiloii,  Webt-ra '578 

iiiicrDccplialuin,  Trifoliuiu 282 

iiiicroccplialiis,  Oii8(crosttMiH 444 

Si)iiiui().iiis 131 

iiucnidon,  Cyclotliouo 141 

iiiici'oilotitiuiii,  I'ogoiiiitiiiii  alpiuiiiu 579 

Miciogadiis  proxiiiiiis 508 

niiorolei)is,  Autimoia 487 

niici'oplephar*',  Ortliotrichum .577 

iniciopnda,  Carcx ,572 

MiiTopiiH  MudaiKdcucus 278 

uiicrostoiuii,  Uranidoa 401 

Microstouiatida" 141 

Mioi'ostuniiis  paciticus 492 

iiiiddoudorfii.  Didesscria 595 

Uiiddeiidoi'dii,  Macoma ,543 

Stroinbella 543 

Migiution  of  I'libilof  birds 309 

Mignitiou  of  seals  alVected  by  fooil 07 

(."oniparisoii  of  routes 234 

Milk   solo  food  of  youiifj;  seals 189 

iiiillefoliiiui,  Acbillua ,508,  .585 

iiiiUofolia,  Uilia  iiiultioauIiH 283 

Millor,Waltor 179 

Milli'r,  .rciinio  Kmersoii 179 

luiiiiatds,  Srbastodes 440 

Miiiiimi  subglobosiiiii  579 

minor,  Pyrola 508, 585 

niiniitus,  Cottus 101 

iiiiuytremus,  Oyriiiicbtliys 479 

Mirabilis  californica 283 

mirabilis,  Crystallicbthys 470 

uiilra,  Acmwa ,542 


iniiioidos,  Tftrnplodon .577 

....  543 
....       513 

543 
....       281 

570 
....  220 
....  485 
00,  575,  586 
....  514 
..  .  ,539 
..  1.52,  153 
35 


Modiolaria  voniicosa 

Modiolus  modiolus 

iiKi'rrliiaiium,  liuccinuiii  cynnouui. 

uurrotliira,  Spc^rgularia   , 

iiiolle,  Dicraiiuiii  

Mollio  Adams,  scboonor 

mollis,  Bdtiirocara 

lOlynius , 

Mollusks  of  Coiumaiider  Islands  ... 
Mollusk  fauna  of  I'ribilof  Island.s  . 
Monachus  albiventer 

tropicalis,  br;iiii  of 


MoncKlon 107 

monoi'oros 121,  124 

Monodoiita lOI 

Monodontns KU 

semicircularis im 

monoptorygius,  I'leurogrammus 453 

Mouostoma  splcndoiis 590 

Monoxia  oonsputa 279 

mouspelionsis,  I'olypogon 283 

niontagtii,  Pandalus ,5.57 

monturcyoiisis,  Stvcda 517 

Miuitia  fontana 500,  502, 505, 585 

Morchnllium ,524 

Morrell's  voyages 273,  30",  311,  .313.  317 

Morrill,  M.  M.,  schoonor,  seals  taken 233 

log  of 259 

mosuhatum,  Krodium 282 

Mortality  in  adults ■)(),  <)2, 93 

biting  and  mauling Hi) 

from  bruises 85,80 

due  to  blue  fox ;)42 

eanses  of,  in  young 78,  79, 82,  83,  84, 85, 80 

•»  <'<'W8 91 

deatb  rate 81, 94 

from  drowning m3,  84, 85 

from  erysipelas ^9 

falling  from  olitl's 88 

from  falling  rooks 88 

from  full  meal go 

from  Jamming gg 

from  tbii  killer 92  93 

in  females !K),  91,  92 

spocili'.'  diseases gi; 

from  starvation , 82.  85, 89 

from  trampling g5 

from  ITucinaria 78,  79, 80, 81, 89 

tables  of  eauses 97,98 

Moser,    .lelferson    !■'.,    Lieut.    Commandor, 

rookery  nnips  of  I'ribilof  Islauds 321 

moseii,  X'erasper 490, 491 

Mosopiis  olidus 497 

Motaeillida' 421 

Mouse,  liuuBu 348 


if 


«;i(; 


INMKX. 


Movoini'iit  1)1' Mt'iil  luMil t)7 

mill  I  i  Mora,  Lii/iilii  <':iiii|u'Hti''. 571.',  .'iXK 

iiiiiralo,  ( 'lioiioptHliuiii L'SIt 

Miii'nmi(ii<h>N  uiiixillariH ISO 

iiiiiriciit.'i,  CiiMotaxis l.'7!t 

Miiiir :iri 

iiiiiriiiiiiii,  lloriluiini 12K< 

Murray,  Col.  .los SI,  iKt,  ;«.">,  WM 

Kxiioriiiiuiit  ill   Inantliii);  aiitl   lionliii); 

Nuals ;{ll(l 

MiiiTo,  Caliroriiiii :tS!l 

I'allas'w :t!M) 

MiiiTclft,  .Viificnl  :;S!) 

lUai'k-tliroaloil :»Sil 

Mils  iiiimtiiliis ;US 

M 1181  ii  iliiincst icu iVil 

MiiscUla' .Vtl 

iinitaliilo,  .\iiiai'aiiriiiiii  ,VJS 

iiiiitioiiN.  I.othotrciinis i'') 

.Mya  tniiicula .Vi;t 

Myrlophiila' Ill 

niykiss,  .Siilmo ,|H7 

Stynilfs  allio<;iilaTiii ;tl7 

luOvcoliis ;II7 

iiiuripi's Ulti 

oluMisis ;tl7 

IriiiiiicronaliiM  ;il7 

MyoxocophaliiH  axlllariH Ilil!,  ">()*) 

,iaok 1 1(1.  ItiL',  Itil 

liUMlliiii.s t(i,") 

U\fi>'t Ki,'! 

iiivosiiM Kil 

polyacantlioceplialiiH I(l:t,  Mil,  iw 

Nl.oll(>ri I(i:t,  101,  l(!.". 

vernicosiis UiO,  I9;J,  litll 

Mypoinesus 1 10 

Myliliiscilulis ,-.|;» 

Nalavira oSl 

iiamaymsli.  ("risti' oiiicr lltS 

Nannoliracliiiiiii  liMioopHariini Ill 

iiannocliir , Ml 

Nastiii'tiuiii  pal  list  ro .Miit-.JSI 

liasiita,  Mauoiiia .'ill! 

Natira  olaiisa  ."ilL",  .'lU,  .")l(l 

iiissa  rill", 541 

Nauticlithys  oc'thit'aHciatiiN 408,  Kill 

XaiitJHi'im Kilt 

)ii'iliiloviii» lOS 

iiavaxa,  KIc^iiiiiH 4S7. 507 

"'  •<!■(!(  ir  Nul>ro);ioii Ittill 

ueiiiiloNa,  SyiiidoU'a .5.57 

lu'biilosust,  ChiropHJs 1 18 

KneilriaN 182 

Neliiia  carboiiaria 548 

liilaria 548 

Neck  l,l',;t 


NoctorraiiKoii  alaskoimiH. 


Viliir. 

,550 

<liis.sa  5.50 

lar 5.50 

Nolmm.  i;.  \V IIOO,  ;I7(>,  4L'7 

I'appiN  Ity rJ8,  I'.'li 

iiflMoiii,  Coif^oiiUN i;iO.  I!M 

iielNoiiiaiiii.  Saxilrajja .500.585 


101 

101 

IIS 

487 

175 

170 

:io,5.;r>o,  424, 4111 

502 


Niiiiiuloda 

Noniatolili'iiiii 

NiiliiioiiiH  (■pci'laiii 

NciiiatoniiriiH  iiia<;iiim 

NcolipiiriN  callyixloii 

I'yt'lopus 

Ni'ONsiiptilt's 

Nt'iTocyNtlH  liit-tkcaiia 

iK-i'ka,  Oiii'orliyiicliiis I;t0 

Nrrvt's,  cranial 2;t 

(lU'ai'toiy 2;t 

Ni'sodniha  ;;raii<lis 51(1,  50:i,  584 

NettioM  caroliiii'iisi' :i.55.  ;i02,  ItOH,  :180 

NtMiroptora 552 

ni'vinii,  linlia 2811 

NcvtTita  naxea 510 

Nichols,  ('apt.  11.  r..,  U.  S.  N 205 

iii^riiiii,  l''.iii]i(^triiiii 501. 571.. 580 

nijjer,  CottiiH 40!! 

Myuxot't-phaliiH 405 

iiijiripcs,  l.ciiiiiiiiH :tlO 

MyodcH ;t40 

iii^rl]>iniiiN,  Hatliyaj^oiiiiH 475 

Nilen,  .laiiiONN 270 

NUopliylluiii  rli|)n'cliti.iiiiiiii 5!t4 

riitluMiiciiiii ,5!H 

iiivaliH,  Cftiaiia 5S() 

Friiinila 500 

HaiiunciiliiN ,502,  581 

.Sagiiui .505,  .585 

iiivomis,  Cottim 401 

Myoxoct'plialiiH 401 

iiootkatoiiHis,  l.iipiiiiis ,505,  .5,S5 

nor\  I'gica,  Carox .572,  580 

Nor('cii8kiiilil,  .\,  K.,  Hcriiif;  .Sea  liirilH !;iO 

Norj;aanl,  I  )r !I5 

NoniiaiKlin  la'tivirciis ,58;t 

North.'iK  t  Point  Kook.ry 80,  SO,  80,  IK) 

Ndtacanlbida' I4:{ 

notoNpilotn.>i,  Astrolytrs 4.50 

Noyis,  (apt.  \V.  1' 273,  HI  0 

nnliiliis,  Lunipcnns ls;{ 

Nnciila  (Acila)  cniiani .540 

tenuis 540 

nugax,  Anonyx 557 

Niiinbcv  of  davH  of  iicla^ii'  nealinj; 245-250 

NiiuK'niim  boreal ix :{5.5,  ;{62, 1103,  407 

fciiioraliH 370 

liiulsonicus 355,  'M'2, 303,  407 


^ 


. 


1N1>KX. 


(117 


I'llKi'. 

NnrHiiiL' H.T.i 


r.7H 

r..i:i 

a-)"., :!(;;(,  ;!iii,i  111 
571 


niitiiiiH,  Wcboni 

niitt.iillii,  (iui'iliiiiii 

Nydtoii  iiyi'lrik 

oliiMtnlatii,  Miilix  iirrticii 

olioiiHiH,  l.ciniinm 'Mi> 

M.vod.H :M7 

iiliHrci'iia,  Culliphorii "iM 

oliHt'iirM,  MopHottii  W- 

oliHciiriiH,  I'loiiroiitMHcH I!'2 

<(l»Ht'i'viii;i;  hoiiIh H()2 

oht.iiHii,  h'lijiv i'Mi 

olitiiHiloliiiiii,  I  try  II  III r)7!t 

Ocrii  (loiloi^ai'ili'dii 170,  171 

vcniifOMii 170,  171 

Occident  11  IIh,  Liinm '_'7H 

O(toiiiio(li'<imii  I'lirratii ;t.Vi,  Hii'.Mtt!;!, liHli 

Oiu'iiiiiKlriiiiia  l«ii('(irli(iii  iiiai^rutliii'l.x in 27K 

iK'itllaliiN,  0|iistli(i('«nti'iiH IMO 

iii'hiitiMisiH,  Iilotea ri">7 

oi't.ii)(raiiiniiiH,  lloNaKraiiiiiioM 1 10,  I TiO,  I r>'J 

( tct  ii|iiiH <>:( 

<M'iil:ita,  1, ecu  Horn ."iHl 

oriilDlaMciahiN,  Naiilirlit.li.vs Kis,  Uiit 

OiIdIm'Iiiih 107 

roHiiianiH 10«,  100,  110,  i;iO,  l.'".L',  ir>,5 

( tilonata .">r>2 

OiloiiMialia  UiiiiitNrlialiiwi ,^i!M 

<  >(lo.st,oiiiia  Hp .'"ill! 

(i(1iriiialii,  'riii'Mxaciiiii TiliH,  riH,"> 

oltiriiialiH,  Cixiilcaria .">00,  "ililt,  TiSl 

lOiiplirasia .")70,  5X0 

((UiiiiNOi'iis,  Hoiiiiiim 'JH3 

( Ulactoiy  li'lxiH ;tO 

iicrvcH Hit 

(ilidiiH,  Mt'HiipiiH. 140,  107 

olijiodoii,  Mi'Mopiis 110 

Oli^oiiit-riH  Hiilinlata liSI 

OlIiilaiiiiH 101 

Olophi'iliil  fiisciim r>VJ 

Olor  coliiniliiaiiUH :!.">,''>,  HOL',  Ml!;!,  US  1 

OiiiiiiatiiNtroplicH 511 

OiicoiMittiiH  lioxacoriiiH 107,  ."iOI,50H 

i|iiadi'ii'oi'iiiH 'lO'J 

OnroplioniH  wiililcnliorjiii ,")70 

<  )ii('oiii.vii(iiiiH  noiitiiHtiia IHO,  107 

U«ita i;to 

UiHiitcli litti 

iiBi'ka i;«>,  107 

tNiiiawylscha 4;t(),  IH7 

OnyiiiotiMitliiH 512 

OiiycliotiMitliiM  I'lihiiNta 512 

ojiai  ■.•.:'i.  Lyi'dRuiiia .MO 

OpIiidHtoma 105 

(ipilio,  (Miiiiniri'lcH .5.55 

Opiliouida 5.52 


I'liKO. 

•  •piHtl iiilniK  iici'llaliiH IKO 

■  |niii(|iiriiiai'iilMliiH |K(t 

tennis 180 

Opiitlniliniii.  iiiCertidiiN !I5 

())iiintia  pnilifera 2H2 

oiiiis,  lOuiiiiri-otreiiMiH    175 

Oii'ii  j{ladiiitiir ;t.5;t 

oi'dinatiiN,  Cliiriis II!) 

lIe\af;r.'iiiim(iN  1 1(1 

llexaji;riiiiiniiiH  iii'toniniiiiiiiiH. IIS 

<  >i<!){oiiia  niaciliH ,5,55 

'  orcjjiHKiiim',  'ri'itiiiiiniii .512,  511 

orii'iiliiliM,  Aiiaiiiiiiias isi 

ormitns,  riioliH isl 

OrniMioliiirjcal    liiMlorv  «(    lliu   I'liliiliif  Ih 

lands iiiiii 

oinitliiipiis,  Mimai'kiu 2S2 

nitlioccjiliiiliiH  HiiltntiM- .552 

Ortliotricliiini  lam  ijjatiiin ,577 

iiii('i(i]iltipliMio ,577 

<>.sl)cini,  ,\.  1'.,  l.iciil.  Ciiininanditi' 27t'> 

OhIioi'ii,  II.,  on  Araiin,!  ol'  Priliilof  iHlandH..       5.5:t 

Oniik'Iii.s  alliatioHMis |;!!( 

diiilcN i:io,  lO:!,  107,  lOS 

rpi  rlaiiiiN I  IS 

tlian'i('li(,liyn ||0 

OHtcntiini,  ( 'iiinpiortiiN I7S 

otakii,  lIcxaKniniinos |51,  l,5;{ 

Olaria 107 

.jiiliala 1(17,  121,  125,  1  l:i.  1.52 

jnli.'itii,  Innin ;t5 

Ol.'ii  ioidi'a I 

Otter  iHJmid.oniitlioliiKiially  c  nnsidried. . .      ;i.57 

"Villi folia,  .'^alix 571,.5S() 

ovala.  l,iinn:i'!i 5|| 

<  )wl,  sliortenred 11!) 

Hiiowy 1 10 

<»x\eottim KJS 

acntieepM 707,  1«S 

einlii'N  mil |(i8 

Oxyria  renifbrinis 571,,5S(( 

I'aeilic  liorriiijr |;{5 

paeiliea,  ,\rteiiiiHi:t  norvejjiea 5flS,  ,5S5 

(.'adiiiiii    ,514 

paoi liens,  Artudiellns 4,54 

riittli'ielitliys 4:tO 

I'aKophila  allia 35,5,  3(12,  ;tli4,  :W5 

I'ajfiiriisaliiHlieiisiH ,5,55 

aleiiticiiN .5,5,5 

liiMiidtIi  5,55 

loiilruj^osns 5,55 

dal  li r.55 

ratlilinni ,5,50 

splondesiens 550 

tiiKonoelieii'liB 550 

iiiuloHiia 206 


P 


618 


INDKX. 


Piiin,  iiiHen.sibility  to 71 

I)aliu>i>(),  ( 'olias 550 

I'alnearetic  siibrogioii '^<i^^ 

palciiris,  Kycddes 181,485 

pallisi,  Cliipea i'Mt,  4!)  I 

palltisii.  Aiiiicula 542 

pallaHii,  liainincnlus 5t!2, 584 

Pnllasina  aix 472,504 

barliata 471, 5(M 

pallida.  Liinatia 542, 540 

Palmer,  William,  aviiaiiiia  of  tlio  Pribilof 

Islnuds 355 

palmeri,  Atriplex 283 

paliiieri,  Haromitrium  microcarpiiiii 577 

Pahitlicolii" '.m 

l)alii8tro,  Coiianini  500, 585 

Nasturtium 5G3, 584 

palustris,  Viola 504 

Paiulalus  boroalis 557 

dapifor 557 

montagui 557 

Pannari.'i  bninuea 581 

pannosuin,  Polycliriiim 519,  .521,  iJ32, 530 

Papaver  inacounii 502, 503, 584 

iiiulicaiilo  var.  aicticum 502 

radicatuiii 501, 502, 56.3.  .584 

papillaria,  (  ladoiiia 583 

papilio,  Melletis 455 

papillosa,  Aeolida 54 1 

pariloxns,  Psyclirolutos 40!> 

Paralipai'is  cephaliis 470 

Iioldiuulaa 47!l 

iilocliii- 473 

Paiasitt'8  of  I'lir  seal 7it 

marine  mamiualt) 108 

Pai'do.sa  pt'llita 552 

pai'kei,  Salvelimis  iiialnia 438 

Parmt'lia  physodes,  var.  vittata .581 

saxatilis .581 

saxatilis,  var.  sulcata 581 

parmifera,  Kaja 434 

Paruassia  kotzebuei 567, 585 

parry i,  Primula 509 

parviccps,  Lycodapus 480 

parvula,  Iridaea  latuiiiariodi'S 593 

jiarygra,  Pertiisaria 582 

Paast're.s 420 

Passerina  townscudi 355,  301, 302,  303, 423 

patiiin,  Afmaca. 544 

Acmaca  ocbracoa 542 

Patrobns  septcntrionis 518 

Patten,  Captain 315 

Patula  ruderata  var.  pauper 514 

patuluM,  (ilycymoris 546 

paucitlora,  Cory dalis 563, 584 

Hierucbloa 573,586 


Pngo. 
.544 
59 
543 
513 
5.52 
594 


pauper,  Patula  ruderata 

Pobblos  ill  Btomaclis 

Pccten  i.slaiidiciiH 

stratogus 

pectinatiir.  lilepharoptera 

I'tilota 

pectoralis,  Albatrossia 487 

Pallia   443 

petropauli,  Itleuniopbidiuiii 480 

Pedicularis  lauata 501.  570,  .580 

langsdortii 561,  570,  586 

sudetica ."00,  570,  586 

vorti<'illata .501,  .570,  .585 

I 't'lagic  scaling 223,  224 

Amerieaii  vessels 227,  228 

ill  American  waters 232,  233, 243, 262 

annual  catch 223 

aiillioriticH  (piotod 263,201 

Canadian  tieets 227 

cat  cb 243,  262, 280,  287, 289, 

292, 293,  295,  298,  299,  300,  301 

catch,  American  herd 202 

catch,  Asiatic  herd 202 

Canadian  eateli 226 

Commander  Islands 220,  250 

excess  of  females  in  catch 235 

off  Faralloiics 232 

grounds 12 

grounds,  relation  to  iishiiig  banks 234 

iiuploineuts  used 229 

log  books  of  lleet 252-204 

lost  vesticls 230 

methods  of  hunting. .  229. 232.  2,33,  243, 280,  287 

off  .lapan  coast 220,231,233,288 

restrictions 22.5,  303 

skins,  insjiection  of 23.5, 237 

skins,  value  of 251 

season 232 

oil'  \'ancouver  Islands 223 

vessels  emjiloyod 223,  224, 227, 233 

wastefulness  of 2.50 

Peltigera  aptbosa 581 

caiiina .581 

eanina,  var.  spoiigiosa .581 

Peltigera  <'anina,  var.  spuria .581 

i'elvis 21 

Penillcton.  Captain 317 

pendulum,  liryiim 578 

Penelope,  schooner,  seals  taken  by 233 

penshinensis,  .Saliiio 437 

pei»loi(le8,  Arenaria 500,  .50 1,  584 

Perca  lluviatilis 118, 139 

variabilis 445 

Pereis  Japoiiicus 475 

peristethus,  Podothecus 473 

Peritraeliolius 103, 107, 128, 131, 138 


Pago. 
. .   -.14 

r.<i 

..   513 

. .  5 1;( 

552 
504 
..   487 
.   443 
.   480 
570, 586 
570, 586 
570,  58(! 
570,  585 
:.':;:(,  2'Ji 
227,  228 
243,  202 
.   223 
203, 2(i4 
.   227 
187, 28!t, 
300,  301 
■26'i 
.       202 
.   220 
;>2(!,  250 
235 
232 
i2 
234 
229 
!52-2(i4 
230 
t8(J,  287 
'33, 288 
'25,  303 
35,  237 
251 
232 
223 
27,  233 
250 
581 
581 
581 
581 
21 
317 
578 
233 
437 
!l,.584 
18, 139 
445 
475 
473 
1,138 


INDEX. 


(;i9 


I'oritrarlu>liiis  insignis 107, 138 

typicns 127,  132 

I'ci'ityle  caliCoriiica 283 

eiiiory 283 

grayl 283 

iiK'uiia 2S2 

I'orla  bicaudata 5i>2 

Portusaiia  iianygra 582 

8]>.  {■{) .582 

Peta8ite,s  IVigidn 5(i0,  5(!8. 585 

porsonatiis,  Amiiioilytos 443,  498 

Argyrosomus 499 

TetrelH 291 

I'rtrolV,  Ivan 339.340 

Peti'oiny/onidii'    '34 

I'ezoiiiiiclnm  sji 550 

rhacolia  lloribniula 2S3 

Pliaenogaiiis,  list  of  8i)e<'ii's .502 

riiaeo])byi'tia« ,591 

I'balarrocoraoidae 373 

I'lialacrocoiax  iiriln 3,55,  302,  363,  373, 430, 431 

rbalai'iipe,  nortberu 399 

red 370,399 

I'lialarupod  idao 399 

I'lialarojuis  lobatns 3.55,  3ti2,  303,  304,  399 

rbab'riiiM- 304,309 

|ibaMiiia,  Ciircpro<'tii8 178 

"  I "boasaiit "  II .  15.  M.  S 93 

Pbt'goi)teiis  ])olyi)oilioidi'8 575, ,580 

Pbilacic  I'aiiagica 355,  302,  303.  371, 3S1 

PbilonotiH  t'oiitana 577 

Pbi|ipsia  algida 574,  580 

I'bb'iim  alpiniini 574.  ,586 

I'lioca 31,3.5,  3.S,  103,  10,5,  107,  108 

bai'bata.     {See  Krigiiatbus  barbatns. ) 

brain 38,39 

footitla 109,110,  1.52,  1,53 

grooiilandioa  ...   109,110,113,152,1.53,151,1,58 
grypbuM  (See  Ilalicbot'iiis  grypus). 
Iii8pida.     (See  P.  Ibctida.) 

largba 103. 109, 110, 113,  .351 

inoiiacbn8.     (Sec  MonacbiiH  albiveiiti'i. ) 

paiitboriua 1.52, 153, 157 

ursina 2,  201,  218 

vitulina 105, 

109, 110. 113,  1,52,  15.3,  151, 1,50,  157,  26.5,  351 

vitulina  biaiii  27 

Pbocii'na 107,123 

cnniinnniH 353 

t'oinniunis  {See  Plioca'iia  piioca'ua'). 

pbocn'ua 102, 

121,  12.S,  124, 125, 12(i,  127, 134, 142, 102 

Pbocoidoa 1 

Pbolidapiis  dybowskii 180 

grobuitekii 180 

Pbolis  faciatus 480 


rinilis  (lolicbogashir 481 

maxlllaiis 480 

oinatu.s 481 

pittnw 481 

rnlierriiuns 482 

t.i'iiia 480 

Pliryganeida'  .552 

Pbycodroinida' 5,52 

pbylicoidi's,  Salix 571,586 

Pbyllcspadix 281 

toircyi  283 

j  pictus,  Coiitronolus  181 

PboliM 181 

rroci'iitnis 481 

I'ilisciis  i!oinniodiis 514 

I'ilopliorn.s  robustn.s .582 

]iilosa,  AcantbodorlM 511 

pinj;cli,  Trigb)ps 1,55 

pingnodineus.  I'tcrosticliiis .548 

I'innipedia.  main  division.^  of 1 

I'inuH  in.sif;iiis,  var.  Iiinata 283 

Pipit,  American 421 

Pipiio  coiisolirinn.s 278 

Pisidinm 511 

pistilligi'r,  (Jyniinifanllins lOlt,  .503 

I'lacirpborella  stinipsoni  .544 

I'lai'ddium  olegans .5X1 

Plagiotbicinni  pnlcliellinn 579 

Plagyodontidii' 442 

Plagyodns  ascnlapiuH 112 

Plantanista 107,  108 

gaufiotiia .   108,  121,  122, 123, 125, 1.59. 100, 102,103 

Plants  of  (Inadaluiic  Island 20.5,281 

of  tbe  I'ribilof  Islands ,5.59 

Platauns 283 

(dalossa,  Plenronectes 491 

Platiclitbys  wtellatim 192, ,509 

l)laty carpus,  I"ncu.s 593 

platynus,  Cliondrns 593 

platycepbalns.  C'ottus 103 

Megalocottus 107 

I'lantns 361 

impcntiis  309 

Plectromns  IngnbriH  445 

plectrum,  Ibiccinnni 5 16 

PleMrograninum  nic)n(>ptciy);inM 4.53 

Plenronectes  (disciirus 402 

platessa 491 

nuadritubercnlatus 491, .508,509 

PlenionectidM' 488 

Plenrotonni  beiingi  .543 

eircinata 543 

plicata,  Abnfeldtia 503 

I'lnmaria  asidenitiides ,504 

l)lniuarin8,  ArcliistcN 1,54 

i  plumosa,  Ptiluta 594 


i 


020 


INDKX. 


pinto,  Calliloiisin. 


i    li 


I  :  < 


\ 


I'niie. 

279 

I'ou  arctifii  571, 5M(i 

ciiesiii 571,58(1 

gliinmris 571. 58*> 

Po(li(ii)i<lif 3K 

podocnrpa,  Carex 5'.  3 

I'ododesmiiB  niiicnmcliiHmii 513 

PodotbcciiH  accipitor 171 

iiciiieiiHtTiniis 473,  174 

KillxTtl 473.  474 

li.'inilini 472 

peristftlins 473 

tlionipsoui 473 

vetiirnns 474 

Fogoimtiiiii  alpiiiiiin 579 

nlpiiiiiiii,  var.  niicTodontiiiin 579 

alpiiiiiiii,  var.  Heptentriunalu  579 

dontiitiim 579 

J'olar  bear 354 

piilare.  liiicciniim .545. 54li 

pohii'is,  Lycodale))ia 50() 

Spinmtot'iiris 557 

l*<deinoniuin 561 

ra«',riileiira,  var.  graudillonira 5t!9.  .585 

pulclielluiii,  viir.  inucrii'iitliiiin 5t)9.  .5S5 

I'olliii'hiim  chiilcogranimns.     (See  Tlieragni 
c1ialc<)u;raiiiina,) 

Pollock 59,  62, 63, 65, 68,  300. 305 

Polovina,  rookery   52,  75.  80,  81 

polyacautkovepbalus,  ( 'ottus 762 

MyosocephalnN 463.  464,  499 

polyactoL'eplialiim,  Hryostetmiia  479 

]>olyac'tocephaluB,  Uleiinius 479 

I'olyoariia  514 

Polyclimiiii  aurantiiitu 521 

fungosuni 519 

globusuiii 511, 518, 536 

panuosuiii 519,  .521,  .532,  536 

Polydelphis lOti 

Polygomiin  bistorta 570.  .586 

bistortoides 57' • 

iiiacoiiuii 570, 586 

vivi))aruiu 570,  .586 

polyiuoi'plia,  Kaiiialiiia 580 

Polypogon  luoiispelieiiBis 283 

poly  pod  ioideH,  Phegoptoris 575, 5811 

Polypodiiim  viilgare 575 

polystacliyon,  Kriophormii 572, 586 

Poly trichiiiii  boreale 579 

byporborfiim 579 

atrictam .579 

poiiiilbruiis,  Bartramia .577 

Porocliniis  rotbrocki 484 

Porocottus  iiua<lratU8 466 

(jiiadrililia 466 

sellaris 466 


I'lICi'. 

lV)r|)liyra  laciiiiata  var.  uinUilicaliH 593 

Porpoise 121 

]'or]ioise,  Harbor 353 

Poti'iitilla  aiiaerina 560,  .56.5,  .585 

omargiuata .566, 585 

fragiroriiii.s 560. 585 

villosa 561 

Potainogetiiu  Ulit'oriiiU .572 

praclonga,  Alaria 592 

Prasiola  criNpa .5iH) 

jtrati'iiais,  Cardaiiiiiie 563, 584 

pretiosiiH,  Meaopiia 440 

PreutiHS.  I).  \V.,,)r 360 

PribilofliirdH,  geogra|ibicaldistriliiitioii  of.       363 

S.-al 4 

Sealing  grouiulH 234 

pribilofuiiHis.  Sorcx 345 

pribilovi'iise.  Aiiiai'ouciiiin 52S,  53(i 

Carex 572 

pribildviiia,  Nauti.seuH 468, 561 

Primula  o\ III! ia 568.  ."i69,  585 

uiacounii .569.  .585 

nivalia 569 

parryi    .569 

Princt'  Kd ward  Island,  sealing  otl' 307-315 

Pristoscelis  sp 279 

l>robo8cidea.  Linianda 491 

Imbilicaria .581 

Procellariidi    382 

))roctunbenB, .  ilibaldia .56.5.  585 

Prodelphinus 108. 127,  130 

profandoruni.  Zentii't'liis 467 

Prognnrns  cypselurus 478 

prolifera,  Opuntia 282 

propiii(|iia,  t'ylicbua  544 

Proportion  of  males  to  I'onniles 51,  54,  318 

Prosper,  Schooner 273,  310 

Protelea,  brain  of 37 

proxiniiis,  Microgadus 508 

Psettichthya  nielauostirtUN 490 

psendo-arnica.  Seni'cio 568, 585 

Paeudocryoliiua  enipctricola 548 

hyperlioreus  548 

pingiiodinuus 548 

ijuadrii'oUis 548 

siinilis 548 

voiitri('o.sn» 548 

Pseudopytbina  grandis 545, 546 

Psilopiluni  art'ticuni 579 

psilosantba,  l>npoutia 574,  .586 

psittacea.  (Heniitbyris)  Rynchonella 6i2 

Psyi'hrolntes  paradoxun 469 

zebra 469 

Pterostichns  en]|)etricola 548 

byperborens 548 

pingiiedineuH 648 


^ 


INDKX. 


621 


I'airi'. 

r>i»;i 

12! 

. .  3r>:i 
rA\ry,  585 

5(i(>,  585 
500,  585 

otit 
.  572 
.   5!  12 

5il0 
5():t,  584 

410 

aoo 

■.   303 
4 
.   234 
.   345 
528,  53(! 
.   572 
408, 501 
50!t,  585 
509, 585 
.   50(1 
.   5(ii» 
307-315 
27!t 
4!»1 
.   581 
382 
■)05,  585 
127, 130 
407 
478 
282 
644 
54,  318 
J73,  310 
37 
508 
490 
)68, 585 
54« 
548 
548 
548 
548 
548 
45, 546 
579 
74, 586 
512 
469 
469 
548 
548 
548 


I'll  III'. 

Pterosticbns  iiuiiilrit'olliM 548 

HiniiliH •"'•'S 

vciitrii'osus 548 

Ptilichthyidii' IM 

rtilichtliys  ({ooiU'i 1*" 

Ptilotii  iiHplfniouli's 593.595 

lilicina ■">!'l 

liectiiiiita •"'!'• 

plmiiiiHU ">9I 

Horrativ iJ^l 

rtyclioramiilnisuleuticus 309 

I'uttiu,  Honied 358 

:m 

:iK4 

278 

470 

87 

14 

500 


Pacitic 

Tiirtctl 

Putliiiiis  gaviii . . 

piilclu'lliia,  liipariH 

I'liliiiDiiaiy  tliBcaHO 

vessels 

punctata,  Saxil'raga 

l(UU(!tatu8,  Sticliiriis 483 

])uni-tiiliita,  Cd'lotaxis 279 

piiugenB,  Lycopodiuin  aiiiiDtiiiuiu 575 

puiigitiiis,  Py goHti'Us 444, 498 

Pnpa  decora *'- 

Pupidn' 541 

Pupilla  decora 544 

Pups,  birth  of Hi.  17,  55, 50, 57 

biandiug 326,335,338 

tlead 75. 77,  79. 80,  90 

killed 59 

relutiunti  between  grouuu  and  number 

of  tlead TO 

teaching  of ~'i 

weaned t>l 

Puritan,  sloop -70 

Purpura  linr   543 

pnrpureus,  C'eratodon 570 

purp  nasceus,  Calauiagrostis 571, 580 

purpuratMS,  Salnio 438 

pusilla,  Hothrocarii 485 

imsillus,  Argyrosomus  130,491 

Pycnothalia  chidinoidcs 583 

pyguia's,  IJauuucnlus 502, 58-1 

i'ygojiodcs 383 

Py jfosteus  pungitius 141 

pyrouaicB,  Carex 572 

Py rola  niiuor 508, 585 

pyxidata,  t'ladonia 582 

qnadratu.x,  I'orocotius 460 

(juadriooUis,  I'seudocryobiiis 548 

PteroHticbiLs 548 

quatlriciirnis,  llypsagonus 475 

Cottus 502 

Oncocottus 502 

iiuadritilis,  Poroeottus 400 

quadrilateralis.  Coregouus 430 


rii({i-. 

<|Ua<lritiiberc'ulatUH,  Plouronectcs 191. 508,  509 

i|uin<|n('inaciilutus,  Opistliocciitrus 480 

raeeniiisa,  Cladonia  fiircatii 582 

Kacomitriiim  501 

Kacouiitriunt  laniiginosnin  .577 

inicrocarpuni 577 

niicrocarpuiii,  var.  palnieri 577 

sudetieuni 577 

radiatuhi.  Hyaliua 514 

radicatuu),  I'apavcr 501,  ."i02,  503, 584 

Hainbow  smelt 439 

Kajii  alcutica 135 

interrupta 435 

obtusa 135 

jiarmit'era 434 

roseispinis 435 

stellulata 435 

Kuiidic  134 

Kamaliua  euspidata 580 

polymorpha 580 

raniosa,  Ksdischoltzia 281 

ramosissinia.  Krynitzkia 283 

rangiferiua,  ( 'ladonia .")M2,  ."i83 

Cladonia,  var.  alpestris 582 

Hananculus  altaiciis .")01,  .502,  580 

oschscholtzii ."lOl,  .502.  584 

by  perborens 500,  ,502,  ."i84 

nivalis 502 

pallasii 502,  .586 

pyguiicMN 502, 587 

rcptans ,"iOO,  ,502,  .584 

tricliophyllns 502,  .584 

Kaptores 418 

rarilloru,  Carex 573,  .580 

Uastrinns  scutiger 4.54 

Katbbiin.  Mary  I.,  on  ciuslacea  of  Pribilof 

Islands ,555 

ratbbuni,  I'agiirus ,550 

Kedfisb 436 

Red  fox 354 

Kedpath,,I.C 7 

Uedpoll 420 

Keed,  (apt.  Charles 311 

Keel.  Kookcry 7.5,80 

rellexa,  llalocoucba 512,  514 

reuiformi.s,  Oxyria 571.  580 

rcpens,  l.aminaria .592 

Lessonia 592 

Heproductivc  organs,  female 19, 189 

male IX,  *5,  189 

rcptans,  Haniiuculus 500,502,584 

reticulata,  .-^alix 571.580 

retusa,  Salix 571 

Khachianecte.s  glaucus ;<53 

Bhinoli|iari8  barbulifer 478 

Rhodomela  floccosa 591 


Wm.  .aft>!...;..„l. 


!' 


I  ill 


I    Ml 


()22 


INDKX. 


Ubodiinielii  laiix 

lycopiidiuidoa  ... 
l(liii(loi>hy(!(>:i' 


I'jiKc. 

5!>l 

fill  I 

5!t:t 

Kho(l(ii>liylliB  tlichotmim 'M 

Klius  laiiriiia -'8:.' 

Ubyiii'liiim  hi'iiI  ipiuiiiH 113 

Kliytinii: 

anatomy IHO 

uxteriiiil  cliaiartois lf<;i 

food 1!I8 

bal.its U)0 

iiieasiiieiuuiits 18U 

Kibbou  St-al liSl 

ricbiii'ilHoiiiaiia,  Arteiiiisiii r>(IX,  ri8r> 

ricbardsDiii,  Ancnufiic MY2,  586 

]''e»tiu:ii 5"  1 

Sorox 315 

Kicbmoiid.C.  W 356 

Kictiilaiia 105 

Kidgway,  K'obcrt 356 

I'apcrsby l:i!»,  130 

ripai'ium,  Spliajijuuiii 576 

Hissa  brevirostris 355, 3til,  'M'J,  3li;i,  3!17 

tridactyla  polliciiris 355,  3(iL'.  3ii3, 3it6 

Kissuida' 510 

Hitter,  W.  H.,  tiiiiicata  of  I'libilof  Isbiiids..       511 

Kobbeu  I»laud 53,  70,  223 

Suals  ol" 3 

Seals  killed 268 

Koberts,  t'apt.  W.  H 15 

Kobiii,  Aiiiorieaii 120 

rotiusta,  Cctraria  islaiidica 580 

Diiycbotcutbis 542 

roliustus,  llippoglossoides 18t> 

I'ilophiini.s 582 

Uocineala  belliceps 557 

rodriguezii,  Laiiiinaria 5it2 

Ron<iwilu8  Jordan  i 479 

Kooki'i'ies 52 

first  females  appear 43 

OorbateU 56,80,81,85 

boigbt  of  season 43, 47 

Kitovi 75.  88.  80, 02, 326 

Lobes  Island 274,  308, 313 

Lnkaniu 5l>,  7.5, 326 

males  arrive  43 

maps  of  tbe  I'ribilof 321 

Nortbeast  Point 80,  ^H,  «!i,  ilO 

Polovina 52,  75, 80, 81 

Reif 7.5.80 

South  (ieorgia 307, 314 

Staray a  Artel 52 

St.  George 76,  78, 81, 88,  80, 03, 326 

St.  Paul 76, 81. 89 

Tolstoi 5,  75, 78,  80,  82, 8-1, 90 

Uncinaria  on 76,  77,  78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 89 


I'aRo. 

Uookeries,  Zapadnl .52,  80,  «1,  84,87,88 

K'otdtery  surveys 322 

Iiiiri|na1,  Daviilson's  l.uHser 3.52 

rosacea.  Asty  ris 544 

Hose,  .1.  \ 265 

roseispinis,  Haja 435 

rossii,  (ieilMi .561.  .56.5,  .585 

rostratns,  llraeliyopsis 170 

rotbroeki,  I'oroelinns 481 

rotnndata,  Salix 571 

TOtiindifolia.Salix  571 

rubellus.  Didyinodon ,577 

ruber,  Tracliydormon 512,544 

riiborriniiis,  (innneilus 481 

Pholis 482 

rubr.i.  I'eslnea .574,586 

liubus  aretieiiH .565,  .585 

eliama'iiiorns 560,  565, 585 

stelbitus 56  >,  575.  ,585 

rnfesrons.  Dicranella 576 

rulipilens,  Colaptes 278 

rugifera.  Umbilicaria 581 

riigosa,  Saxieava .543 

Kiimox  aeetosella 571,  .586 

rupreebtianum.  Nitopbyllnni  594 

rnseifolia,  Stellaria 564 

Knsli.  revenue  .utter 15,  205,  207. 298 

rnssa,  Xatioa 542. 54  1 

liussula  fallax 581 

nigrodiska .583 

rntbenicuni,  Mtopliylluiu .504 

Ryuebonella  (Heniitbyris)  psitlaeea .542 

Hytina  stellori.     (See  llydrodanialis  gigas.) 

saecbarina,  Touicella 512 

Sagina  liuua'i 560,  505, 585 

nivalis 565,585 

saida,  IJoreogadns 487, 506 

salar,  .Salmo 437 

salina,  Carex 573,586 

Salinnni  gnadalupense 282 

Salix  aretiea 571.586 

aretica,  var.  obcordata ,571 

diplodictya 571 

ovalifolia 571,, 586 

pbylicoides 571,580 

reticulata 571,  .586 


retusa  

rotnndata... 
rotnndifolia. 

Salmo 

elarki  

curiluH 

kundscba  ... 
lencoma'uis  . 
mykiss 


571 

571 

571 

103 

437 

438 

438 

438 

437 

punsbiueusis 437 


I,«7,88 

.  ;r.2 
r>4i 

.       L'65 

.     lar. 

">(!"),  -.85 
170 
■ISI 

.       571 

r.7i 

.       577 

il2,5ll 

181 

■18L> 

■>7I,  580 

iG5.  585 

iti5,  585 

>75, 585 

57() 

278 

581 

513 

i71, 580 

5!M 

5(i4 

'!t7,  2!)8 

il2, 54  1 

581 

583 

591 

542 

) 

512 

05. 585 
(!5, 585 
87, 506 

437 

73. 586 
282 

71. 586 
571 
571 
71,580 
71, 580 
71, 580 
571 
571 
571 
103 
437 
438 
438 
438 
437 
437 


INUEX. 


fi23 


I'ngr. 

Siiliiio  piir|iuratiiH 438 

Httlar 437 

Salmon 01,(i2, 03, 08,  :;()5 

HuinpltacU 137 

Kiiij; 130 

Silvor 130 

Haliimiic:!,  Kriciira 435 

SMliiKiiiiilM' 435 

Salmuii  I  rout 438 

Kuiiit'liiitkii 137 

Hal|iiiictt'H  miil(lul(iii|)riisi» 278 

saltiitor,  OrtliDicpliiiliiH ,V>2 

Siilveliinm  Uuiidsrhii |;t8 

loiiioiiiM'iiiB 4;t8 

iiiiilma 433,407 

inalinu  parUci |;(S 

.San  lienito  Isliind 200 

l^anilcrling 370 

San  Diego,  HcliooniM- 224,207 

SundpiiMT,  Long-toed  stint  405 

Poctoi  al 404 

rribiloC ,357, 358,  400 

Sauilorling ;!70 

Sciuipaliiiatcd 405,  408 

Sandwich  I:ind,  seals  on 315 

sangniiiariuin,  llclorotliocnni 583 

Sau  .lose,  sc'liooucr 225,  288,  292, 302 

private  log  on 254 

Santu  llarbaia,  sehooner  200 

Sapphire,  sehoouor 290,  291,297 

Sarcoidiagii  sp 280 

sarnientosa,  Claytoniu   5(il,  5(!5,  585 

Sari'itor  t'ronatns 474 

leptorliynchns 474 

sarsii,  Ajdidiopsis 511,524 

Saucy  Lass,  schoouir 289 

saxatilis,  Caiex 573, 586 

rarmelia 581 

Baxea,  Neverita 540 

Saxicava  arctica 540 

rugosa 543 

saxicola,  Lecanora  582 

Saxifraga  lira<  tcata 560, 506,  585 

chrysantha 566 

davurica 501, 560,  585  ; 

hieraci folia 566,  585  j 

hirculus 500. 5(i0  ! 

hireulns,  var  aljiina .500, 585  ! 

uolsoniana ,566,  .585 

punctata 566  ; 

scrpylli  folia 501,560,585  i 

stellaris,  var.  coinosa ,506, 585 

scaber,  Iloxagraunnos 453 

Scalu  gniulaudica 542  - 

Scatopliaga  daavtiirix 551  I 

diadeuia 551 


l'i'«« 
Scntophagii  s<|nali(la ,551 

»1> 551 

Hccpt  icuH,  Triglops ,1,55 

Hchiuiperi,  Canipylopus 57(j 

Sclii/oplax  brandtii 511 

Schwartz,  K.A.,  inscotRfroin  I'riliilof  IslandH      517 

seirpoidcH,  E(|uiHctuni ,575 

Sderocraugon  sliarpi 55(i 

Selerostonia i([| 

Sdurostouiinie kji 

ScolieM,N.  II.,  tishofi  of  .\rctic  AlasUa 4!t3 

Scolo|)aei(l:i 100 

Scorpienidie 1 15 

8Cor])iuH,  C'ottns \{\-j 

scoticnni,  LigiiHticiun ,5(i7,  5s5 

Sciiddcr,  S.  11 280 

scutigcr,  Kastrinus 15.1 

Scytosiplion  loniontariiis 5111 

Sen  bear 2.201-208,218 

elephants 2()7 

"Sea  Klophanf  beach 207,  277 

Seal 10!).  147,1.52 

Seal,  harbor  35 1 

ribbon ;{5i 

Seal  lish no 

Sea  lion,  Stollcrs ;{,5() 

Sea  lions 04,  73.  208-210,  207,  208,  276 

Sea  otter 210-218, 3.53 

Sealing  olV  west  coast  \  IVica 318 

4>H'  Auckland  Islands ;J07 

oil'  Australia ;!(I7,  310 

in  lloring  Sea 223,  22 1,  23.3,  3(18 

<'tV  Chile 307,311 

oH'  t'ro/.et  Island 307,315 

on  Falkland  Islands  307,  30« 

on  Juan  Fernandez ;i07,  309 

oil'  Kerguelen  Lanil 3i(j 

off  Prince  ICdward  Islaiul 307,315 

on  Mas-ii-Fiierii ;j07, 309 

on  .'Sandwich  Lanil ;j15 

off  St.  Ambrose ;j12 

otl'St.Felix ;ji2 

oil'  St.  I'anl  and  Amsterdam  Islands  ...       3lis 

oil'  South  Shetland  Islands 313 

off  Tiorra  delFuego 307,312 

on  Tristan  da  t'unha 315 

Seal  skins,  price  of ;{o7 

Seals,  age  attained 51 

arrival  at  islands .\\ 

bearing  upon  lisheries 06 

experiments  in  herding  and  branding..     325, 

3;!3,  337 

killed  on  Guadalupe 207 

of  Kurils ;j 

of  Pribilofs 4 

not  frightened 280 


I 


ll   1 


624 


INUEX. 


Suiils,  Nlfi'iiiiiK 285.  L'H",  2!t',  L'!)«,  :iOl 

Woasoii  Cor  |H'lit;;i('  si'iilinn 'J'.i'J, 'J'iW 

Sfuwcctl  ill  stniuiicliH Tiit 

SubiiHtit'litli.vM  iiiiit/uliarii' 1 15 

.SobiiBtixUiK lli»,  41« 

Suliastinlt'H  alt'iitiuiiiH Iiri.  ||(i 

iilutiiH tl5 

ciiiiriiiiis 115 

ciliatiis 117 

j{laiicim 117 

ur. 

Mti 

11(1 

117 

445 

145 


lilt  roil  i{;er 

iiiat/.iiliani'   

ininiatiiH 

tar/uiiuwHkii  

SeliaHtoliilmH  alii>caiiiiH 

iilthelis 

8n;iali('ii8iH,  HriH'h.vopsiH 471 

Ki'laKo,  l.yi'iipuiliiiMi 575, 58t> 

Suliuiim  beiitliaiiii 5(!7,  585 

sellaris,  rofocottus 4t>(5 

Kciiiilit'vo,  Ciilosoiiia 27!l 

8('iiiiHi|iiurroBiim,  Hplia^^num  ti<|uarr(miiiii  . . .      57<> 

simiisiilcata,  Astorte 54H 

Senet'io  iisi'iido-aruica 5()8, 585 

Heptcnti'ioiialc,  I'o^oiiatiim  aliiiiiiiin 57!) 

Huptoiitrionalis,  l.yco^a 552 

si'ptoiiti'ioiiit),  I'atrobim  548 

HoptipiiiniH,  Kbyiicliias 44H 

Herotiiia,  l.loytlia 571. 58tj 

Hurpy llifolia,  Saxifi  afjii ')tt\,  ."ilili,  ,585 

Veronica 56lt,  585 

serrata,  Ptilota ,594 

ucrratuH,  (lasliTosteii.s I'jx 

Serrlpes  j;i'oeiilanilicuN 5IH,  54t> 

Selcliell,  W.A.,alj;n'»f  Pribilof  Ishinds 58it 

sotigor,  I  laHycottiis 4G8 

Sex,  record  of H()5,  HfM! 

Sexes,  iiiaiiucr  of  coiintiii}? 302 

proportion 54 

proportion  of,  in  pelagic  catch 1.'37 

sliautarica,  Siphos 513 

Sliarli,  slcejicr 434 

Blia>'pi,  ISclerocrangou .5.5(5 

Sbrcw,  Pribilof 345 

Sliiito,  Dr.  I).  K !I5 

Sibbablia  procuniliciis 565,585 

Nibiricns,  Aster 5til,  5ti8.  585 

siebuldii,  Habciia 353 

Sicweril,  Captain -'8.'i.  I'SMi 

Sigillina  australis 523 

Bi!j;iiutus,  Bathyiiiasti'r 47!i 

si^rnifer,  Tbymalliis 43}t 

Silene  acaulis ■5til 

gallica  281 

Silii|ua  media .543 

patula 543 


.Silver  salmon 4;i(} 

siniilis,  Pseiidocryobiiis .518 

I'tenmtieliim ,548 

Siiiioi  liyncbiiH  eriNtatnlliis. . .   35.5,  3li2,  3ti3,  3ti!l,  38ti 

piisillns 3.55,  3t!2,  3li3,  3lilt.  387, 431 

pygniaeiin 3r>0 

.si mils.  Caruproetiis 477 

siinplcx.  Mela  ,543 

slnclairii.  I.aiiiinaria 5112 

8iplia<;oiiiiN 470 

biirbatiis 504 

.Silpbidii' 54!t 

Sijdio  bcrendeenii 543 

sliautarica 513 

spitzberncnsis 513 

Siplioiiaria  tliursitcs 544 

.sirenoeyiiinas  i  liy time 1113 

Sisson,  Fred 270 

sitkan.'i.  I.itorina .514 

.Size  auil  color,  varial ions  iu 4 

.Skins,  inspection  of 235,237 

determination  of  sex  by 235 

Skull 1,2,3 

.Sleeiier  shark 434 

Sluiiln.  I)r 4t! 

Smelt,  rainbow 43!) 

Smith,  ('apt.  Sainncl 273 

Snotlgi  ass,  K.diert  K 7(i.  77,  7it,  82, 87 

Anatiiiny  of  fur  seal II 

snodgrassi,  Amaionciiim 527, 53(> 

Snow,  \V.  A.,  (inadalniie  Island,  insects  and 

spiders 27!t 

Snowllake.  Pribilof 357,423 

Socorro  IslaniU 2(i8 

Softlisli 475 

Soletelliiia  sp 546 

Soloi'ina  crucca ,5^1 

Somatcria  dresseri 3(i8 

inollissiina 368 

v-uigra 355,362,363,380 

.Somka 437 

Soniuiosidie 434 

Somuiosns  iiiicrocc])halii8 434 

Sonclms  oleraceiis 283 

Sophia  Sutherland,  schooner,  log  of 255 

Sovcx  pribilofeiisis 345 

riehardsoni 345 

.South  Georgia  rookery 307, 314 

Catdi 314 

South  Shetland  Islands,  sealing  oti' 313,314 

Spark,  si'hooner 31t) 

Sparrow,  Sandwich 370, 422 

Spartan,  H.  15.  M.  S 89 

sparverins,  Falco 278 

Spatula  cly peatu 370 

s|iathulata,  C'ochlearia 563 


^ 


' 


INDEX. 


625 


I'HK... 

4:t« 

..       518 

. .  r..|8 
,  :i»i)»,  ;)«ti 
■  :t«7, 131 

177 

. .  r.4:i 
. .     5!(:i 

..  470 
..      501 

54!! 

. .  54:) 
..     5i;{ 

.       513 
544 

-  itia 

.       270 

-  544 

4 
235,  237 
.       235 

-  1,2,3 

434 
4(i 
.  439 
.  273 
[t,  82, 87 
11 
527,  53(i 
1 

2711 
i57, 423 
.       2(W 

475 

546 

5S1 

3(i8 

3U8 
163, 380 

437 

434 

43-1 

283 

255 

345 

345 
07, 314 

314 
13,314 

319 

70, 422 

89 

278 

370 

5(i3 


1 


I'air.v 

gpttcitir  iliH«n<i<'H,  vikUHu  uf  drutb  in  |iii]ih  ...  8tl 

Hpecti'iiiu,  CttreproctUH 178 

iSpeixiiluriii  nioeiothiiii 281 

Spliaeralciii  i 282 

Sphueruphuriiiii  fiiini U' 582 

gluliiluniin 582 

BpbaKniiiii 561 

tltnbriata  viir.  uitii'iiin 576 

girgeiisliiiiiii 570 

linillierKii   vur.   iiiicropbylliiiii   lirucliy- 

cjcliula 576 

ripai'liiiii 576 

8i|iiarroHiiiii  var.  iiiilirivatuiii 576 

Hi|uari'<iauiit  var.  8('iui-H(|iiarroHiiiii 576 

Hpicatiiiii,  Kpiloliiiiiii 567,  585 

spiiii^tir,  IceliiH 453 

.Spiiiiilari.'k  iiiteiniudiu  vur.  terutifolia 591 

spiuiiH,  .Sjiiroiitocaris 556 

Bpinuloga,  1  loleH-sinia 595 

SpiroiitdcaiiH  avlna 5,57 

barliata 556 

catiitscbatica 557 

gaiuiartlii 556 

gibbii 556 

niacileiita 5,57 

polariH 557 

spiuiis 55(i 

Spisula  alaskanii 543 

spitzbiTKeiisis,  Sipbo 543 

Spliicbiium  woniiBkiuIdii 577 

spleudcBct'iis,  Lagtirus 556 

splfiuli'iiH,  Hylocoiiiiuiii 579 

MonoMtuiiia 590 

L'lvaria 591 

spiingiuNa,  l'elti<rera  caniiia 581 

Spratclloides  bryoporiiH 435 

spuria,  Peltigora  caniua ,581 

Hqualida,  Scatopbaga 551 

Squalidii' 434 

Squalus  siicklii 434 

squarroNuui,  Ilylocomiuiii ,579 

Squid 61,62,63,67,68,300,305 

St.  Ambrosi",  sealing  oft' 312 

St.  Felix,  Healing  oft' 312 

St.  Georgt)  Island,  iirnitliologically  consid- 
ered    ;i5i) 

rookeries 76,  78, 81,  88,  89,  93 

branding  on 326-327,  338 

St.  Lawrence,  sebooner 328 

St.  Marys,  si-aliug  ort' 312 

St.  Paul,  blue  fo.x  on 3.K) 

rookeries 76.81,82,89 

branding  on 328,  338 

bcrding  on 329 

St.  Paul  Island,  oruitbologioally  considered .  3.57 

St.  Paul  and  Amsterdam  islands,  sealing  oil'.  318 

5947— PT  3 40 


staniliii-a,  Tttpea 540 

.•^lapbyliiiidie 549 

.■^taiMya  Arti'l  rookery 52 

IHips  branded 33H 

Starvation,  cause  of  pups'  deatb 82,89 

cause  of g3 

Htealing  ot'eows yl 

.Steganoiiodes 373 

Nteiiiegeri,  .StelgiHtrnni 456 

Stojiieger,  Leonliard 6,62,88.89,268,429 

Stelgistruni 456 

^teinegeri 4,50 

.'<tellaria  borealis 504,581 

boroulis  var.  eorallina .564,584 

(illy  Clin  Ilia 5(H 

crassifolia ,564 

liiiiiiit'iisa ,500,  ,585 

longipes 5(U,  .585 

longi])es,  var.  lacta .5t).l,  585 

media .564, 581 

niscifoliii 501 

stellatus,  I'latiebtbys 492, .509 

Uiibiis .56,5, 575,  .585 

Mteller,  (i.W.,  accoiintiif  ni:inateu(rbytina).       182 

sea  bear  (t'lir  seal) 201 

sea  lion 208 

sea  otter 2IO 

stellerijCryptoebiton ,542,544 

EiiMietopias 350 

Gy naudra 570, 580 

Hexagramnios  443 

l.iparops _      475 

Myo.\ocepbalus 463,464,405 

Veronica .561,  570,  .585 

Stoller's  sea  lion 350 

stellulata.  Ka.ja 435 

Stenodiis  leucicbtbys 49tJ 

mackoii/iei 49(5 

Stenorby  ucbiis 108 

leptonyx 152,  1,50 

SttTcocaiilou  coralloides 582,583 

.Stercorariidiii 393 

Stercorariiis  longicaiidus 3.55, 361, 364, 393 

parasiticus 3.55, 361, 364, 393 

poniarinus 3,5.5,  362, 364,  393 

.'Sterna  aloutica  354 

paradisiea 3.55.  362. 364, 398 

Stern iiis  xenostetbiis 4,55 

Steri)o))tycbi(lic 442 

Sternoptyx  diapbana 442 

Stewart,  Cajit.  William  R 309 

Sticbieus  ]>uuctatUB 483 

Sticta  linita 58I 

stigma,  (iymnelis 485 

stilbeus,  I.euroglossiis 440 

Stiles.  J  )r.U.  \V.,  internal  parasites 7tf 


(>2i; 


INDEX. 


Ntiiiipsiinl,  riiw'ipliiiritlla 'ill 

Stint,  loii{{tu<<(l lo.'i 

.StoiiiikciiH,  liirti,  oMuniDiit  ion  of 'Mi) 

.stoiiiiuii (>r H<Mti ii.iL'.im  j 

cuiitcntH,  fotxl ,')!(,  (i;{,  (U, 

2!K),  LIM,  2!tL',  LW,  2Jtri.  L1M1,  2!I7,  :".)H,  21f,t,  IMMl 

contdlitH,  not  food tiN 

t'xiiininiitioii  (<r t'iH 

HtoniinH,  AthuiTHtliuH tW,  5(18 

Btniionim,  I'l'Cti'ii 5l;i 

•Stnmlor,  ('.  1' 2tlti 

Stifcts,  Thonms  H H70 

8tre|ito|iiiH  itiiiplexifoliuH 571.  o^li 

striittu,  Miir^'iiritii 5lt! 

HtriL'tiim,  I  >i<'t'aiiiini 571! 

I'olytrifliiiiii 57it 

Wtiomlicllii 54(1 

lieriiiK> 542, 5 IM 

t'lillorliiiia 512,543 

fraKilin 5l2.64:t 

iiiiiUloiidorllii 5IH 

Stroiigylitlii' 10<l,  KM 

iStruiigyliiii Itil 

Styola 514 

•>KK''''K"t"  •'»•■' 

fluvo 517 

gri'eleyi 511,  51(>,  517, 5;<5 

inontiToyeiiHis 517 

Hiibnriticu,  Aciniia 544 

BiibgloboBUiii,  MIniiiiii 57!) 

Buliniariiiorcn,  Toniccllii 542, 54 1 

Biibpciliinciiliitii,  1  )cndrodoa 51 1,  514, 535,  5:{li 

Biibrigida,  Carex  niacrochiU'ta .573 

siibBpiithacua,  Care:;  siiliiia 573 

BiiliBpicatiiiii,  Tri.setum 574, 5«i) 

Bubsulcata,  ChryHoiiiela 54!t 

Bubtonebruaa,  l.itoriiia 544 

subulata,  CUdoiiia  fiiri'at.'i .582 

<  )ligoiuei'i8 281 

BiibuloHa,  Mai'oina .546 

Succinea 54 1 

obry  sis  542 

BiU'klii.  SqiiaiuH 434 

sudot  ica,  '.Ai/.u\a  oaiiipcstris 572 

IVdicularis 5ti0, 570,  .58(i 

BUdcticuiu,  liaconiHtritim 577 

But'cica,  ConiuB .507.  .585 

sulcata,  Fanuelia  Maxatilis ,581 

BiijierciliosuB,  Hexu};raninius 452 

Survey  of  rookeries 322 

Swan,  wbistliii}; 381 

Swallow,  Abiskan 422 

sybaritica,  Acmaeu .542 

sylvatica,  Cladonia  rangifcrina 582 

Valeriiina Hi'u 

SynaphobrancLidu' : . . .  435,  443 


raiie, 

Syn^nathiiH 470 

Hyniilotca  tilciispida 5.57 

.Syniiliitfa  iit'lnilnHa 557 

Synoiciiiii  iiicriiBtatiiin 531 

ii  ri'Kiilaro 511.  530-532, 53(1 

llll';{)MIH 531 

.'^yiitbliboiaiiipliMH  »iitii|iiiiN.  35,5.  302,  .'KM,  3(il),  381) 

HyHtiliiiH.  DuNiiiatodoii 577 

Tablfs: 

Cati'li  of  Ht'als  on  Dora  Siowuid 305,  3(M) 

('onditioii  of  HimlH  taken  at  Ht>a 51 

lU'atbs l»7,)tH 

IHsHuctioU'i 08 

Distrihutioii  of  niollMskH 542-514.  .510 

DiHtriliiitlon  of  pbiiits 5Ht-.58(i 

I'ood  of  s«al8 67, (>8 

rara.sitt'H  of  inarinr  uianiinalB 108 

li'egions  of  lirain 40 

Seals  liranded 338 

Weights  and  nieaBiirenionlB  of  seals  ...  7 

Tacbiniisapturns ,549 

'racbyrliyiifliiiseiosiis 544 

tac/anowskii,  SidiastoiloB 447 

taiiia,  Klonuiiis 480,481 

I'holis 480 

tii'niopterns,  Cottns 402,407 

'I'agelus  Mp 548 

Tapes  staniinca 546 

Taraxacnin  oOit'lnale .508,  .585 

oHiiiiialt'  var.  lividiini 501 

tartarea.  I.ocanora  .581,. 582 

Tattlrr,  waudrriuK 370,407 

taxifoliiini.  Doplopbylliini 580 

Teal,  Ki'i'en-winged 380 

'IVetli.  color 11 

development 9 

IVleopt  ills 424 

Telliua  alturnidentata 543, 546 

frigida 546 

TelniessiiH  clieiragoiiiis 5.55 

tcnax,  Kristalis 270 

tenella,  Gentiana 507, 569,  .585 

teniie,  Buci'luiMn 543,  .545, 546 

teniiiK   Nucula 540 

iipi..,lhocentni8 480 

TiiL'ilo  ei D4(> 

ter.*tifolia,  Spinnlaria  intermedia 591 

T.  ./i,    irctif 398 

tcntiidiualis,  Acmaea 542 

tetrandrum,  CbryBospleuiuni 667 

Tetraplodon  mnioidcs 577 

ThalasHiophylliim  clathrus 592 

thaleicbtbyB,  (Jsmt-rus 440 

Thaleicbtbys  pacificus 439 

Thaninolia  verniit'iilariB 583 

tbamuites,  Lecanora 583 


INDKX. 


(;27 


Piiite, 

.      470 

6r.7 

.      r.67 

r.:u 

.     r.;ii 
m>,  :wi» 

577 


I'llUr, 

ThdloHihistrH  iM'hlHilIM .>ll, 'iKJ 

TliariiKi'ik  (liHlcojfnuiima lOlt,  1 1'.',  I'.'o,  IMil,  ."lOT 

I'lUMMIniH M'7 

TiKirolii'otiiiiH  nalliirliini 110 

'I'lmresc,  mcIhioikt,  log  <il' 2ri7 

thoi'HitrH,  Hi|iciiiiiritt Ml 

'I'liolxirii,   Williiir     WIInoii,    i'\|irililliiii     to 

(■iiiidiiliipn,  iNliinit '.'75 

tlioiiipHoni,  rodotlitTiiH I7K 

UiiileiiHiH,  Alec^toi'iii 'tW 

tliiiloimiN,  C'lirnx  Hiiliiui 57;i 

Th.viimlli<lir l.'tK 

'I'li.viiuilliiN  Hi){iiil'<!r Iltit 

TiiM'i'it  ili'l  Fiiu^o,  Ncttliiijf  oil' Iii»7,  Hll' 

Ciitcli ;M2 

tiluHli,  lll'lllill'|)ill(>tllH I'J 

'I'lpulitlii-  551 

tobiiiiiiiH,  AiiinioilytoN Utlt 

Todd,  ('ii|itttin 01,  (i2 

'lolBtoi  rookery 5,  75,81,«2,  Kl.iM) 

ToiiMudlu  liiK^ata 5IL' 

iiiiiriiiori'a 511 

HiK'i'liiki'iiia 512 

Kiibinannortia  ."Ml',  ,514 

Topograpliy  of  tlio  iHlandH  ornitlioloKically 

colli,!  i^reil ;t57 

lorioyi,  I'hylloHpadix 2k:; 

'rotanim  (luvipcs 355,  'M\2.  UtiM.  I(i7 

TowiiHeud,  C.  H 15, 

47,  4S,  54,  5(1, 8!t. !«!,  2tl5.  277,  litX),  4'.'!t 
on  pcdngio  scaling. 

trncliiiriiB,  CottiiH 157 

'i'racbydcriiioii  ruber 542,  514 

TrucliyradNia  alciitica 541 

Traiiipliiig,  caiiau  of  paps' dfuth S5 

Tres  Marias  iMlandN 26M 

Tricluichiis  rosiiiarus,    (See  Odoba'niis  ros- 

iiiarim.) 

Trleboccra  sp .551 

Trichodon  triclioi'on I7il 

Tricliodontida' 479 

tricliopbylliiN,  Rauunculiis 5t)2,  .584 

Tricliotropis  insigniM 512,514 

trideiitatiits,  KntosphcniiH 434  j 

Tridyiiiiis  caprea- 5,50  ' 

Tricntalis  europaea  var.  artica .5t)!»,  ,585 

trilidiiui,  Oaliiim ,5t!7.  .585  : 

trifolia,  Co|iti» 561.  .562 

Trifoliuru  niicroccpbalum 282 

Triglops  beani 4.55  | 

])iiigeli 455  I 

Bcopticus 4.55  I 

tri]L;oiioclii-iriia,  Pagnrus .556  | 

trigrainmtiH,  C'liiriiH 418  ! 

Trinierotropis  lauta 270  I 

trimucronatuB,  Myodoti :il7  j 


I'liKi', 

'I'l  iiiga  iiaiiiacciiHiH ;i.5,5,  :ir>8,  :tiii,  ;ui2,  ;u>:i,  ion 

giac'illH Hdl 

ninnilata ;i.55.  IHL',  IUKI,  ;t7l,  101 

ptiloi  iiciiiIh :i.5.5, :iii  1.362. :ii>:i,  i(N),  i:ui 

trii|Uflniiii.  llyloi  oiiiiiiMi 5W» 

'rriMctiitii  snltHpiiatiiiii .571.  .586 

TrlNtaii  da  I'liuha  and  I 'lough  iNlaiid,  kcjiI- 

lug  on 315 

'I'll Ion i Hill  orccoiiciiRu 512,5-14 

'rritoiiolMHiiH  ro);i'ri  513 

I  I  iiiiiipli,  Hchooiici- 266,  280,  2!KI 

Tiogoslta  viicsccns 270 

'I'i'oglodytida' 421 

Troplion  da  Hi 513 

Ti  no.  I'.  \V 61,  325,  320 

Maiiiuialft  of  I'ribilot'  l.ilandH 315 

trnmata.  .Mva 543 

tiMiicalicollin.  CaraliiiB 518 

'rHaviclia 436 

'I'scliwytsdia ; 436 

tnlieroMJata,  I  )i'iidi'odoa  511.512. 516,  .535 

'I'liliiiiarcH   381 

'rnniorN 06 

tnnicata.  l.ipiiriH 470 

Tiiuirata  of  llic  I'liliilol' IhIiiihIh 511 

Tniiic  iitcH  in  stiMu.iclis 50 

tniiicatiis.  l,yroib(lcpiM 505 

Tnrdid;!' 420 

tiirfiiNa 572 

tiirgnscciiH.  Cladoiiia  uucinaliN .582 

turnciiH,  Syuoicuiii .   531 

Turner,  L.M 300 

l)a|((>i  H  by 128, 429 

Tiiruor,  it'port  on  NcaU  collected,  voyage  of 

Cbullcnger 35,37 

t urneri,  Agarnin .502,  .595 

Lycodalepis 185 

Turnstone r>05,  .506 

coininon  370,  401) 

ruddy   412 

Tnrsio  boreal  is 353 

Tylobiancbiou 523 

Uba  inarinurata 4.53 

iilocbir,  I'aralipai'is 479 

I'lvariu  Hpleiideiis .501 

umbel  lata.  Cardaniine .5ti3,  .581 

unibilicalis.  I'orpliyra  laciniata 593 

Uiiiliiliearitt  eyiindrica.  \  ar.  delisovi  .581 

crosa .581 

byporea .583 

lU'oboHcidea 581 

rii.jit'era .581 

Inalaska 93,2^5,327,328 

unahiHkensis,  Arnica .561, 568, 585 

C'ornus 567 

Liizula  arcuata 572,586 


']28 


INDKX. 


i       ^ 


I 


riu'iimriii  "(I.  77,!t!t,  100,  lOlt,  Kil.ltiri 

tliiodnialis Kiri,  1(17 

H|i 105.  107 

Ht<'iini'0|iliiiliis l(ir> 

vnl|)is KM,  1(15,  lt>7 

ronilit  ion  of  |)iiii8  iillW'tiiil 77,  7!> 

(It'iitlm  from 7S,  SI .  98 

(lisrovi'iy  <m  St.  Paul 77 

ilnritioii  of  ))la^iio 77.  7S 

I'tlVcts  (III  lilooti 7H 

liniLs 80.  SI 

oil  rookiTics 7l!-7!l,  81.  8:t.  S,"i.  8i».  IHi 

H.viiiptoiuw  of  iilt;u'k 79 

nnciiiiittiiii,  ll,v])iiiiiii .")79 

I  'iulaiinto.il.  scliooiifv L'2H 

iinilosiis.  rajjunis ."iol! 

iiiiKlora.  C','iiii|iannla  r>ii8.  .")8r> 

llliiinaciilatiis ISO 

rnioii.l.rii; :n7 

lira 5!I0 

I'ria  luiin  ia , lUiJl 

lomvia  arva..   :t."),;f.">!»,:5(12,;t(!;!.3()!t,3!IO,  l:!(),  i:il 

ti'oile "><>!' 

troilo  califortiica !Vi.">, 

;!,v,t.  :i(i2,  ;«■>:!.  :)(i!i,  3H!t.  4:«) 

rraiiiiU-aiiiii  rostiiiiia I<!1 

Urinar.v  <>rf;aii« L'l 

Urncontiiis  jiictns 181 

iivsiiia,  Callotaiia :!.")0 

Ursiis  aiiKTic'inns,  hniiii I!0,  38 

iiiai'itiinns.  liniiii  of H7 

va;;iiiatuin.  Kiioi>lioniin ru2,  'M> 

Valcr'aiia  cajiilata , ."lOl.riCw,  ri'ri.  ."iSri 

Hjlvatioa .">t!7 

Valvatella r>4l 

Vancouver  Island  jiolajtio  scaling 22;! 

Vamlerbilt ,  Bi'liooner,  lof?  of 2.53 

variegata.  Calliiili.vlliK 593 

variejjatui;'.  l>iiiloileinia .593 

K(|ni8{itiini 575.  5S(» 

vai'icgatiiB,  Verasper -190.  191 

variabiliB.  IVroa 145 

vancLori.  Kurh.viu-liinni 579 

Vein,  jiortal 18 

VfiiiB.  imlnionary II 

sjierinatio 18 

sjsteniic 1(1 

vflifera.  Hala'iioptera 3.52 

Velutiua  coriacoa 512 

oryptosiiira 5.12,  54 1 

Vena  cava,  anterior 

inferior 

Veiiericardia  borcalis 

Veniaiiiinof,  Hislio|i  Ivan 

aironiit  of  I  bo  sea  bear 


10 

i7 

.543 

43 

21S 

VcnniiijJt,  Mr 30S 


Pago. 

veiilosa,  liCcanora iiSl 

vmitricoHiLs,  ItlepsiaH   1,57 

Cycloptorifbtlivs 47.") 

I'tcrosticbiiH .54S 

\'oiiliiri'.  Hcbooiicr 22(i 

Verawpor 4<M) 

inooeri 49(t.  491 

varii'HiatMN 190,491 

viMiiiiculariH,  'I'liaiiinolia .583 

vernicosa,  Moiliolaria 513 

Veronica  sci  pyllifulia 509,  .585 

htelleri   .5(il.  570. 585 

vert  ii'i Data,  .''edieiilarin .501.570,585 

Verrill,  I'rof  .\.  K 59 

verrucosus,  Myoxoceplialns 100,  4 !•:'>,  499 

vcrrneosa,  Ocea 470.  471 

versiibili.x,  Mesaplera 353 

\'eriicarria  sp.  (  ^) 5S3 

veslita,  .Vniieiila 542 

vcturiinH,  I'odotbecuH 474 

vici nails,  IccUih 4.53 

viciuus,  Ixodes .551 

villoidca,  (Jlyceria   571.580 

villos.'i,  .\iidrosace ,5()9.  .585 

I't.tentilla   .501 

villosissimuH,  Kl\niii« 575,  580 

\iIlosns,  Mallotus 439.493,497 

viiicta.  Lacuna .544 

Viola  laiifjsdorlii 5(il,  504,  505,  .575,  ,584 

lialnstris .504 

violacea.  Ti'stuca  ovina .574.580 

Violence  of  bulls 90 

viresceiiM.  I'rojjosit.i .       279 

vir^adis,  r)elob]iis 484 

viridis,  (JvniiicliB 485 

Vilrina  .541 

ox  i  I  is . .  .542, 544 

vittata.  I'armeliii  jiliysodes 581 

vii'-.lina,  I'liocji 351 

vivipaniui.  INdyjiiuiiini 570,580 

volncriB.  Kupeodcs ■i79 

\"olutoliarpa  ani))ullacea 543 

Volntopsis 540 

voiiiitoria,  Callijiliora 2S0 

vnlfjare.  P()l.\  ))odiuiii    575 

vulfiaris.  Arineria  .5(>8,585 

.\rtcuiisia 508,  ,585 

( 'arex  572, 58(> 

llippuris 5(57,585 

Vulpes  la;;opus 348 

vnlpinua.  Ucrnipstns 279 

walilenliergii,  Uniba 5''3.584 

Oiicopliorns III.! 

Walrus :H54 

V.'i.lrus  Itibind  ornitbologically  considered.       l-ISS 
Walter  Karle,  Hcbooner 62 


4 


1 


INDEX. 


(129 


5S1 
157 
-17.-. 
548 
221  i 
4!H) 

llO.lill 

r.«3 

511} 

liii,  r>Hr> 
70,  -,Hr> 

70, 5H5 

!•:',,  4!t!» 
70.  171 

:<5;{ 
.'■.«;! 
r.i2 

171 

i.-.:t 

r>r,  I 

7i.r.8ti 

!i!i.  r.8.'-. 

.'ilil 
75,  nSfi 
13,  li»7 

544 

r5,  rm 

.IGl 
■  I,  5St> 
iK) 
279 
484 
485 

r,n 

12,  .544 

,581 

351 

•0, 58(i 

279 

543 

640 

280 

,575 

18, 5a5 

W,  585 

2, 58(i 

7, 585 

348 

279 

r  mi 

ti..! 

354 

;-i58 

62 


I'ani'. 

Walter  L.  Kicli,  scliooimr 288 

Wiiniock   3ti0 

WcuniiiK  of  pii|m t>l 

Wuburii,  albi'Jiins 578 

<'iuijili<'iilata  var.  iiiicro*'at'|ia 578 

cnida 578 

I'licullatn -78 

Miicrocailloii .578 

nutans 578 

|iolyiiior|ilia,  var.  Iiracliycaipa 578 

\V()(Ulel],  Captain 313,314 

Weight  of  mials 5,7,49 

Wtiitwortli, Capt. Oi'orn;<'  K 270 

Whale,  bowbuad 3.52 

I  )avi(lsoirH  linlmck 352 

killer 3,53 

large  linbaek 3,52 

Whales 297,299,301 

White,  C.  (i.,  soliooiior 220 

White  fox 348 

Widgeon,  KiirojieiMi 380 

Wilder,  I'rof.  1!.  (; 35 

Willtti'd  Aiii.swortli,  rt(diooiier 292 

WillianiH,  C.A  314 

Williams,  ,1.1) 327 

willianmoiii,  (iaHteroHteus  cataphraetim I II 


Wing,  Trol.  RiifiiH  1 27(),277,280 

W 1,  Dr.  T.  M !M( 

woniiskioldii,  Splaeliiiuin 577 

Wounds  from  branding 326 

Wron,  Aloiitian 3.59,421 

Xenia  sabinii 355,  363,  301, 398 

XenoeliiniH  ahiHcanns 474 

xtinoHttitlins,  Kternias  455 

.Xijihistus  ehhiiB 482 

Xystniryw 490 

YeMowlegs 407 

Yoldia  liuiatnla .545,546 

Yonng,  playfulneH.s  ;if 74 

/aehiriis,  (llyptocophalus ''92 

/alophiiH  californianiiH i4, 

73.  208-210,207,  2(«,    76 

brain  of 31    19 

/andcfri,  Arg.vroeottns IK) 

/apadni  rookery 52, 80, 81,  84,  87,  <8 

branding  on 338 

zebra,  l'.sychrolnt(!N 469 

Zestieelns  profnndornni 407 

Zoaruidie 484 

Zoltoi  sands 70,  81,  90, 92 

Zonit  idie .541 

/onnrns,  Malaeoeottns 408 


